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La Relación Entre Las Crisis Economicas Y Las Guerras Tomo Vi

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La Relación Entre Las Crisis Economicas Y Las Guerras Tomo Vi 130 SUSANA NOEMI TOMASI HISTORIA ECONÓMICA MUNDIAL LA RELACIÓN ENTRE LAS CRISIS ECONOMICAS Y LAS GUERRAS TOMO VI: EN LA EDAD MODERNA CAPÍTULO III: TERCER CUARTO DEL SIGLO XVII 1 2 Editorial Magatem Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Febrero de 2021 Dibujo de tapa: en tinta china y plumín, acuarela y microfibras, sobre papel: denominado: “Buscando” realizado por Karina Valeria Woloj mail: [email protected] Editorial Magatem Acassuso 5808 (1440) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina TE: 011- 46822431 Mail: [email protected] 3 INTRODUCCIÓN Comienzo en este capítulo, el análisis de la Relación entre las Crisis Económicas y las Guerras del Tercer Cuarto del Siglo XVII. Como acontecimientos importantes en este tercer cuarto del siglo XVII, que se encuentran desarrollados en éste capítulo, podemos indicar los siguientes: La continuación de la guerra cingalesa-portuguesa desde 1651 y hasta 1658, con intervención de Holanda, a la que le interesaba el control de las especias en la zona. Esto junto con la continuidad de la guerra holandesa – portuguesa desde 1651 hasta 1663, cuando se disputaban las colonias que Portugal tenía en distintos lugares del mundo y sobre todo en Brasil, para la extracción de las materias primas y la obtención de esclavos. España, a su vez, tuvo que luchar contra la declaración de la Jihad en filipinas 1656 y los levantamientos en América de los pueblos originarios, hartos del dominio español. Entre ellos, se destacan las rebeliones del Caribe, de Guatemala, de los pueblos mejicanos, en Colombia, Venezuela, Perú, Chile (la guerra de Arauco) y Argentina. Además los piratas, casi siempre financiados por sus propios gobiernos, a los que les convenía el botín, siguieron atacando los distintos pueblos recientemente conquistados, sobre todo en América y parte de Asia. Se desarrollaron conflictos entre China y los holandeses, los mongoles y los rusos y otros dentro de el territorio asiático. Siguieron las guerras en Europa, en Barcelona, Inglaterra, Suecia, Francia y la gran guerra turca desde 1651 y hasta 1675, que es el nombre por el que se conocen los conflictos que enfrentaron al Imperio otomano y sus aliados los tártaros de Crimea, los cosacos de Zaporozhia y los Estados vasallos de Moldavia, Valaquia y Transilvania durante gran parte del siglo XVII contra el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, la República de las Dos Naciones, la República de Venecia, el Imperio español y el Zarato ruso. 4 DESARROLLO GUERRA CINGALESA-PORTUGUESA DESDE 1651 – 1658 Los holandeses y kandianos (1) renovaron su alianza en 1649 para expulsar a los portugueses de la isla. La fortaleza portuguesa en Colombo fue conquistada en 1656, pero una vez hecho esto, los holandeses traicionaron inmediatamente a sus aliados de Kandy y se apoderaron de las posesiones portuguesas. Al final de la guerra en 1658, todas las fuerzas portuguesas habían sido expulsadas de la isla. El Reino de Kandy fue el único sistema de gobierno indígena sobreviviente, gobernando casi la mitad de Sri Lanka. Los holandeses se quedaron con el control de los principales centros de población. Las fuerzas de Kandy participaron en escaramuzas con las fuerzas holandesas y portuguesas a partir de 1645, pero no pudieron hacer avances. La VOC y Kandy volvieron a las negociaciones y reformaron su alianza en 1649, aunque en términos diferentes. Mientras tanto, la Unión Ibérica había terminado en 1640, privando a las colonias portuguesas del apoyo español. La Paz de Münster en 1648 había terminado la guerra holandesa con España (pero no con Portugal). Estos desarrollos juntos actuaron para liberar a las fuerzas holandesas de otros conflictos, permitiéndoles concentrarse en sus ataques a las colonias portuguesas. La alianza VOC-Kandy pasó a la ofensiva en Sri Lanka a partir de 1652. Mientras Kandy controlaba el interior de la isla, no tenía salida al mar y la flota holandesa pudo dominar la costa. ACCIÓN NAVAL 1654 Dos acciones navales se libraron entre los holandeses y portugueses el 23 de marzo cerca de Colombo y el 2 de mayo de 1654 cerca de Goa; los portugueses ganaron la primera batalla pero perdieron toda su flota del subcontinente indio en la segunda. 5 ASEDIO DE COLOMBO 1655 Los holandeses (2) sitiaron la principal base portuguesa de Colombo en 1655. Rajasingha ya no confiaba en los holandeses e insistió en que Colombo fuera cedida a Kandy tan pronto como cayera. Los holandeses afirmaron que Rajasinha no les había reembolsado sus reclamos enormemente inflados por gastos militares. Este pretexto permitió a los holandeses controlar las tierras más ricas en canela de la isla. Los holandeses finalmente presentaron al rey de Kandy una factura tan grande por ayuda contra los portugueses que el rey nunca pudo esperar devolverla. Después de intensos combates, los portugueses rindieron Colombo en 1656 y Jaffna, su último bastión, en 1658. Los recursos económicos superiores y un mayor poder naval permitieron a los holandeses dominar el Océano Índico. Atacaron posiciones portuguesas en todo el sur de Asia y al final permitieron que sus adversarios mantuvieran solo su asentamiento en Goa. Ante una ruptura total de las relaciones con los holandeses, los de Kandy rompieron la alianza y saquearon el área alrededor de Colombo. Luego se retiraron tierra adentro y reanudaron su guerra con los holandeses, que continuaría intermitentemente durante el próximo siglo. Las últimas fuerzas portuguesas fueron expulsadas de Sri Lanka por completo en 1658. La VOC se quedó con el control de Colombo y gran parte de la costa circundante, formando Ceilán holandés. El rey de Kandy pronto se dio cuenta de que había reemplazado a un enemigo por otro y procedió a incitar la rebelión en las tierras bajas donde los holandeses dominaban. Incluso intentó aliar a los británicos en Madrás en su lucha por expulsar a los holandeses. REBELIÓN CONTRA EL REY DE KANDY 1664 Estos esfuerzos terminaron con una seria rebelión contra su gobierno en 1664. Los holandeses se beneficiaron de este período de inestabilidad y ampliaron el territorio bajo su control. Se apoderaron de los puertos restantes y acordonaron por completo Kandy, dejando así al reino de las tierras altas sin salida al mar y evitando que se aliara con otra potencia extranjera. 6 Esta estrategia, combinada con una demostración de fuerza concertada de los holandeses, sometió a los reyes de Kandy. De ahora en adelante, Kandy no pudo ofrecer una resistencia significativa excepto en sus regiones fronterizas internas. Los holandeses y el reino de Kandy finalmente se establecieron en un modus vivendi incómodo, en parte porque los holandeses se volvieron menos agresivos. Después de tomar el control político de la isla, los holandeses procedieron a monopolizar el comercio. Este monopolio se limitó al principio a la canela y los elefantes, pero luego se extendió a otros productos. El control recayó en la Compañía Holandesa de las Indias Orientales, una sociedad anónima, que se había establecido con el fin de realizar intercambios comerciales con las islas de Indonesia, pero que más tarde se le pidió que ejerciera responsabilidades soberanas en muchas partes de Asia. Los holandeses contribuyeron significativamente a la evolución de los sistemas judiciales y, en menor medida, administrativos en la isla. Codificaron las leyes y costumbres indígenas que no entraban en conflicto directamente con la jurisprudencia holandés-romana. El ejemplo sobresaliente fue la codificación holandesa del código legal tamil de Jaffna, el Thesavalamai. Hasta cierto punto, los holandeses alteraron el sistema tradicional de concesión y tenencia de tierras, pero por lo general siguieron el patrón portugués de mínima interferencia con las instituciones sociales y culturales indígenas. Los gobernadores provinciales de los territorios de Jaffnapatam, Colombo y Trincomalee eran holandeses. Estos gobernantes también supervisaban a varios funcionarios locales, la mayoría de los cuales eran los tradicionales mudaliyar (jefes). CONFLICTO HISPANO-MORO DESDE 1651–1898 Fueron una serie de batallas en Filipinas (3) que duraron varios siglos. Comenzó durante la era española hasta la guerra hispanoamericana cuando España finalmente comenzó a subyugar al pueblo moro después de siglos de no hacerlo. 7 Los españoles iniciaron el conflicto conquistando Filipinas e invadiendo el territorio Moro en un esfuerzo por someter la región a su dominio desde el siglo XVI. Cuando los españoles conquistaron el reino musulmán de Manila, un vasallo del Sultanato de Brunei, el rajá islámico, el rajá Sulayman resistió a los españoles. Manila se convirtió entonces en la capital de las Filipinas españolas después de la conquista, y los españoles convirtieron a la gente al catolicismo por la fuerza. Las Guerras Hispano-Moro comenzaron con la Guerra de Castilla, una guerra entre españoles y el Sultanato de Brunei. (El término Moro en este momento incluía a los musulmanes tagalos gobernados por el Sultanato de Brunei). Después de la reconquista, un período durante el cual la cultura española y cristiana fue restaurada en aquellas áreas de España invadidas por el califato omeya, la Inquisición requirió que judíos y musulmanes se convirtieran al catolicismo romano o enfrentaran el exilio o la pena de muerte. Así, los españoles intentaron suprimir el Islam en las áreas que conquistaron. Con este fin, atacaron a los sultanatos moro- musulmanes en el sur de Mindanao. Los Moro Datus y los sultanes asaltaron y saquearon ciudades españolas en las islas del norte de Filipinas en represalia por los ataques españoles y aterrorizaron a los invasores españoles con piratería constante. Los españoles estaban preparados para conquistar Mindanao y las Molucas después de establecer fuertes en 1635, pero los chinos amenazaron a los españoles con una invasión, lo que los obligó a retroceder para defender Manila. Varios miles de chinos que fueron desalojados por los españoles se unieron a los moros. Los seguidores de Morog declararon una yihad contra los cristianos españoles y filipinos, para defenderse de los invasores españoles que intentaron apoderarse del territorio Moro.
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