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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19058-9 - The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature Edited by Clare A. Lees Index More information

Index

Abbo of Fleury 269, 466, 481, 534, 541 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 372 Abbo of St-Germain 534, 536 Ælfheah, St, bishop of Winchester 536, 545, Abels, Richard 203 547, 599 Abercorn 174 Ælfric, archbishop of Canterbury 535 Abingdon 63, 69, 246, 611 Ælfric of Eynsham Actium, Battle of 622 alliteration 307–8 Adam of Bremen 610, 611, 612 author–reader relationship 558 Adela, countess of Blois 625 on care of the sick 496–7 Adelard 546, 551 Catholic Homilies 269, 272, 307, 465–6 Adelidis of Barking 377 on Æthelwold 562–5 Adeliza, Queen 609, 625, 627–34 preface 563–5 Adomnán, abbot of Iona constructing male identity 404 on Columba’s books 33 context 434 on Columba’s scholarship 102 De initio creaturae 601 on cultural exchanges in Iona 124 De temporibus anni 481, 483–4 hagiography 650–1 death 607 on Iona 125 glosses 267 Latin style 126–7 Grammar 272, 462 Life of Columba ideological promotion 565–6 copies 46, 102–3 on King Alfred’s authorship 229 inﬂuence 12, 45 language 268–72 Northumbrian relations 100 Latin works 535 style 127, 137 Lives of Saints 269–72, 307, 377 Adoptionists 151 high point of OE poetry 384 Adrian and Ritheus 454 Life of St Cuthbert 465–6 Advent Lyrics (Christ I) 423–6, 448 manuscripts 399 adventus Saxonum 191–7 preface 518 Æbbe, abbess of Coldingham 369 on OE Bede 262 Áed mac Ainmirech, King 112 Passion of St Denis and his Companions 307–8 Áed Sláine, King 112 patron 537 Aediluulf. See Æthelwulf on prognostics 490 Ælberht, bishop of York 150, 151, 180 Scandinavian contacts 600 Ælﬄæd, abbess of Whitby 175, 367 on St Edmund 466 Ælfgifu, abbess of Barking 371, 634 style 481–2, 537 Ælfgifu of Northampton 611 on translation 14, 257

766

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19058-9 - The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature Edited by Clare A. Lees Index More information

Index

vernacular works and 231 Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester visions of the otherworld 178 Benedictine Reform 268, 534, 560–2 Ælfthryth, abbess of Repton 390 building work 536 Ælfthryth, queen of England 560, 561 environment 69, 429 Ælfwald, king of East Anglia 145, 390 legacies to 524 Ælfwine (Alboin) 198 protégés 534 Ælfwine Prayerbook 435, 440–2 Regularis concordia 437–8, 442 Ælle, king 583 sainthood 562–5 Ælle, king of Northumbria 171 translation of Benedictine Rule 433–4 Æthelbald, king of Mercia 266 ‘Winchester-type’ benedictional 429 Æthelberht, king of Kent 25, 48, 122, 171, 190, Æthelwulf, king of Wessex 171, 232, 236 225, 500–3, 505–25 Æthelwulf, monk and historian Æthelburh, abbess of Barking 358, 366, 367–8, on church building 174 371, 377 Of the Abbots 154, 159, 180, 531 Æthelflæd, brother of Leofwin 513 poetics 162 Æthelflæd of Mercia 243, 361 visions of the otherworld 178–9, 180 Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria 160, 171 Æthilwald 138 Æthelgar, bishop of Selsey 535 Agamben, Giorgio 312 Æthelmær, ealdorman of the western Agatho, Pope 178 provinces 377, 399, 537, 563 Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne 99, 127, 366 Æthelred, king of Mercia 173, 390 Ailech (Donegal) 639 Æthelred II, king of England Ailill of Connacht 646–7 advisors 570 Alba 22 charters 513 Alboin (Ælfwine) 198 genealogy 616, 626 Alcuin laws 507, 508 career 150, 151, 179 marriage to Emma 12, 607 on church building 174 praise poetry for 598 historian of the northern kingdoms 159 seal 517 on King Eadberht 160 Æthelstan, king of Wessex Latin riddles 461 Battle of Brunanburh 567 letters 151–2 charters 512–14 On the Bishops, Kings and Saints of York 151, court 585 152, 159, 179–80 death 243 poems 152–3 forged charters 514 private prayers 437 high point of Scandinavian ‘quid est’ dialogue 454 interaction 584 visions of the otherworld 178–80 praise poem for 582 works 150–3 Welsh policy 681 Aldfrith, king of Northumbria 99–100, 126, 133, Æthelstan, priest at Alfred’s court 212 160, 173 Æthelthryth, abbess of Ely 173, 174–5, 363, 366, Aldhelm, bishop of Malmesbury 369–70, 376–7, 379, 403, 404 Bede on 142 Æthelwald, bishop of Lindisfarne 555 on Canterbury 131 Æthelweard, ealdorman of the western career 45, 132–3 provinces Carmen rhythmicum 135–6, 138 on battles 236 Carmen de uirginitate 134–5, 136–7, 157, 290, Benedictine Reform movement 399 368, 386–9, 399 Chronicon 245, 251, 537–41 Carmina ecclesiastica 124, 135 historical project 9 De pedum regulis 133–4 language 538–9 on English travels 1 patron 377 Enigmata 134, 135, 143–4, 146, 208, 453 use of Latin 12 influence 137–9, 146, 148, 154, 535 William of Malmesbury on 254, 538, 550 international culture 7

767

Index

Aldhelm, bishop of Malmesbury (cont.) decorative style 61 on Irish scholarship 124 dissemination of Christian learning 216 Latin riddles 461 Frisians 506 Letter to Acircius 132, 133 Irish travellers to 1 literary model 513 languages 14 octosyllabics 132, 135–6 Alhfrith, sub-king of Deira 173, 174 prose style 136–7, 150 Alice, abbess of Barking 634 reputation 48 alliteration 297–8, 306–8, 519–20 style 141, 538 alphabets 28–30 use of Latin 12 Alviva (Ælfgivu), abbess of Barking 371 William of Malmesbury on 550 Amlaíb Cuarán, king of Dublin (Óláfr works 132–9 Sigtryggsson) 637, 650 Aldred, monk of St Cuthbert in Chester-le- anathema 525 Street 555–7 Anderson, James 454, 458 Alewih 199 Andreas 272, 273, 282, 343, 592 Alexander the Great 467–8, 641 Aneirin 8, 664–70 Alexander, bishop of Lincoln 253 Aneirin, Book of 26, 104, 662 Alexander I, king of Scotland 655 Angers 624 Alfred, king of Wessex Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Æthelweard on 540 Ælle. See Ælle, king Aldhelm and 48 Alfredian initiative 219, 554 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 2, 232 Battle of Brunanburh 237–8, 248, 260, 287, 567, Asser and. See Asser 583, 584, 596 battles with Vikings 236 Capture of the Five Boroughs 238, 244, 248 charters 512 Celtic correctives 241–4 court. See Alfredian court Cerdicing dynasty 234–41 cultural life 155 context 232–56 education reforms 192–3, 232, 262, 533, 554 on Cumbra 188 enchiridion 224, 532 Death of Edgar 251 genealogy 235–6 English identity 234–41 greatness 558 forgers’ references to 515 historiography 196–7, 243 genealogies 232–3, 235–6 imperialism 22 heroic warriors 234–41 as judge 527, 528 historical imaginary 8 Latin and 212 ideological promotion 566–9 laws 9, 190, 225, 503–6 inﬂuence 157 Laws. See Laws (OE) inventions 191 Life of. See Asser Irish travels 107 literary attributions 227–31, 503 on Jutes 595 literary taste 220 later versions 244–51 Orosius translation 581 C-text 286 Pastoral Care. See Pastoral Care post-Conquest (Norman) 566–7 post-Viking recovery 154 Latin sources 219 Psalms (OE version) and 224 manuscripts 217, 232, 245–7 translator 257, 262 Northern Recension 245, 247, 248–51 Boethius. See Boethius Parker Manuscript 1–2, 232 prefaces 214–19, 227–31 contents 567 programme 225 dating 225 Alfredian court English identity 234–41 circle of scholars 230 heroic warriors 234–41 continental contacts 6, 214 historical evidence 25 cosmopolitanism 513 perspective 193 cultural shift 209 Peterborough Chronicle 575

768

Index

poetry 555 inﬂuence 218 Saxon invasions 191 OE Soliloquies sea travels 1–2 authority 226, 227 source for Æthelweard’s Chronicle 538 authorship 218, 229, 230, 231 source for Anglo-Norman histories 252 copies 217 themes 204 preface 227–8, 229 traditional origins 9 reference to writs 518 vernacular prose 225 techniques 221–2 Anglo-Saxons scriptural interpretation 171, 215 culture 187–91 space and time 320 name 1 Auraicept na nÉces (Poets’ Primer) 112–13, 114 Anlezark, Daniel 218 Annales Cambriae 233, 243–4, 245, 252 Babylonians 422, 478 Annals of St Neots 532 Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig (Vision of Conn Annolied 206 Cétchathach) 117 Anselm, St 549, 626 Bakhtin, Mikhail 469 Antiphonary of Bangor 125 Bald’s Leechbook 219, 220, 288, 492–3, 494, Apgitir Chrábaid (Alphabet of Piety) 118 495–6 Apollonius of Tyre 12, 344, 453 Baldwin IV, count of Flanders 617 Arfderydd, Battle of 683 Balthere 179 Aristotle 465–6, 467–8, 470, 475 Bangor, Antiphonary of 125 Armagh, Book of 26, 27 Barking Abbey 363, 367–9, 374, 379, 380, 549, Armes Prydain Fawr (Great Prophecy of Britain) 634 680–2, 683 Bartlett, Adeline Courtney 294 art, writing and 73–98 Bately, Janet 213, 223 Arthur, King 9, 242, 663, 677–80, 686 Battle of Brunanburh 206, 237–8, 248, 260, 287, Asser, bishop of Sherborne 567, 583, 584, 596 on Alfred’s enchiridion 224, 532 Battle of Maldon on Alfred’s mentors 212 composition date 279 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 219 hero 525 background 107–8 heroic discourse 204, 240–1 on candle-clocks 486 language 264, 276 on Frisians 506 manuscript 287 King Alfred and 155 poetic variation 294 Life of King Alfred 68 vocabulary 305–6, 597–8 context 156–7, 532 Baudri of Bourgueil 623, 624 forgers’ references to 515 Baxter, Stephen inﬂuence 532 Bayeux Tapestry 254, 361 Latin writing 531–3 Bayless, Martha 454 source for Byrhtferth of Ramsey 544 Bécán mac Luigdech 102 on poetry books 211 Bede 48 on scholarly circle 230 on Adomnán 126–7 use of Latin 12, 14 on Ælle, king 583 on Wærferth’s Dialogues 213 on Æthelberht’s laws 48, 500, 502 astronomy 486 on Æthelthryth 174, 403 Athanasius 165 on ages of the world 410, 412, 413, 416, Attila the Hun 198, 199, 604 420 Audacht Morainn (Testament of Morann) 108, 117 on Aldhelm 142 Augustine of Canterbury 42–3, 48, 123, 381, 384, Anglo-Saxon Christian poetry and 14 509 on Augustine 384 Goscelin’s biography of 548 beginning of history 8 Augustine of Hippo biblical commentaries 139–40 De videndo Deo 221 biblical scholarship 504

769

Index

Bede (cont.) ‘Liber hymnorum’ 140–1 on Cædmon 258, 262–3, 280–1, 288–9, 362, Life of St Cuthbert 141, 159, 172, 176–7, 366, 407 390 calendrical debate 480 on multiculturalism 99–100, 103, on Canterbury 131 119, 233 career 159–60 on multilingualism 19, 24 Christian learning 42–3 network of contacts 142 on church building 174 on Oswald 382 on Coifi 404–5 Paschal tables 480, 487 on Columba 101 Picts and 99–100 continental influences 51 poetry 140–1 De arte metrica 140 Retractatio (of Bede) 142 De natura rerum 140, 480, 481, 488 saints’ Lives 384 De orthographia 140, 161 scholarship 123, 313 De schematibus et tropis 140 on Scotland 101 De temporibus 480 on Tatwine 144 De temporum ratione 140, 480, 483, 489 on translation 257–8 Death Song 161, 208, 259, 289 use of Latin 12, 19, 52, 161–2 on Edwin of Northumbria 171 visions of the otherworld 178 on Eorcenberht of Kent 502 Wearmouth-Jarrow and 45, 177–8 on Eorcengota 5, 124 works 139–42 geography 20–1, 158–9, 195–6 Benedeit Voyage of Saint Brendan 631–3 Germanic world and 185, 191–2, 195–6 Benedict Biscop 45, 122, 124, 177–8 on God’s punishment 243 Benedictines on Gregory the Great 5, 171, 200–1, 384, book production in English 574 540–1 Canterbury 67–8 Historia ecclesiastica centres 442 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 247, 250 reform 6, 449 attribution 219 Ælfric and 399 authority 226 hermeneutics 617 completion date 99 implementation 268 dedication 517 Latin and 533–7 forgers’ references to 515 promotion 560–2 Gaelic translation 640 women and 360–1 influence 155 Rule 63, 65, 77, 131 manuscripts 47, 80, 173 translation into English 433–4, 561–2 OE version. See OE Bede tradition 63 overwriting female sanctity 366–70 vocabulary 538 reputation 139 Benjamin, Walter 353 source for later historians 252, 253–4, 538, Benson, David 408 548, 550 Benson, Larry 295 veritas 164–5, 166–7 Beorhtgyth 148–9 historian 159–69 Beorhtwulf, king of Mercia 155 History of the Abbots 177–8 Beorn, Earl 610 homilies 140 Beowulf MS 7, 278, 287–8, 317, 318 innovation 12 Beowulf international culture 7 beasts 206 on Ireland 99–100, 124 bodies and objects 323–30 on John of Beverley 495 composition date 2, 279 on John the Cantor 124 contemporaneity 330–1 on Jutes 595 Finnsburh 199, 205 on King Oswald 188 heroic poetry 287, 343 language 261, 264 historical imaginary 8

770

Index

influence 603–4 script 47 language 260, 272, 273, 277 travels 5 metre 299, 300–1 Book of Aneirin 26, 104, 662 orality 295 Book of Armagh 26, 27 overview 309–31 Book of Cerne 47, 435, 436, 439 scholarship 168 Book of Deer 103 space 317, 319–23 Book of Drumsnat (Cin Dromma Snechtai) 108–9 themes 204 Book of Durrow 101 time 313–19 Book of Kells 101 translations 8 Book of Leinster 643, 648, 656, 658 variation 293–4 Book of Nunnaminster 435 vocabulary 508 Book of St Chad 105, 660 warrior spirit 239 Book of Taliesin 104, 661, 662, 664–70 Wiglaf’s sword 313–15, 316, 323, 325 Book of the Dun Cow (Lebor na hUidre) 108–9, Bern riddle collection 461 656 Bernicia, kingdom of 160, 243 book production Bertha, queen of Kent 122 court production 68–9 Bethu Brigte (Life of Brigit) 116 monasteries 67–8 Bewcastle Monument 260 scribe centres 66–71 Billfrith, anchorite at Lindisfarne 555 Bórama (Cattle Tribute) 645 Bisagni, Jacopo 101 Boryslawski, Rafat 469 Bischoff, Bernhard 54, 57, 128 boundary lists 513 Black Book of Carmarthen 662, 680 Boyle, Elizabeth 652 Blanton, Virginia 369, 370 Bradley, S. A. J. 458 Blathmacc 115, 116 Brandon (Suffolk) 31 Blickling Homilies 384, 564, 566 Breamore (Hampshire) 79–80 Bliss, A. J. 300, 301 Breatnach, Liam 110, 655 bloodletting 489, 494 Bredehoft, Thomas 249 Blythborough (Suffolk) 31 Breedon-on-the-Hill (Leicestershie) 144, 155 body care 491–8 Brega, Raid of 100 Boethius Breguswith 367 influence 476 Brian Bóruma, king of Munster 646 OE De consolatione philosophiae Brigit, St 115, 116, 127, 243. See also Bethu authority 226, 230 Brigte copies 217 Brihtwold, archbishop of Canterbury 47, 58 form 221–2 Brooks, Nicholas 210, 237, 527 Germanic world 196–7 Brown, George Hardin 160 King Alfred’s authorship 202, 218 Brown, Julian 68 model 621 Brown, Michelle 61, 158, 439 prose preface 229 Brown, Peter 166 prosimetrical version 225–6 Brussels Cross 290 style 226 Brutus 242 verse preface 196–7, 227, 230 Bury St Edmunds 523, 532 vocabulary 343, 344 Bynum, Caroline Walker 464, 468 Wisdom 471–2 Byrhtferth of Ramsey status 139 author–reader relationship 558–60 Bolton, Timothy 610 De die judicii 542 Boniface (Wynfrith) death 607 correspondence 146–8, 150–1, 359, 368 Enchiridion 481–3, 532–3, 541, 542, 544, on Germanic roots 185 558–60 on Hildelith, abbess of Barking 368 hagiography 541, 542 Latin riddles 461 Historia regum 544 mission to Germany 196 influences 534

771

Index

Byrhtferth of Ramsey (cont.) Catraeth, Battle of 668, 669 measuring time 313, 481–3 Cavill, Paul 271–2 overview 541–4 Ceadda, bishop of Lichﬁeld 188 sources 532 Cecilia, abbess of Ste-Trinité-de-Caen 625 Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex 240–1, 525–6 Cecilia, St 377, 388 Cedd, bishop of London 188 Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd 681, 683, 686 Celain Urien (Urien’s Corpse) 674 Cædmon Celsus 477 attributed poems 212, 281–2 Celtic Bede on 258, 262–3, 280–1, 288–9, 366, 407 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 250 etymology 188 histories 241–4 Hymn 14 languages 61, 188 birth of English poetry 362 meaning of 186 copies 47, 161, 258 Cenwald, bishop of Worcester 69 languages 258–60 Ceol, king of Wessex 235 metre 299 Ceolfrith, abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow new interpretation 448 33, 45, 480 variation 293, 296–7 Life of Ceolfrith 159, 177–8 vernacular poetry 407 Ceolwulf, king of Wessex 223, 235 Caistor (Norfolk) 42 Cerdic, king of Wessex 188, 232, 235–6, 240 Calder, Daniel 226 Cerne monastery 537 calendars 382, 477–87, 489 Certeau, Michel de 354 Cambridge Songs 617, 619–21, 625 Chad, bishop of York 174 Cameron, M. L. 493 Chalcidius 480 Camlan, Battle of 677, 680 Chanson d’Alexis 378 Campbell, Alistair 162, 515, 538 Chanson de Roland 633 Campbell, James 159 Chaplais, Pierre 515 Cannon, Christopher 358 Charlemagne 150, 151, 152, 157, 179, 216, 453, 480 Canterbury Charles the Bald, king of West Francia 224 9th-century 155, 210 Charles-Edwards, Thomas 122 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS 246 Charles Martel 61 Bede on 131 charters 44, 57, 66, 69, 508–15 Benedictines 67–8 Chickering, Jr, Howell 311, 313 book production 54, 67, 80–1, 95, 210, 417, Chrétien de Troyes 633, 634, 679 535, 566 Christ and Satan 282 charter scribes 66 Christ I (Advent Lyrics) 423–6, 448 charters 509 Christianity Christ Church 577 See also hagiography; monasticism Cnut and 595, 599 Alfredian court and 216 Eadwine Psalter 577 belief 408–9 liturgical writing 430 care of the sick 496–7 rivalry with Glastonbury 551 Church and state 119 scripts 55, 56, 61, 63, 64 Cnut and 598–601, 610–11, 614 Theodore and Hadrian’s Latin writing devotion. See devotional writing 130–2 ﬁrst native bishops 130–1 writs 518–19 Gaelic writing and 650–2 Carey, John 642 Latin and 56–7, 120, 161 Carmarthen, Black Book of 662, 680 learning 42–3 Carney, James 114 literacy and 53–4 Caroline minuscule 52, 61–6 liturgy. See liturgical writing Carolingians 61 missionaries 21 Cassiodorus 139, 477 myths 24–5 Cath Maige Tuired (Battle of Mag Tuired) 645 Old English religious poetry 280–4, 406–26

772

Index

pre-Augustine 381 Irish eulogies 115 Roman calendar 477 leaving Ireland 125 Scandinavian poetry and 588–9, 590, mission to the Picts 99 598–601 scholarship 102 six ages of the world 409, 426 Columbanus 125–6, 137, 383 spread 23, 29, 40–6 Conchobar mac Nessa, king of Ulster 118, 639, vernacular theology 406–8 646 visions of the otherworld 178 Congalach ma Maíle Mithig, king of Tara 650, Christina of Markyate 358, 374–9 655 Chrodegang of Metz 61 Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor 600, 612, chronology 614, 619, 620 geography and 20–7 Constance, wife of Ralph Fitzgilbert 634–5 issues 9–11 Conte, Gian Biagio 139 Cin Dromma Snechtai (Book of Drumsnat) Copeland, Rita 407 108–9 Cormac mac Cuilennáin, king of Munster Cinæd ua hArtacáin 637–40, 646 110–12, 645, 653 Clark, C. 189 courts Clemence of Barking 379–80 Æthelstan 585 Clonmelsh (Carlow) 48 Alfred. See Alfredian court Clontarf, Battle of 585 book production 68–9 Cloyne monastery (Cork) 112 Cnut 571 Cluny 534 craft, writing as 27–35 Cnut, king of England, Denmark and Creed 283, 306, 444, 445, 447 Norway Cú Brettan 115 administrative power 570–2 Cú Chulainn 646–8 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on 568 Cúán ua Lothcháin 639, 643–4 Christianity and 598–601, 610–11, 614 Cubitt, Catherine 166 conquest of Norway (1028) 614 Cumbra 188 defeat of Edmund Ironside 541, 608 Cuthbert, St genealogy 608, 616 See also Bede; Ælfric of Eynsham; Life of St image 74 Cuthbert internationalism 7, 609–16 Alcuin on 179 legal codes 507, 571–2 career 175 Letter of 1020 571–3 coﬃn 29 Letter of 1027 609, 613 hagiography 12, 175–7 peace with the Danes 507 Cuthswith, abbess of Inkberrow 56 praise poetry for 591, 593–5, 598–601 cwide 522 visits to Denmark 581 Cynan Garwyn, king of Powys 667 writs 518–19 Cynan of Brittany 681, 683, 686 Codex Amiatinus 11, 33, 45, 52, 178 Cynddylan, king of Powys 672–3 Codex sancti Pauli 115 Cynefrith 370 Cogad Gaedil re Gallaib (War of the Gaels against Cyneheard 239 the Vikings) 646 Cynewulf Cogitosus, Life of Brigit 127 Christ II 395, 423 Coleman, monk of Worcester 551, 613, 634 Christ III 423 Colgrave, Bertram 164–5 constructing male identity 404 Colmán mac Lénéni 112, 114 dating 211 Columba, St didactic purpose 339 Adomnán’s biography. See Adomnán Elene 206, 298, 346, 397–8 Altus Prosator 102 Fates of the Apostles 396 Bede on 101 genre 334 Gaelic writing on 650 hagiographic self-inscription 395–8 historiography 243 Juliana 299, 396–7, 398

773

Index

Cynewulf (cont.) Dumville, David 210, 217, 244 OE canon 384 Dunadd (Argyll) 30, 31, 33 poems 239, 289, 395 Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury prosody 298 Benedictine Reform 268, 534, 560 Cynric, king of Wessex 235, 236, 240 charters 69 cult 545 Daniel 281, 300, 420–3 Osbern’s biography of 546 Darley, Red Book of 81–3, 85, 432 powers 69 David, Life of King Henry 631, 635 St Dunstan’s Classbook 76–9, 98 David, king of Israel 216 spiritual friendships 378 Davis, Adam 464 Vita sancti Dunstani 79, 535, 536 Davis, Kathleen 215, 317 William of Malmesbury’s Life of 547, De consolatione philosophiae. See Boethius 550, 551 De Marco, Maria 145 Durham Liber vitae 65, 556 De Pippine regis victoria avarica 585 Durham 234, 255–6, 308 Dealwine 138 Durham Gospels 74–6 Death of Edward 279, 306, 625 Deira, kingdom of 160, 243 Eadberht, king of Northumbria 160 Denmark, Cnut in 581, 599 Eadburg, abbess of Minster-in-Thanet 147, 360 Deor 201–2, 203, 239, 287, 298, 332, 355, 593, 604 Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne 555 Descent into Hell 282, 303 Eadmer 549–51 devotional writing Eadric, king of Kent 25, 502 glosses 449 Eadwig Basan 73, 98 Latin 438 Eadwig (Hanover) Gospels 73, 98 MSS 435–6, 442 Eadwine Psalter 81, 95–8, 283, 575–7 OE verse 443–8 Ealdgyth 617, 623 Old English 10, 438–43 Ealdred, bishop of Worcester 613, 620, 625, 626 penitential materials 449 Eanﬂæd, abbess of Whitby 173, 367 private prayer 435–43 Eangyth, Abbess 148 prose 435–43 Eanmund, Abbot 180–1 research directions 448–50 Earcongota 370 Dhuoda 358 Earl, James 336 diagrams (scientiﬁc) 488–90 Easter 477–8, 479–80, 484, 487, 558 Dialogues of Solomon and Satum 84–5, 218, 454 Eastwood, Bruce 488 Dinshaw, Carolyn 358, 361 Ecgberht, bishop of Lindisfarne 154, 180, 195 Dionysius Exiguus 479 Ecgbert, King 173 Discenza, Nicole 227 Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria 160, 174–5, 177, disputatio 454 178 Do Bunad Cruithnech 104 Ecgwin of Evesham 541, 542 Domesday Book 515, 517, 526 Echa 179 Dominic of Evesham 549 Echtrae Chonnlai 118 Domnall, king of Brega 650 Edgar, king of England 69, 512, 514, 538, 560, Dorbéne 46 561, 595, 634 Doubleday, James 277 Edith, queen of England 7, 360, 374, 544, 616, Downham, Clare 645 617, 621 Dream of Maxen 675–6 Edith of Tamworth 372 Dream of the Rood 76, 114, 261, 276, 282, 301–2, Edith of Wilton 371–2, 375, 377–8 351–3, 420, 448 Edmund Ironside 541, 584, 595–6, 598 Drumsnat, Book of 108–9 Edmund, king of Wessex 237–8, 243–4 Dryhthelm 179–80 Edmund, St, king of East Anglia 269–72, 534 Dub Sláine 1, 107 Edmyg Dinbych 661–2 Dublin 582, 587, 603, 645 Edward the Confessor 7, 12, 204, 254, 516, 521, Dublin, Battle of 585 527, 608, 616–25

774

Index

Edwin, king of Northumbria 160, 169, 171–2, Evesham 541 179, 404 Exeter Egill Skalla-Grimsson 582–6, 587–9 book production 66, 67 Eilifr Godrúnarson 590 liturgical writing 430–1, 433, 445 Eilmer 476 scripts 64 Einarr skálaglamm 590 Exeter Book Einhard 157 contents 289 Eiríksmál 590–1 cultural evidence 336 elegies Cynewulf 396, 620–1 genre 334 elegies 333 hoarding and meditation 341–6 Germanic inheritance 239 imagination 347–53 hagiography 283, 384 imagined past 333 non-religious poetry 284–7 time 335–41 Physiologus 13, 459–60, 630 transience and experience 335–41 religious poetry 282, 423 transience and history 353–6 riddles 273, 286–7, 451, 452, 461 ubi sunt catalogues 353–6 Soul and Body II 459 Ely Abbey 363, 545, 549 Exodus 206, 272, 281, 300, 414–16 Emma, queen of England 360, 374, 544, 607, Eyjólfr dáðaskald 590 613, 616. Eynsham monastery 537 See also Ælfgifu of Northampton; Encomium Eyvindr skaldaspillir 589, 598 Emmae reginae Encomium Emmae reginae 12, 532, 544, 604, 616, Faddan More (Tipperary) 30, 31, 33 617–19 Fahan monastery (Donegal) 110 English language. See Old English Fates of the Apostles 282 Énna od Aran 112 Faustus, Latin writer 121 Eochaid ua Flainn 639 Felix of Crowland, Life of St Guthlac 145–6, Eorcenberht, king of Kent 502 264–7, 390–2. See also Guthlac Eorcengota 5, 124 Ferdomnach 26 Eorcenwold 367 Fergus mac Roich 647 Eormanric 198, 201 Fiachra, prior of Iona 637 Eormenburg, queen of Northumbria 174 Fidjestøl, Bjarne 615 Eormenhild 363, 371 Fingal Rónáin (Ronan’s Kinslaying) 649–50 Eosterwine, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow 177 Finke, Laurie 358 Épinal Glossary 44, 207 Finn mac Cumaill 657 Erc, bishop of Slane 112 Finnsburh Fragment 199, 205–6, 240, 287 Erfurt Glossary 207 First Crusade 608 Eric Bloodaxe 584–6, 590–1 Fitjar, Battle of 598 Eric, brother-in-law of Cnut 592 Flann mac Maíl Shechnaill 111 Essen 537 Flann Mainistrech 639, 640 Euclid 475 Fleury Abbey 481, 534, 545 Eugenia, St 389, 399–400 Flixborough (Lincs.) 31 Eugenius of Toledo 78 Folcard, Vita Ædwardi regis 544, 549, 617, 621–4 Euphrosyne, St 399, 400–1 Fonthill Letter 527–8 European literature Foot, Sarah 375 11th-century 607–36 forgeries 514–15 Cnut and 609–16 Forsyth, Katherine 103, 105 internationalism 608–9 Fortunes of Men 285 Eusebius 143–4, 146, 461 Foucault, Michel 363 Eutyches 77 Four Branches of the Mabinogi 684–6 Evagrius 165 ‘Fragmentary Annals’ 645 Evans, Nicholas 641 France Eve of Angers 358, 371–2, 624 annals 224

775

Index

France (cont.) Norman audience 683 Carolingian script 59–66 Welsh translation 662 cultural dominance 624 on Merlin 683–4 Loire School 10, 623, 624, 627 origins of Britain 242 monasteries 51, 60 patron 634 scripts 55, 59–66, 67 on Welsh books 661 vernacular v. Latin 213–14 geography writing 10, 625–36 Bede 20–1, 158–9 Frank, Roberta 316, 318, 594, 614 borders and identities 185–6 Franks Casket 91–5, 161, 162, 185, 202–3, 259 boundary lists 513 Frantzen, Allen 313, 360, 438 chronology and 20–7 Friedman, John Block 466 linguistic zones 37–40 Frisian language 187 geometry 475 Frithegod, Breviloquium vitae beati Wilfredi 534, Georgianna, Linda 334 535 Gerald of Wales 553, 661 Frithuswith, abbess of Oxford 56, 376–7 Gerbrand of Roskilde 611 Fry, Donald 295 Germanic world Fulk, R. D. 300 adventus Saxonum 191–7 Fulton, Helen 682 Anglo-Saxon England and 185 Christian mission to 146–50 Gaelic cultural heritage from 187–91 900–1150 heroes 203–7 historical tales 644–50 historiography 191–7 manuscript evidence 655–9 imagined past 333 orality 657–9 invasion of Britain 243 poetry of masks 654 languages 187 religious writing 650–2 laws 190, 501 Scotland and Ireland 637–59 legal traditions 190, 505–6 secular poetry 637–44, 655 meaning 186 voyage tales 652–3 missionaries and cultural exchanges 207–8 Latin and 53, 57–8 myths 189, 239–40 manuscripts 25, 26, 655–9 Norman Conquest and 256 ogam 29–30 poetry 191, 198–207 poetry, land and law 13 pre-Christian 332 scripts 51 religion 189–90 Gaimar, Geffrei 605, 634–5 runic script 190–1 Galba Prayerbook 435 tokens 517 Galen 491, 492, 494–5 warrior spirit 239–40 Gallehus inscription 297 Gifts of Men 276, 285 Gameson, Richard 79 Gilbert, Sandra 357–8, 359 Gariopontus 494 Gildas Gawain and the Green Knight 260 De excidio Britanniae 121–2, 665 genealogy 9, 232–3, 235–6 end of Roman rule 36 Genesis 208, 281, 604 on God’s punishment 243 Genesis A 206, 292, 303, 410–11, 412–13 influence 125 Genesis B 303–5, 410–11, 575, 580 Latin erudition 37 Geoffrey, abbot of St Albans 374, 376, 377, 378 loss of Britain theme 675 Geoffrey of Monmouth on praise poetry 665 English identity 553 on Saxons 192 Historia regum Britanniae style 137 Arthur 677, 679, 680 textual evidence 131 historical source 634 use of history 165 loss of Britain theme 675 on vernacular Welsh writing 105

776

Index

Gilla-Coemáin mac Gilla-Samthainne 640 Hadley, Dawn 580 Gilla Mo Dutu ua Casaide 641 Hadrian, Abbot 44, 45, 130–2 Giso, bishop of Wells 69 Hadrian’s Wall 21, 39, 186 Gittos, Helen 434, 438 Haeddi, bishop of Winchester 132 Glastonbury 69, 550, 551 hagiography Gloria I 283, 444, 445, 447 Aldhelm. See Aldhelm Glúmr Geirason 589–90 constructing selves 403–5 Godden, Malcolm 214, 220, 345 Cynewulf. See Cynewulf Godfrey, duke of Lower Lotharingia 627 female saints 360 Godfrey of Reims 623 Bede and 366–70 Godman, Peter 179 Eugenia 399–400 Gododdin 26, 104, 106, 665–6, 668–70, 673, 686 Euphrosyne 399, 400–1 Godwine, bishop of Rochester 513 Goscelin of St-Bertin 370–4 Godwine, earl of Wessex 616 male readers 398–403 Goffart, Walter 160, 166–7 OE Mary of Egypt 399, 401–3 Goscelin of St-Bertin 12, 357, 370–4, 375, 377–8, overview 364–74 379, 545, 547–9, 634 virginity 398–403 Gosforth Cross 603 Gaelic writing 650–2 Green, David 107 genre 383–4 Greenfield, Stanley 226, 284 Guthlac 390–5 Gregory the Great, Pope Latin writing 12–13, 127, 152 See also Life of Gregory the Great Norman transition 544–9 Æthelweard on 539–41 northern kingdoms 169–78 Anglo-Saxon mission 5, 42–3, 54, overview 381–405 123, 382 role 165–9 Bede on 5, 171, 200–1, 384, 540–1 spiritual warriors 390–5 Columbanus and 125 traffic in saints 384–6 Dialogues See also Wærferth virginity 385–9 authority 226, 227 visions of the otherworld 180 model for Wærferth 220–1 Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri 589 translation 219 Hákon Haraldsson 584 English Church and 51 Hall, J. R. 281 English reputation 381–2 Hallvadr háreksblesi 599 homilies 43 Hamdismál 201 Pastoral Care. See Pastoral Care (OE) Hanning, Robert 165 portrait 80 Hanover (Eadwig) Gospels 73, 98 William of Malmesbury on 553 Haraldr gráfeldr 589 Gretsch, Mechthild 212 Haraldr hárfagri 585 Griffiths, Mark 344 Harley Prayerbook 435 Grimbald of St-Bertin and Reims 214 Harmer, F. E. 519 Grimkell, bishop of Trondheim 611 Harold Godwineson, king of England 254, 278, Grossi, Joseph 256 608, 616, 621 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 665 Harold Harefoot 608 Gryffudd 623 Harris, Adrienne 323 Gubar, Susan 357–8, 359 Harris, Joseph 206 Guest, Charlotte 674, 682 Harthacnut, king of England and Denmark Gunnlaugr 585–7, 598 608, 616 Guthlac of Crowland, St 14, 145, 264–7, 390–2, Hastings, Battle of 256, 278 390–5, 403–4 Havelok the Dane 604–5 Guthlac A and B 264, 266–7, 392–5 Hayward, Paul Antony 373 Guy, bishop of Amiens 254 Hazeltine H. D. 522 Gwalchmai ap Meilyn 671 Heaney, Seamus 8 Gwallawg, king of Elfed 667 Heledd 672–4

777

Index

Heliand 13, 208, 282, 575, 580 Holsinger, Bruce 447, 448 Héloïse 358 Holy River, Battle of 614 Helpericus 480 Homer 294–5 Hendregadredd Manuscript 662 Honorius, Emperor 36 Hengist 192, 236, 242, 243, 681 horoscopes 490 Henry I, king of England 248, 625–36 Horsa 236, 242, 681 Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 619 How Culhwch Won Olwen 678–9 Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 613, 619, 620 Howard-Johnston, James 167 Henry of Huntingdon 251, 252–3, 627 Howe, Nicholas 165, 255, 285, 346 Herbarium of Pseudo-Apuleius 492 Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz 78, Hergest, Red Book of 662 214, 445, 480 heriot 523–4 Hrotswith of Gandersheim 358 Herman, bishop of Sherborne 545 Hugeburc (Hygeburg) 149–50, 359 hermeneutics 535–6, 617 Hughes, Kathleen 103 heroes Hume, David 164 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 234–41 humours 489–91, 498 heroic poetry 287 Humphrey de Thaon 628, 629 Hexham 174 Husband’s Message 332 Heyworth, Melanie 457 Hwætberht, abbot of Wearmouth 142–4, 177 Hickes, George 205, 268 Hygeburg (Hugeburc) 149–50, 359 Hild, abbess of Whitby (Streonæshalch) 358, Hyglac (teacher of Æthelwulf) 154 362, 366–7, 376, 377 Hywel Dda 662, 665, 681 Hildebert of Lavardin 623 Hildebert of Le Mans 626 Ida, king of Northumbria 7 Hildebrandslied 208 image Hildegard of Bingen 83, 358 script and 74–80 Hildelith, abbess of Barking 358, 360, 368–9, script as 80–5 387 voice and 85–98 Hill, Thomas 454 Immathchor nAilella ocus Airt (Mutual Hines, John 589 Restitution between Ailill and Art) 118 Hippocrates 491, 492 Immram Brain (Voyage of Bran) 118 Hisperica famina 129–30 Inchmarnock island (Argyll) 31 Historia Brittonum. See Nennius Ine, king of Wessex 25, 190, 225, 503 history Ingram, James 239 See also Bede; hagiography Insular minuscule 46–7, 56–9, 60–1, 63–4, 65–6 12th-century historiography 244 internationalism 607–36 Anglo-Norman histories 251–6 Iona, monastery of 103, 124, 125 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon Ireland Chronicle Bede and 99–100, 124 Bede as historian 159–69 book production 64, 109–10 Celtic histories 241–4, 251 chronology 10 elegies and transience 353–6 cultural upheaval 655 manuscript evidence 25–7 laws 25 mythmaking 9 literature. See Irish writing northern kingdoms 159–69 monasticism 109–10, 116–17 as theme 7–9 Norse colony 22 Welsh historiography 665, 675–6 Roman rule 21–2, 23 women’s literary historiography 357–64 schools 51 Hlothhere, king of Kent 25, 502, 509, 510–11 ‘Irish Augustine’ 128 Hofmann, Dietrich 583, 584, 591, 593 Irish Liber Hymnorum 657 Hofstetter, Walter 268 Irish writing Hollis, Stephanie 366, 367, 370, 371, 373, 375, 377 7th-century Latin 125–30 Hollo, Kaarina 650 chronicles 104

778

Index

earliest writings 10, 108–19 Lacnunga 288, 493, 494 influence in Wales 106–7 Lactantius 477 evidence 40–2 Lailoken, prophet 683 Gaelic (900–1150) 637–59 Lambeth Psalter 267 manuscripts 30, 31 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 545–6, Irving, Jr, Edward 348 547, 548 Isaac, G. R. 666, 669 languages Isidore of Seville See also multilingualism; specific languages De natura rerum 483, 488 Germanic heritage 187 influence 123 linguistic zones 37–40 on Bede 48, 213, 480 Scotland 104–5 measuring time 480, 489 scripts and 40 scholarship 476 Lantfred 534, 536 status 139, 218 Lapidge, Michael 124, 164, 210, 541 on translation 215 Latin Italy 9th-century decline 210–14, 531 Salernitan school 494 alphabet 28, 30, 40, 41–2 scripts 67 Benedictine Reform and 533–7 British Latin 121–2 Jarman, A. O. H. 671 charters 515 Jerome, St 56, 215, 218, 227, 575 Christianity and 56–7, 120, 161 Jesch, Judith 584, 597 chronology 10 Joca monachorum 454 cultural exchanges 124–5 John of Beverley 495 devotional writing 438 John Cassian 102, 131 dominance 119 John Scottus Eriugena 116, 130 early writing John the Cantor 124, 177 7th-century Ireland 125–30 John the Old Saxon 214 9th-century 154–7 John of Worcester 252, 253, 532 9th-century Wales 155–7 Jones, C. W. 164–5 Alcuin. See Alcuin Jordanes 201 Aldhelm. See Aldhelm Judgement Day II 283, 303, 305 Aldhelm’s successors 142–6 Judith 261, 287, 292–3, 604 Bede. See Bede Judith, nun of Barking 372–3 English origins 122–5 Junius manuscript 6, 278, 414, 420 hagiography 127, 152 Junius, Franciscus 281 mission to Germany 146–50 Juvencus manuscript 106, 660 overview 120–57 Gaels and 53, 57–8 Kaufmann, C. M. 631 Germanic world and 187 Keefer, Sarah Larratt 444 later writing Kells, Book of 101 Æthelweard’s Chronicle 537–41 Kelly, Susan 211 Asser. See Asser Kent Byrhtferth. See Byrhtferth of Ramsey historiography 243 choice of language 531 laws 48, 190, 225, 500–3 Goscelin. See Goscelin of St-Bertin scripts 61 hagiography of Norman transition Kentish Hymn 444 544–9 Kentish Psalm 50 417–20, 444 ‘hermeneutics style’ 535–6 Ker, Neil 67, 70, 608 overview 530–53 Keynes, Simon 211, 512, 604 William of Malmesbury. See William of Klaeber, Frederick 293, 309, 318 Malmesbury Kleinschmidt, Harald 320 lingua franca 544 Koch, J. T. 666, 669 liturgical writing 428–31

779

Index

Latin (cont.) Leofsin 513 northern writers 161–2 Letter of Alexander to Aristotle 467–8, 633 prestige language 12–13, 19, 120 Leuthere, bishop of the West Saxons 133 Roman legacy 36–49 Levison, Wilhelm 6 scripts 39 Lex Frisionum 506 translation into Old English 213–14 Liber Commonei 77, 156 authority and authorship 226–31 Liber Hymnorum manuscript 102 Gregory’s Pastoral Care 214–19 Liber monstrorum 138 vernaculars and 11, 65 Lichfield 210 wills 521 Lichfield Gospels 107 writing technique 35 Life of Abbot Ceolfrith 159, 177–8 Latour, Bruno 311 Life of Christina of Markyate 375–8 law Life of Findchú of Brí-Gobann 651 See also Laws (OE) Life of Gregory the Great (anon.) 12, 159, 161, authority of English 570–2 169–72, 366 charters 508–15 Life of St Anthony 390 forgeries 514–15 Life of St Christopher 633 Fonthill Letter 527–8 Life of St Cuthbert (anon.) 12, 127, 159, 168, 173, Germanic tradition 190, 501 175, 177 in action 526–8 Life of St Martin (Sulpicius Severus) 176 Kentish laws 48, 190, 225, 500–3 Lindisfarne 12, 33, 127 overview 499–529 Lindisfarne bishopric 174 statutes 499–508 Lindisfarne Gospels 35, 68, 73, 98, 101, 162, 259, suits 526–8 555–7 Wessex 503–6 Lindisfarne, sack of 153 wills 521–6 Liðsmannaflokkr 591–2 writs 515–21 literacy 20, 53–4 seals 516–17 liturgical writing Law of Hywel Dda 662 Latin ordines 428–31 Lawman (Layamon), Brut 308 OE ordines 431–4 Laws (OE) OE verse 443–8 Alfredian initiative 219, 225, 228 research directions 448–50 copies 217 Liudhard 122 overview 503–6 Liuzza, Roy 168, 279, 339 preface 228, 229, 503–5 Llandeilo Fawr 105, 660 Layesmith, Mark 173–4 Llud and Llefelys 675–6 Le Ronceray 624 Llywarch Hen 671–2 Leabhar Breac manuscript 652 Loire School 10, 623, 624, 627 Lebor Bretnach 640 London, Scandinavian literary centre Lebor Gabála Érenn (Book of the Conquest of 591–602 Ireland) 642–3 Lord, Albert 206, 295 Lebor na hUidre (Book of the Dun Cow) 108–9, Lord’s Prayer II 283, 445, 447 656 Lord’s Prayer III 283, 444, 445–6, 447 Leclerq, Jean 435, 449 Lorsch riddle collection 461 Lees, Clare A. 362, 363, 366 Louis the German 214 legendary texts, Scandinavian literature Louvain, Battle of 1 603–5 Love, Rosalind 370 Leiden Riddle 161, 207, 259 Loveluck, Christopher 164 Leinster, Book of 643, 648, 656, 658 Lowe, E. A. 55, 60 Lendinara, Patrizia 453 Lucan 180, 539, 621, 641 Leoba (Leobgyth) 148, 358, 359 Lucretius 477 Leofric, bishop of Exeter 284, 620–1, 624 Lul, archbishop of Mainz 138, 147

780

Index

Mabinogion 663, 674–9, 682 Medb of Connacht 646–7, 648 Mac Bethad 1, 107 medicine 491–8 Mac Cana, Proinsias 655 Mehan, Uppinder 161 Mack, Burton 684 Meilyr Brydydd 671 McAvoy, Liz Herbert 358 Mellitus, Bishop 200–1 McCluskey, Steven 486 Menologium 285–6, 383 McKinnell, John 603 Mercia McKitterick, Rosamond 55, 59–60 9th-century poetry 155 McManus, Damian 113 books in vernacular 212–13 Mael Dúin 653 Carolingians and 61 Máel Inmain 1, 107 geography 212 Mael Ísu ua Brolcháin 657 historiography 243 Mael Mura Othna 643 MS production 210 Máel Muru 110 relations with Wessex 212 Máel Rúain 116 Mercian Register 233, 252 Maelgwn, king of Gwynedd 105 Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd 156 Maelsechlainn mac Domnail, king of Meath Merhteof 181 and Tara 644 Merlin (Myrddin) 682, 683–4 magic 498 Meters of Boethius 295, 303, 305–6 Magoun, Francis 295 Meton 479 Malcolm, king of Scotland 248, 617 Meyvaert, Paul 165 Maldon, Battle of 240–1, 525 Michelet, Fabienne 322 Malmesbury (Wiltshire) 45, 48, 54 Middle English literature, origins 10 Malory, Thomas, Morte d’Arthur 260 Mildrith, St 360, 548 Manawydan 686 Miracula Nynie episcopi 154 Mannyng of Brunne, Robert 605 monasticism manumissions 525 See also Benedictines manuscripts book production 67–8 11th-century vernacular 608 care of the sick 496–7 Gaelic 25, 26, 655–9 chastity 385 historical evidence 25–7 Fleury 481, 534 Old English poetry 278–9 Frankish monasteries 51, 60 poetry 25–6 function of monasteries 382 rarity 30–1 Irish monks 116–17 Welsh 25, 660–2 Irish scriptoria 109–10 Marbod of Rennes 623, 624, 627 literacy 385 Maredudd, king of Powys 677 northern kingdoms 172, 173 Margaret, queen of Scotland 248, 374, 617, 626, post-Viking 514 627 time management 486 Marie de France 358, 379, 633 use of runes 29 Martianus Capella 477 Wessex 51 Martinmas 382 women 51, 60 Martyrology (OE) 196, 212, 219, 224–5 11th-century 370 Mary of Egypt (OE) 399, 401–3 Morgan, Edwin 8 Massey, Doreen 317, 320 Mugrón, abbot of Iona 637, 650 Math, lord of Gwynedd 685, 686 Muirchú, Life of Patrick 127 Matilda, abbess of Essen 9, 537, 538, 544 multilingualism Matilda, abbess of Quedlinburg 538 11th-century 608–9 Matilda, Empress 248, 253, 544, 549 Bede on 19, 24 Matilda, queen of England 374, 544, 549, 608, Franks Casket 94 625, 626–7, 631 international contacts and 7 Maxims II 273, 286 multilingual world 27 Mayo (Co.) 48 Ruthwell Cross 85

781

Index

Muriel of Wilton 359, 379, 624 annals 252 Murphy, Patrick 460 kingdom 160 Muslim world 608 manuscripts 11 Myrddin (Merlin) 682, 683–4 Norway, conquest by Cnut 614 myths Novacich, Sarah Elliott 273 Christianity 24–5 Núadu 106 Germanic world 189, 239–40 Nunnaminster, Book of 435 historical mythmaking 9 Welsh writing 684–6 O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine 85, 296 O’Carragáin, Éammonn 448 Navigatio sancti Brendani 632, 652 Oda, archbishop of Canterbury 534, 535 Nechtan, king of the Picts 103, 105 Odinkar, Bishop 610 Nechtansmere, Battle of 160 Odo of Cluny 534 Nelson, Marie 462–3, 464 Óengus mac Óengobann 116 Nennius, [Pseudo-], Historia Brittonum Offa, king of Mercia 186, 199, 225, 511, assessment 156 514, 664 beginning of history 8–9 ogam 28–30, 33, 40, 113–14 Celtic perspective 241–3 Ohthere 6, 185, 194–5, 264, 580 dragons 676 Óláfr Eiríksson 615 on early poetry 665 Óláfr Haraldsson, king of Norway 593, 596–7, loss of Britain theme 675 602, 611–12, 615 multiple perspectives 249 Óláfr kvarán, king of York 605 overview 156, 192 Óláfr Sigtryggsson, king of Dublin (Amlaíb political divisions 233 Cuarán) 637, 650 recensions 642 Old English source for Anglo-Norman histories 252, 253, Germanic mythology and 189 683 literature. See Old English literature on Urien 667 origins 187–9 on Vortigern 192, 681 wills 521 Neoplatonism 652 writs 515 Neville, Jennifer 460 Old English Bede Ní Mhaonaigh, Máire 656 authority 227, 230 Nicaea, Council of 478 authorship 212, 223, 262 Nielsen, Hans Frede 187–9 diversity of cultures 233 Niles, John 294, 318, 451, 458, 462 epilogue 290 Ninian of Whithorn, St 154 language 261–4 Norman Conquest 10, 251, 362, 552, metaphors 226 575, 607 variation 296–7 Normans Old English Benedictine Office 444–6 hagiography 544–9 Old English literature historical obsession 244 9th-century post-Conquest histories 251–6 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon resistance to 246 Chronicle Norse authority and authorship 226–31 See also Scandinavian literature forms and techniques 220–6 Cnut’s court 571 poetry 225–6 Orkney and Shetland 104 rise 209, 210–14 territorial extent 626 translations from Latin 214–19 northern kingdoms chronology 10 hagiography 169–78 devotional writing 438–43 history 159–69 earlier writing 257–77 use of Latin 161–2 later writing Northumbria 11th-century manuscripts 608

782

Index

accepted truth 573–7 additions to Alfredian translation 580 administrative power 569–73 authority 226, 227 authority 554–78 King Alfred and 193–5, 218, 223–4 authorship 557–62 language 264 ideological promotion 565–9 perspective 233 inﬂuence and inspiration 562–5 preface 230 testimony of English 554–7 Orrmulum 282, 308 liturgical writing 427, 431–4 Osbern 545–7, 549, 550, 551 poetry. See Old English poetry Osbert of Clare 377, 379, 634 Old English poetry Oslac, ealdorman of Sussex 511 alliteration 297–8, 306–8, 519–20 Osraige Chronicle 645–6 anonymity 288–9 Osred, king of Northumbria 173, 180 Beowulf. See Beowulf O’Sullivan, William 56, 58, 60, 68 dates of composition 279–80 Oswald, archbishop of York 268, 382, 481, 534, elegies, overview 332–56 541, 560 forms 278–308 Oswald, Dana 365 formulas and orality 294–7 Oswald, king of Northumbria 124, 160, 179 genres 280–8 Oswiu, king of Bernicia 53, 160, 188 heroic poetry 287 Óttarr svarti 584, 595–6, 615 high point 384 Otto I, Emperor 538 liturgical verses 443–8 Overing, Gillian 362, 363, 366 manuscripts 278–9 Ovid 77, 476, 622 metaphors 414–16 Owain 665, 667–8, 677, 682 metre 298–302 Owain Glyndwˆr 661 orality and authorship 288–90 prosodical syntax 302–5 Paris Psalter 284, 306, 577 prosody 297–305 Parker Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon Chronicle religious poetry 280–4 Parkes, Malcolm 67 belief 408–9 Parry, Milman 206, 295 overview 406–26 parva glosatura 575 six ages of the world 409, 426 Passio sancti Eadwardi 374, 379 vernacular theology 406–8 Passover 477 repetition 413 Pastoral Care (OE) secular poetry 284–8 meditatio 347 styles 291–7 prose preface variation 292–4, 306 Alfred in Mercia 212 vocabulary 291–2, 305–6 authorship 503 wisdom poetry 285–6 on Danish attacks 512–13 ‘Old North’ 665, 668, 675, 683, 686 linguistic context 434 O’Neill, Patrick 218 overview 214–19 orality style 517 Beowulf 295 vocabulary 344 dominance 20 voices 229, 230 Gaelic world 657–9 scholarship 231 image, script and voice 85–98 translation attributed to Alfred 289–90, 347, OE poetry and 288–90, 294–7 503 voice and writing 82, 84 verse preface 227, 229, 290 Welsh 663–4, 685–6 Patrick, St 26, 40, 118, 121–2, 127, 243, 651 Orchard, Andy 130, 135, 148, 154, 454 Paul the Deacon 453 Order of the World 349 Pelagius 121, 193 ordines 428–34 penitential materials 449 Orkney 104, 638 Perello, Tony 462 Orosius, OE Historia adversum paganos Peter of Pisa 453

783

Index

Peterborough, scribe centre 47, 566 Ridyard, Susan 363 Peterborough Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon Rieinmelth, princess of Rheged 188 Chronicle Riming Poem 191, 298, 332, 335, 336–41, 587 Petrocellus 494 Robert, earl of Gloucester 634 Philippe de Thaon 628–31, 633 Robert of Jumièges 432 Phoenix 299, 343, 620 Roberts, Brynley 685 Physiologus 13, 459–60, 630 Roberts, Jane 265, 266–7 Picts 11, 24, 32–3, 99, 100, 113 Robinson, Fred C. 283, 286, 293 Pippin 454 Rochester, book production 67 Plato 498 Roger of St Albans 375 Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury 155, 212 Roman law 509, 511, 517 Pliny 477, 480 Roman rule Plummer, Charles 165 books 53 political prophecy, Welsh writing 680–4 ending 21–2, 197 Poole, Russell 264 impact 23–4 Portmahomack (Easter Ross) 33 scripts and 54–6 prayer 435–43 writing legacy 36–49 Precepts 285 Rome, sack of (410) 197 Price, H. H. 409 Rowland, Jenny 668, 671, 674 Prittlewell 207 Royal Prayerbook 435 prognostics 489–91 Ruaidrí ua Conchobair, king of Ireland prophecy, political prophecy 680–4 643 Prudentius 135 Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 30 Psalms (OE version) 224 Ruin 239, 273–7, 332, 335, 348–9, 355–6, 592 Pseudo-Apuleius 492 runes 28–9, 33, 89–91, 190–1 Pseudo-Bede 461 Russom, Geoffrey 301 Pseudo-Matthaei Evangelium 273 Ruthwell Cross 29, 76, 85–91, 98, 114, 161, 162, 290, 301 Quinn, Dennis 468, 471 saga poetry, Welsh 671–4 Radegund 358 St Albans Psalter 376, 378 Rædwald, king of East Anglia 171 St-Amand-les-Eaux abbey 626, 633 Ralph Fitzgilbert 634 St-Bertin Abbey 544, 545 Ramsey Abbey 481, 541, 545, 558 St Gregory Abbey 548–9 Rankin, Susan 448 saints. See also individual saints Ratherius (Rather of Verona) 535 Christian calendar 382 Ray, Roger 165, 166–7 cult 382–3 Red Book of Darley 81–3, 85, 432 lives. See hagiography Red Book of Hergest 662, 675 spiritual warriors 390–5 Repton (Derbyshire) 390 trafficin384–6 Resignation 332 virginity 385–9 Rhodes, Jim 408 Salernitan school 494 Rhodri Mawr 665 Salisbury, book production 66, 67 Rhonabwy’s Dream 677–8 Saltair na Rann (Psalter of the Quatrains) 114 riddles Sanas Cormaic (Cormac’s Glossary) 111 Boniface 147 Scandinavian literature convention 93 chronology 10 Exeter Book 273, 286–7, 451–69 Cnut and 591, 593–5, 598–601 Leiden Riddle 161, 207, 259 legendary texts 603–5 naming and unknowing 461–4 London 44, 95, 591–602 overview 451–72 origins 10 wonder, and 452–61 praise poetry 582–91, 596–7, 598, 611–12 wonder, discourse and disposition 464–72 York 582–91

784

Index

Scandinavians script as image 80–5 See also Scandinavian literature uncial 55, 56 Battle of Brunanburh 567, 583 sea voyage theme 1–7, 652–3 Battle of Maldon 240–1 Seafarer 277 battles with Alfred 236 anthology poem 335 capture of York 160 Christianity 261 Cnut’s reign 609–16 elegiac mode 286, 332 continental raids 2 experience 342–3 disruption 23, 64, 154 images 348 Alfred on 512–13 imagination 350–1 book production 210 language 275, 277 Latin writing 531 manuscript 285 Dublin 645 mental process 345 Louvain, Battle of 1 sense of loss 153 peace 507 sealing 516–17 presence in England 579–82 Seaxburh 363, 370 sack of Lindisfarne 153 Sedulus, Carmen paschale 533 slaughter of nuns 361 Sedulus Scottus 116 Viking Age 22 Senchas Fer nAlban 104 Schlüter, Dagmar 656 Senchas Már (Great Lore) 110, 117 science Séquence de Sainte Eulalie 626 diagrams 488–90 Serlo of Wilton 633 humours 489–91, 498 Sermon sur Jonas 626 measuring time 477–87 Shaftesbury 374, 525 medicine 491–8 Shaftesbury Psalter 631 medieval science 475–7 Sherborne 432, 485 Muslim world 608 Shetland 104, 638 prognostics 489–91 Shippey, T. A. 285 shape of thought 488–91 Sieper, Ernst 332 writing 475–98 Sievers, Eduard 298–9, 300, 301 Scotland Siewers, Alfred 267 See also Picts Sigfrith, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow 177 Alba 22 Sigibert, king of East Anglia 53 Bede on 101 Sigtryggr Sigtryggsson 584 earliest writings 10, 103–5 Sigtryggr silkiskeggr 585, 605 Gaelic writing (900–1150) 640 Sigvatr Þórðarson 593–5, 596–7, 600–1, 613–14, languages 104–5 615–16 Roman rule 21 Sims-Williams, Patrick 103, 113, 674 Scragg, Donald 70 skalds 581 scribes slaves 525 centres 66–71 Smaragdus 65 court scribes 68–9 Smith, Jeremy 258 Edgar A 69 Smith, Julia M. H. 15 scripts Snédgus and Mac Riagla 653 Caroline minuscule 52, 61–6 Snorra Edda 319 continental influences 51–3 Sockburn 603 Frankish influence 55, 59–66 Soul and Body 354, 459 Insular minuscule 46–7, 56–9, 60–1, 63–4, Spain, Latin writers 123 65–6 Springmount Bog (Antrim) 31, 40–1 language and 40 Staffordshire Hoard 30, 266 Latin 39 Stamford Bridge, Battle of 621 overview 50–72 Stanton, Robert 212, 215 Roman influence 54–6 Statius 620, 641

785

Index

Steiner, George 411 travels, sea travel theme 1–7 Stenton, Frank 164, 511–12 Trefhocul 111 Stephen of Ripon, Life of St Wilfrid 12, 159, 168, Triads of the Island of Britain 663, 677 172–6, 536 Turgot of Durham 627, 634 Stevenson, Jane 102 Turville-Petre, Thorlac 605 Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury 516 Tyler, Elizabeth 277, 544 Stokes, Peter 70 Tymoczko, Maria 654–5 Suibhne Geilt 683 Sulpicius Severus 165 ubi sunt catalogues 353–6 Sutton Hoo 185, 207 Ulfcetel 592 Sveinn Estrithson, king of Denmark 610 Ulster Cycle 646–9, 656 Sveinn Úlfsson 591 Ultan 181 Sweinn Forkbeard, king of Denmark 247, 608, uncial 55, 56 615 Urien of Rheged 665, 667, 671, 674, 682, 686 Swithin, St 534, 536 Urquhart, Jane 358 Symeon of Durham 256, 532, 541, 634 Ussher Gospels 41 Symphosius 135 Utrecht Psalter 576 Uuinniau 40 Tailtiu (Teltown, Co. Meath) 643–4 Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cattle Raid of Cúailnge) 115 Vercelli Book 282, 283, 289, 384, 392, 397 Taliesin 8, 663, 664–70, 682–3 Vercelli Homilies 307, 392, 564, 566 Taliesin, Book of 104, 661, 662 vernacular languages Tallaght monastery 116 9th-century literary emergence 210–14 Tara 637, 643–4 11th-century manuscripts 608 Tatwine, archbishop of Canterbury 144–5, 146, Gaelic. See Gaelic 461 Latin and 11, 65 Textus Roﬀensis 25, 48, 500, 513 liturgy 434 Thacker, Alan 161 Old English. See Old English Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of theology 406–8 Canterbury 43–4, 45, 130–2, 431, 479, translations from Latin 213–19 509 See also Old English literature Theodric, king of Bernicia 667 Welsh. See Welsh writing Theodric, king of the Franks 198 Vespasian Psalter 26–7, 55, 80–1, 212 theology, vernacular 406–8 Victorius of Aquitaine 479 Theophilus, bishop of Alexandria 479 Vie de Saint Alexis 633 Thomas of Monmouth 553 Vikings. See Scandinavians Thórarinn loftunga 596, 599–600, 602, 611–12, 616 Virgil 132, 152, 544, 618–19, 621–2, 641 Thorðr Kolbeinsson 592–3 Virgilius Maro Grammaticus 128–9, 156 Thorkell Skallason 591 virginity 385–9, 398–403 Thorkell the Tall 591–2 Vita Ædwardi regis 544, 549, 617, 621–4 Thorney 556 Vita sancti Dunstani 79 time Vitalian, Pope 44, 130 Beowulf 313–19 voice. See orality elegies 335–41 Vortigern, King 192, 242–3, 681, 683 measurement 477–87 voyage theme 1–7, 652–3 Tintagel (Cornwall) 30, 31 Tírechán 26, 40, 127 Wærburh 363, 371 Togail Bruidne Da Derga (Destruction of Da Wærferth, bishop of Worcester Derga’s Hostel) 645 Alfred and 155, 192–3, 517 Torhtgyth 367–9 Mercian scholar 212, 213 Tostig 616, 621 OE Dialogues Townend, Matthew 584 Alfredian commission 219 Townsend, David 161 authority 227

786

Index

authorship 229 manuscripts 25, 660–2 copies 217 Merlin (Myrddin) 682, 683–4 Mercian connection 213 mythmaking 684–6 prefaces 228, 229, 230 ‘Old North’ 665, 668, 675, 683, 686 techniques 220–1 orality and 663–4, 685–6 Walafrid Strabo 480 origins of 10 Waldere 202, 203–5, 240, 287 poetry, revising past stories 9 Wales political prophecy 680–4 collapse of Welsh rule (1282) 671 saga poetry 671–4 kingdoms 664, 665 scripts 65–6 literature. See Welsh writing shared sense of the past 665, 675–6 Wallace, David 7, 358, 361 Taliesin 663, 664–70, 682–3 Walter Map 553 Welsh language, origins 104, 660 Waltheof, Earl 591, 610 writing to 1150 660–86 Wanderer Werwulf, priest at Alfred’s court 212 Christianity 587, 588 Wessex elegiac mode 286, 332 See also Alfred, king of Wessex; Alfredian experience 342–6 court images 348, 349–50 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. See Anglo-Saxon language 260, 273, 275, 588 Chronicle manuscript 284–5 ascendancy 22 meditation 347–8 Carolingians and 61 sense of loss 153 court 61 transience 335, 341, 592 genealogy 232–3, 236 ubi sunt catalogue 353–4 hegemony 532 Ward, Benedicta 165 laws 503–6 Watt, Diane 358 monasticism 51 Waxenberger, Gaby 92 relations with Mercia 212 Wealdhere, bishop of London 47, 58 vernacular documents 211 Wearmouth-Jarrow (Northumbria) Whitby Life of Gregory 169–72, 366 Bede and 47, 177–8 Whitby, Synod of 127, 261, 366, 479 book production 52, 67, 80 White Book of Rhydderch 662, 674 centre of learning 45 White, Hayden 166, 167 origins 122 Whitelock, Dorothy 522 script 45–6, 56 Widsith 198–201, 203, 239, 287 vernacular texts 48 Widukind of Corvey, Res gestae Saxonicae 538 Webb, Harri 664 Wife’s Lament 332, 341, 346–7, 348 Wehlau, Ruth 348 Wigheard 130 Weland the smith 201–3, 204, 222 Wihtred, king of Kent 25, 502–3, 511 Welsh writing Wilfrid, St 179, 370 Aneirin 8, 664–70 See also Stephen of Ripon anonymous writing 663–4 William the Conqueror 248, 254, 568, 574, 591, Arthur 663, 677–80, 686 607, 625 Book of Aneirin 26, 104, 662 William of Jumièges 254 Book of Taliesin 104, 661, 662 William of Malmesbury earliest writing 105–7 on Æthelweard 254, 538, 550 Irish inﬂuences 106–7 on Aldhelm 134 early poetry 664–70 attributions to Alfred 219, 229 Four Branches of the Mabinogi 684–6 dedications 634 genres 663 on Eilmer 476 Historia Brittonum. See Nennius on Frithegod 535 Latin writing, 9th-century 155–7 on Frithuswith 376 Mabinogion 663, 674–9, 682 Gesta pontiﬁcum Anglorum 549

787

Index

William of Malmesbury (cont.) overwriting 364–74 Gesta regum Anglorum 252–3, 254 virginity 385, 398–403 commission 549, 627 literary historiography 357–64 debt to Bede 550 monasticism 51, 60, 370 forgers’ references to 515 patrons 549 prologue 553 wills 522, 524–5 hagiography 550, 551–2 Wonders of the East 466–7, 486, 633 Historia novella 549 Wood, Ian 172 hybrid identities 549–53 Woolf, Virginia 330 Latin tradition 10 Worcester Life of Dunstan 547, 551 computus 485 Life of Wulfstan 550, 551–2 liturgical writing 430, 445 on old songs 278 MSS 210 patrons 627 scribe centre 70, 283, 566 sources 251, 550–2 scripts 63 on Wulfstan 613 William of Malmesbury and 550 William of Newburgh 553 Wormald, Patrick 499, 501, 503, 508 William of Poitiers 254 writing William Rufus, king of England 634 alphabets 28–30 William of St-Calais, Bishop 634 art and 73–98 Williams, Ifor 669, 671 chronology 20–7 Williamson, Craig 460–1, 462 craft 27–35 Willibald 149 image and script 74–80 Willibrord 47, 152 literacy 20 wills 521–6 script as image 80–5 Wilton Abbey 371–2, 374, 379, 545, scripts. See scripts 549, 624 techniques 27–35 Winchester transforming Roman legacy 36–49 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and 235, 246 writs 515–21 Cnut’s court 571 Wulf and Eadwacer 298, 332, 341, 347 computus 485 Wulfhild, abbess of Barking 373 Liber vitae 556 Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury 61 liturgical writing 429, 430, 432 Wulfsige, Bishop 230 New Minster 440 Wulfstan of Worcester 442, 613, 634 scribe centre 566 Wulfstan, archbishop of York scripts 63 author–reader relationship 558 shrines 534 Canons of Edgar 267 vocabulary 267–8 death 607 Winchester Troper 429, 447 Institutes of Polity 506 Winterbottom, Michael 137, 539, 553 laws 506–8 Wipo 620 royal advisor 570–2 wisdom poetry 285–6, 334 Scandinavian contacts 600 Woden 27, 232, 235 Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 306–8, 506, 507, 601 Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn 363, 375, 377 sermons 566, 571 Wolf, F. A. 294–5 William of Malmesbury’s life of 550, 551–2 women York Gospels 572 book ownership 373 Wulfstan the Cantor 429, 481–2, 534, 536, 537, early writing 357–80 562 education 136 Wulfstan, voyages 6, 185, 194–5, 264, hagiography 360 306–7, 589 Bede 366–70 Wulfthryth, abbess of Wilton 371–2, 378 Goscelin of St-Bertin 370–4 Wulfwold, abbot of Bath 520 male readers 398–403 Wynfrith. See Boniface

788

Index

York Scandinavian centre 582–91 Alcuin and 154 Viking conquest (866) 160 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS York Gospels 432, 572–3 246 Yu, Wesley 470 bishopric 174 charters 512 Zosimus, historian 36 Norse monuments 603 Zumbuhl, Mark 640

789