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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-73908-5 - Monastic Life in Anglo-Saxon England, c. 600–900 Sarah Foot Index More information

Index

Aachen, council at in 816/17 13(n29), 35, 42, 45, Æthelbald, king of the Mercians 91, 92, 127, 60 128, 131(n241), 188, 243, 245, 326 Abba, Kentish reeve, will of 136(n269), 150, 164, Æthelberht, bishop of Hexham 292 317 Æthelberht, king of Kent 62, 77, 89 abbesses 39, 71, 139, 151, 166, 306 baptism of 62, 297--8 Abbo of Fleury 116 Æthelburh, abbess of Brie 150 abbots 39, 43, 46, 71, 82, 131, 166, 170, 185, Æthelburh, abbess of Ely 167 289 Æthelburh, daughter of comes Alfred and abbess and postulants 155, 163 of Fladbury, Twyning and Withington 95, appointment of 55, 132, 274 206, 279, 318 election of 167--8 Æthelflæd, daughter of King Alfred 83, 324 laymen as 58, 128, 130, 132, 159, 169 Æthelgifu, daughter of King Alfred 83, 164, priests as 176--9, 265, 272 317 Abingdon, Oxon. 13, 75, 128, 237 Æthelheah, abbot of Icanho 277 Acca, abbot and bishop of Hexham 203, 259 Æthelheard, archbishop of Canterbury 61, 134 ad Repingas 268, 272, 275 Æthelhild, abbess 106, 108 Adamnan, abbot 159 minster of 108, 181, 310, 325--6 Admonitio generalis 60, 161 Æthelred ‘the Unready’ 330 Æbba, mother of St Leoba 143 Æthelred, ealdorman of the Mercians 83, 324 Æbbe, abbess of Coldingham 325 Æthelred, king of the Mercians 264, 272--3, 275 Ædde and Æona, singers 203 Æthelric, son of ealdorman Æthelmund 84, 316 Aedeluald, bishop of Lichfield 209 Æthelstan, king of the West Saxons 12, 120, Ælberht, archbishop of York 229, 346 242, 327, 330--1 Ælfflæd, daughter of Oswiu, abbess of Æthelthryth, abbess and correspondent of Whitby 83, 84, 89, 143, 164, 165, 167, 179, Alcuin 318 236, 255(n15), 278, 310, 328 Æthelthryth, abbess of Ely 149, 161, 163, 204, Ælfric of Eynsham 21 213, 215, 235, 278, 309 Ælfric Bata 241--2 Æthelwealh, king of the South Saxons 89 Ælfthryth, daughter of King Alfred 83 Æthelwold, abbot of Abingdon, bishop of Ælfwine, dean of New Minster 209 Winchester 13--19, 25, 75, 134, 137, 237, Ælfwold, king of the East Angles 197, 254 336, 345, 346, 348--9 Æsica, boy at Barking 145, 184 translation of RSB 14--16 Æthelbald, abbot of Wearmouth and Wulfstan of Winchester’s Life of 17, 75, 237 Jarrow 254, 345 Æthelwold, testator 331 389

Index

Æthelwulf, De abbatibus 82, 101, 143, 163, 186, Bectun, abbot 92 190, 199, 206, 320 Bede 3, 10--11, 18, 19, 26, 50, 55, 68, 71, 88--9, minster in 122, 168, 181, 184, 201, 203, 221, 142, 165, 169, 184, 190--1, 198, 205--6, 232, 223, 235, 282 258, 286--7, 291--2, 297--8, 301, 317, 318, 334, Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons 339 341, 346 Ætla, bishop of Dorcester 255 devotion to monastic office 193, 202 Agatho, pope 133 Lives of St Cuthbert 24, 65, 99, 200, 204, 235, Agilbert, bishop of the West Saxons 55(n86) 310--11 Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne 22, 65--6, 89, 112, Historia abbatum 55, 118, 186, 202, 314 116, 150, 163, 295, 296, 334 Historia ecclesiastica 11, 17, 18, 20--5, 54, 62, Alban, saint 322 65--6, 90, 101, 114, 119 Alchfrith, anchorite 209 letter to bishop Ecgberht of York 17, 23, 25, Alcuin 56, 60, 86, 142, 145, 161, 197, 201, 206, 58(n103), 66, 86, 91--2, 128--30, 135, 149, 169, 227, 228, 233--4, 238, 239, 240, 241, 254, 205, 226--7, 232, 238, 241, 245, 291, 295--6, 283, 292, 318, 325, 344, 345 302, 334, 346 York poem 4(n10), 190, 229 Begu, sister at Hackness 192 Aldfrith, king of the Northumbrians 148, 164 Benedict Biscop 22, 54--6, 58, 70--1, 90, 108, 119, Aldhelm 57, 114, 147--9, 158(n103), 170, 191--2, 125, 133, 135, 147, 162, 168, 186, 196, 201, 199, 201, 203, 230--1, 233--4, 256, 261, 279, 203, 224, 253, 314, 329, 341 328, 341 Benedict of Aniane 60 De virginitate 161, 230 Beornthryth, wife of ealdorman Oswulf 94 Alfred, ealdorman of Surrey 84 Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury 264 Alfred, king of the West Saxons 25, 83, 128, 136, Berhtwald, nephew of King Æthelred of 164, 306, 320, 327, 331, 340--1, 342, 343--5 Mercia 260 Alhfrith, abbot of Ripon 255 Berhtwulf, king of the Mercians 273 Alhfrith, sub-king of Deira 81, 91 Berkeley, Gloucs. 125 alms-giving 61, 121, 124, 164--6, 286, 305, 317--21 Bermondsey, Surrey 133, 268, 274, 275 Alric, ealdorman 147 Berta, abbess of Bath 85 Ancarig see Thorney Bewcastle cross 225 Anna,kingoftheEastAngles277 Bibury, Gloucs. 94, 125(n222) Anthony, St 44, 162 Billfrith, anchorite 219 apostles, first community in Jerusalem 16, 63, Birinus, bishop of the West Saxons 89 87, 163--4 bishops 90, 151, 166, 182, 237, 254, 289, 325, archdeacons 61 340, 343, 344 Armagh 265 and postulants 155, 163 asceticism 7, 39--40, 43, 64, 235 and appointment of abbots 132--3, 168, 274 Asser, Life of King Alfred 99, 320, 340, 344 and pastoral care 290--1, 294, 295--6, 298, Athelney, Somerset 136, 340, 342 301--2, 306, 333 Augustine of Canterbury 14, 20, 24, 51--2, 62--5, and regulation of communal life 59, 60, 68, 77, 79, 227, 292, 322, 345 130--4, 176, 187, 274, 346 Augustine of Hippo 57, 216, 317 drunkenness and 238--9 De opere monachorum 211 Bishop’s Waltham, Hants. 163 Aurelian of Arles 144, 196 Blair, John 27--8, 288--90, 341 Austerfield, council of in 704 132(n244) Boisil, prior of Melrose 163, 166 Aylesbury, Bucks. 99, 101 Boniface 47, 60, 70, 91, 116, 122, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131(n241), 141(n17), 146, 160(n113), Bamburgh, Northumb. 77--8, 112 161--2, 171, 197, 206, 213, 214, 216, 218, 227, Bampton, Oxon. 111 231, 232, 238--9, 243, 245, 254, 292, 297, 341 baptism 40, 85, 121, 272, 297--302, 344 childhood and youth of, as Wynfrith 57, 140, baptismal churches 111, 121, 299 143--4, 152, 154, 163, 170, 229, 255, 293, 324 Bardney, Lincs. 275, 323--4 Bosa, bishop of York 190, 254 Barking, Essex 9, 23, 81, 106--8, 111, 145, 146, Bosham, Sussex 77, 164, 296 147, 181, 184, 204, 225, 228, 229, 230, 253, Botulf, founder of Icanho 276--7 310, 311, 315 Botwulf, abbot in East Anglia 58 Barrow, Lincs. 23, 260 Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts. 114, 252, 256, 279--81, Basil, bishop of Caesarea, d. 379 53, 58, 144 328 390 Bath, Somerset 85 Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex 85, 101, 286

Index

Brandon, Suffolk 97, 99, 106, 118, 225 charity 211, 318--21, 332 goldplaquefrom221 Charlemagne 60, 145, 161 Bredon, Worcs. 95 chastity 160, 244 Breedon-on-the-Hill, Leics. 99, 101, 268, 270--5, Chelsea, council at, 816 126, 132, 168, 182, 276, 280, 333 298 Brihtric, king of the West Saxons 314 Chertsey, Surrey 81, 84, 253 Brihtwold, abbot of Reculver 328 Chester, Cheshire 324 Brixworth, Northants. 268, 275 Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham 110, 116 Bugga, abbess of West Saxon minster 191, 201, children 83, 108, 140--6, 184 203--4 adolescents 144, 146 Bugga, correspondent of Boniface 47, 216 infants 141, 145 Bugge, daughter of Dunne 151 child-oblation 141--4, 154, 164 burial 80, 85, 97, 121, 312--18, 322 educated in cloister 145--6, 174, 184, 228 gifts for 84, 316 Chrodegang of Metz, rule for canons 59--60, 61 payment for 94, 317, 330--1 churches 110--17 building-materials for 79, 96--110, 111--17, 224, Cædmon, poet 122, 126, 179(n215), 180--1, 240 313 Cælin, praepositus at Ripon 210 dedication of 79--80 Caesarius of Arles decoration of 224 Rule for nuns 3, 57, 144, 154(n81), 162(n123), groups of 111--13 165(n145), 171, 196, 216, 226 in landscape 77--8, 120 Caistor-by-Norwich, Norfolk 111 church-scot 94, 330 canonici 59 clergy 66, 68, 289, 296, 299, 311, 316, 332--3 canonical life 60 minor orders 203, 204 Canons of Edgar 313 wandering clergy 47, 152, 169, 170--1, 293, Canterbury, Kent 19, 20, 24, 151(n72), 281 303--4 Christ Church cathedral community 61--3, clerici 8, 17, 19, 67, 68, 155, 162, 174, 321 65--6, 68, 77, 84, 89, 94, 123, 127, 133, 174, Clofesho, council at, 747 58--9, 123, 130--2, 155, 176, 178, 229, 286, 292, 319--20 162, 168, 176, 182, 187, 197, 206, 227, 228, St Augustine’s (minster of Sts Peter and 239, 241, 290, 293, 295--6, 298, 302--3, 305, Paul) 65, 80(n22), 85, 95(n97), 111, 133, 178, 320, 334 206, 299, 314, 327 council at, 803 58, 124, 132, 132(n244) school of Theodore and Hadrian at 230, 232, Coengils, abbot of Glastonbury 254 255 Coenwulf, king of the Mercians 124, 127, 134 Carlisle, Cumbria 163, 326 Coldingham, Borders 23, 78, 165, 199, 204, Carolingian ecclesiastical reform 60, 342 325 Cassian 34, 53, 130, 153, 202, 216, 234 Adomnan’s vision of 119, 161, 216, 240, 244 Monastic Institutes 41, 53, 195, 211 buildings at 117, 119 cathedrals 139, 176, 343 Columba 265, 281 communities in 5, 18, 22, 89, 240, 241 Columbanus 267 rules for organising 61--9 monasteries associated with 52--4, 57, 108, Cedd, bishop of the East Saxons 85, 99, 168, 263, 267--8, 281 292, 314 Rule for monks 1, 34, 52--3, 57, 87(n56), cemeteries 121, 312--16 144(n34), 153, 196, 212, 216, 234, 267 Cenred, father of King Ine of Wessex 92 confession 304--7, 312 Cenred, king of the Mercians 306 conﬁrmation 297 Ceolfrith, abbot of Wearmouth--Jarrow 3, 54, 56, Constantine, pope 274 58, 111, 119, 138, 142, 157, 159--60, 161, 167, contemplation 6, 11, 189, 208--10 169, 172, 202, 208, 214, 215, 218, 235, 276, and action, tension between 63, 65, 208, 210, 319 284--5, 333--4 anon. Life of 55, 119, 138, 186, 314, 329 private devotion 208--9 Ceolred, king of the Mercians 128 conversion of the English 4, 14, 77, 85, 89, 136, Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria 22, 159 286 Ceolwulf, king of the Mercians 93, 94 Cookham, Berks. 127 Cerne, Book of 209 Coxwold, N. Yorks. 125, 130, 279 Chad, abbot of Lastingham and bishop of Crayke,N.Yorks.114,221 Lichﬁeld 111, 167, 208 Crowland, Lincs. 47, 97, 210, 326 391

Index

Cudda, disabled nobleman at Lindisfarne 181, Domesday Book 6, 182 184, 311 Domesday Monachorum 299 Cuniburg, abbess of Inkberrow 230 Dommoc 78(n14) Cuthbald, abbot of Medeshamstede 274, 275 Donæmuthe, minster at 125, 130, 279 Cuthbert, abbot of Wearmouth--Jarrow 198, 241 Dorchester, Oxon. 89, 343 Cuthbert, archbishop of Canterbury 125, 130, dormitories 61, 108, 117, 118, 139, 185, 193 131(n241), 243 individual cells 119 Cuthbert, monk and bishop 22, 24, 49, 56, 66, double houses 84, 106--8, 167, 174--6, 180, 191, 97, 108, 163, 165, 166--7, 169, 181, 190, 199, 203 201, 204--5, 208, 210, 213, 214--16, 235, 236, Dover, Kent 299 278, 293--4, 300, 304, 310, 315, 324--5, 326, Dowdeswell, Worcs. 178 334 dowries 164 anon. Life of 56, 162, 179, 201, 215, 255 dress, austerity in 161 childhood of 140, 147 excess in 161--2, 187, 216 community of 116 manufacture of 215 miracles after death 309--10 provision of 162, 166 retreat on Farne 97--9, 209, 214--15, 326 reclothing on entry to minster 40, 152, 154, Cuthburg, wife of Aldfrith, king of 155--6 Northumbrians 148 symbolising religious vows 155--6 Cuthred, king of the West Saxons 328 Dryhthelm 149--50, 164 Cuthswith, abbess of Inkberrow 94, 231 vision of 22, 149, 157, 318 Cwenburg, sister at Watton 151, 308 Dunne, abbess of Withington 82, 151 Cwenburh, abbess of Watton 167 Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury and archbishop Cwichhelm, bishop of Rochester 122 of Canterbury 12, 111, 346 Cwicwine, smith at Æthelwulf’s minster 199, 221--3 Eadberht Præn, king of Kent 292 Cynefrith, doctor at Ely 309 Eadberht, bishop of Lindisfarne 113, 123, Cynegils, king of the West Saxons 89 208 Cyneheard, bishop of Winchester 308 Eadberht, king of Northumbria 125, 279 Cynethryth, minster of 180 Eadburga, abbess and correspondent of Cynethryth, Offa’s queen 134 Boniface 213, 218 Cynewulf, king of the West Saxons 127 Eadgyth, sister at Barking 145 Eadred, king of the West Saxons 237, 331 Dacre, Cumbria 309 Eadwig, king of the West Saxons 16, 16(n38) daily office 34, 41, 57, 61--2, 187, 189--90, 191--205 Ealhmund, Mercian prince 314, 324 at dawn 200 Eanbald II, archbishop of York 197, 243 at dusk 200 Eanflæd, abbess of Whitby 167 attendance at 204--5 Eanflæd, queen of the Northumbrians 84, 188 at the third hour 194, 196 Eangyth, abbess 47, 122, 124, 162 evening office 199, 202 Eanmund, abbot of Breedon 273 morning offices 41, 117, 196, 199, 202 Eanmund, founder of Æthelwulf’s minster 101, night offices 194, 199--200, 205 114, 163, 184, 190 psalms within 196, 197, 202 Eanswith, abbess of Folkestone 150 seven-fold office 195--7 Eata, abbot of Melrose and bishop of six-fold office 196 Hexham 81, 163, 167, 203 Daltun, Northumb. 164 Ecgbald, abbot of Hoo 273 Daniel, bishop of Winchester 324 Ecgberht, archbishop of York 125 Deerhurst, Gloucs. 84, 317 dialogues attributed to 155, 165, 182, 183, Denebert, bishop of Worcester 174 303--5, 316 Denehard, missionary 230 penitential of 246 Denewulf, bishop of Winchester 126(n222) Ecgberht, holy man 101, 190 dependent monastic houses, see minsters, Ecgbert, king of Kent 84 confederations of Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria 90, 149, 163, 260, Derby, Derbys. 314, 324 261, 263--4, 326 D´ıcuill 77, 163, 296 Edgar, king of the West Saxons 10, 12, 14, 16, disabled,careofinminsters181,183--4,311 18, 19, 69, 329--30, 349 392 Diuma, bishop of the Middle Angles 276 Edith, wife of Edward the Confessor 116

Index

Edmund, king of the West Saxons 13 Gilling, N. Yorks. 84, 187, 214, 317 education 178, 227--31, 254--5 Glastonbury, Somerset 13, 16, 111, 116, 173, 179, Edward the Elder 126 239, 328 Edward the Martyr 317 Gloucester 78, 84, 93(n85), 94(n91), 324 Edwin, ealdorman, later abbot 147 Greenstead, Essex 117 Edwin, king of the Northumbrians 77, 84, 92, Gregory the Great, pope 14, 24, 51--2, 62, 68, 114, 297, 314 234, 291(n26), 297, 322, 343 elderly 181, 184, 311 Libellus responsionum 63(n127), 65, 322(n198) Ely, Cambs. 75, 99, 167, 204, 215, 278, 280 guest-houses 43, 108--9, 153, 237, 325--6 enclosure 6, 11, 34, 43, 171 guest-masters 201, 325 entertainment 187, 239--41, 242 Gumley, synod of 749 188 see also leisure Guthlac 47, 70, 91, 97, 147, 170, 190, 215, 219, Eorcengota, sister at Brie 150 237, 284(n2), 310, 326 Eorcenwald, bishop of London 81, 253, 323 Beccel, companion to 215 Eormenburh, abbess of Minster-in-Thanet 167 Felix, Life of St Guthlac 215, 228, 310 Eormenhild, wife of Wulfhere 278 Eorpwine, abbot of Æthelwulf’s minster 235 Hackness, N. Yorks. 117, 167, 192--3, 252, 278 Eosterwine, abbot of Wearmouth--Jarrow 108, Hadrian I, pope 133, 134 118, 147, 163, 186, 213, 314, 329 Hadwald, tenant of Whitby 180 Escomb, Co. Durham 114, 279 Hædda, abbot of Breedon 272, 273--4, 280 Evesham, Worcs. 182 Hanbury, Staffs. 256, 278, 324 Exeter, Devon 57, 154, 163, 170, 229, 255, Hanbury, Worcs. 99, 101 294(n47) Hartlepool, Northumb. 83, 92, 96, 99, 106, 143, 224, 325 family as paradigm for monastic life 69--72, 172, Headda, abbot of Dowdeswell 178--9 185 Heahfrith, correspondent of Aldhelm 230 earthly families 70, 72, 81 healing, miracles of 307--11 language of kindred 70--1 Heardwulf, bishop of the East Angles 197 Farnham, Surrey 85 Heiu, abbess of Hartlepool 93, 162, 163 fasting 63, 194, 211, 221, 233, 234--5, 236, 305, Herebald, cleric 243, 309 318, 320--1 Hereberct, hermit 47, 97 Finán, missionary and bishop of Lindisfarne 113 Hereburg, abbess of Watton 151, 167 First Viking Age 4, 12, 13, 26, 75, 340--5, 346 Hereswith, sister of Hild 150 Fladbury, Worcs. 95, 255(n15), 279 hermits 4, 47, 91, 152, 210, 214--15 Flixborough, S. Humberside 97, 118, 225 training for solitary life 210, 289 Folkestone, Kent 150, 164, 299, 317 Hertford, council of 131--2, 274 food and drink 232--9 Hexham, Northumb. 104, 122, 198, 203, 227--8, abstinence in 234--6, 239 229, 281, 343 daily meals 205 Bishop Wilfrid and 259, 262 drunkenness 187, 238--9 John’s oratory at 184, 208 gluttony 194, 233--4, 238 papal privilege for 133 feasting 236--7, 238, 240, 284, 335 silver plaque from 219--22 provision for those labouring 212 stone church at 224, 309 food-rents 123--4 Higbald, bishop of Lindisfarne 344 Formosus, pope 340 Hild, abbess of Whitby 24, 71, 84, 92, 126, 150, fornication 146, 155, 244--6 164, 178, 254, 278--9, 318, 326 Forthred, abbot 125, 130, 256, 279, 281 abbess of Hartlepool 83, 143, 325 Foucault, Michel 46 abbess of minster on R. Wear 150 Frankfurt, synod of 794 145 Hildelith, abbess of Barking 147 Franks casket 219, 221 Hildmer, reeve 315 Frigyth, prioress at Hackness 167, 278 Hlothere and Eadric, kings of Kent, laws of 327 Frithowald, abbot of Ripple 260 Hoo, Kent 273, 275 Frithuric, princeps 272, 275 Horncastle, Lincs. 111 Frome, Dorset 256, 279, 328 hospitals 43, 61 Fulk, archbishop of Rheims 340, Hrothwaru, heir of Withington 82, 151 344 Hugh Candidus, monk of Peterborough 268, Fursa, missionary 215 274--5 393

Index

Hurstbourne, Hants. 126 liturgy Hwætberht, abbot of Wearmouth--Jarrow 142, canticles 197 231, 314 Carolingian reform of 316 Hwætred, young madman 310 diversity of 195 Hygbald, abbot in Lindsey 209 double choirs 191, 199, 203 Hygelac, priest in Æthelwulf’s minster 209--10 for the dead 207, 252, 253, 317--18 hymnody 198, 199, 202 Icanho 276--8, 280 Gallican 198 Iken, Suffolk 117 litanies 193, 202 Ine, king of the West Saxons 148, 188, 301, 326, liturgical books 160, 192, 197, 209, 231 330 liturgical calendar 191, 201 Ingeld, abbot 254 liturgical payments 94, 207 Institutio canonicorum 60 readings 191, 193, 198, 204 Iona 104, 178, 265--6, 267(n69), 281 vigils 63, 198, 199, 211, 236 Iurminburg, wife of King Ecgfrith 163, 258, 326 see also daily ofﬁce, mass, prayer, psalmody Louis the Pious 35, 60, 339 James the Deacon 203 Lull, missionary 230, 241, 245, 308 Jarrow, Northumb. 20, 71, 86, 108, 118, 137, 184 Lulla, ancilla Christi 173 buildings at 119, 172, 225, 314 Lyminge, Kent 178, 281, 299 community at 142, 160, 165 craft-working at 223, 225 Maban, singer 203 plague at 172, 199 Malmesbury, Wilts. 57, 229, 230 Jerome, St 40, 183 manual labour 39, 93, 126, 186, 211--26 John of Beverley 66, 104, 111, 151, 184, 243, 255, agricultural 205, 211--12, 214 308--9, 320 book-binding 218--19, 223 John the arch-chantor 56(n91), 57 craft-working 211, 219--23, 225--6 glass-working 223 kinship, see family iron-working 223 Knowles, Dom David 12, 26 manuscript-production 214, 216--19, 254 manufacture of liturgical vessels 219 Lambourn, Berks. 111 necessity for subsistence 214 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 18 prayer and 211--13 Lastingham, N. Yorks. 85, 99, 168, 213, 314 reading as a form of 211 lay people 291--6, 321--31, 339, 340 sculpture 224--5, 279 obligations to minsters 329--31 weaving 215, 244 piety of 59, 80--2, 152, 333--5, 346 workshops within enclosure 43, 118, 225 learning 226--32 marriage 151 decline of 341, 343--4 renunciation of 149--51, 159 reading 226, 231--2, 241 masons 224 scriptural study 215, 232 mass, celebration of 61, 193, 197, 198, 205--7 legatine synods in 786 58--60, 62, 132(n244), daily celebration 205--7 133, 146(n41), 155, 245, 301, 330 for the dead 207, 312, 317--18 Leicester 343 lay participation in 302--4, 305 leisure 239--46 mass-books 197 games 241, 242--3 private masses 206 hawking and hunting 243--4 Sunday celebration 205, 207, 302--3 horse-racing 241, 243 Medeshamstede (later Peterborough) 268--70, Leo II, pope 134 272--6, 277 Leoba, sister at Wimborne 143, 173, 213, 231 colonies associated with 252, 256, 268--76, Lichﬁeld, Staffs. 281 280--1, 333 Lincoln, Lincs. 77, 101 medicine 308--9 Lindisfarne, Northumb. 24, 204 medici 309 buildings at 117, 119 Melrose 23, 24, 56, 149, 150, 163, 164, 166, 181, Irish at 119, 123, 267, 319, 325, 331 229, 235, 255, 286, 293, 304 Liber vitae of 177--8 Merewalh, king of the Magonsæte 277 Lindisfarne Gospels 219 Mildburg, abbess of Wenlock 277 394 Liobsynda, abbess of Wenlock 277 Mildred, abbess of Minster-in-Thanet 84, 167

Index

Milred, bishop of Worcester 279 language of 49, 289 Minster-in-Thanet, Kent 84, 94(n93), 99, 121, 127, leaving of 166 167, 317 reform of in the eighth century 131 minsters 11, 120, 122, 151, 187 vocations to 139 as meeting-places 120--1, 328, 335 monastic ofﬁce-holders 166--9 boundaries of 34, 38 decani 166--7, 169 communities within, see monastic praepositi 61, 166, 173--4, 266 households priors 166, 169 confederations of 72, 251--82 monastic reform of the tenth century 10--11, endowment of 79--80, 82--6, 87--96, 120, 137, 12--19, 25, 26, 68--9, 75, 134, 176, 236, 335, 214, 335 340, 345--6, 348--9 exemption from secular dues 123--5, 188 monastic rules 6--7, 34--5, 37, 48--60, 61, 69, 162, false 78, 81, 86, 91, 124, 128--31, 135, 137, 245, 166--71, 176, 188, 346 248, 334 mixed rules 11, 52, 57, 153, 196, 267 family 91, 125, 150, 185 monastic schools 43, 227--31 foundation of 77--87, 90--3, 121--5, 314 monastic sites friendship between 253--8 buildings within 35, 108, 117--19 graveyards at 312--13, 316 enclosure of 97, 101 independence from episcopal control 131--32 internal topography of 106--9, 110--1 inheritance of 178 layout of 35--7, 42--7, 48, 96--110, 117, 225 laymen within 187 physical isolation of 38, 90, 97--9 location of 47, 77, 190, 295 walls around 38, 101--6 nobility and 79--82, 84, 86--7, 90, 122, 134--37, monasticism in Egypt 205 150, 161, 164, 342, 347--8 monasticism in England papal privileges for 133, 134, 274 and aristocratic society 285, 347--8 perpetual status of 132 diversity of observance 7, 11, 19, 22--3, 189, poverty of 122--3, 135 289, 333--4, 346--8 royal families and 83--5, 89--90, 122, 150, historiography of 12, 19--20, 25--9 328--9 ideals of 34, 37, 42, 151, 187, 233, 240, 286 sanctuary in 326--7 language of 5--10 secular obligations of 124, 125 regular observance of 5, 14, 49, 58 scriptoria in 216--18 separation from world 44, 64, 214, 284 wealth of 76, 92--3, 135 uniformity of observance 24, 25, 189 ‘minster debate’ 27, 287--91 monasticism in Francia 11(n23), 35--7, 42, 43, 44, monasteria 4--6, 19, 174, 289, 290 52--5, 58--62, 69, 110, 118, 150, 150(n67), 153, monastic day, time and rhythm of 40--1, 189, 161, 174, 192, 230, 267--8 194--202 monasticism in Ireland 11(n23), 57, 110, 118, monastic households 67, 172 171, 192, 230, 265--7 discipline within 169--70 monks 7, 19, 41, 59, 155, 289, 332 professed membership of 138 nouns for 8, 9, 67, 172, 173 similarity to secular families 233, 236, 347--8 Monkwearmouth, see Wearmouth size of 138--9, 172--4, 179, 214 mynster 4, 5--6 monastic lands 70, 75--6, 82--3, 88, 90--6 alienation of 125, 126, 127--8, 130, 132, 342 Nazeing, Essex 82 control of 127--34 Nechtan, king of the Picts 157 cultivation of 93, 126, 179, 181 Norham, Northumb. 116 estate-management 179--80, 205 Nothgyth, sister of Nothhelm, religious leasing of 94, 125--6, 132 woman 82 payment for 93--4 Nothhelm (Nunna), king of the South Saxons 82 privileges of 81, 86, 93, 124--5, 128 novices 108, 153, 160, 173 reversionary grants 95--6 nuns 8--10, 59, 172, 187 monastic life Nursling, Hants. 57, 170, 214, 229, 255 attraction to nobility 151, 166, 176 decline of 12--14, 26, 134, 340, 341--3, 345 oath-swearing 327 economic basis of 120--7, 134 obedience 34, 42, 168--9 entry to 39, 40, 49, 81, 152--66, 319 Oda, archbishop of Canterbury 19 forcible entry to 39(n14), 139 CEthelwald, sub-king of Deira 85, 314 395

Index

Offa, king of Mercia 95, 127, 134 prayer-books 209--10 Oftfor, bishop of Worcester 231, 255 private prayer 190, 201 oratories 149, 152, 208--9 preaching 62--4, 121, 291--6 ordeals 327--8 priests 64, 131, 173--4, 176--9, 183, 203, 207, 215, ordination of monks 156 289, 290 Oshere, king of the Hwicce 260 and pastoral care 86, 292--4, 295--6, 298--9, Osingadun, dependency of Whitby 278 306, 332--5 Osred, king of Northumbria 128, 163 ordination of 293, 304, 305 Osric, king of the Hwicce 85 private property Oswald, bishop of Worcester and York 14(n33), renunciation of 94, 152, 154, 163, 319 17 retention of 61, 63, 164--6, 210 Oswald, king of Northumbria 89, 198, 227, 292, psalmody 41, 42, 56(n91), 61, 64, 191--3, 198, 323--4 201--3, 305, 320 Oswine, brother at Lastingham 213, 215 Psalter 146, 190, 202, 208, 228 Oswine, king of Deira 187 pseudo-minsters, see minsters, false Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians 24, 83, 84, Puch, gesith,wifeof309 89, 135, 143, 147, 164, 187 Putta, bishop of Rochester 203 Oswulf, Kentish ealdorman 94, 123--4, 319--20 Ouestræfelda, synod of in 702 264 Ramsey, Hunts. 116 Oundle, Northants. 104, 108, 198, 259, 275, Reculver, Kent 101, 110, 121, 328 319 refectories 61, 117, 118 abbot of 206, 275 Regularis concordia 13--14, 17, 194, 237 Ovington, Northumb. 236 Repton, Derbys. 170, 210, 229, 237, 275, 314 Ripon, N. Yorks. 50, 54, 58, 81, 108, 122, 145, Pachomius 246 198, 200, 201, 215, 218, 219, 229, 255, 261, panopticon 46 276, 325 parochiae 6, 258, 264--5, 294 Bishop Wilfrid and 258--9, 262, 281 Partney, Lincs. 106 dedication of church at 236, 260 paruchiae in Ireland 265--7, 270 papal privilege for 133 pastoral care 6, 11, 26, 27--8, 66, 67, 152, 171, Ripple, Worcs. 260 205, 206, 208, 210, 285--321, 331--5 Rochester, Kent 95, 122 minsters founded for 85--6, 272--3, 286 Rome 47, 51, 323 nature of 285, 332--3 and liturgy 192, 197--8 organisation of 287--9, 290, 294--6, 333 Royal Prayer-Book 209 provision of sacraments 179, 333 Rudolf of Fulda, Life of Leoba 106, 169, 171, 173, religious engaged in 290 200, 204, 213, 326 see also alms-giving, baptism, burial, penance, Rule of St Benedict 1--3, 6, 10, 18, 19, 25, 37, 39, preaching 41, 42, 43, 47, 49--57, 62, 63, 144, 145(n37), Paul I, pope 125, 279 153--5, 162, 167, 168(n166), 171(n180), Paulinus, bishop of York 77, 114, 121, 203, 180(n222), 195, 200, 202, 205, 212--13, 214, 297 216, 226, 233, 234, 267, 319, 348 Peada, king of the Middle Angles 268, 276 commentary on 69, 71, 156, 156(n94) penance 166, 304--7 revised version by Benedict of Aniane 60 Penda, king of the Mercians 89 Rule of the Master 144, 153, 156(n95), 199(n59), Peppering, Sussex 82(n31) 205, 211--12 Pershore, Worcs. 93(n85), 182 Ruthwell cross 225 Peterborough, see Medeshamstede Picts 157, 267(n69) Sæbbi, king of the East Saxons 149, 159, 164 pilgrimage 43, 47, 162, 165, 171, 321--4, 334, 339 Sæthryth, abbess of Brie 150 plough-alms 330 Seaxburg, abbess of Ely 167 poor 43, 122 Seaxwulf, founder and abbot of postulants 146, 152, 153--4, 163--4, 185 Medeshamstede 268, 274 Potterne, Wilts. 117 secularisation of minsters 17, 18 poverty 41, 63, 65, 76, 87, 164 Selethryth, abbess of Lyminge 281 prayer 42, 63, 187--8, 189--91, 193--4, 334 Selsey, Sussex 77, 89, 99, 183 corporate prayer 193, 198 plague at 207, 235--6 396 Lord’s Prayer 193, 202 vision of boy at 157, 207, 236

Index

Sergius, pope 133 Tunna, founder of minster at Tunnacæstir 207 sexuality 244--6 Twyning, Worcs. 95, 124, 279 homoeroticism 245--6 Tyccea, abbot of Glastonbury 94 Shaftesbury, Dorset 83, 93(n85), 136, 164, 252, Tynemouth, Northumb. 96 281, 317, 342 Sheppey, Kent 99 Ultán, brother of Fursa 210, 215 Shrewsbury, Shrops. 324 Ultán, priest at Æthelwulf’s minster 184, 218 shrines 121, 308, 310, 312, 322--4 unction 311, 316 sick, anointing of 310, 312 care of 61, 108, 180, 307--11 veils 152, 155, 160--1 Sigeberht, king of the East Angles 78, 149(n61), Verca, abbess of South Shields 216, 236 227 virginity 147--8, 161 Sigeberht, monk at Wearmouth--Jarrow 108 visions 306--7, 339--40 Sigfrith, abbot of Wearmouth 314 see also Dryhthelm, and Wenlock, monk of Sigwine, abbot of Æthelwulf’s minster 122, visitors 324--6 320 vowesses 10 Simeon of Durham 116, 147 vows 144, 146, 153--5, 162--3, 166, 180 slaves 181--3, 214 freeing of 327 Wareham, Dorset 99, 314--15 unsuitability for monastic life 182, 183 Watton, ER Yorks. 151, 167, 308 smiths 219--23 Wear, river, minster on the bank of 92--3, 150 ignoble smith 170, 180, 204, 223 Wearmouth, St Peter’s minster 90, 114, 121, 160, solitaries and solitary life, see hermits 164, 168, 169, 186, 202 South Shields 174(n200), 215, 236 buildings at 117, 224, 313--14 ‘Speratus’, correspondent of Alcuin 238, 240 craft-working at 225 spirituality 26, 40, 64 John, archicantor at 203 St Gall plan 35--7, 42--6 Wearmouth--Jarrow 3, 22, 54--6, 111, 118, 138, stability 48, 170--1 167, 170, 172--3, 218, 227, 229, 235, 243, standing crosses 224--5, 311 253 Stephen, Life of Wilfrid 50, 104, 122, 200, 258--64, buildings at 111, 118--19 300, 304, 309 election of abbots 118, 125 Stonegrave 125, 130, 279 papal privileges of 55, 133 Sturm 70, 91 rule for 55--6, 196 Swæfred, king of the East Saxons 82 sculpture at 224, 279 Weedon, Northants. 256, 278 Tamworth, Staffs. 273 Wells, Somerset 111, 313 Tatberht, abbot of Ripon 81, 259, 281 Wenlock, Shrops. 165, 277 Tatfrith, bishop of the Hwicce 255 vision of monk at 169, 182, 227, 311 Tatwine, priest at Breedon, archbishop of Werburg, St 256, 278, 324 Canterbury 273 Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol 125 teaching 286, 291--2, 345 Westminster, Middx 182 Tetta, abbess of Wimborne 119, 173, 235 Wharram Percy, N. Yorks. 117 Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury 16, 66, 78, Whitby, N. Yorks., minster at 9, 23, 24, 83, 84, 151, 258, 260, 346 92, 106, 108, 121, 150, 164, 167, 178, 190, penitential of 85, 115, 132(n244), 144, 146, 287, 304, 314, 318, 326, 328 149, 156, 158, 160, 166, 181, 206, 239, 246, buildings at 118, 278 299, 300--1, 303, 304, 306, 308, 311, 313, 316, craft-working at 223, 224, 225 317, 323, 329--30 lands of 126, 179--80 Thorney, Lincs. 268, 275 manuscript-production at 218 Threekingham, Lincs. 256, 278 minsters connected with 252, 278--9 Tilbury, Essex 85, 286 reeves of 122, 126, 179 tithes 329--30 school at 229, 254--5 tonsure 150, 152, 155, 156--60, 162, 163, 183 synod of 24 Torhtgyth, elderly sister at Barking 184 tenants of 179 total institutions 38--42 widows 5, 147, 151, 160, 184 Trimma, priest 92 Wietberht 254 Trumhere, brother at Gilling 84 Wigstan, St 314 397

Index

Wihtred, king of Kent, laws of 181, 188, 298, Winchester, Hants., council of 13, 68 305--6, 327 Old Minster 126, 126(n222), 331 Wilfrid II, bishop of York 254 NewMinster17,237 Wilfrid, bishop of the Hwicce 718--54 94 Withington, Gloucs. 82, 95, 151, 279 Wilfrid, St and bishop 1(n3), 50--1, 54, 71(n162), Witmær, monk at Wearmouth 164 77, 81, 89, 91, 108, 122, 132(n244), 133, 143, Woking, Surrey 133, 270, 274, 275 146, 160, 163, 165, 181, 183--4, 190, 201, 203, women, religious 82, 83--4, 140, 150, 163, 171, 208, 218, 224, 228, 258--65, 267--8, 274, 276, 174--6, 185, 192, 215--16, 218 278, 300, 309, 311, 341 consecration of 160--2, 163 appeals to Rome 264 Worcester, cathedral church at 62(n123), 84, death of 180, 198, 259, 262--3, 275 94--5, 124, 125, 127, 174, 176, 178, 182, followers of 261--3 279 Mercian connections of 259, 260--1, 263, 268 diocese of 124, 133 monastic empire of 170, 252, 256, 258--65, work, see manual labour 266--8, 270, 275, 276, 277, 280--1 Wulfhere, king of the Mercians 81, 259, 268, papal privileges for 259 275, 278 personal wealth of 165, 258, 262--3, 319 Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury 61--2, 68, 93, Wilgils, hermit 86, 91, 99, 152, 210, 283--4 123, 134, 320 William of Malmesbury 19, 57, 94, 114, 116, 279 Wulfsig, priest and abbot 143, 206, 208, 235 Willibald, missionary 143, 154--5, 163, 168--9, 311 Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester and York 313 Willibrord, missionary 86, 145, 310 Wynﬂæd, religious woman 331 Wilton, Wilts. 116 Wynfrith, bishop of Lichﬁeld 260 Wimborne, Dorset 104, 106, 109, 117, 119, 167, Wynfrith, see Boniface 169, 171, 173, 204, 213, 235, 256, 315, 326, 328 Yeavering, Northumb. 77, 118 Winchcombe, Gloucs. 134 York 77, 114, 130, 190, 229, 258

398