UTAH'UTAH'SS RIGHRIGHTT TURN: REPUBLICAREPUBLICANN ASCENDANCYASCENDANCY

AND THTHEE 19719766 U.SU.S.. SENATSENATEE RACRACEE

byby

JaJayy LoganLogan RogersRogers

A thesithesiss submittedsubmitted ttoo ththee facultyfaculty ofof TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah inin partialpartial fulfillmentfulfillment ofof thethe requirementrequirement forfor thethe degreedegree ofof

MasterMaster ofof ArtsArts

DepartmentDepartment ofof HistoryHistory

TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah

MayMay 20082008 CopyrightCopyright ©© JayJay LoganLogan RogersRogers 20082008

AllAll RightsRights ReservedReserved THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL

of a thesis submitted by

Jay Rogers

This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory.

Chair: W. Paul Reeve

3-JI-IJr' THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL

FINAL READING APPROVAL

To the GraduateCouncil of the University ofUtah:

I have read the thesis of Jay Rogers in its final form and have found that (l) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission to The GraduateSchool.

��/{-OS Date W. PaulReeve Chair: SupervisoryCommittee

Approved for the Major Department

Eric Htnderaker Chair/Dean

Approved for the GraduateCouncil

DavidS. Chapma Dean of The GraduateSchool ABSTRACTABSTRACT

ThisThis thesisthesis examinesexamines thethe 19761976 UnitedUnited StatesStates SenateSenate racracee inin UtahUtah,, inin whicwhichh

RepublicanRepublican OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, a politicalpolitical novice,novice, defeateddefeated three-terthree-termm incumbentincumbent DemocraticDemocratic

SenatorSenator FrankFrank Moss.Moss. ItIt exploresexplores Hatch'sHatch's victoryvictory asas parpartt ofof a statewidestatewide politicapoliticall shiftshift iinn favorfavor ofof conservativeconservative RepublicansRepublicans andand positionspositions UtahUtah asas a bellwethebellwetherr statestate atat ththee frontfront of of a broaderbroader regionalregional andand nationalnational shiftshift toto thethe right.right. DuringDuring thethe 1970s,1970s, leadersleaders ofof thethe majoritymajority religionreligion inin Utah,Utah, thethe ChurchChurch ofof JesusJesus ChristChrist ofof Latter-daLatter-dayy Saints,Saints, becambecamee increasinglyincreasingly outspokenoutspoken inin favorfavor ofof conservativeconservative positionspositions oonn socialsocial issueissuess suchsuch aass abortionabortion andand thethe EqualEqual RightsRights Amendment.Amendment. TheyThey expressedexpressed alaralarmm oveoverr ththee culturaculturall changeschanges associatedassociated withwith thethe liberalismliberalism thatthat emergedemerged ououtt ofof ththee 1960s.1960s. ThesThesee concernsconcerns combinedcombined withwith a longstandinglongstanding distrustdistrust ofof federalfederal powerpower amongamong Utah'Utah'ss population,population, movingmoving thethe state'sstate's Latter-dayLatter-day SaintSaint (LDS)(LDS) votersvoters intointo ththee RepublicaRepublicann PartPartyy coalitioncoalition..

HatchHatch benefitedbenefited fromfrom thethe LDSLDS people'speople's skepticismskepticism towartowardd relativelrelativelyy liberaliberall

DemocratsDemocrats suchsuch asas SenatorSenator Moss.Moss. TheThe RepublicanRepublican challengechallengerr portrayeportrayedd himselhimselff aass a devoutdevout membememberr ofof thethe churchchurch andand thethe candidatecandidate mostmost representativrepresentativee ofof "Mormon"Mormon values.values.""

HeHe alsoalso tooktook advantageadvantage ofof thethe disillusionmentdisillusionment withwith governmengovernmentt thathatt developeddeveloped throughoutthroughout thethe nationnation inin thethe aftermathaftermath ofof VietnamVietnam andand WatergateWatergate.. HHee campaignecampaignedd ttoo reducereduce federalfederal spendingspending atat a timetime whenwhen manymany votersvoters struggledstruggled witwithh aann economiceconomic recessionrecession andand resentedresented thatthat taxtax dollarsdollars werewere beingbeing usedused ttoo supportsupport redistributionaryredistributionary federalfederal policiespolicies benefitingbenefiting minoritiesminorities andand thethe underclass.underclass. Hatch'Hatch'ss wiwinn waswas parpartt ofof a viable unusually partisan 1970s

c -\oJ 5: w o all y and political P

an d m

o realignment strong early a m o 3 B contenders £L 3 ^<* 1980s.

the a 3D o3 n> state. 8" o 13 §• lost I o go Party credibility throughout o v a3 Idominance I CL c o era with

3 the i—»• 3 Mountain

LDS o r that I O emerged voters I < 0) o | CD 3West «-+ >-i

oand SI

ain . region ceased o 3Utah 3 c era <-f was oin to

s- the be B' cr $late I FFo orr mymy parents,parents, whwhoo taughtaughtt meme toto cherishcherish educationeducation TABLETABLE OFOF CONTENTSCONTENTS

ABSTRACTABSTRACT ...... iivv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... viiviiii

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION ...... 11

UTAHUTAH POLITICSPOLITICS ININ mSTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT ...... 3

THETHE CANDIDATESCANDIDATES OFOF 19761976 ...... 9

THETHE REPUBLICANREPUBLICAN PRIMARyPRIMARY ...... 2222

THETHE GENERALGENERAL ELECTIONELECTION ...... 2277

REGIONALREGIONAL PARTISANPARTISAN REALIGNMENTREALIGNMENT ...... 4466

SELECTEDSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 5544 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ThisThis thesisthesis wouldwould notnot havehave beenbeen possiblepossible withoutwithout thethe assistancassistancee anandd supportsupport ooff manymany people.people. First,First, I wouldwould likelike toto thankthank thethe membersmembers ofof mymy master'smaster's committee,committee, WW..

PaulPaul Reeve,Reeve, RobertRobert A.A. Goldberg,Goldberg, andand L.L. RayRay Gunn,Gunn, forfor theirtheir guidance.guidance. I alsoalso appreciateappreciate thethe numerousnumerous individualsindividuals whowho consentedconsented toto bebe interviewedinterviewed forfor thisthis paperpaper.. TheyThey provideprovidedd anan insiderinsider perspectivperspectivee thatthat helpedhelped meme toto understandunderstand UtahUtah politicpoliticss inin thethe 1970s.1970s. ThThee

CharlesCharles ReddRedd CenterCenter forfor WesternWestern StudiesStudies atat BrighamBrigham YoungYoung UniversityUniversity provideprovidedd meme withwith a traveltravel grantgrant thatthat helpedhelped meme completecomplete researchresearch aboutabout regionalregional politicalpolitical developmentsdevelopments inin

1976.1976. ArchivalArchival materialsmaterials fromfrom thethe SpecialSpecial CollectionsCollections DepartmentDepartment atat thethe UniversityUniversity ooff

Utah'sUtah's 1.J. WillardWillard MarriottMarriott LibraryLibrary werewere essentialessential toto thethe completioncompletion ofof thisthis project.project. I alsalsoo benefitedbenefited fromfrom thethe holdingsholdings ofof thethe UniversityUniversity ofof NeNeww MexicMexicoo PoliticaPoliticall ArchiveArchive,, ththee

AmericanAmerican HeritageHeritage CenterCenter atat thethe UniversityUniversity ofof Wyoming,Wyoming, andand thethe NeNeww MexicoMexico StateState

RecordsRecords CenterCenter andand Archives.Archives. AdditionalAdditional thanksthanks gogo toto MatthewMatthew Basso,Basso, WalterWalter JonesJones,,

RoseRose Diaz,Diaz, MatthewMatthew Burbank,Burbank, NadjNadjaa Durbach,Durbach, W.W. LindsayLindsay Adams,Adams, JennyJenny Brundin,Brundin,

MarciaMarcia Rogers,Rogers, andand WillWill Smiley.Smiley. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

InIn 1976,1976, a previouslypreviously unknownunknown attorneyattorney namednamed OrrinOrrin HatchHatch ranran forfor thethe UnitedUnited

StatesStates SenateSenate inin Utah.Utah. DespiteDespite havinhavingg nono politicapoliticall experience,experience, HatchHatch wonwon thethe state'sstate's

RepublicanRepublican primarprimaryy andand wentwent onon toto defeatdefeat incumbentincumbent senatorsenator FrankFrank MossMoss inin thethe generalgeneral election.election. MossMoss hadhad eighteeneighteen yearsyears ofof senatorialsenatorial seniorityseniority andand heldheld a powerfulpowerful leadershipleadership positionposition withinwithin thethe DemocraticDemocratic caucus,caucus, yetyet UtahUtah votersvoters abandonedabandoned himhim forfor Hatch,Hatch, whowho hadhad onlyonly residedresided inin thethe statestate forfor sevenseven yearsyears prior toto thethe election.election.

Hatch'sHatch's defeatdefeat ofof MossMoss signaledsignaled a significantsignificant shiftshift inin Utah'sUtah's politicalpolitical balancebalance ofof powepowerr duringduring thethe latelate 1970s.1970s. TheThe RepublicanRepublican PartyParty becambecamee dominantdominant inin statestate politics,politics, whilewhile thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty declineddeclined toto minorityminority status.status. ThisThis statewidestatewide politicalpolitical realignmentrealignment occurredoccurred whenwhen conservatismconservatism waswas onon thethe riserise inin thethe UnitedUnited States,States, especiallyespecially inin thethe MountainMountain WestWest region.region. However,However, thethe intensityintensity andand permanencepermanence ofof thethe partisanpartisan shiftshift inin UtahUtah derivedderived from a changechange inin thethe loyaltiesloyalties ofof membersmembers ofof thethe ChurchChurch ofof JesusJesus

ChristChrist ofof Latter-dayLatter-day Saints,Saints, whowho comprisedcomprised approximatelyapproximately 7070 percentpercent ofof thethe state'sstate's population. 11 MormonsMormons beganbegan toto favorfavor RepublicansRepublicans stronglystrongly duringduring thisthis periodperiod,, whichwhich transformedtransformed Utah'sUtah's politicapoliticall balance-of-power.balance-of-power. DuringDuring thethe 1970s,1970s, thethe LDSLDS churchchurch becambecamee increasinglyincreasingly outspokenoutspoken onon socialsocial issuesissues thatthat hadhad politicalpolitical implications.implications. TheThe conservative positionspositions espousedespoused byby churchchurch leadershipleadership contributedcontributed toto a growinggrowing perceptionperception thatthat thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty waswas outout ofof stepstep withwith MormonMormon values.values. TheseThese forcesforces camecame toto

1 1 MichaelMichael B.B. Toney,Toney, CarolCarol McKewenMcKewen Stinner,Stinner, andand StephanStephan Kan,Kan, "Mormon"Mormon andand NonmormonNonmormon MigrationMigration inin andand outout ofof Utah,"Utah," Review of Religious Research 2525 (December(December 1983):1983): 114114.. 2 bearbear uponupon thethe 19761976 SenateSenate racerace inin UtahUtah inin a curiouscurious mixmix ofof concernconcern overover "moral"moral issues,issues,"" anan untimelyuntimely sexsex scandal,scandal, regionalregional mistrustmistrust ofof federalfederal powerpower,, andand resentmentresentment ofof "big"big government."government."

InIn 1976,1976, Latter-dayLatter-day SaintSaint (LDS)(LDS) votersvoters werewere riperipe forfor politicalpolitical changechange andand a majoritymajority ofof themthem beganbegan toto movemove intointo a RepublicanRepublican coalitioncoalition thatthat wouldwould eventuallyeventually elecelectt

RonaldRonald ReaganReagan toto thethe WhiteWhite HouseHouse inin 1980.1980. InIn thisthis regard,regard, thethe 19761976 SenateSenate contestcontest betweenbetween MossMoss andand HatchHatch cancan bestbest bebe viewedviewed asas a leadingleading indicatorindicator ofof futurefuture trendstrends inin thethe regionregion andand thethe nation,nation, withwith UtahUtah votersvoters atat thethe forefrontforefront ofof a broaderbroader shiftshift toto thethe right.right. UTAHUTAH POLITICSPOLITICS ININ HISTORICALHISTORICAL CONTEXTCONTEXT

HistoryHistory andand cultureculture areare criticalcritical elementselements inin understandingunderstanding thethe politics ofof Utah.Utah.

TheyThey havehave bothboth locallocal andand nationalnational dimensions.dimensions. TheThe relationshiprelationship betweebetweenn thethe LDSLDS

ChurchChurch andand statestate governmentgovernment hashas beenbeen partiuclarlpartiuc1arlyy influentialinfluential uponupon locallocal politicspolitics throughoutthroughout UtaUtahh history.history.

TheThe ftrstfirst permanenpermanentt whitwhitee settlerssettlers ofof UtahUtah werewere MormonsMormons fleeingfleeing thethe persecutionpersecution theythey hadhad encounteredencountered inin thethe Midwest.Midwest. ManyMany AmericansAmericans camecame toto fearfear andand mistrustmistrust themthem becausebecause ofof theirtheir polygamistpolygamist maritalmarital practicespractices andand theocratictheocratic politicalpolitical structures.structures. DuringDuring thethe nineteenthnineteenth century,century, PresidentPresident JamesJames BuchananBuchanan sentsent anan armyarmy toto SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity toto assertassert federalfederal control,control, allegingalleging thatthat thethe Latter-dayLatter-day SaintsSaints werewere inin rebellionrebellion againstagainst thethe

UnitedUnited StatesStates government.11 ThisThis incidentincident leftleft a legacylegacy ofof suspicionsuspicion ofof thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment amongamong Utah~sUtah's LDSLDS popUlation.population. ItIt laylay dormantdormant duringduring periodsperiods whenwhen thethe

MormonsMormons feltfelt confidentconfident thatthat theirtheir religiousreligious cultureculture waswas securesecure andand protectedprotected byby thethe

AmericanAmerican nation-state,nation-state, butbut itit hadhad ththee potentialpotential toto resurfaceresurface ifif theythey feltfelt thatthat theirtheir wayway ooff lifelife waswas threatenedthreatened byby outsideoutside forces.forces. InIn 1976,1976, theythey againagain perceiveperceivedd anan externalexternal threat,threat, thisthis timetime oneone ofof moralmoral decaydecay ratherrather thanthan physicaphysicall destruction,destruction, butbut thethe potentiapotentiall periperill toto

MormonMormon culturalcultural values seemedseemed realreal toto manymany Latter-dayLatter-day Saints.Saints.

1 1 ForFor moremore informationinformation aboutabout thethe "Utah"Utah War,"War," seesee NormanNorman F.F. Furniss,Furniss, The Mormon Conflict: 1850-1859 (New(New Haven,Haven, CT:CT: YaleYale UniversityUniversity PressPress,, 1960);1960); RichardRichard D.D. PollPoll andand WilliamWilliam P.P. MacKinnon,MacKinnon, "Causes"Causes ofof thethe UtahUtah WarWar Reconsidered,"Reconsidered," Journal of Mormon History 2020 (Fall(Fall 1994):1994): 30-34;30-34; ToddTodd M.M. Kerstetter,Kerstetter, God's Country, Uncle Sam'sSam's Land:Land: FaithFaith andand ConflictConflict inin thethe AmericanAmerican WestWest (Urbana,(Urbana, IL:IL : UniversityUniversity ofof IllinoisIllinois Press,Press, 2006),2006), 48-5548-55.. 4

InIn thethe latelate nineteenthnineteenth century,century, conflictconflict emergedemerged betweebetweenn MormonsMormons andand non-LDSnon-LDS peoplpeoplee inin Utah.Utah. AsAs a result,result, territorialterritorial politicspolitics developeddeveloped alongalong religiousreligious lines.lines. InIn 1870,1870, non-Mormonsnon-Mormons foundedfounded thethe LiberalLiberal PartyParty toto promotepromote theirtheir interestsinterests andand MormonsMormons organizedorganized thethe People'sPeople's PartyParty inin response.response. TheThe sectariansectarian divisiondivision inin UtahUtah partpartyy politicspolitics declineddeclined inin thethe 1890s,1890s, whenwhen LDSLDS ChurchChurch leadersleaders soughtsought compromisecompromise withwith mainstreammainstream

AmericanAmerican cultureculture inin orderorder toto achieveachieve statehood.statehood. TheyThey disbandeddisbanded thethe People'sPeople's PartyParty andand encouragedencouraged MormonsMormons toto joijoinn thethe twotwo majormajor AmericanAmerican politicalpolitical partiepartiess inin approximatelyapproximately equalequal numbers.2

ControlControl ofof statestate politicspolitics alternatedalternated betweenbetween thethe partiesparties duringduring thethe earlyearly twentiethtwentieth century.century. RepublicansRepublicans dominateddominated UtahUtah politics duringduring thethe century'scentury's firstfirst decade.decade.

DemocratsDemocrats surgedsurged intointo powerpower iinn thethe mid-1910s,mid-1910s, butbut thethe GrandGrand OldOld PartyParty (GOP) regainedregained itsits majoritymajority statusstatus inin statestate politicspolitics duringduring thethe 1920s.1920s. SociologistSociologist ArmandArmand L.L. MaussMauss notednoted thatthat throughoutthroughout thisthis periodperiod,, Latter-dayLatter-day SaintSaint leadersleaders "led"led thethe churchchurch deliberatelydeliberately towardtoward increasingincreasing assimilationassimilation andand Americanization."Americanization." For thisthis reason,reason, thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch tooktook a

"political"political posture...generallposture ... generallyy inin harmonyharmony withwith dominantdominant nationalnational trends.,,3trends."3

ProminentProminent churchchurch leadersleaders brokebroke withwith thisthis patternpattern duringduring thethe 1930s,1930s, whenwhen somesome publiclypublicly expressedexpressed disapprovaldisapproval ofof PresidenPresidentt FranklinFranklin D.D. Roosevelt'sRoosevelt's NeNeww DealDeal initiatives.initiatives.

DespiteDespite theirtheir stance,stance, Utah'sUtah's predominantlpredominantlyy MormonMormon populatiopopulationn gavegave strongstrong supportsupport toto

NeNeww DealDeal DemocratsDemocrats duringduring thethe decadedecade andand RooseveltRoosevelt wowonn UtaUtahh witwithh comfortablecomfortable marginmarginss fourfour times.times. EconomicEconomic concernsconcerns outweighedoutweighed strictstrict adherenceadherence toto thethe preferencespreferences

2 2 GustiveGustive O.O. Larson,Larson, The "Americanization" ofofUtah Utah for Statehood(San (San Marino,Marino, CA:CA: TheThe HuntingtonHuntington Library,Library, 1971),32-36;1971), 32-36; EdwardEdward LeoLeo Lyman,Lyman, Political Deliverance: The Mormon QuestforQuest for Utah Statehood (Urbana,(Urbana, IL:IL: UniversityUniversity ofof IllinoisIllinois Press,Press, 1986),1986), 150-181.150-181. 3 3 ThomasThomas G.G. Alexander~Alexander, Utah: The Right Place (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: GibbsGibbs Smith,Smith, 2003),2003), 259-263,259-263, 296-299;296-299; ArmandArmand L.L. Mauss,Mauss, The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation (Urbana,(Urbana, IL:IL: UniversityUniversity ofof IllinoisIllinois Press,Press, 1994),1994), 112112.. 5 ofof religiousreligious authorities,authorities, largelylargely becausebecause thethe GreatGreat DepressionDepression hithit UtahUtah particularlyparticularly hardhard andand thethe statestate benefitedbenefited from a disproportionatelydisproportionately largelarge amountamount ofof federalfederal aid.aid.4

FromFrom thethe endend ofof WorldWorld WarWar IIII untiluntil 1976,1976, bothboth partiesparties werewere competitivecompetitive inin statestate politics.politics. ControlControl ofof Utah'sUtah's federalfederal andand statestate officesoffices shiftedshifted regularlyregularly betweenbetween

RepublicansRepublicans andand Democrats.Democrats. PopularPopular politicalpolitical figuresfigures duringduring thisthis periodperiod includedincluded

RepublicanRepublican SenatorSenator WallaceWallace Bennett,Bennett, whowho servedserved fourfour termsterms inin WashingtonWashington from 19501950 toto

1974,1974, andand DemocraticDemocratic GovernorGovernor CalvinCalvin Rampton,Rampton, whowho waswas firstfirst elected inin 19641964 andand completedcompleted threethree termsterms asas Utah'sUtah's chiefchief executiveexecutive beforebefore retiringretiring fromfrom thethe officeoffice iinn 1976.1976.05

DuringDuring thethe 1950s1950s andand thethe earlyearly 1960s,1960s, thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch avoidedavoided takingtaking officialofficial positionspositions onon controversialcontroversial politicalpolitical issuesissues.. However,However, inin thithiss periodperiod somesome ofof ththee highest-highest- rankingranking LDSLDS leadersleaders (termed(termed "apostles")"apostles") issuedissued conflictingconflicting politicalpolitical statements.statements. TheThe apostleapostle EzraEzra TaftTaft BensonBenson hadhad servedserved asas PresidentPresident DwightDwight D.D. Eisenhower'sEisenhower's SecretarySecretary ooff

Agriculture.Agriculture. HeHe expressedexpressed strongstrong right-wingright-wing viewsviews uponupon returningreturning toto full-timefull-time churchchurch serviceservice duringduring thethe earlyearly 1960s.6

BensonBenson announcedannounced thatthat "No"No truetrue Latter-dayLatter-day SaintSaint andand nono truetrue AmericanAmerican cacann be a socialist.,,7socialist."7 HeHe endorsedendorsed thethe far-right-wingfar-right-wing JohnJohn BirchBirch SocietySociety andand warnedwarned MormonMormonss thatthat

CommunistCommunist conspiratorsconspirators hadhad infiltratedinfiltrated thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates government.8 Benson'sBenson's fellowfellow

4 4 RichardRichard N.N. OstlingOstling andand JoanJoan K.K. Ostling,Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and thethe Promise (San(San Francisco:Francisco: HarperHarper SanSan Francisco,Francisco, 1999),1999), 108-109;108-109; Mauss,Mauss, 114;114; ThomasThomas G.G. AlexanderAlexander andand JamesJames B.B. AllenAllen,, Mormons & Gentiles: A History o/Saltof Salt Lake City (Boulder,(Boulder, CO:CO: PruettPruett PublishingPublishing Company,Company, 1984),1984), 199-201.199-201. 5 5 ThomasThomas G.G. Alexander,Alexander, "The"The EmergenceEmergence ofaof a RepublicanRepublican MajorityMajority inin Utah,Utah, 1970-1992,"1970-1992," inin Politics in the Postwar American West, ed.ed. RichardRichard LowittLowitt (Norman,(Norman, OK:OK: UniversityUniversity ofof OklahomaOklahoma Press,Press, 1995),262;1995), 262; Alexander,Alexander, Utah: The Right Place, 373-381;373-381; F.F. RossRoss Peterson,Peterson, "Utah"Utah PoliticsPolitics SinceSince 1945,"1945," iinn Utah's History, ed.ed. RichardRichard D.D. PollPoll (Provo,(Provo, UT:UT: BrighamBrigham YoungYoung UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1978),515-522.1978), 515-522. 6 6 OnOn thethe LDSLDS Church'sChurch's reluctancereluctance toto interveneintervene inin politicspolitics duringduring thethe middlemiddle ofof thethe twentiethtwentieth century,century, seesee Mauss,Mauss, 114-115.114-115. TheThe mostmost extensiveextensive discussiondiscussion ofof Benson'sBenson's controversialcontroversial politicalpolitical activismactivism iiss founfoundd iinn GregoryGregory A.A. PrincePrince andand Wm.Wm. RobertRobert Wright,Wright, David 0.O. McKayMcKay and and the the Rise Rise 0/of ModernModern MormonismMormonism (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah Press,Press, 2005),2005), 285-321.285-321. SeeSee alsoalso Peterson,Peterson, 516-519;516-519; andand OstlinOstlingg anandd Ostling,Ostling, 109-111.109-111. 7 7 PrincePrince andand Wright,Wright, 287.287. 8 8 PrincePrince andand Wright,Wright, 299.299. 6 churchchurch leadersleaders allowedallowed himhim toto espouseespouse hishis views,views, butbut theythey diddid nonott collectivelycollectively endorseendorse thesethese opinions.opinions. Furthermore,Furthermore, thethe relativelyrelatively liberalliberal apostleapostle HughHugh B.B. BrownBrown mademade publicpublic politicalpolitical statementsstatements thathatt contradictedcontradicted Benson'sBenson's perspective,perspective, demonstratingdemonstrating thatthat therethere waswas anan ideologicalideological "counterbalance"counterbalance toto BensonBenson withinwithin thethe hierarchy.,,9hierarchy."9

InIn spitespite ofof somesome LDSLDS leaders'leaders' effortsefforts toto disassociatedisassociate themselvesthemselves fromfrom Benson'sBenson's opinions,opinions, thethe outspokenoutspoken apostle'sapostle's rhetoricrhetoric contributedcontributed toto thethe radicalizationradicalization ofof somesome churchchurch members.members. AnAn ultra-conservativeultra-conservative politicalpolitical subculturesubculture developeddeveloped amongamong a minorityminority ofof Mormons.Mormons. ErnestErnest WilkinsonWilkinson andand W.W. CleonCleon SkousenSkousen werewere twotwo ofof itsits mostmost importantimportant leaders.leaders. Wilkinson,Wilkinson, anan admireradmirer ofof thethe JohnJohn BirchBirch Society,Society, servedserved asas presidentpresident ofof LDSLDS church-ownedchurch-owned BrighamBrigham YoungYoung UniversityUniversity (BYU).(BYU). HeHe ranran forfor thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates SenateSenate againstagainst FrankFrank MossMoss inin 1964,1964, butbut lostlost byby a widewide margin.margin. InIn thethe latelate 1960s,1960s, hehe recruitedrecruited

BYUBYU studentsstudents toto spyspy onon professorsprofessors toto keepkeep politicallypolitically "subversive""subversive" ideasideas fromfrom beingbeing taughttaught onon campus.campus. WilkinsonWilkinson becamebecame thethe targettarget ofof considerableconsiderable publicpublic criticismcriticism whenwhen

10 thesethese studentstudent espionageespionage activitiesactivities werewere exposed. to

Skousen,Skousen, a formerformer SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity police chief,chief, wrotewrote a polemicapolemicall boobookk calledcalled The

1 Naked Communist thatthat warnedwarned againstagainst compromisecompromise withwith CommunistCommunist nations. I I' HeHe

12 suggestedsuggested thatthat AmericansAmericans mustmust eliminateeliminate thethe welfarwelfaree statestate toto "restore"restore thethe Constitution.Constitution." ,,12

HeHe foundedfounded anan organizationorganization calledcalled thethe FreemenFreemen InstituteInstitute inin 19711971 dedicateddedicated toto thethe

9 9 RobertRobert GottliebGottlieb andand PeterPeter Wiley,Wiley, America's Saints: The Rise of Mormon Power (San(San Diego:Diego: HarcourtHarcourt BraceBrace Jovanovich,Jovanovich, 1986),1986), 77.77. SeeSee alsoalso Mauss,Mauss, 115;115; andand PrincePrince andand Wright,Wright, 321321.. 10 10 GaryGary JameJamess BergeraBergera,, '''A'"A SadSad anandd ExpensiveExpensive Experience':Experience': ErnestErnest L.L. Wilkinson'sWilkinson's 19641964 BidBid foforr ththee U.SU.S.. Senate,"Senate," Utah Historical Quarterly 6161 (Fall(Fall 1993):1993): 304-324;304-324; PrincePrince andand Wright,Wright, 172-179;172-179; OstlingOstling andand Ostling,Ostling, 232232.. 11 11 W.W. CleonCleon Skousen,Skousen, The Naked Communist (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: TheThe EnsignEnsign PublishingPublishing Company,Company, 1958),1958), 208-212.208-212. 12 GottliebGottlieb andand Wiley,Wiley, America's Saints, 9191.. 7 promotiopromotionn ofof thesethese views.views. OneOne ofof Benson'sBenson's sonssons acceptedaccepted a positiopositionn asas vice-presidentvice-president ooff

1 ^ thethe institute,institute, whichwhich enhancedenhanced thethe organization'sorganization's imageimage amongamong somesome Latter-dayLatter-day SamtsSaints.13.

InIn thethe latelate 1960s,1960s, thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch tooktook a moremore activeactive rolerole inin UtahUtah politicspolitics..

ChurchChurch leadershipleadership demonstrateddemonstrated itsits effectivenesseffectiveness atat influencinginfluencing statestate electoralelectoral outcomesoutcomes inin 1968,1968, whenwhen itit convincedconvinced Utah'sUtah's predominantlypredominantly MormonMormon populationpopulation toto rejectreject a ballotballot referendumreferendum thatthat wouldwould havehave allowedallowed a "liquor-by-the-drink""liquor-by-the-drink" alcoholalcohol salessales policy.14policy.14

PoliticalPolitical scientistscientist RonRon HrebenarHrebenar notednoted thatthat inin thethe 1970s,1970s, thethe churchchurch "placed"placed ititss formidableformidable organizationorganization formallyformally oror informallyinformally behindbehind a widewide rangerange ofof so-calledso-called moralmoral issuesissues..

ThoseThose. ..., .includ includee oppositionopposition toto thethe EqualEqual RightsRights Amendment,Amendment, homosexualhomosexual rightsrights,, pornography,pornography, abortion.abortion." ,,1515

LDSLDS leaders'leaders' viewsviews onon socialsocial andand culturalcultural issuesissues mirroredmirrored thosethose ofof manmanyy non-non-

Mormon AmericansAmericans whowho werewere alsoalso wrestlingwrestling withwith suchsuch mattersmatters byby thethe 1970s.1970s. HistorianHistorian

RobertRobert A.A. GoldbergGoldberg notednoted thatthat manymany AmericansAmericans remainedremained uncomfortableuncomfortable withwith thethe culturalcultural changeschanges thatthat emergedemerged from thethe politicalpolitical andand socialsocial activismactivism ofof thethe 1960s;1960s; theythey fearedfeared thatthat thethe nationnation waswas undergoingundergoing a moralmoral andand spiritualspiritual decline.1166 AfterAfter ththee U.SU.S..

SupremeSupreme Court'sCourt's Roe v.v. Wade l711 decisiondecision inin 1973,1973, a majormajor debatedebate emergedemerged abouaboutt whetherwhether womenwomen shouldshould be legallylegally allowedallowed toto havehave abortions.abortions. HomosexualityHomosexuality alsoalso becamebecame moremore visiblevisible withwith thethe mobilizationmobilization ofof a gaygay rightsrights movement.movement. InIn responseresponse toto thesethese developments,developments, powerfulpowerful newnew conservativeconservative religiousreligious organizations,organizations, includingincluding ChristianChristian

13 13 OOnn Skousen'sSkousen's FreemenFreemen Institute,Institute, seesee GottliebGottlieb andand Wiley,Wiley, America's Saints, 90-92;90-92; O.O. KendallKendall WhiteWhite,, Jr.,Jr., "A"A ReviewReview andand CommentaryCommentary onon thethe ProspectsProspects ofof a MormonMormon NewNew ChristianChristian RightRight Coalition,"Coalition," Review of Religious Research 2828 (December(December 1986):1986): 180-181;180-181; andand LeeLee Roderick,Roderick, Leading the Charge: Orrin Hatch and 20 Years of America (Carson(Carson City,City, NV:NV: GoldGold LeafLeaf Press,Press, 1994),44-45.1994), 44-45. 14 14 Peterson,Peterson, 517517.. 15 15 RonRon Hrebenar,Hrebenar, "Utah:"Utah: TheThe MostMost RepublicanRepublican StateState inin thethe Union,"Union," The Social Science Journal 1818 (October(October 1981):1981): 103103.. 16 16 RobertRobert A.A. Goldberg,Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (New(New Haven,Haven, CT:CT: YaleYale UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1995),1995), 298298.. 17 17 410410 U.S.U.S. 113113(1973) (1973).. 8

VoiceVoice andand thethe MoralMoral Majority,Majority, mobilizedmobilized thethe faithfulfaithful toto becombecomee activeactive politicallypolitically.. ThThee

"Religious"Religious Right"Right" broughbroughtt togethertogether peoplpeoplee ofof variousvarious denominationsdenominations whowho helheldd

18 conservativeconservative socialsocial views. IS InIn a 19861986 article,article, sociologistsociologist O.O. KendallKendall White,White, JrJr.. summarizedsummarized scholars'scholars' debatedebate overover whetherwhether MormonsMormons shouldshould bebe consideredconsidered partpart ofof ththee

ReligiousReligious RightRight coalition.coalition. WhiteWhite arguedargued convincinglyconvincingly thatthat Latter-dayLatter-day SaintsSaints hadhad indeeindeedd

19 joinejoinedd thisthis movementmovement byby thethe latelate 1970s1970s andand earlyearly 1980s. 19 TheThe riserise ofLDSof LDS activismactivism iinn promotiopromotionn ofof conservativeconservative socialsocial viewsviews hadhad a majormajor impactimpact onon UtahUtah politicspolitics inin 19761976 andand playedplayed anan importantimportant rolerole inin OrrinOrrin Hatch'sHatch's victoryvictory overover SenatorSenator FrankFrank MossMoss..

18 18 OnOn gaygay rights,rights, seesee BruceBruce J.J. Schulman,Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New(New York:York: TheThe FreeFree Press,Press, 2001),2001), 179-181;179-181; onon thethe ReligiousReligious Right,Right, seesee GillianGillian Peele,Peele, Revival and Reaction: The Right in Contemporary America (Oxford,(Oxford, England:England: ClarendonClarendon Press,Press, 1984),1984), 106-111.106-111. 19 19 White,White, 182-187.182-187. SeeSee alsoalso OstlingOstling andand Ostling,Ostling, 112112.. THETHE CANDIDATESCANDIDATES OFOF 19719766

BornBorn inin Utah,Utah, MossMoss waswas a MormonMormon "of"of pioneerpioneer stock."stock." AfterAfter attendingattending publipublicc

schoolschool inin thethe state,state, hehe graduatedgraduated fromfrom thethe UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah withwith "high"high honors"honors" inin 19331933..

HHee thenthen movedmoved toto Washington,Washington, D.C.D.C. toto attendattend lalaww schoolschool atat GeorgeGeorge WashingtonWashington

University,University, completingcompleting hishis jurisjuris doctordoctor degreedegree inin 1937.1937.11 HisHis experiencesexperiences inin thethe nation'snation's

capitalcapital duringduring FranklinFranklin Roosevelt'sRoosevelt's NeNeww DealDeal helpedhelped formform hishis "moderate"moderate liberalliberal""

politicalpolitical ideology.2ideology.2 AfterAfter servingserving inin WorldWorld WarWar II,II, MossMoss wonwon electionelection toto thethe officeoffice ooff

SaltSalt LakeLake CountyCounty Attorney.Attorney. InIn 1958,1958, hehe ranran forfor thethe SenateSenate andand won,won, despitedespite gettinggetting leslesss thanthan 4040 percenpercentt ofof thethe vote.vote. RightRight-of-cente.. of-centerr votersvoters hadhad divideddivided theirtheir ballotsballots betweenbetween a

RepublicanRepublican andand a conservativeconservative independentindependent candidate,candidate, enablingenabling MossMoss toto capturecapture a narronarroww victoryvictory inin a three-personthree-person race.race. AlthoughAlthough hehe waswas initiallyinitially electedelected toto CongressCongress withwith thethe supportsupport ofof onlyonly a minorityminority ofof ththee UtahUtah electorate,electorate, MosMosss easilyeasily wonwon re-electionre-election iinn 19641964,, whichwhich waswas a goodgood yearyear forfor DemocratsDemocrats inin UtahUtah andand throughoutthroughout thethe UnitedUnited States.3 IInn

1970,1970, MossMoss "looked"looked potentiallypotentially vulnerable"vulnerable" toto somesome butbut survivedsurvived aa challengechallenge fromfrom a

"law-and-order""law-and-order" conservativeconservative andand comfortablycomfortably wonwon a thirdthird term.4

1 1 JohnJohn S.S. McCormick,McCormick, "Frank"Frank E.E. 'Ted''Ted' Moss,"Moss," inin UtahUtah HistoryHistory Encyclopedia,Encyclopedia, ed.ed . AllanAllan KentKent PowellPowell (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: UniversityUniversity ofof UtahUtah Press,Press, 1994),382;1994), 382; TwilaTwila VanVan Leer,Leer, "He'd"He'd likelike toto plowplow toto endend ofof thethe row,"row," DeseretNews,Deseret News, 2222 OctobeOctoberr 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML;JWML; "Moss"Moss PlantsPlants UtahUtah Tree,"Tree," Salt Lake Tribune, 2266 ApriAprill 1975,1975, ClippingClipping Files:Files: MossMoss,, (Senator)(Senator) FranFrankk E.,E., JWML.JWML. 2 2 RodRod Decker,Decker, "'I"'I feelfeel likelike a hollowhollow man,'man,' ex-Sen.ex-Sen. MossMoss says,"says," Deseret News,News,2\ 21 SeptemberSeptember 1977,1977, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-6B-6.. 3 3 VanVan Leer,Leer, "He'd"He'd likelike toto plowplow toto endend ofof thethe row";row"; Bergera,Bergera, 321-322.321-322. 4 4 DexterDexter Ellis,Ellis, "Can"Can Utah'sUtah's GOPGOP unseatunseat Moss?"Moss?" DeseretDeseretNews, News, 9 SeptemberSeptember 1975,1975, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML;JWML; McCormick,McCormick, 382382.. 1010

InIn hishis capacitycapacity asas a UnitedUnited StatesStates Senator,Senator, MossMoss playeplayedd a majormajor rolerole inin establishingestablishing somesome ofof Utah'sUtah's nationalnational parks.parks. HeHe alsoalso successfullysuccessfully pushedpushed forfor antismokingantismoking regulationsregulations andand consumerconsumer protectionprotection legislation.5 ByBy 1971,1971, MossMoss hadhad risenrisen toto thethe positionposition ofof "secretary"secretary ofof thethe DemocraticDemocratic conference,"conference," makingmaking himhim thethe third-highestthird-highest rankingranking DemocratDemocrat inin thethe Senate.6

InIn AprilApril 1975,1975, MossMoss castcast a votevote thatthat wouldwould haunthaunt himhim throughoutthroughout hishis 19761976 rere-­ electionelection campaign.campaign. HeHe votedvoted againstagainst thethe BartlettBartlett Amendment,Amendment, a measuremeasure thatthat prohibitedprohibited thethe useuse ofof federalfederal fundsfunds forfor abortions,abortions, exceptexcept whenwhen necessarynecessary toto savesave thethe lifelife ofof a mother.mother.

AngryAngry lettersletters toto locallocal newspapersnewspapers condemnedcondemned himhim forfor failingfailing toto supportsupport thisthis legislation.legislation.

AbortionAbortion wouldwould becomebecome a majormajor issueissue inin thethe UtahUtah SenateSenate race;race; Moss'Moss' politicalpolitical opponentsopponents repeatedlyrepeatedly drewdrew attentionattention toto hishis vote.7

InIn JuneJune 1975,1975, MossMoss waswas frustratedfrustrated andand surprisedsurprised whenwhen a polpolll showedshowed thatthat hishis jobjob approvalapproval ratingsratings werewere lowerlower thanthan hehe hadhad expected.expected. RepublicanRepublican SenatorSenator JakeJake Gam,Garn, whowho hadhad beebeenn electedelected inin NovembeNovemberr 1974,1974, hadhad a slightlyslightly higherhigher jojobb approvalapproval ratingrating thanthan thethe incumbentincumbent Democrat.Democrat. MossMoss wrotewrote toto a friend,friend, "I"I waswas somewhatsomewhat humiliatedhumiliated toto runrun twotwo pointspoints behindbehind mymy juniojuniorr colleaguecolleague whowho hasn'thasn't yetyet beenbeen inin thethe SenateSenate forfor sixsix months."months." HeHe voicedvoiced hishis concernconcern thatthat thethe "right-wing"right-wing andand thethe conservativeconservative elementelement showsshows upup stronglystrongly

5 5 ThomasThomas G.G. Smith,Smith, "The"The CanyonlandsCanyonlands NationalNational ParkPark Controversy,Controversy, 1961-64,"1961-64," Utah Historical Quarterly 5959 (Summer(Summer 1991):1991): 216-242;216-242; McCormick,McCormick, 382382.. 6 6 FrankFrank Hewlett,Hewlett, "Moss"Moss toto SeekSeek No.2No. 2 PostPost inin Senate,"Senate," Salt Lake Tribune, 6 MarchMarch 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 7 7 Congress,Congress, Senate,Senate, DebateDebate andand VoteVote onon AmendmentAmendment No.No. 336336 toto thethe NurseNurse TrainingTraining andand HealthHealth RevenueRevenue SharingSharing anandd HealthHealth ServicesServices AcActt ooff 1975,1975, S.S. 66,9466, 94thth Cong.Cong.,, 1stst sess., Congressional Record 121,121, pt.pt. 8 (10(10 AprilApril 1975):1975): 9802-9823;9802-9823; ValerieValerie VanderDoes,VanderDoes, "Great"Great SlaughterSlaughter [Letter[Letter toto thethe editor],"editor]," Ogden Standard-Standard­ Examiner, 2525 AugustAugust 1975,1975, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 574,574, FolderFolder 1-1 - Political-1976-Political - 1976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML;JWML; IanJan Carroll,Carroll, "Right"Right toto LiveLive [Letter[Letter toto thethe editor],"editor]," Ogden Standard-Examiner, 1818 AugustAugust 1975,1975, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FranFrankk E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 574,574, FolderFolder 1 -- PoliticalPolitical - 19761976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign - NewspaperNewspaper Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. 1111 now.now. TheyThey perceiveperceive meme asas beingbeing a moderatemoderate toto liberal.liberal. SomeSome ofof themthem eveneven thinkthink thatthat I amam a flflaming aming. l·bliberal.1 er al,,8 . "

A pollpoll releasedreleased inin NovemberNovember 19751975 showedshowed MossMoss aheadahead ofof potentialpotential RepublicanRepublican opponents,opponents, butbut byby a surprisinglysurprisingly narrownarrow marginmargin forfor a three-termthree-term incumbent.incumbent. ItIt indicatedindicated thatthat Moss'Moss' leadlead waswas significantlysignificantly largerlarger amongamong non-LDSnon-LDS votersvoters thanthan amongamong Mormons.Mormons.

"Some"Some peoplepeople mightmight be surprisedsurprised thatthat MossMoss isis notnot runningrunning betterbetter inin thethe polls,polls, butbut therethere appearsappears toto be a greatgreat disenchantmentdisenchantment withwith CongressCongress atat thisthis timetime inin Utah,"Utah," pollsterpollster DanDan

JonesJones wrotewrote inin thethe Deseret News. 9

MossMoss furtherfurther inflamedinflamed thosethose whowho regardedregarded hishis congressionalcongressional votingvoting recordrecord asas too liberalliberal inin NovembeNovemberr 19751975 whenwhen hehe supportedsupported a controversialcontroversial billbill backedbacked byby organizedorganized labor.labor. HisHis votevote forfor thethe CommonCommon SitusSitus PicketingPicketing Bill,Bill, whichwhich soughtsought toto makemake itit easiereasier forfor unionsunions toto picketpicket onon constructionconstruction sites,sites, becamebecame a lightninglightning rodrod forfor criticism.1lO0

Utah'sUtah's laborlabor movementmovement hadhad historicallyhistorically beenbeen weak,weak, withwith onlyonly 1313 percentpercent ofof

UtahnsUtahns holdingholding unionunion membershipmembership inin 1973.1973. Right-to-workRight-to-work lawslaws hadhad shackledshackled thethe state'sstate's unionsunions sincesince 1955. 1111 AlsoAlso importantimportant waswas thethe LDSLDS Church'sChurch's skepticismskepticism towardtoward thethe laborlabor movement.movement. DepartingDeparting from itsits generalgeneral policypolicy ofof politicalpolitical neutralityneutrality inin thethe mid-1960s,mid-1960s, thethe church endorsedendorsed right-to-workright-to-work laws.laws. InIn 1965,1965, churchchurch leadersleaders encouragedencouraged MormonMormon membersmembers ofof CongressCongress toto votevote against repealingrepealing SectionSection 14b14b ofof thethe Taft-HartleTaft-Hartleyy Act,Act, whichwhich allowedallowed statesstates toto enactenact suchsuch laws.laws. ToTo them,them, a closed-shopclosed-shop systemsystem ofof "compulsory"compulsory

8 Letter from FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss toto FranFran SturdivanSturdivan ofof Pueblo,Pueblo, Colorado,Colorado, 2727 JuneJune 1975,1975, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 3 - Political-Political - 19761976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign CorrespondenceCorrespondence (1975),(1975), JWML.JWML. 9 9 HalHal KnightKnight andand DanDan Jones,Jones, "A"A slightslight edgeedge forfor Moss,"Moss," Deseret News, 1414 NovemberNovember 1975,1975, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-A- 15.15. 10 th 10 Congress,Congress, Senate,Senate, VoteVote onon thethe EqualEqual TreatmentTreatment ofof CraftCraft andand IndustrialIndustrial WorkersWorkers bill,bill, H.R.H.R. 5900,5900,94 94th st Cong.,Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 121121~, pt.pt. 2929 (19(19 NovembeNovemberr 1975):1975): 37462.37462. 11 11 JamesJames L.L. Clayton,Clayton, "Contemporary"Contemporary EconomicEconomic Development,"Development," inin Utah's History, ed.ed. RichardRichard D.D. PollPoll (Provo,(Provo, UT:UT: BrighamBrigham YoungYoung UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1978),1978), 539539.. 1212 unionism"unionism" violatedviolated thethe LDSLDS doctrinaldoctrinal principleprinciple ofof "free"free agency. ,,12" SomeSome MormoMormonn

DemocratsDemocrats neverthelessnevertheless maintainedmaintained theirtheir supportsupport forfor repealrepeal ofof SectionSection 14b.14b. FiveFive ofof themthem,, includingincluding Moss,Moss, sentsent a letterletter toto churchchurch leadersleaders thatthat declared,declared, "While"While wewe respectrespect anandd revererevere thethe officesoffices heldheld byby thethe membersmembers ofof thethe FirstFirst PresidencyPresidency ofof thethe Church,Church, wwee

1 3 cannotcannot...delegat ... delegatee ourour ownown free agencyagency toto anyany butbut ourselves.ourselves.,,}3" Similarly,Similarly, MossMoss defendeddefended hishis 19751975 votevote forfor thethe CommonCommon SitusSitus PicketingPicketing BillBill asas a mattermatter ofof conscience.conscience. HisHis justificationsjustifications diddid littlelittle toto quietquiet a choruschorus ofof criticismcriticism inin Utah.Utah.

BothBoth majormajor SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity newspapers,newspapers, thethe Deseret News News and and the the Salt Salt Lake Lake Tribune, Tribune, publishepublishedd editorialseditorials condemningcondemning hishis vote.vote. Constituents'Constituents' reactionsreactions toto hishis supportsupport ofof ththee bill,bill, bothboth inin lettersletters toto hishis senatesenate officeoffice andand inin publipublicc forums,forums, werewere largelylargely negative.negative. HHee

14 wouldwould receivereceive criticismcriticism throughoutthroughout thethe campaigncampaign forfor hishis prolaborprolabor votingvoting record.14

DespiteDespite Moss'sMoss's controversialcontroversial votesvotes onon abortionabortion andand laborlabor issuesissues inin 1975,1975, aa pollpoll releasedreleased inin FebruaryFebruary 19761976 hadhad thethe incumbentincumbent aheadahead ofof potentialpotential RepublicanRepublican foes.foes. IInn

March,March, itit becamebecame clearclear thatthat upcomingupcoming retirementsretirements wouldwould vacatevacate thethe SenateSenate MajorityMajority

WhipWhip jobjob inin 1977,1977, andand MossMoss announcedannounced plansplans toto pursuepursue thatthat position.position. IfIf re-elected,re-elected, hehe couldcould becomebecome thethe highest-rankinghighest-ranking UtahUtah senatorsenator inin statestate history.history. MossMoss hopedhoped thatthat hishis bibidd

,2 12 MaussMauss,, 115115.. 13 13 QuotedQuoted inin HH.. GeorgeGeorge FredericksonFrederickson andand AldenAlden J.J. Stevens,Stevens, "The"The MormonMormon CongressmanCongressman andand thethe LineLine BetweenBetween ChurchChurch andand State,"State," Dialogue 3 (Summer(Summer 1968):1968): 125125.. 14 14 "Veto"Veto thethe 'common'common situs'situs' billbill [editorial],"[editorial]," Deseret News, 2 DecemberDecember 1975,1975, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML;JWML; "A"A DubiousDubious JustificationJustification [editorial],"[editorial]," Salt Lake Tribune, 2626 NovembeNovemberr 19751975,, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML;JWML; "Moss"Moss defendsdefends picketingpicketing billbill vote,"vote," Deseret News, 5 DecembeDecemberr 1975,1975, p.p. B-4.B-4. ExamplesExamples ofof thethe criticalcritical publicpublic responseresponse toto Moss'Moss' votevote forfor thethe CommonCommon SitusSitus PicketingPicketing BillBill include:include: WesternWestern UnionUnion telegramtelegram from LewisLewis G.G. HerseyHersey ofof SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity toto FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss,, 2 DecemberDecember 1975,1975, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 33 -- Political-Political - 19761976 -- MossMoss CampaignCampaign CorrespondenceCorrespondence (1975),(1975), JWML;JWML; E.E. LeroyLeroy Anderson,Anderson, "Borrowing"Borrowing A PhrasePhrase [letter[letter toto thethe editor],editor],"" Salt Lake Tribune, 5 DecemberDecember 1975,1975, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 14-14 - Political-Political - 19761976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. 1313 forfor MajorityMajority WhipWhip wouldwould convinceconvince votersvoters thatthat itit waswas inin theirtheir bestbest interestinterest toto returnreturn himhim ttoo thethe SenateSenate becausebecause ofof hishis powerpower toto getget thingsthings donedone forfor Utah.1155

TheThe UtahUtah RepublicanRepublican PartyParty commissionedcommissioned a surveysurvey ofof thethe state'sstate's populationpopulation iinn

AprilApril thatthat assessedassessed Moss'sMoss's strengthsstrengths andand weaknessesweaknesses asas a candidatecandidate forfor re-election.re-election. IItt askedasked UtahUtah votersvoters toto describedescribe theirtheir viewsviews ofof thethe incumbentincumbent senator.senator. TheThe Salt LakeLake

Tribune reported reported that tha tvoters voters praised praised Moss Moss for for several severa lreasons: reasons :"Concerned "Concerned about abou tUtah, Utah , worksworks forfor thethe people,people, keepskeeps inin touch,touch, worksworks hard,hard, honest,honest, handleshandles jobjob well,well, fightsfights smokingsmoking advertisements,advertisements, respondsresponds toto letters,letters, seniority."seniority." TheyThey alsoalso mentionedmentioned negativnegativee attributes:attributes: "Disagree"Disagree withwith hishis politicalpolitical viewpoints,viewpoints, tootoo liberal,liberal, inin tootoo long,long, publicitpublicityy hound,hound, wishy-washy,wishy-washy, totooo pro-laborpro-labor,, don'don'tt trustrustt him,him, doesn'doesn'tt representrepresent ththee peoplepeople,, neveneverr hearhear aboutabout him,him, hehe isis nevernever inin Utah.,,16Utah."16 ItIt isis noteworthynoteworthy thatthat onlyonly oneone ofof thethe positivpositivee characteristicscharacteristics votersvoters mentioned,mentioned, hishis oppositionopposition toto "smoking"smoking advertisments,"advertisments," concerneconcernedd hishis politicalpolitical positions,positions, whilewhile threethree ofof thethe negativesnegatives expressedexpressed oppositionopposition toto hihiss ideologicalideological views.views. TheThe surveysurvey suggestedsuggested thatthat Moss'Moss' politicalpolitical opinionsopinions werewere notnot compatiblecompatible witwithh thosethose ofof thethe UtahUtah electorateelectorate inin 19761976..

InIn thethe electionselections ofof 19641964 andand 1970,1970, UtahnsUtahns hadhad approvedapproved ofof Moss'sMoss's moderatelymoderately liberalliberal votingvoting record,record, oror hadhad atat leastleast toleratedtolerated itit enoughenough toto returnreturn himhim toto thethe U.SU.S.. SenateSenate..

However,However, byby 19761976 thethe locallocal electorateelectorate hadhad becomebecome moremore conservative,conservative, whichwhich mademade thethe incumbentincumbent senatorsenator ideologicallyideologically vulnerablevulnerable toto a challengechallenge fromfrom thethe right.right. ThThee

RepublicansRepublicans simplysimply neededneeded toto find a candidatecandidate whowho couldcould effectivelyeffectively appealappeal ttoo ththee

13 15 J.J. RoyRoy Bardsley,Bardsley, "Sen."Sen. MossMoss HoldingHolding LeadLead OverOver 3 PotentialPotential Foes,"Foes," Salt Lake Tribune, 2222 FebruaryFebruary 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 1975-1976,1975-1976, Folder:Folder: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 19761976 - NationalNational OfficesOffices - NosNos.. 25-5625-56,, JWML;JWML; Hewlett,Hewlett, "Moss"Moss toto SeekSeek No.2No. 2 PostPost inin Senate."Senate." 16 16 DouglaDouglass L.L. Parker,Parker, "No"No ConcensuConcensuss [sic][sic] onon Issues,Issues, GOP'sGOP's SurveySurvey Reveals,"Reveals," Salt Lake Tribune, 4 AprilApril 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1515 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Hatch,Hatch, OrriOrrin­n - NewspaperNewspaper Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. 1414 public'spublic's dissatisfactiondissatisfaction withwith thethe statusstatus quoquo andand exploitexploit thethe growinggrowing culturalcultural discorddiscord betweenbetween LDSLDS votersvoters andand certaincertain liberalliberal policiespolicies associatedassociated withwith thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty..

OrrinOrrin HatchHatch emergedemerged fromfrom politicalpolitical anonymityanonymity toto successfullysuccessfully employemploy thesethese tacticstactics anandd taketake advantageadvantage ofof thethe state'sstate's rightwardrightward politicalpolitical shift.shift.

HatchHatch filedfiled asas a candidatecandidate forfor thethe RepublicanRepublican nominationnomination forfor UnitedUnited StatesStates SenateSenate jusjustt beforebefore thethe deadlinedeadline inin earlyearly MayMay 1976.1976. "The"The old-lineold-line partyparty professionalsprofessionals telltell meme II havehave nono chancechance toto winwin - toto eveneven comecome outout ofof thethe partyparty statestate convention.convention. ButBut I'mI'm usedused toto impossbleimpossble odds.odds. That'sThat's thethe storystory ofof mymy life,"life," HatchHatch announcedannounced toto thethe press.press. 17

HatchHatch waswas bornborn nearnear PittsburghPittsburgh toto a "blue-collar""blue-collar" LDSLDS familyfamily ofof "Depression"Depression

DemocratsDemocrats andand unionunion members.,,18members."18 AsAs a youngyoung manman hehe brieflybriefly workedworked asas a metalmetal lathlathee operatoroperator andand joinedjoined thethe AmericanAmerican FederationFederation ofof LaborLabor andand CongressCongress ofof IndustrialIndustrial

OrganizationsOrganizations (AFL-CIO),(AFL-CIO), anan ironicironic factfact consideringconsidering hishis eventualeventual evolutionevolution intointo a conservative,conservative, antiunionantiunion politician.politician. AfterAfter earningearning a bachelor'sbachelor's degreedegree atat BYUBYU andand a lawlaw degreedegree fromfrom thethe UniversityUniversity ofof Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, hehe practicepracticedd lawlaw inin PennsylvaniaPennsylvania forfor severalseveral yearsyears beforebefore movingmoving toto UtahUtah inin 1969.1969. Hatch'sHatch's relativelyrelatively briefbrief residencyresidency inin thethe statestate ultimatelyultimately diddid notnot hurthurt himhim inin thethe contest,contest, andand hehe waswas ableable toto turnturn hishis lacklack ofof politicalpolitical experienceexperience intointo anan advantageadvantage ratherrather thanthan a liability.19liability.19

Hatch'sHatch's politicalpolitical fatefate waswas inin thethe handshands ofof RepublicanRepublican statestate conventionconvention delegatesdelegates electedelected byby locallocal "mass"mass meetings"meetings" inin MayMay 1976.1976. BothBoth politicapoliticall partiepartiess inin UtahUtah useusedd ththee massmass meetingmeeting systemsystem toto selectselect conventionconvention delegates.delegates. TheThe Deseret NewsNews reported reported that tha t

17 17 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Last"Last HopefulsHopefuls SignSign inin forfor SpotSpot oonn Ballot,"Ballot," Salt Lake Tribune, 1111 MayMay 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1155 andand 21.21. 18 18 Roderick,Roderick, 10;10; ElaineElaine Jarvik,Jarvik, "Orrin"Orrin HatchHatch andand ManifestManifest Destiny,"Destiny," Utah Holiday, SeptemberSeptember 1982,52.1982, 52. 19 19 TwilaTwila VanVan Leer,Leer, "Always"Always beenbeen a fighterfighter - mymy aim'saim's toto win,win,"" Deseret News, 1919 AugustAugust 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1414 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Hatch,Hatch, OrrinOrrin - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML;JWML; Roderick,Roderick, 30-3630-36.. 1515

"Republican"Republican massmass meetingmeeting attendanceattendance waswas up,up, inin somesome casescases spectacularlyspectacularly so,"so," whilwhilee

DemocratsDemocrats appearedappeared atat partpartyy meetingsmeetings inin "about"about averageaverage oror belowbelow average"average" numbers?Onumbers.

ReneeRenee PyottPyott CarlsonCarlson recalledrecalled inin herher memoirmemoir ofof herher husbandhusband Jack'sJack's unsuccessfulunsuccessful

RepublicanRepublican primarprimaryy contestcontest againstagainst HatchHatch thatthat inin herher LDSLDS congregation,congregation, RepublicanRepublican masmasss meetingmeeting locationslocations werewere announcedannounced inin church,church, butbut DemocraticDemocratic meetingmeeting locationslocations werewere notnot,, a possiblepossible indicationindication ofof increasingincreasing supportsupport forfor RepublicansRepublicans amongamong MormonsMormons duringduring thisthis periodperiod..

HatchHatch facedfaced fourfour rivalsrivals inin hishis bidbid toto bebe Utah'sUtah's RepublicanRepublican nomineenominee forfor U.SU.S..

Senator.Senator. HeHe neededneeded toto bebe oneone ofof thethe twotwo mostmost populapopularr candidatescandidates amongamong statestate GOGOPP delegatesdelegates atat thethe partyparty conventionconvention inin JulyJuly iinn orderorder toto advanceadvance toto thethe SeptemberSeptember primary.primary.

MossMoss hadhad nono challengerschallengers forfor thethe statestate DemocraticDemocratic Party'sParty's SenateSenate nomination,nomination, andand hehe remainedremained focusedfocused uponupon hishis legislativelegislative dutiesduties inin WashingtonWashington whilewhile HatchHatch maneuveredmaneuvered ttoo gaingain thethe supportsupport ofof conservativesconservatives inin UtahUtah..

HatchHatch wouldwould benefitbenefit fromfrom developmentsdevelopments thatthat pushedpushed membersmembers ofof thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch towardtoward thethe rightright duringduring thethe summersummer ofof 1976.1976. TheThe Ensign, thethe official official magazinemagazine of of the the

LDSLDS Church,Church, includedincluded numerousnumerous articlesarticles aboutabout politicpoliticss andand patriotispatriotismm inin itsits JuneJune issueissue,, somesome ofof whichwhich warnedwarned aboutabout potentialpotential corruptioncorruption ofof thethe nation'snation's government.government. OnOnee admonishedadmonished Latter-dayLatter-day SaintsSaints toto bebe patriotic,patriotic, butbut "to"to constantlyconstantly bebe onon guardguard againstagainst

21 threatsthreats toto thethe centralcentral elementselements ofof thethe Constitution.Constitution." ,,21 AnotherAnother notednoted thatthat "unwise"unwise oorr

22 dishonorabledishonorable menmen cancan corruptcorrupt a fairfair system.system." ,,22 TheThe magazinemagazine advisedadvised MormonsMormons ttoo respectrespect thethe constitutionalconstitutional structurestructure ofof AmericanAmerican government,government, butbut suggestedsuggested thatthat inin somsomee

20 20 DexterDexter C.C. Ellis,Ellis, "Demos"Demos gogo forfor ChurchChurch andand Udall,"Udall," Deseret News, 1818 MayMay 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-2B-2.. 21 21 D.D. MichaelMichael Stewart,Stewart, "I"I HaveHave a Question,"Question," EnSign,Ensign, JuneJune 1976,64-65.1976,64-65. 22 22 EdwinEdwin BrownBrown Firmage,Firmage, "Eternal"Eternal PrinciplesPrinciples ofof Government:Government: A TheologicalTheological Approach,"Approach," Ensign,EnSign, JuneJune 1976,1976,11 11.. 1616 instancesinstances theythey couldcould resistresist unrighteousunrighteous lawslaws passepassedd bbyy nationalnational leaders.leaders. BYUBYU presidentpresident

DallinDallin H.H. OaksOaks wrotewrote thatthat "if"if thethe currentcurrent lawslaws permitting abortionabortion (which(which areare highlyhighly objectionable)objectionable) werewere expandedexpanded toto requiring abortionabortion inin certaincertain instances,instances, anan unwillingunwilling

23 mothermother andand fatherfather...... woul wouldd bebe justifiejustifiedd inin refusingrefusing toto obeyobey thethe law.law." ,,23

InIn summersummer 1976,1976, LDSLDS leadersleaders suggestedsuggested thatthat a righteousrighteous governmentgovernment deserveddeserved thethe supportsupport ofof itsits citizens,citizens, butbut peoplpeoplee shouldshould notnot expectexpect toto bebe financiallyfinancially supportedsupported byby government.government. A BYUBYU professorprofessor writingwriting inin thethe JuneJune issueissue ofof thethe Ensign notednoted thatthat "The"The leadersleaders ofof thethe ChurchChurch havehave generallygenerally regardedregarded ththee growthgrowth ofof statestate welfarewelfare inin thethe twentiethtwentieth

24 centurycentury asas a dangerousdangerous experimentexperiment withwith ourour constitutionalconstitutional formform ofof government.government." ,,24

MormonMormon apostleapostle EzraEzra TaftTaft BensonBenson echoedechoed thisthis sentiment,sentiment, labelinglabeling governmentgovernment welfarewelfare

"legalized"legalized plunder"plunder" inin a speechspeech toto a civiccivic groupgroup thatthat samesame month?5month. ThisThis waswas notnot thethe firstfirst timetime anan LDSLDS generalgeneral authorityauthority hadhad beenbeen criticalcritical ofof federalfederal largesse.largesse. TopTop MormonMormon leadersleaders hadhad opposedopposed thethe NeNeww DealDeal andand createdcreated a church-administeredchurch-administered povertpovertyy assistanceassistance programprogram duringduring thethe 1930s1930s thatthat waswas independentindependent ofof federalfederal aid.2626

LDSLDS voters'voters' warinesswariness ofof federalfederal powepowerr derivedderived partiallpartiallyy fromfrom theirtheir church'schurch's historyhistory asas a besiegedbesieged minorityminority faith.faith. TheThe originaloriginal MormonMormon settlerssettlers ofof UtahUtah intendedintended toto establish a separateseparate religiousreligious politpolityy wherewhere theythey wouldwould bbee safesafe fromfrom thethe persecutiopersecutionn theythey hadhad oftenoften encounteredencountered inin thethe East.East. However,However, thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment eventuallyeventually forcedforced themthem toto givegive uupp theirtheir religioureligiouss practicpracticee ofof polygamy,polygamy, arrestingarresting prominentprominent LDSLDS leadersleaders andand confiscatingconfiscating church propertyproperty untiluntil MormonsMormons officiallyofficially abandonedabandoned pluralplural marriagemarriage inin

23 DallinDallin H.H. Oaks,Oaks, "I"I HaveHave a Question,"Question," Ensign, JuneJune 1976,1976, 61-6261-62.. 24 NoeNoell B.B. Reynolds,Reynolds, "I"I HaveHave a Question,"Question," Ensign,EnSign, JuneJune 1976,1976, 6464.. 25 JackJack Fenton,Fenton, "Benson"Benson AttacksAttacks WelfareWelfare asas 'Legal'Legal Plunder'Plunder', ,"" Salt Lake Tribune, 2727 JuneJune 1976,1976, p.p. B-1.B-l. 26 OstlingOstling andand Ostling,Ostling, 108-109.108-109. 1717

1890?71890,27 ByBy rejectingrejecting assistanceassistance fromfrom WashingtonWashington inin thethe twentiethtwentieth century,century, MormonsMormons hopedhoped toto maintainmaintain theirtheir pioneepioneerr idealsideals ofof self-sufficiencyself-sufficiency andand independenceindependence fromfrom heavyheavy-- handedhanded federalfederal authoritiesauthorities..

However,However, thethe uniqueunique backgroundbackground ofof thethe MormonMormon peoplepeople waswas onlyonly oneone ofof manmanyy factorsfactors motivatingmotivating oppositionopposition toto governmentgovernment authorityauthority inin UtahUtah duringduring thethe 1970s.1970s. PeoplPeoplee throughoutthroughout thethe nationnation criticizedcriticized "big"big government"government" duringduring thisthis periodperiod.. AsAs thethe prosperityprosperity ofof thethe 1950s1950s andand 1960s1960s gavegave wayway toto economiceconomic stagnationstagnation inin thethe 1970s,1970s, resentmentresentment overover federalfederal spendingspending increased.increased. PoliticaPoliticall scientistscientist JohnJohn DumbrellDumbrell notednoted thatthat a decliningdeclining economyeconomy meantmeant thatthat governmentgovernment programprogramss couldcould notnot bbee fundedfunded bbyy economiceconomic growthgrowth aass theythey hadhad inin thethe 1960s,1960s, butbut insteadinstead "could"could bebe achievedachieved onlyonly throughthrough painfulpainful redistribution"redistribution" thatthat somesome middle-classmiddle-class andand upper-clasupper-classs votersvoters mightmight bbee unwillinunwillingg toto accept.accept.28 JournalistJournalist

ThomasThomas ByrneByrne EdsallEdsall contendedcontended thatthat becausbecausee lawmakerslawmakers failedfailed toto adjustadjust marginalmarginal tataxx ratesrates duringduring thisthis periodperiod,, inflationinflation deepeneddeepened thethe impactimpact ofof taxestaxes uponupon middle-classmiddle-class

Americans.2929

ScholarsScholars havehave notednoted thatthat racerace alsoalso playeplayedd anan importantimportant rolerole inin thethe conservativeconservative attitudesattitudes aboutabout governmentgovernment spendingspending thatthat becamebecame prevalentprevalent duringduring thethe 1970s1970s..

Democrats'Democrats' emphasisemphasis onon helpinghelping minoritiesminorities sincesince thethe 1960s1960s bredbred resentmentresentment amongamong somsomee whitewhite voters.voters. ThereThere waswas muchmuch publipublicc criticismcriticism ofof programsprograms perceivedperceived aass

27 SarahSarah BarringeBarringerr Gordon,Gordon, The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth­Nineteenth- Century America (Chape(Chapell HillHill,, NCNC:: TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof NortNorthh CarolinCarolinaa Press,Press, 2002)2002),, 154-160,154-160,183-187,220 183-187,220.. 28 JohnJohn Dumbrell,Dumbrell, The Carter Presidency:PreSidency: A Re-evaluation (Manchester,(Manchester, England:England: ManchesterManchester UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1993),1993), 1616.. 29 29 ThomasThomas ByrneByrne Edsall,Edsall, "The"The Changing ShapeShape ofof Power:Power: A RealignmentRealignment inin PublicPublic Policy,"Policy," inin The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980,J 930-1980, ed.ed. SteveSteve FraserFraser andand GaryGary Gerstle,Gerstle, (Princeton,(Princeton, NJ:NJ: PrincetonPrinceton UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1989),278-279.1989), 278-279. 1818 disproportionatelydisproportionately benefitinbenefitingg AfricanAfrican Americans,Americans, suchsuch asas welfare,welfare, schoolschool busing,busing, anandd

~ . . 30 afaffirmativ.LrrmatIvee actIon.action. 30

InIn 1978,1978, blacksblacks mademade upup onlyonly 0.60.6 percentpercent,, an~and HispanicsHispanics onlyonly 3.93.9 percentpercent,, ooff

Utah'sUtah's totaltotal population.population. TheThe absenceabsence ofof sizablesizable nonwhitenonwhite populationspopulations maymay havhavee promotepromotedd a beliefbelief thatthat federalfederal antipovertyantipoverty programprogramss benefitedbenefited minoritiesminorities inin distantdistant placeplacess ratherrather thanthan addressingaddressing locallocal problemsproblems.. TheThe LDSLDS ChurchChurch denieddenied AfricanAfrican AmericansAmericans ththee

"priesthood""priesthood" grantedgranted toto mostmost activeactive MormonMormon malesmales untiluntil 1978.1978. ThisThis exclusionexclusion bolsteredbolstered prejudicedprejudiced attitudesattitudes amongamong somesome UtahnsUtahns priorprior toto thethe church'schurch's changechange inin policypolicy.31.

HatcHatchh diddid addressaddress somesome issuesissues oftenoften characterizedcharacterized asas raciallyracially codedcoded duringduring hihiss

19761976 campaign.campaign. HeHe diddid notnot "believe"believe inin a federallyfederally controlledcontrolled andand administeredadministered nationanationall welfarewelfare program. ,,32" HeHe onceonce criticizedcriticized MossMoss forfor supportingsupporting schoolschool busing,busing, andand hhee expressedexpressed hishis supportsupport ofof "increasing"increasing statesstates rightsrights [sic]"[sic]" inin a campaigncampaign advertisement.3333

MossMoss counteredcountered thatthat "The"The governmentgovernment shouldshould bebe obligatedobligated toto assistassist inin fundingfunding welfarewelfare programs.,,34programs."34 A combinationcombination ofof racialracial resentmentresentment andand WesternWestern individualismindividualism madmadee federalfederal assistanceassistance unpopularunpopular inin Utah,Utah, whichwhich helpedhelped HatchHatch andand hurthurt MossMoss..

AtAt thethe samesame timetime thethe state'sstate's LDSLDS votersvoters receivedreceived messagesmessages inin thethe Ensign andand fromfrom

BensonBenson criticizingcriticizing federalfederal powerpower,, scandalsscandals appearedappeared ttoo demonstratedemonstrate thethe moralmoral corruptioncorruption

30 ForFor detailedetailedd examinationexaminationss ooff thethe impacimpactt ooff racracee oonn thethe riserise ooff thethe conservativconservativee movementmovement,, seseee ThomasThomas ByrneByrne EdsallEdsall andand MaryMary D.D. Edsall,Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact 0/of Race, Rights, and Taxes on AmericanAmerican Politics (New(New York:York: W.W.W.W. NortoNortonn & Company,Company, 1992);1992); andand DanDan T.T. Carter,Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 (Baton(Baton Rogue,Rogue, LA:LA: LouisianaLouisiana StateState UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1996).1996). 31 31 ForFor Utah'sUtah's racialracial demographics,demographics, seesee DeanDean C.C. Greer,Greer, KlausKlaus D.D. Gurgel,Gurgel, WayneWayne L.L. Wahlquist,Wahlquist, HowardHoward A.A. Christy,Christy, andand GaryGary B.B. Peterson,Peterson, Atlas o/Utahof Utah (Provo,(Provo, UT:UT: BrighamBrigham YoungYoung UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1981),1981), 122;122; oonn blacksblacks anandd thethe LDSLDS priesthood,priesthood, seesee OstlingOstling andand Ostling,Ostling, 94-10394-103.. 32 32 "Hatch"Hatch respondsresponds toto issuesissues questionnaire,"questionnaire," Logan Herald Journal, 1212 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1515 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Hatch,Hatch, OrrinOrrin - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML.

3333 "GOP«GOp SenateSenate hopefulshopefuls attackattack MossMoss votevote record,"record," Deseret News, 2424 MayMay 1976,1976, p.p. B-12;B-12; "Utah"Utah NeedNeedss a NeNeww Senator."Senator." 34 34 VanVan Leer,Leer, "He'd"He'd likelike toto plowplow toto thethe endend ofof thethe row."row." 1919 ofof severalseveral federalfederal politicianspoliticians.. InIn summersummer 1976,1976, thethe mediamedia focusedfocused onon a seriesseries ooff

WashingtonWashington sexsex scandalsscandals involvinginvolving prominentprominent membersmembers ofof Congress,Congress, mostmost ofof thethemm

Democrats.3535 LDSLDS ChurchChurch PresidentPresident SpencerSpencer W.W. KimballKimball issuedissued a statementstatement inin responseresponse,, laterlater publishepublishedd inin thethe JulyJuly issueissue ofof thethe Ensign. "New"New disclosuresdisclosures andand chargescharges regardingregarding questionablequestionable activitiesactivities ofof publipublicc servantsservants inin Washington,Washington, D.C.,D.C., inin additionaddition toto thosethose iinn recentrecent monthsmonths andand years,years, areare shockingshocking indeed,"indeed," KimballKimball said.said. HeHe statedstated thatthat governmentgovernment officialsofficials shouldshould "be"be anan exampleexample toto thethe worlworldd inin uncompromisinguncompromising integrity,integrity, inin wisewise anandd prudenprudentt stewardshipstewardship ofof publipublicc funds,funds, inin personapersonall morality,morality, includingincluding fidelityfidelity inin

36 marriage.marriage." ,,36

OnOn JuneJune 14,14,1976 1976,, manymany UtahnsUtahns werewere shockedshocked toto discoverdiscover thatthat oneone ofof theitheirr representativesrepresentatives hadhad beenbeen implicatedimplicated inin a scandalscandal thatthat relatedrelated toto hishis "personal"personal morality."morality."

NewspapersNewspapers reportedreported thatthat SaltSalt LakeLake CitCityy policepolice hadhad arrestedarrested incumbentincumbent DemocraticDemocratic

CongressmanCongressman AllanAllan HoweHowe forfor solicitingsoliciting sexsex fromfrom a policepolice officerofficer disguiseddisguised asas a prostitute.prostitute. SoonSoon afterwardafterward HoweHowe metmet withwith SenatorSenator MossMoss andand RepresentativeRepresentative GunGunnn

McKayMcKay forfor adviceadvice aboutabout hishis politicalpolitical future,future, andand bothboth urgedurged himhim toto resignresign hishis office.office. HHee initiallyinitially agreedagreed toto quitquit Congress,Congress, butbut laterlater changedchanged hishis mind,mind, insistinginsisting thatthat hishis arrestarrest waswas a set-upset-up andand hehe waswas innocent.innocent. HoweHowe saidsaid hehe wouldwould beatbeat thethe chargescharges andand winwin re-election.3377

MossMoss disapproveddisapproved ofof Howe'sHowe's decisiondecision andand refusedrefused toto supportsupport hishis candidacy.38candidacy.38 ""II don'tdon't thinkthink therethere isis a prayerprayer thatthat hehe couldcould bebe re-electedre-elected inin UtahUtah eveneven ifif hehe couldcould beatbeat thethe

35 BettyBetty AnneAnne Williams,Williams, "Ohio"Ohio DemocratDemocrat ConfessesConfesses ToTo 'Affair''Affair' WithWith EmployeEmploye [sic],"[sic]," Salt Lake Tribune,Tribune, 2626 MayMay 1976,1976, pppp.. 1-2;1-2; "Texas"Texas SolonSolon AskAskss U.S.U.S. ProbeProbe inin 2ndnd Sex-PayrollSex-Payroll Scandal,"Scandal," 1212 JuneJune 1976,1976, p.p. l.1. 36 36 "President"President KimballKimball CondemnsCondemns WrongdoingWrongdoing byby GovernmentGovernment Officials,"Officials," Ensign, JulyJuly 1976,1976, 7676.. 37 37 PeterPeter J.J. Scarlet,Scarlet, "Utah's"Utah's HoweHowe SeizedSeized onon SexSex Charge,"Charge," Salt Lake Tribune, 1414 JuneJune 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1-2;1-2; FrankFrank Hewlett,Hewlett, "Howe"Howe toto DecideDecide TodayToday onon FutureFuture Plans,Plans, Salt Lake Tribune, 1515 JuneJune 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1-21-2 ; Decker,Decker, pppp.. B-1B-l andand B-6;B-6; "Howe"Howe Statement:Statement: Here'sHere's FullFull Text,"Text," Salt Lake Tribune, 1919 JuneJune 1976,1976, p.p. A-4A-4.. 38 38 "Top"Top DemosDemos DismayedDismayed AtAt Decision,"Decision," Salt Lake Tribune, 1919 JuneJune 1976,1976, pppp.. A-IA-l andand A-2A-2.. 20 chargecharge itself.itself. AfterAfter all,all, hehe waswas downdown therethere (6thth WestWest andand 2ndnd South)South) andand hehe doesdoes notnot dendenyy

39 that,"that," MossMoss said. 39

MossMoss receivedreceived a slewslew ofof lettersletters aboutabout thethe HoweHowe scandal.scandal. SomeSome constituentsconstituents expressedexpressed theirtheir outrageoutrage overover Howe'sHowe's behavior,behavior, oftenoften makingmaking referencereference toto Howe'sHowe's membershipmembership inin thethe LDSLDS Church.Church. "Jail"Jail himhim oror whateverwhatever butbut wewe don'tdon't wantwant himhim ttoo representrepresent ourour statestate oror ourour churchchurch anyany longer!longer! TheThe damagedamage hehe hashas donedone toto bothboth willwill taktakee yearsyears toto undo,"undo," oneone said.4040 OtherOther votersvoters expressedexpressed theirtheir angeranger thatthat MossMoss hadhad withdrawnwithdrawn hishis supportsupport forfor Howe'sHowe's candidacy.candidacy. "I"I willwill votevote forfor HoweHowe...... becaus becausee hehe feels,feels, asas 1I do,do, thatthat

41 itit waswas a setset up.up. ButBut I don'don'tt thinkthink I'dI'd votevote forfor youyou again,"again," a constituentconstituent wrote.41

TheThe scandalscandal appearedappeared inin UtahUtah headlinesheadlines forfor monthsmonths asas HoweHowe facedfaced hishis legallegal trialstrials whilewhile conductingconducting a re-electionre-election bid.bid. AfterAfter twotwo separateseparate juriesjuries convictedconvicted HoweHowe ofof solicitation,solicitation, thethe UtahUtah DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty officiallyofficially withdrewwithdrew itsits supportsupport ofof hishis candidacy.candidacy.

ItIt waswas tootoo latelate toto taketake Howe'sHowe's namename offoff thethe ballot,ballot, soso thethe partyparty endorsedendorsed a write-inwrite-in candidatecandidate forfor thethe SecondSecond DistrictDistrict HouseHouse seat.4242

MossMoss fearedfeared thatthat Howe'sHowe's issuesissues werewere hurtinghurting hishis ownown re-electionre-election campaign.campaign. MosMosss aptlyaptly describeddescribed hishis politicalpolitical dilemmadilemma regardingregarding thethe HoweHowe scandalscandal inin a letterletter toto a constituent.constituent. "Y"Yoou u saysay thatthat somesome peoplepeople areare againstagainst meme becausebecause I amam notnot disassociatingdisassociating

39 ClarkClark Lobb,Lobb, "Howe"Howe CallsCalls NewsmeNewsmenn ToTo 1111.3 :300 a.m.a.m. Talk,"Talk," Salt Lake Tribune, 1818 JuneJune 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1-2.1-2. 40 40 LetterLetter from thethe JakeJake JensenJensen FamilyFamily ofof SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity toto FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, 1717 JuneJune 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1717 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Howe,Howe, AllanAllan - CorrespondenceCorrespondence (June(June 1976),1976), JWML.JWML. 41 41 LetterLetter from VeraVera Harding ofof PleasantPleasant GroveGrove toto FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, 1818 JuneJune 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1717 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Howe,Howe, AllanAllan - CorrespondenceCorrespondence (June(June 1976),1976), JWML.JWML. 42 42 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Demos"Demos DisavowDisavow SupportSupport OfOf Howe,Howe, TapTap McCarty,"McCarty," Salt Lake Tribune, 1919 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, p.p. B-1.B-l. 2211

myselmyselff frofromm CongressmaCongressmann HowHowee anandd II gegett otheotherr letterletterss frofromm peoplpeoplee whwhoo complaicomplainn thathatt II

havhavee beebeenn totooo harsharshh oonn Allan...Allan .. .1! guesguesss iitt iiss jusjustt impossiblimpossiblee ttoo pleaspleasee everyone."everyone.,,4343

43 LetterLetter fromfrom FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss toto DonaldDonald L.L. PisciottaPisciotta ofof SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, 1414 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1717 -- Political-Political - 19761976 -- Howe,Howe, AllanAllan -- CorrespondenceCorrespondence (June(June 1976),1976), JWML.JWML. THETHE REPUBLICANREPUBLICAN PRIMARYPRIMARY

AngeAngerr oveoverr thethe HoweHowe scandalscandal combinecombinedd withwith socialsocial conservatisconservatismm anandd suspicionsuspicion ofof federalfederal powepowerr toto createcreate anan idealideal politicapoliticall environmentenvironment forfor RepublicansRepublicans inin UtahUtah durinduringg

1976.1976. OrrinOrrin HatchHatch benefitedbenefited fromfrom thisthis ideologicalideological climate.climate. HHee spentspent thethe summersummer tryintryingg toto gaingain supportsupport fromfrom statestate conventionconvention delegatesdelegates byby runningrunning ttoo thethe rightright ofof otheotherr

RepublicanRepublican candidates.candidates. HeHe wrotewrote inin hishis autobiographyautobiography thatthat hehe waswas viewedviewed asas "the"the younyoungg outsideroutsider...... th thee darlingdarling ofof thethe so-calledso-called ultraconservatives"ultraconservatives" inin thethe contestcontest forfor thethe

RepublicanRepublican Party'sParty's SenateSenate nomination.1l LeadersLeaders ofof thethe far-right-wingfar-right-wing inin Utah,Utah, includingincluding

W.W. CleonCleon SkousenSkousen andand ErnestErnest Wilkinson,Wilkinson, endorsedendorsed HatchHatch earlyearly onon inin thethe race?race.2 SkousenSkousen authoredauthored a letterletter toto thousandsthousands ofof hishis politicapoliticall acolytesacolytes thatthat promotedpromoted HatchHatch asas "a"a candidatecandidate...... wh whoo isis runningrunning forfor thethe expressexpress purposepurpose ofof wagingwaging aa fightfight toto restorerestore

ConstitutionalConstitutional principlesprinciples inin thisthis country.,,3country."3

ToTo advanceadvance toto thethe RepublicanRepublican primary,primary, HatchHatch hadhad toto winwin overover statestate conventionconvention delegatesdelegates whowho werewere moremore familiarfamiliar withwith otherother candidates.candidates. HatchHatch sentsent eacheach ofof themthem aann audioaudio tapetape thatthat describeddescribed hishis backgroundbackground andand outlinedoutlined hishis politicalpolitical beliefs.beliefs. InIn thethe tape,tape, hhee toutedtouted hishis humblehumble origins,origins, expressedexpressed hishis oppositionopposition toto abortionabortion andand pornography,pornography, anandd vowed,vowed, "I"I willwill dodo mymy veryvery bestbest toto keepkeep thethe WashingtoniansWashingtonians fromfrom comingcoming outout herehere andand

1 1 OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, Square Peg: ConfossionsConfessions of a Citizen Senator (New(New York:York: BasicBasic Books,Books, 2002),2002), xiii.xiii. 2 2 Roderick,Roderick, 44-4544-45.. 3 3 W.W. CleonCleon SkousenSkousen mailingmailing inin supportsupport ofof OrrinOrrin HatchHatch forfor Senate,Senate, 1212 MayMay 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1313 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Hatch,Hatch, Orrin,Orrin, JWML;JWML; Roderick,Roderick, 45-4645-46.. 23 dominatingdominating everyevery aspectaspect ofof youryour lives.',4lives. ThoseThose involvedinvolved inin statestate politicpoliticss inin 19719766 rememberedremembered thethe tapetape asas a highlyhighly effectiveeffective promotionpromotion ofof Hatch'sHatch's candidacy.candidacy. HeHe wonwon ththee supportsupport ofof thethe second-highestsecond-highest nun:tbernumber ofof delegatesdelegates outout ofof thethe five SenateSenate candidatescandidates competingcompeting atat thethe JulyJuly statestate convention.convention. ThisThis meantmeant hehe advancedadvanced toto thethe SeptemberSeptember primary,primary, inin whichwhich hehe wouldwould battlebattle economisteconomist JackJack CarlsonCarlson forfor thethe officialofficial GOGOPP nominationnomination forfor UnitedUnited StatesStates Senator.5

CarlsonCarlson andand HatchHatch heldheld similarsimilar positionspositions onon thethe majormajor politicalpolitical issuesissues ofof 19761976..

BothBoth RepublicanRepublican candidatescandidates werewere activeactive MormonsMormons whowho favoredfavored a constitutionalconstitutional amendmentamendment toto overturnoverturn Roe v.v . Wade.Wade. EachEach praisedpraised "free"free enterprise"enterprise" andand criticizedcriticized governmentgovernment bureaucracy.bureaucracy. TheyThey bothboth advocatedadvocated greatergreater statestate controlcontrol ofof Utah'sUtah's land,land, mosmostt ofof whichwhich waswas federallyfederally owned.owned. HatchHatch promotedpromoted himselfhimself asas thethe moremore conservativeconservative ofof ththee twotwo candidates,candidates, butbut inin realityreality theirtheir differencesdifferences werewere oftenoften moremore stylisticstylistic thanthan ideologica1.ideological.6

Carlson,Carlson, a formerformer assistantassistant InteriorInterior DepartmentDepartment secretarysecretary inin thethe ForFordd

AdministrationAdministration withwith a Ph.D.Ph.D. inin EconomicsEconomics fromfrom Harvard Harvard University,University, waswas a better-knownbetter-known figure thanthan Hatch Hatch because because of of his his background background in in public public life? life.7 HatchHatch attacked attacked Carlson's Carlson's

WashingtonWashington experienceexperience andand toutedtouted hishis ownown statusstatus asas a politicapoliticall outsider.outsider. HatcHatchh biographerbiographer LeeLee RoderickRoderick calledcalled thethe primarprimaryy racerace "a"a classicclassic confrontationconfrontation betweenbetween a

4 4 OrrinOrrin HatchHatch testimonialtestimonial toto UtahUtah RepublicanRepublican statestate delegates,delegates, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss TapesTapes A0146AOH6 #83,#83, JWML.JWML. 5 5 PeterPeter Billings,Billings, interviewinterview byby author,author, 2828 JanuaryJanuary 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakeLake City;City; DanDan Jones,Jones, interviewinterview byby author,author, 2121 FebruaryFebruary 1976,1976, SaltSalt LakeLake City;City; Roderick,Roderick, 47-48;47-48; ClarkClark Lobb,Lobb, "Reagan"Reagan GetsGets AllAll ofof Utah'sUtah's 2020 Delegates,Delegates, Alternates,"Alternates," Salt Lake Tribune, 1818 JulyJuly 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1-2.1-2. 6 6 CharlesCharles J.J. Seldin,Seldin, "Free"Free EnterpriseEnterprise Hopefuls'Hopefuls' Theme,"Theme," Salt Lake Tribune, 1515 AugustAugust 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand BB-- 8.8. 7 7 OnOn thethe careercareer andand backgroundbackground ofof JackJack Carlson,Carlson, seesee Roderick,Roderick, 47-49;47-49; Carlson,Carlson, 4-17;4-17; andand "GOP's"GOP's TwoTwo SenateSenate AspirantsAspirants SeekingSeeking toto ChallengeChallenge Moss,"Moss," Salt Lake Tribune, 1212 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, p.p. A-18A-18.. 24 politicalpolitical novicenovice whosewhose forteforte waswas anan evangelicalevangelical appealappeal toto votersvoters andand a seasonedseasoned veteranveteran

o steepedsteeped inin thethe nuancesnuances ofof government.,,8government." A nationalnational surveysurvey conductedconducted inin AugustAugust 19761976 showedshowed considerableconsiderable publicpublic distrustdistrust ofof politicians.9 Americans'Americans' lossloss ofof confidenceconfidence inin politicapoliticall leadersleaders occurredoccurred inin largelarge parpartt becausebecause thethe VietnamVietnam quagmirequagmire andand thethe WatergateWatergate scandalscandal hadhad severelyseverely underminedundermined ththee credibilitycredibility ofof governmentalgovernmental institutions.institutions. WhileWhile WatergateWatergate damageddamaged thethe imageimage ofof ththee

RepublicanRepublican Party,Party, itit diddid notnot delegitimizedelegitimize conservatism.conservatism. HistorianHistorian BruceBruce 1.J. SchulmanSchulman contendedcontended thatthat WatergateWatergate ultimatelyultimately helpedhelped thethe RightRight becausbecausee itit heightenedheightened thethe AmericaAmericann

10 public'public'ss "contempt"contempt forfor thethe secrecy,secrecy, inefficiency,inefficiency, andand failuresfailures ofof 'big'big government'government'." .,,10

DumbrellDumbrell observedobserved thatthat pollingpolling datadata showedshowed "a"a significantsignificant decreasedecrease inin supportsupport forfor virtuallyvirtually all,all, butbut especiallyespecially AmericanAmerican nationalnational governmental,governmental, institutions"institutions" duringduring ththee

1970s.1111 FortnerFormer CarterCarter administrationadministration officialofficial StuartStuart E.E. EizenstatEizenstat recalledrecalled thatthat therethere wawass a publicpublic desiredesire toto "bring"bring ethicsethics intointo government,government, reorganizereorganize thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment andand reducereduce thethe bureaucracybureaucracy...... an andd balancebalance thethe budget.,,12budget."12 HatchHatch soughtsought toto capitalizecapitalize onon thesethese issues.issues.

Hatch'sHatch's "antipolitician""antipolitician" personpersonaa waswas a centralcentral parpartt ofof hishis campaign,campaign, anan imageimage hhee honedhoned inin thethe primaryprimary racerace andand usedused toto fullfull effecteffect inin thethe generalgeneral electionelection contestcontest againstagainst

Moss.Moss. HeHe promotedpromoted himselfhimself asas a virtuousvirtuous outsider,outsider, givinggiving himhim anan effectiveeffective counter-counter­ argumentargument toto chargescharges thatthat hehe lackedlacked thethe politicalpolitical experienceexperience toto holdhold highhigh office.office. HHee attackedattacked CarlsonCarlson asas a formerformer WashingtonWashington bureaucratbureaucrat whowho wawass "used"used toto bigbig spendingspending anandd

8 8 Roderick,Roderick, 5151.. 9 9 GeorgeGeorge Gallup,Gallup, "Scandals"Scandals HarmHarm Solons'Solons' Image,"Image," Salt Lake Tribune, 2222 AugustAugust 1976,1976, p.p. A-16.A-16. 10 10 Schulman,Schulman, 4242.. 11 11 Dumbrell,Dumbrell, 2222.. 12 12 StuartSmart E.E. Eizenstat,Eizenstat, "President"President Carter,Carter, thethe DemocraticDemocratic Party,Party, andand thethe MakingMaking ofof DomesticDomestic Policy,"Policy," inin The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter, ed.ed. HerbertHerbert D.D. RosenbaumRosenbaum andand AlexejAlexej UgrinskyUgrinsky (Westport,(Westport, CT:CT: GreenwoodGreenwood Press,Press, 1994),1994), 7.7. 2525 governmentgovernment orientation."orientation." CarlsonCarlson counteredcountered byby chargingcharging thatthat a lawyerlawyer likelike HatchHatch coulcouldd notnot effecteffect necessarynecessary changeschanges inin Congress.Congress. "Senators"Senators don'tdon't realizerealize howhow they'rethey're screwingscrewing upup thethe economy.economy. They'.reThey're almostalmost alllawyersall lawyers...... [t]hey[t]hey needneed aa free enterpriseenterprise economist,economist, whichwhich I am,"am," CarlsonCarlson said.13said.13 CarlsonCarlson alsoalso suggestedsuggested thatthat hehe wouldwould bebe betterbetter ableable ttoo restrainrestrain thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment becausebecause hhee waswas alreadyalready familiarfamiliar withwith howhow itit operated.1144

HatchHatch gainedgained a majormajor advantageadvantage inin promotinpromotingg hishis anti-biganti-big governmentgovernment messagmessagee whenwhen hehe receivedreceived anan endorsementendorsement from RonaldRonald ReaganReagan oneone weekweek beforebefore thethe SeptemberSeptember primary.primary. TheThe formerformer CaliforniaCalifornia governorgovernor waswas veryvery populapopularr inin Utah,Utah, havinghaving receivedreceived widespreadwidespread supportsupport inin thethe BeehiveBeehive StateState duringduring hishis bidbid toto upsetupset PresidentPresident GeraldGerald FordFord iinn thethe contestcontest foforr thethe RepublicanRepublican presidentialpresidential nomination.nomination. InIn AprilApril 1976,1976, hehe heldheld a campaigncampaign fund-raiserfund-raiser inin SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, meetingmeeting withwith thethe FirstFirst PresidencyPresidency ofof thethe LDLDSS

ChurchChurch duringduring hishis visit.visit. PollingPolling ofof UtahUtah RepublicansRepublicans indicatedindicated thatthat ReaganReagan waswas mormoree popularpopular amongamong Latter-dayLatter-day SaintsSaints thanthan amongamong non-Mormonnon-Mormon RepublicanRepublican voters.voters. ReagaReagann returnedreturned toto UtahUtah inin JulyJuly andand delivereddelivered a speechspeech toto thethe RepublicanRepublican statestate convention,convention, whicwhichh convincedconvinced allall twentytwenty ofof Utah'sUtah's delegatesdelegates toto thethe nationalnational conventionconvention toto pledgepledge theitheirr supportsupport toto him.him. UtahUtah diddid notnot havehave a RepublicanRepublican presidentialpresidential primaryprimary inin 1976,1976, butbut pollpollss

15 showedshowed thatthat a majoritymajority ofof GOPGOP votersvoters inin thethe statestate favoredfavored Reagan. 15

HatchHatch soughtsought toto capitalizecapitalize uponupon Reagan'sReagan's popularitpopularityy amongamong UtahnsUtahns goinggoing intointo ththee primarprimaryy election.election. HisHis campaigncampaign staffersstaffers contactedcontacted ReaganReagan adviseradviser MichaelMichael DeaverDeaver toto asaskk forfor anan endorsement.endorsement. TheyThey showedshowed DeaverDeaver a pollpoll indicatingindicating thatthat HatchHatch waswas beatingbeating

13 13 Seldin,Seldin, pp.pp. B-1B-l andandB-8 B-8.. 14 14 "GOP's"GOP's TwoTwo SenateSenate AspirantsAspirants SeekingSeeking toto ChallengeChallenge Moss,"Moss," p.p. A-18A-18.. 15 15 LouLou Cannon,Cannon, Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power (New(New York:York: PublicPublic Affairs,Affairs, 2003),2003), 393-436;393-436; DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Bureaucratic"Bureaucratic ExcessesExcesses ThreatenThreaten Nation,Nation, ReaganReagan TellsTells Banquet,"Banquet," Salt Lake Tribune, 8 AprilApril 1976,1976, pppp.. B-1B-l andand B-12;B-12; DexterDexter Ellis,Ellis, "Reagan"Reagan crowdscrowds FordFord inin Utah,"Utah," DeseretNews,Deseret News, 2 DecemberDecember 19751975,, ClippingClipping Files:Files: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 1975-1976,1975-1976, Folder:Folder: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 19761976 - NationaNationall OfficesOffices - NosNos.. 1-24,1-24, JWML;JWML; Lobb,Lobb, "Reagan"Reagan GetsGets AllAll ofof Utah'sUtah's 2020 Delegates,Delegates, Alternates,"Alternates," pp.pp. A-A-Il andand A-2;A-2; DexterDexter C.C. EllisEllis,, "Still"Still ReaganReagan inin Utah,"Utah," Deseret News, 6 AugustAugust 1976,1976, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-10.A-10. 26

Carlson.Carlson. AccordingAccording toto HatchHatch biographerbiographer LeeLee Roderick,Roderick, DeaverDeaver becamebecame convincedconvinced thathatt

ReaganReagan "would"would getget thethe creditcredit forfor Hatch'sHatch's victoryvictory andand cementcement a friendshipfriendship that that couldcould bebe

valuable"valuable" laterlater inin hishis politicapoliticall careercareer ifif hehe agreedagreed toto endorse.1166 AsAs a result,result, thethe HatcHatchh

campaigncampaign obtainedobtained a telegramtelegram fromfrom ReaganReagan thatthat providedprovided proofproof ofof thethe endorsementendorsement anandd

reproducedreproduced itit asas anan advertisementadvertisement thatthat appearedappeared inin thethe state'sstate's majormajor newspapers.newspapers. CarlsonCarlson

respondedresponded byby attemptingattempting toto securesecure anan endorsementendorsement from GeraldGerald Ford,Ford, butbut thethe presidentpresident

onlyonly pledgedpledged hishis assistanceassistance inin thethe generalgeneral electionelection campaigncampaign ifif thethe economisteconomist wonwon ththee

SeptemberSeptember primaryprimary.. 17

HatchHatch wonwon anan easyeasy victory,victory, capturingcapturing 64.664.6 percenpercentt ofof thethe votevote toto Carlson'sCarlson's 35.35.44

percent,percent, whichwhich surprisedsurprised locallocal punditspundits whowho hadhad expectedexpected a closercloser race.race. ManManyy

commentatorscommentators agreedagreed thatthat thethe ReaganReagan endorsementendorsement playedplayed a majormajor rolerole inin Hatch'sHatch's

landslidelandslide primaryprimary win.win. SomeSome inin thethe MossMoss campaigncampaign worriedworried thatthat Hatch'sHatch's unexpectedunexpected

successsuccess inin thethe primaryprimary indicatedindicated thatthat UtahUtah waswas becomingbecoming moremore conservative.conservative. BotBothh

ReaganReagan andand HatchHatch gainedgained statewidestatewide popularitypopularity byby givingivingg voicevoice toto thethe antifederalantifederal sentimentsentiment percolatingpercolating amongamong locallocal voters.voters. ThisThis developmentdevelopment diddid notnot bodebode wellwell forfor

incumbentincumbent SenatorSenator Moss,Moss, whomwhom HatchHatch wouldwould paintpaint withwith thethe samesame anti-Washingtonanti-Washington brusbrushh

18 hehe hadhad usedused againstagainst Carlson. 18

16 16 Roderick,Roderick, 54-5554-55.. 17 17 "A"A telegraphtelegraph from RonaldRonald ReaganReagan toto allall thethe peoplepeople ofof Utah,"Utah," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, Salt Lake Tribune, 1212 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, pp.. A-13;A-13; DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Primary"Primary TodayToday ToTo DecideDecide UtahUtah Tickets,"Tickets," Salt Lake Tribune, 1414 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1-2.1-2. 18 18 CongressionalCongressional Quarterly,Quarterly, Congressional Elections: 1946-1996J946-1996 (Washington,(Washington, DC:DC: CongressionalCongressional QuarterlyQuarterly Inc.,Inc., 1998),1998), 156;156; Roderick,Roderick, 54-55;54-55; BillingsBillings interview;interview; WilliamWilliam Pingree,Pingree, interviewinterview byby author,author, 2929 JanuaryJanuary 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakeLake City;City; "Puzzle:"Puzzle: Hatch'sHatch's margin,"margin," DeseretNews,Deseret News, 1616 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1515 - Political-1976Political - 1976 - Hatch,Hatch, OrrinOrrin - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. THETHE GENERALGENERAL ELECTIONELECTION

A polpolll takentaken jusjustt afterafter thethe RepublicanRepublican primaryprimary showedshowed thatthat HatchHatch hadhad jumpedjumped outout

toto anan earlyearly leadlead overover Moss.Moss. TheThe surveysurvey establishedestablished thatthat voters'voters' preferencespreferences divergeddiverged

alongalong religiousreligious lines.lines. MormonMormon votersvoters favoredfavored HatchHatch byby a marginmargin ofof 54.154.1 percenpercentt toto 36.36.00

percent,percent, whilewhile votersvoters whowho werewere notnot membersmembers ofof thethe LDSLDS churchchurch favoredfavored Moss,Moss, 49.49.00

l percentpercent toto 33.833.8 percent. 1 FurtherFurther evidenceevidence indicatedindicated MormonMormon voters'voters' disaffectiondisaffection witwithh

thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty inin SeptemberSeptember 1976.1976. A polpolll aboutabout thethe presidentialpresidential racerace showedshowed thathatt

Utah'sUtah's LDSLDS votersvoters favoredfavored RepublicanRepublican GeraldGerald FordFord overover DemocratDemocrat JimmyJimmy CarterCarter byby aann

overwhelmingoverwhelming marginmargin ofof 60.660.6 percenpercentt toto 23.023.0 percent,percent, whilewhile otherother UtahnsUtahns splitsplit theirtheir votevotess " "almost"almost evenly"evenly" betweenbetween FordFord andand Carter.2 FFacin acingg anan uphilluphill battlebattle,, MossMoss soughtsought toto remindremind UtahUtah votersvoters ofof hishis serviceservice toto ththee

statestate byby releasingreleasing campaigncampaign advertisementsadvertisements thatthat featuredfeatured ththee sloganslogan "Senator"Senator MossMoss workworkss

forfor you!"you!" andand listedlisted hishis legislativelegislative accomplishmentsaccomplishments inin thethe Senate.3 TheyThey identifiedidentified ththee

incumbentincumbent senatorsenator asas a prominenprominentt WashingtonWashington powepowerr broker,broker, a messagemessage thatthat MosMosss

reinforcedreinforced whenwhen hehe broughtbrought five sittingsitting U.S.U.S. senatorssenators toto UtahUtah toto participateparticipate inin a fund-fund-

1 1 TwilaTwila VanVan Leer,Leer, "Hatch"Hatch hashas earlyearly leadlead againstagainst Moss,"Moss," Deseret News, 1616 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-A- 6.6. 2 2 TwilaTwila VanVan Leer,Leer, "Carter"Carter losesloses groundground inin Utah,"Utah," Deseret News, 2222 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-8A-8.. 3 3 "Senator"Senator MossMoss worksworks forfor you!"you!" CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, VerticalVertical Files:Files: Utah­Utah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 - NationaNationall Offices,Offices, JWML.J WML. 2828 raiser.raiser. TheThe movemove demonstrateddemonstrated hishis influenceinfluence amongamong hishis SenateSenate colleagues,colleagues, butbut itit alsoalso tiedtied himhim toto anan unpopularunpopular politicapoliticall statusstatus quo.4

InIn contrast,contrast, HatchHatch ranran asas a fieryfiery anti-Washingtonanti-Washington conservative.conservative. "We"We usedused toto havhavee statesmenstatesmen inin thethe Senate.Senate. NoNoww we"we seemseem toto havehave justjust expedientexpedient politicians,"politicians," HatchHatch saidsaid shortlyshortly afterafter declaringdeclaring hishis candidacy. 5 HeHe advocatedadvocated decreasingdecreasing thethe powerpower ofof federalfederal bureaucracy,bureaucracy, cuttingcutting excessiveexcessive spending,spending, andand balancingbalancing thethe budget.budget. "As"As youryour senatorsenator

OrrinOrrin willwill strivestrive toto reducereduce thethe encroachmentencroachment ofof Washington'sWashington's unaccountableunaccountable bureaucracy,bureaucracy, andand returnreturn governmentgovernment toto thethe people,"people," oneone campaigncampaign brochurebrochure proclaimed.proclaimed.66

AnotherAnother advertisementadvertisement declareddeclared thatthat "Orrin"Orrin HatchHatch believesbelieves recklessreckless governmentgovernment spendingspending isis thethe primaryprimary causecause ofof inflation,"inflation," andand indicatedindicated thatthat CongressCongress couldcould effectivelyeffectively reducreducee

7 pricepricess ifif itit balancedbalanced thethe budget. 7

MossMoss realizedrealized thatthat hehe waswas vulnerablevulnerable onon thesethese issues,issues, soso hehe issuedissued hishis owownn criticismscriticisms ofof excessiveexcessive governmentgovernment spendingspending inin 1976.1976. InIn a speechspeech toto a gatheringgathering ooff BoBoyy

Scouts,Scouts, hehe statedstated thatthat "we"we mustmust notnot onlyonly bebe thinkingthinking ofof whatwhat ourour governmentgovernment shouldshould dodo,, butbut whatwhat itit shouldn'tshouldn't bbee doingdoing oror eveneven attemptingattempting toto dodo...... [w]e[w]e mustmust relyrely moremore onon freefree

8 enterprise.enterprise." ,,8 MossMoss promotedpromoted spendingspending reductionsreductions inin hishis campaigncampaign advertising.advertising. "With"With ththee risingrising costscosts ofof food,food, fuel,fuel, housinghousing --jusjustt aboutabout everythingeverything - UtahnsUtahns areare hurtinghurting andand havehave a rightright toto bebe angryangry atat thethe wayway thethe Nation'Nation'ss budgebudgett andand deficitdeficit inin thethe lastlast eighteight yearsyears havhavee growngrown outout ofof allall proportion,"proportion," readread oneone brochure.9 ThisThis statementstatement connectedconnected highighh

~4 "$7,000"$7,000 forfor Moss,"Moss," DeseretDeseretNews, News, 2525 AugustAugust 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.J WML. ;,5 Parker,Parker, "Last"Last HopefulsHopefuls SignSign inin forfor SpotSpot onon Ballot,"Ballot," pp.pp. 1515 andand 2121.. 6 6 "Orrin"Orrin HatchHatch forfor Senate,Senate, OrrinOrrin HatchHatch forfor Utah,"Utah," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections -1976- 1976 - NationaNationall Offices,Offices, JWML.JWML. 7 7 "Utah"Utah NeedsNeeds a NewNew Senator,"Senator," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - Elections-Elections - 19761976 --NationaNationall Offices,Offices, JWML.JWML. 8 8 "Must"Must trimtrim deaddead wood,wood, MossMoss says,"says," Deseret News, 2121 FebruaryFebruary 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 9 9 "Senator"Senator MossMoss worksworks forfor you!"you!" 29 consumerconsumer pricesprices toto governmentgovernment spending,spending, essentiallyessentially acceptingaccepting thethe conservativeconservative argumentargument thatthat excessiveexcessive federalfederal largesselargesse significantlysignificantly contributedcontributed toto recentrecent economiceconomic stagnation.stagnation.

BothBoth SenateSenate candidatescandidates agreedagreed thatthat federalfederal wastewaste waswas hurtinghurting thethe nation'snation's economy,economy, whichwhich gavegave a conservativeconservative likelike HatchHatch anan advantage.advantage. ByBy criticizingcriticizing bibigg government,government, MossMoss leftleft himselfhimself vulnerablevulnerable toto chargescharges ofof hypocrisyhypocrisy becausebecause hishis lengthlengthyy

SenateSenate recordrecord includedincluded votesvotes toto createcreate newnew federalfederal programsprograms,, suchsuch asas Medicaid.Medicaid. OneOne ooff

Hatch'sHatch's majormajor talkingtalking pointpointss waswas thatthat MossMoss receivedreceived a "budget-buster"budget-buster award"award" fromfrom ththee

AmericanAmerican ConservativeConservative UnionUnion basedbased onon hishis recordrecord ofof supportsupport forfor federalfederal spending.spending.

NeverthelessNevertheless,, Moss'Moss' campaigncampaign strategicallystrategically portrayedportrayed thethe incumbentincumbent senatorsenator asas a crusadercrusader againstagainst governmentgovernment wastewaste inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe prevailinprevailingg politicalpolitical mood.1100

MossMoss raisedraised moremore campaigncampaign cashcash thanthan Hatch,Hatch, withwith laborlabor unionsunions thethe largestlargest sourcesource ofof Moss'sMoss's campaigncampaign money_money. HeHe waswas thethe tenthtenth biggestbiggest SenateSenate recipientrecipient ofof laborlabor monemoneyy duringduring thethe 19761976 electionelection cyc1e.cycle.1l11 TheThe AFL-CIOAFL-CIO printeprintedd andand distributeddistributed promotionalpromotional materialsmaterials thatthat describeddescribed MossMoss asas anan allyally ofof Utah'sUtah's "working"working people."people.,,1212 Moss'sMoss's closclosee associationassociation withwith unionsunions gavegave himhim a financialfinancial andand institutionalinstitutional supportsupport base,base, butbut waswas alsoalso a politicapoliticall liability . HatchHatch criticizedcriticized whatwhat hehe characterizedcharacterized asas Moss'sMoss's "straight"straight laborlabor uniounionn votingvoting record,"record," andand vowedvowed thatthat hehe wouldwould notnot bebe a servantservant ofof suchsuch "special"special interestinterest

10 "Moss'"Moss' MedicaidMedicaid probeprobe hit,"hit," Deseret News, 1 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWMLJWML;; DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Tribune's"Tribune's MinisterialMinisterial LuncheonLuncheon FeaturesFeatures Moss,Moss, HatchHatch Hassle,"Hassle," Salt Lake Tribune, 1313 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-2B-2.. 11 th 11 "Moss"Moss outspendsoutspends opponents,"opponents," Deseret News, 3030 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-3A-3;; "Moss"Moss isis 10* onon unionunion list,"list," Deseret News, 5 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 12 12 "Frank"Frank MossMoss FightsFights forfor JobsJobs forfor thethe PeoplePeople ofof Utah,"Utah," UtahUtah StateState AFL-CIOAFL-CIO AdvertisementAdvertisement forfor FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, VerticalVertical Files:Files: Moss,Moss, FrankFrank E.,E., 1975-1976,1975-1976, JWML.JWML. 3030 groups.,,13groups."13 HeHe saidsaid Moss'sMoss's votevote onon thethe CommonCommon SitusSitus PicketingPicketing BillBill provedproved hehe waswas inin leagueleague withwith "big"big laborlabor bosses."bosses."1414

AlthoughAlthough HatchHatch couldcould notnot matchmatch MossMoss inin overalloverall contributions,contributions, hehe successfullysuccessfully tappedtapped intointo a nationalnational networknetwork ofof grassrootsgrassroots conservativeconservative activistsactivists toto gaingain fmancialfinancial support.support. HeHe workedworked withwith RichardRichard ViguerieViguerie ofof Virginia,Virginia, thethe prominenprominentt direct-maildirect-mail fund-fund­ raiserraiser forfor conservativeconservative causes,causes, toto solicitsolicit donationsdonations forfor hishis campaign.campaign. HeHe receivedreceived largelarge donationsdonations from nationalnational conservativeconservative organizationsorganizations suchsuch asas thethe CommitteeCommittee forfor ththee

SurvivalSurvival ofof a FreeFree CongressCongress (CSFC)(CSFC) andand thethe NationaNationall ConservativeConservative PoliticalPolitical ActioActionn

CommitteeCommittee (NCP(NCPAC) AC).. InIn thethe 1970s,1970s, a coalitioncoalition ofof wealthywealthy donorsdonors andand activistsactivists createdcreated thesethese fund-raisingfund-raising organizationsorganizations inin anan attemptattempt toto buildbuild a "conservative"conservative counter-counter- establishment."establishment." TheyThey alsoalso foundedfounded influentialinfluential thinkthink tankstanks suchsuch asas thethe culturally-culturally-

15 conservativeconservative HeritageHeritage FoundationFoundation andand thethe libertarianlibertarian CatoCato Institute.Is

TheThe newnew conservativeconservative groupsgroups gainedgained notablenotable WesternWestern support.support. ColoradoColorado brewinbrewingg magnatemagnate JosephJoseph CoorsCoors helpedhelped fundfund CSFC,CSFC, andand Utah'sUtah's juniojuniorr SenatorSenator JakeJake GamGam wrotewrote a letterletter inin supportsupport ofof thethe groupgroup beforebefore thethe 19761976 elections.elections. TheThe association'sassociation's fund-raisingfund-raising effortsefforts portrayedportrayed thethe legislativelegislative branchbranch asas lurchinglurching dangerouslydangerously toto thethe Left,Left, claimingclaiming thathatt

"young"young liberalliberal Congressmen"Congressmen" electedelected inin 19741974 werewere replacingreplacing "older,"older, moremore conservative"conservative"

13 "Hatch"Hatch attacksattacks MossMoss voting,"voting," DeseretNews,Deseret News, 2 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1515 - Political-1976Political - 1976 - Hatch,Hatch, OrrinOrrin - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. 14 14 "Hatch AttacksAttacks Spending;Spending; MossMoss DefendsDefends FoodFood Bill,"Bill," Ogden Standard-Examiner, 1515 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, p.p. A-A- 8.8. 15 15 Roderick,Roderick, 59-60;59-60; "Moss"Moss outspendsoutspends opponents,"opponents," pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-3;A-3; JohnJohn MicklethwaitMicklethwait andand AdrianAdrian Wooldridge,Wooldridge, The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (New(New York:York: TheThe PenguinPenguin Press,Press, 2004),2004), 76-76- 83.83. 3131

Democrats.1166 CSFCCSFC onceonce describeddescribed eveneven relativelyrelatively moderatemoderate DemocraticDemocratic senatorssenators DanielDaniel

PatrickPatrick MoynihanMoynihan andand HenryHenry "Scoop""Scoop" JacksonJackson asas "radicals.,,17"radicals."17

ContraryContrary toto CSFC'sCSFC's portrayaportrayall ofof a bureaucracy-worshippingbureaucracy-worshipping leftistleftist Congress,Congress, iinn

SeptemberSeptember 19761976 thethe SenateSenate waswas reorganizingreorganizing inin hopeshopes ofof achievingachieving a leaner,leaner, mormoree

efficientefficient legislativelegislative processprocess.. MossMoss expressedexpressed enthusiasmenthusiasm forfor thisthis projectproject,, whichwhich soughtsought ttoo

eliminateeliminate a numbernumber ofof SenateSenate committees.committees. However,However, thethe SenatorsSenators decideddecided toto dissolvedissolve ththee

CommitteeCommittee onon AeronauticalAeronautical andand SpaceSpace Sciences,Sciences, thethe onlyonly committeecommittee thatthat MossMoss chaired.chaired. Is

ThisThis developmentdevelopment damageddamaged Moss'sMoss's argumentargument thatthat hishis powerpower andand prominenceprominence inin ththee

SenateSenate mademade himhim anan invaluableinvaluable assetasset forfor UtahUtah inin Congress.Congress. A HatchHatch advertisementadvertisement

specificallyspecifically pointedpointed outout thatthat "The"The SenateSenate maymay abolishabolish thethe onlyonly committeecommittee whichwhich MosMosss

chairs!"chairs!" inin orderorder toto countercounter thethe incumbent'sincumbent's seniority-focusedseniority-focused campaigncampaign message.1199

MossMoss waswas notnot thethe onlyonly chairmanchairman damageddamaged byby thethe Senate'sSenate's dissolutiondissolution ofof variousvarious

committeescommittees inin 1976.1976. TwoTwo otherother incumbentincumbent DemocratsDemocrats whosewhose committeescommittees werweree

eliminatedeliminated lostlost theirtheir NovembeNovemberr re-electionre-election campaigns.campaigns?O20

EvenEven asas hishis committeecommittee chairmanshipchairmanship facedfaced elimination,elimination, MossMoss attemptedattempted toto bolstebolsterr

hishis imageimage asas anan effectiveeffective proponenproponentt ofof statestate interests.interests. InIn latelate September,September, hehe joinedjoined withwith

fellowfellow UtahUtah SenatorSenator JakeJake GamGarn inin a filibusterfilibuster thatthat defeateddefeated proposedproposed amendmentsamendments toto ththee

CleanClean AirAir Act.Act. MossMoss issuedissued a presspress releaserelease thatthat claimedclaimed thethe legislationlegislation wouldwould renderenderr

16 MailingMailing fromfrom SenatorSenator JakeJake GamGarn andand thethe CommitteeCommittee forfor thethe SurvivalSurvival ofaof a FreeFree Congress,Congress, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1313 -- Political-Political - 19761976 -- Hatch,Hatch, Orrin,Orrin, JWML.JWML. 17 17 SanfordSanford J.J. Ungar,Ungar, "WASHINGTON:"WASHINGTON: TheThe 'New'New Conservatives',"Conservatives'," Atlantic Monthly, FebruaryFebruary 1979,20.1979,20. 18 18 FrankFrank Hewlett,Hewlett, "Eliminate"Eliminate Some,Some, RenameRename Others'Others' SaysSays SenateSenate CommitteeCommittee onon Committees,"Committees," Salt Lake Tribune, 2626 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, p.p. 1414 B;B; GordonGordon EliotEliot White,White, "Moss'"Moss' panepanell onon spacespace facesfaces thethe ax,"ax," Deseret News, 2299 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, ClippinClippingg Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator(Senator)) FranFrankk E.,E., JWML.JWML. 19 19 "It"It reallyreally isis timetime forfor a change,"change." CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 - NationalNational Offices,Offices, JWML.JWML. 20 20 TheThe otherother incumbentsincumbents whowho lostlost afterafter thethe eliminationelimination ofof theirtheir committeecommittee chairmanships werewere GaleGale McGeeMcGee ofof WyomingWyoming andand VanceVance HartkeHartke ofof Indiana.Indiana. SeeSee GordonGordon EliotEliot White,White, "Sen."Sen. Moss'Moss' staffstaff of60of 60 alsoalso willwill bebe job-hunting,job-hunting,"" Deseret News, 4 NovembeNovemberr 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 32

"large"large portionportionss ofof ourour statestate...... of offf limitslimits toto industrialindustrial development.,,21development." ByBy takingtaking thisthis positionposition,, hehe portrayeportrayedd himselfhimself asas a championchampion ofof Utah'sUtah's economiceconomic well-beingwell-being inin thethe faceface ofof anan encroachingencroaching government.government.

ThThee UtahUtah senators'senators' oppositionopposition toto environmentalenvironmental legislationlegislation waswas parpartt ofof a developingdeveloping politicapoliticall patterpatternn inin ththee MountainMountain WestWest region.region. InIn thethe 1970s,1970s, manymany rurarurall

WesternersWesterners viewedviewed thethe growinggrowing environmentalenvironmental movementmovement asas a potentiapotentiall threatthreat toto theitheirr personapersonall andand economiceconomic freedoms.freedoms. PoliticalPolitical scientistscientist RobertRobert BenedictBenedict arguedargued thathatt

MountainMountain WesternersWesterners embracedembraced thethe RepublicanRepublican PartyParty overover thethe paspastt thirtythirty yearsyears inin partpart becausbecausee ofof theirtheir viewsviews onon conservationconservation andand development.2222 DuringDuring thethe NeNeww Deal,Deal, ththee federalfederal governmentgovernment helpedhelped developdevelop thethe WestWest throughthrough measuresmeasures thatthat benefitedbenefited localocall economieseconomies,, suchsuch asas constructingconstructing damsdams forfor irrigationirrigation andand thethe generationgeneration ofof publipublicc powerpower..

However,However, duringduring thethe 1960s1960s andand 1970s,1970s, a newnew conservationconservation movementmovement inspiredinspired thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment toto enactenact regulationsregulations andand restrictionsrestrictions uponupon thethe useuse ofof publicpublic lands.lands. AsAs a result,result, WesternWestern votersvoters increasinglyincreasingly associatedassociated thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty withwith nationalnational environmentalenvironmental groupsgroups thatthat soughtsought toto keepkeep WesternWestern wildernesswilderness off-limitsoff-limits toto industry,industry, aann efforteffort thatthat manymany MountainMountain WesternersWesterners viewedviewed asas detrimentaldetrimental toto economiceconomic growth.2323

ResentmentResentment overover restrictionsrestrictions oonn thethe useuse andand developmentdevelopment ofof publicpublic landslands workeworkedd toto Hatch'sHatch's advantageadvantage inin thethe campaign.campaign. DespiteDespite hishis oppositionopposition toto thethe CleanClean AirAir AcActt

21 "Moss"Moss ReadyReady toto FilibusterFilibuster CleanClean AirAir BillBill onon SenateSenate Floor,"Floor," NewNewss ReleaseRelease from SenatorSenator FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, 3030 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 577,577, FolderFolder 7 - PressPress ReleasesReleases - 94th94th 2ndnd 19761976-No - No.. 151-161,151-161, JWML.JWML. 22 22 RobertRobert C.C. Benedict,Benedict, "Policy"Policy ChangeChange andand RegionalRegional Realignment,"Realignment," inin PeterPeter F.F. Galderisi,Gaiderisi, MichaelMichael S.S. Lyons,Lyons, RandyRandy T.T. Simmons,Simmons, andand JohnJohn G.G. Francis,Francis, eds.,eds., The Politics of Realignment: Party Change in the Mountain West (Boulder,(Boulder, CO:CO: WestviewWestview Press,Press, 1987),1987), 129.129. 23 23 RichardRichard Lowitt,Lowitt, The New Deal and the West (Bloomington,(Bloomington, IN:IN: IndianaIndiana UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 1984),81-82;1984), 81-82; R.R. McGreggorMcGreggor Cawley,Cawley, Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics (Lawrence,(Lawrence, KS:KS: UniversityUniversity PressPress ofof Kansas,Kansas, 1993),1993), ix,ix, 31-34;31-34; Benedict,Benedict, 138-141.138-141. 3333

24 amendments,amendments, MossMoss hadhad a reputationreputation asas a moderatemoderate environmentalist. 24 HatchHatch favoredfavored ththee

25 transfertransfer ofof "Utah"Utah landslands toto statestate controlcontrol oror ownership.ownership." ,,25 HHee complainedcomplained aboutabout "supposed"supposed

'environmentalists''environmentalists' whowho thinkthink anyany developmentdevelopment isis a ruinationruination toto society.,,26society."26 HeHe temperedtempered thesethese statementsstatements withwith moremore cautiouscautious languagelanguage inin hishis campaigncampaign advertisingadvertising thatthat advocatedadvocated strikingstriking a properproper balancebalance betweenbetween conservationconservation andand development?7development.27 Still,Still, hishis rhetoricrhetoric advocatingadvocating statestate governmentgovernment takeovertakeover ofof federalfederal landslands appealedappealed toto oneone ofof UtahUtah votersvoters'' keykey grievancesgrievances againstagainst "big"big government."government."

ThreeThree yearsyears afterafter HatchHatch defeateddefeated Moss,Moss, resentmentresentment overover federalfederal controlcontrol ofof publipublicc landslands boiledboiled overover intointo openopen rebellionrebellion inin thethe MountainMountain West.West. TheThe NevadNevadaa StateState

LegislatureLegislature passedpassed a lawlaw inin 19791979 authorizingauthorizing thethe statestate toto seizeseize controlcontrol ofof federalfederal landslands..

TheThe statesstates ofof Alaska,Alaska, Arizona,Arizona, NeNeww Mexico,Mexico, UtahUtah,, andand WyomingWyoming subsequentlysubsequently passepassedd similarsimilar measures.measures. InIn thethe U.S.U.S. Senate,Senate, HatchHatch helpedhelped leadlead thisthis "Sagebrush"Sagebrush Rebellion"Rebellion" bbyy draftingdrafting a billbill givinggiving statesstates greatergreater controlcontrol overover publicpublic lands.lands. ManyMany otherother senatorssenators fromfrom thethe MountainMountain WestWest eagerlyeagerly cosponsoredcosponsored thethe ultimatelyultimately unsuccessfulunsuccessful measuremeasure,, demonstratingdemonstrating thethe regionalregional popularitypopularity ofof anan antifederalantifederal stance.stance. AlthoughAlthough thethe SagebrushSagebrush

RebellionRebellion hadhad yetyet toto reachreach itsits zenithzenith atat thethe timetime ofof thethe 19761976 SenateSenate electionelection inin UtahUtah,, resentmentresentment overover environmentalenvironmental regulationsregulations onon publicpublic landland contributedcontributed toto a politicalpolitical

28 climateclimate inin whichwhich Hatch'sHatch's antigovernmentantigovernment rhetoricrhetoric resonatedresonated withwith manymany UtahUtah voters.28

24 Decker,Decker, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-6;B-6; KentKent Perry,Perry, "Moss"Moss CitesCites StratosphereStratosphere PollutionPollution Threat,"Threat," Salt Lake Tribune, 1166 SeptemberSeptember 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 25 25 "Hatch"Hatch respondsresponds toto issuesissues questionnaire."questionnaire." 26 26 BoBobb Findlay,Findlay, "U.S."U.S. SenateSenate CandidatCandidatee ForFor 'Individua'Individuall Citizens',Citizens' ,"" Logan Herald Journal, 1212 AugusAugustt 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1414 - PoliticaPolitical-l - 19761976 - Hatch,Hatch, OrrinOrrin - NewspaperNewspaper Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. 27 27 "Orrin"Orrin HatchHatch forfor Senate,Senate, OrrinOrrin HatchHatch forfor Utah."Utah." 28 28 Cawley,Cawley, 1-2;1-2; WilliamWilliam L.L. Graf,Graf, Wilderness Preservation and TheThe SagebrushSagebrush RebellionsRebellions (Savage,(Savage, MD:MD: RowmanRowman & LittlefieldLittlefield Publishers,Publishers, 1990),226-227.1990), 226-227. 3434

MossMoss attemptedattempted toto taptap intointo thethe samesame sentiment.sentiment. WhenWhen hehe tooktook a standstand against federalfederal environmentalenvironmental regulationregulation byby helpinghelping toto defeatdefeat thethe CleanClean AirAir ActAct amendments,amendments, hehe receivedreceived favorablefavorable locallocal mediamedia coverage.coverage. HisHis successfulsuccessful filibusterfilibuster inin thethe SenateSenate andand hishis advertising blitblitzz atat homehome seemedseemed toto havehave bolsterebolsteredd hishis campaign,campaign, forfor a polpolll releasedreleased onon

OctoberOctober 6 showedshowed thatthat hehe hadhad gainedgained groundground onon Hatch,Hatch, andand thatthat thethe racerace hadhad becombecomee tootoo closeclose toto call.call.29

However,However, socialsocial issuesissues importantimportant toto LDSLDS votersvoters mademade headlinesheadlines inin thethe campaign'scampaign's finalfinal weeks,weeks, whichwhich workedworked toto Hatch'sHatch's advantage.advantage. TheThe LDSLDS ChurchChurch heldheld itsits semiannualsemiannual

GeneralGeneral ConferenceConference duringduring thethe fustfirst weekweek ofof October,October, jusjustt oneone monthmonth beforebefore thethe generalgeneral election.election. ChurchChurch PresidentPresident SpencerSpencer W.W. KimballKimball condemnedcondemned abortionabortion andand pornographypornography inin a speechspeech toto thethe faithful.faithful. "Abortion,"Abortion, thethe takingtaking ofof life,life, isis oneone ofof thethe mostmost grievousgrievous ofof sins,"sins,"

KimballKimball said.said. HeHe statedstated thethe church'schurch's policypolicy ofof oppositionopposition toto abortionabortion exceptexcept inin raperape casescases oror toto savesave thethe lifelife ofof thethe mother.33o0 AnotherAnother generalgeneral authorityauthority saidsaid thatthat AmericanAmerican societysociety waswas inin "the"the midstmidst ofof a majormajor storm"storm" overover moralmoral issues.issues. HeHe advisedadvised Latter-dayLatter-day SaintsSaints toto defenddefend traditionaltraditional values.values. 31 Utah'sUtah's Mormon popUlationpopulation tooktook thisthis counselcounsel seriously;seriously; twotwo weeksweeks laterlater approximatelyapproximately 10,00010,000 peoplepeople attendattend anan antipornographyantipornography rallyrally atat thethe SaltSalt

32 PalacePalace inin downtowndowntown SaltSalt LakeLake City. 32

AbortionAbortion constitutedconstituted anan importantimportant politicalpolitical issueissue forfor Utah'sUtah's predominantlypredominantly

Mormon population.population. MossMoss saidsaid hehe favoredfavored overturningoverturning Roe v.v. Wade andand endorsedendorsed a

29 "Utah"Utah Senators'Senators' FilibusterFilibuster WinWin InIn BestBest InterestInterest ofof NatioNationn [editorial],"[editorial]," Salt Lake Tribune, 3 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, p.p. A-22;A-22; "Moss"Moss leadsleads inin poll,poll,"" Deseret News, 6 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. j0 30 TheThe officialofficial magazinemagazine ofof thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch publishedpublished Kimball'sKimball's speech:speech: SpencerSpencer W.W. Kimball,Kimball, "A"A ReportReport andand a Challenge,"Challenge," Ensign, NovembeNovemberr 1976,4.1976,4. 31 31 "Righteous"Righteous LivingLiving AppealsAppeals MarkMark MessagesMessages toto LDSLDS Conference,"Conference," Salt Lake Tribune, 3 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.. 1.1. 32 32 JimJim Woolf,Woolf, "10,000"10,000 'Rally'Rally forfor Decency'Decency' inin PomoPorno Protest,"Protest," Sa/tLakeSalt Lake Tribune, 1717 OctoberOctober 1976,p.1976, p. B-1.B-l. 3535

Right-to-LifeRight-to-Life Amendment.3333 However,However, hehe receivedreceived considerableconsiderable criticismcriticism forfor hishis votvotee againstagainst thethe BartlettBartlett AmendmentAmendment toto banban federalfederal fundingfunding ofof mostmost abortions.abortions. DuringDuring aann appearanceappearance onon a call-incall-in radioradio show,show, hehe "had"had toto fendfend offoff thethe issueissue threethree timestimes inin ononee hour.,,34hour."34

TheThe FirstFirst PresidencyPresidency ofof thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch alsoalso issuedissued a publipublicc statementstatement againstagainst ththee

EqualEqual RightsRights AmendmentAmendment (ERA)(ERA) inin latelate October.October. TheThe ERA,ERA, a proposedproposed constitutionalconstitutional amendmentamendment establishingestablishing gendergender equalityequality underunder thethe law,law, onceonce hadhad thethe supportsupport ofof manmanyy

Utahns.Utahns. However,However, LDSLDS ChurchChurch leadersleaders beganbegan speakingspeaking outout againstagainst thethe ERAERA inin 19751975,, whichwhich changedchanged manymany opinions.3535 TheThe OctoberOctober 19761976 statementstatement ofof thethe FirstFirst PresidencyPresidency warnedwarned thatthat thethe amendmentamendment "would"would strikestrike atat thethe family,family, humankind'shumankind's basicbasic institution"institution"

36 andand couldcould "stifle"stifle manymany God-givenGod-given femininefeminine instincts.instincts." ,,36 TheThe LDSLDS ChurchChurch playeplayedd a majormajor rolerole inin thethe ultimatelyultimately successfulsuccessful nationalnational campaigncampaign toto preventprevent ratificationratification ofof thethe ERA.ERA.3737

MossMoss votedvoted forfor thethe ERAERA whenwhen CongressCongress approvedapproved thethe amendmentamendment inin 1972,1972, asas dididd a fewfew otherother MormonMormon CongressmenCongressmen beforebefore thethe churchchurch publiclypublicly expressedexpressed itsits opposition.3838

EvidenceEvidence suggestssuggests thatthat thethe ERAERA diddid notnot plaplayay a publicpublic rolerole inin thethe racerace betweenbetween MossMoss anandd

Hatch;Hatch; neitherneither candidatecandidate featuredfeatured thethe issueissue prominentlyprominently inin campaigncampaign speechesspeeches oorr materials.materials. However,However, LDSLDS leaders'leaders' statementstatement againstagainst thethe ERAERA priorprior toto thethe electionelection reinforcedreinforced thethe church'schurch's conservatismconservatism onon socialsocial issues.issues. ThisThis helpedhelped createcreate a politicalpolitical environmentenvironment inin UtahUtah thatthat waswas inhospitableinhospitable forfor liberalliberal DemocratsDemocrats..

33 th 33 "Moss"Moss setssets sightssights onon 4th4 term,"term," Deseret News, 2323 AprilApril 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 34 34 GraceGrace Lichtenstein,Lichtenstein, "'Watergate,"'Watergate, Vietnam andand Howe'Howe' MakeMake MossMoss BidBid inin UtahUtah a TossToss Up,"Up," The New York Times, 1919 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 1515 - Political-Political - 19761976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign - NewspapeNewspaperr Clippings,Clippings, JWML.JWML. 35 3S OstlingOstling andand Ostling,Ostling, 170;170; MarthaMartha SonntagSonntag Bradley,Bradley, Pedestals and Podiums: Utah Women, Religious Authority, and Equal Rights (Salt(Salt LakeLake City:City: SignatureSignature Books,Books, 2005),2005), 470.470. 36 36 "LOS"LDS PostsPosts 'No''No' onon ERAERA Issue,"Issue," Salt Lake Tribune, 2323 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, p.p. B-1.B-l. 37 37 OstlingOstling andand Ostling,Ostling, 171171.. 38 38 Bradley,Bradley, 63-64.63-64. 36

HatchHatch appealedappealed toto LDSLDS socialsocial conservativesconservatives byby makingmaking "morality""morality" a themetheme ofof hishis campaign.campaign. HeHe proclaimedproclaimed hishis oppositionopposition toto abortion,abortion, pornography,pornography, andand "R"R rateratedd material"material" onon television.3399 InIn a campaigncampaign speech,speech, hehe vowedvowed toto fightfight againstagainst whatwhat hehe calledcalled thethe "moral"moral breakdownbreakdown takingtaking placplacee inin ourour countrycountry today.today." ,,4040 TheThe HatchHatch campaigncampaign attemptedattempted toto depictdepict itsits candidatecandidate asas a personperson ofof integrityintegrity byby producingproducing advertisementsadvertisements thathatt portrayeportrayedd himhim asas a pioupiouss familyfamily man.man. "Orrin"Orrin hashas a lovelylovely family,family, a devoteddevoted wifewife anandd outstandingoutstanding children.children. SendingSending OrrinOrrin toto WashingtonWashington wouldwould bebe a proudproud deeddeed forfor allall ooff

Utah.Utah. InIn thethe namename ofof highhigh standardsstandards ofof decencydecency letlet meme encourageencourage youyou toto votevote forfor Orrin,"Orrin," proclaimeproclaimedd a supportersupporter inin a HatchHatch campaigncampaign pamphlet.4411 Moss,Moss, onon thethe otherother hand,hand, seldomseldom mentionedmentioned "moral"moral issues"issues" inin hishis campaigncampaign rhetoricrhetoric andand advertising.advertising.

AnotherAnother DemocraticDemocratic candidate,candidate, presidentiapresidentiall nomineenominee JimmyJimmy Carter,Carter, mademade a straightforwardstraightforward appealappeal toto UtahUtah voters'voters' conservativeconservative attitudesattitudes aboutabout "family"family values."values." OOnn

OctoberOctober 7,7, CarterCarter mademade a campaigncampaign stopstop inin SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity andand gavegave a speechspeech intendedintended ttoo appealappeal toto thethe conservatismconservatism ofof UtahUtah voters.voters. HeHe blastedblasted thethe nation'snation's existingexisting welfarewelfare systemsystem asas "antiwork"antiwork andand antifamily.,,42antifamily."42 HeHe praisedpraised thethe LDSLDS Church'sChurch's FamilyFamily HomHomee

EveningEvening prograprogramm andand metmet brieflybriefly withwith PresidentPresident KimballKimball andand hishis counselors.4343 NoNott alalll

UtahnsUtahns werewere welcoming,welcoming, however;however; somesome antiabortionantiabortion protesterprotesterss picketedpicketed outsideoutside ththee venuevenue wherewhere CarterCarter gavegave hishis speech,speech, a signalsignal thatthat somesome UtahnsUtahns wouldwould activelyactively opposeoppose

DemocraticDemocratic candidatescandidates becausbecausee ofof thethe nationalnational party'sparty's supportsupport forfor abortionabortion rightsrights..

39 "Candidates"Candidates pushpush bids,"bids," DeseretNews,Deseret News, 1 JuneJune 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 1975-1976,1975-1976, Folder:Folder: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 19761976 - NationaNationall OfficesOffices - NosNos.. 25-56,25-56, JWML.JWML. 4040 "GOP's«Qop's TwoTwo SenateSenate AspirantsAspirants SeekingSeeking toto ChallengeChallenge Moss,"Moss," p.p. A-18.A-18. 41 41 "Ifhe's"If he's there,there, you'reyou're there,"there," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - Elections-Elections - 19761976 - NationaNationall Offices,Offices, JWML.JWML. 42 42 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Carter"Carter VisitsVisits S.L.,S.L., ListsLists WelfareWelfare View,"View," Salt Lake Tribune, 8 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pppp.. A-IA-l andand A-2A-2.. 43 43 DexterDexter C.C. Ellis,Ellis, "Carter"Carter recruitsrecruits schoolsschools inin jobsjobs drive,"drive," Deseret News, 8 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-6.A-6. 3737

Carter'sCarter's visitvisit toto churchchurch leadersleaders diddid notnot neutralizeneutralize MonnonMormon voters'voters' concernsconcerns abouaboutt thethe Democrats'Democrats' nationalnational agendaagenda inin 1976.1976. HatchHatch calledcalled MossMoss a supportersupporter ofof thethe "radical"radical principles"principles" espousedespoused inin thethe nationalnational DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty platform.platform. HeHe remindedreminded UtahnUtahnss thatthat thethe platforplatformm advocatedadvocated gungun control,control, thethe ERA,ERA, andand abortionabortion rights.4444

TheThe DemocraticDemocratic andand RepublicanRepublican partpartyy platformplatformss alsoalso revealedrevealed a basicbasic differencedifference inin foreignforeign policpolicyy philosophphilosophyy inin 1976;1976; thethe RepublicansRepublicans wantedwanted toto increaseincrease defensedefense

45 spending,spending, whilewhile thethe DemocratsDemocrats wantedwanted toto reducereduce it. 45 FFea earr ofof fallingfalling behindbehind thethe SovietSoviet

UnionUnion inin thethe armsarms racerace waswas anan AmericanAmerican conservativeconservative talkingtalking pointpoint throughoutthroughout thethe ColColdd

War,War, andand thethe 1970s1970s werewere nono exception.exception. HatchHatch echoedechoed thisthis hawkishhawkish rhetoric.rhetoric. "The"The U.S.U.S. iiss secondsecond inin defensedefense fromfrom a hardwarehardware standpointstandpoint andand thatthat mustmust bebe changedchanged now,"now," hehe said.4646

TheThe GOPGOP candidatecandidate criticizedcriticized thethe foreignforeign policiepoliciess ofof hishis fellowfellow RepublicansRepublicans inin thethe ForFordd

AdministrationAdministration asas overlyoverly conciliatoryconciliatory toto thethe Soviets.4747 MossMoss criticizedcriticized HatchHatch forfor hihiss refusalrefusal toto believebelieve PresidentPresident Ford'sFord's insistenceinsistence thatthat thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates stillstill hadhad thethe strongeststrongest militarymilitary inin thethe world.world. SpeakingSpeaking toto a groupgroup ofof UtahUtah religiousreligious leaders,leaders, hehe warnedwarned thatthat ththee world'sworld's twotwo greatgreat superpowerssuperpowers "are"are buildingbuilding anan armsarms racerace thatthat youyou menmen ofof thethe clergclergyy

48 knowknow isis madness."madness. ,,48

InIn thethe SenateSenate race'srace's fmalfinal weeks,weeks, thethe debatedebate oftenoften shiftedshifted fromfrom seriousserious publipublicc policpolicyy disputesdisputes toto argumentsarguments overover campaigncampaign tactics.tactics. OnOn OctoberOctober 25,25, MossMoss heldheld a prespresss

44 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Moss-Hatch"Moss-Hatch ContestContest DominatesDominates AsAs UtahnsUtahns CastCast BallotsBallots Today,"Today," Salt Lake Tribune, 2 NovemberNovember 1976,1976, pp.pp. 1-2;1-2; DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Moss-Hatch"Moss-Hatch RaceRace PitsPits Veteran,Veteran, NewcomerNewcomer inin RigorousRigorous Fight,"Fight," Salt Lake Tribune, 1717 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-2.B-2. 45 45 RichardRichard L.L. Madden,Madden, "2"2 PartPartyy PlatformsPlatforms ShowShow SharpSharp ContrastContrast onon Issues,"Issues," The New York Times, 1155 AugustAugust 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 1414 -- Political-Political - 19761976 -- MossMoss CampaignCampaign - Information,Information, JWML.JWML. 46 46 AndrewAndrew Welch,Welch, "Hatch"Hatch offersoffers 'youth,'youth, courage',"courage'," Daily Utah Chronicle, 1414 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 1975-1976,1975-1976, Folder:Folder: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 19761976 - NationaNationall OfficesOffices - NosNos.. 25-56,25-56, JWML.JWML. 47 47 "Candidates"Candidates seekseek attention,"attention," Deseret News, 3131 AugusAugustt 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 1975-1976,1975-1976, Folder:Folder: UtahUtah ElectionsElections 19761976 - NationaNationall OfficesOffices - NosNos.. 25-56,25-56, JWML.JWML. 48 48 Parker,Parker, "Tribune's"Tribune's MinisterialMinisterial LuncheonLuncheon FeatureFeature Moss,Moss, HatchHatch Hassle,"Hassle," pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-2B-2.. 38

conferenceconference toto refuterefute claimsclaims mademade byby thethe HatchHatch campaign.campaign. HatchHatch hadhad welcomedwelcomed ththee

endorsementendorsement ofof anan organizationorganization callingcalling itselfitself thethe NationaNationall AllianceAlliance ofof SeniorSenior Citizens,Citizens, aa

groupgroup thatthat awardedawarded MossMoss a zerozero percenpercentt ratingrating onon seniors'seniors' issues.issues. "This"This isis twotwo monthsmonths

afterafter thethe so-calledso-called 'Senior'Senior Citizens'Citizens' outfitoutfit waswas exposedexposed byby columnistcolumnist JackJack AndersonAnderson aass

nothingnothing butbut a frontfront forfor right-wingright-wing groups,"groups," MossMoss complained.complained. HeHe callecalledd thethe alliancealliance a

"one"one person,person, backroombackroom operation"operation" withwith a namename "chosen"chosen toto resembleresemble thatthat ofof ththee 3.53.5

million-membermillion-member NationaNationall CouncilCouncil ofof SeniorSenior Citizens."Citizens." MossMoss alsoalso arguedargued thatthat ththee

"Budget"Budget Busters"Busters" awardaward thatthat thethe AmericanAmerican ConservativeConservative UnionUnion (ACU)(ACU) hadhad bestowedbestowed

uponupon himhim waswas ofof questionablequestionable legitimacy.legitimacy. HatchHatch hadhad repeatedlyrepeatedly stressedstressed thatthat MossMoss hadhad

beenbeen labeledlabeled a "budget"budget buster"buster" byby thethe ACU,ACU, butbut MossMoss saidsaid thatthat thethe organizationorganization gavegave outout

thethe awardsawards basedbased uponupon candidates'candidates' politicalpolitical vulnerability,vulnerability, notnot theirtheir actualactual votingvoting

records.4949

MossMoss attemptedattempted toto respondrespond toto Hatch'sHatch's chargescharges byby issuingissuing a finalfinal roundround ooff

advertisementsadvertisements attackingattacking thethe credibilitycredibility ofof thethe RepublicanRepublican challenger.challenger. HeHe alsoalso enlistedenlisted

highlyhighly respectedrespected three-termthree-term GovernorGovernor CalvinCalvin RamptonRampton asas a campaigncampaign surrogatesurrogate inin thethe

race'srace's final days.days. However,However, thethe last-minutelast-minute crossfirecrossfire ofof negativenegative advertisingadvertising diddid littlelittle ttoo

damagedamage Hatch,Hatch, whowho receivedreceived assistanceassistance fromfrom anan ex-governorex-governor perhapperhapss eveneven moremore populapopularr thanthan RamptonRampton inin UtahUtah..

TheThe MossMoss campaigncampaign producedproduced severalseveral advertisementsadvertisements thatthat questionedquestioned Hatch'sHatch's

fitnessfitness toto representrepresent UtahUtah inin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates Senate.Senate. OneOne claimedclaimed thatthat HatchHatch hadhad mislemisledd

votersvoters aboutabout SocialSocial Security,Security, frighteningfrightening themthem withwith chargescharges thatthat thethe prograprogramm waswas neanearr

49 49 StatementStatement ofof SenatorSenator FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, HotelHotel UtahUtah PressPress Conference,Conference, 2525 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 1313 - Political-Political - 19761976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign Information,Information, JWML;JWML; DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Sen."Sen. Moss,Moss, FoeFoe TradeTrade ClaimsClaims OfOf'Distortion', 'Distortion',"" Salt Lake Tribune, 2727 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-4.B-4. 39 bankruptcybankruptcy whilewhile simultaneouslysimultaneously promisingpromising toto increaseincrease benefits.benefits. 50 AnotheAnotherr advertisementadvertisement attackedattacked HatchHatch aass a carpetbagger,carpetbagger, claimingclaiming thatthat hishis "ties"ties toto UtahUtah areare newnew andand weak."weak." ItIt alsoalso questionedquestioned thethe sourcessources ofof hishis funding,funding, claimingclaiming thatthat "The"The HatcHatchh campaigncampaign isis paipaidd forfor andand runrun byby out-of-stateout-of-state extremistsextremists - includingincluding thethe beerbeer moneymoney ooff

51 JosephJoseph Coors.Coors." ,,51 TheThe MossMoss campaigncampaign attemptedattempted toto capitalizecapitalize uponupon thethe unpopularityunpopularity ooff brewersbrewers withwith Utah'sUtah's teetotalingteetotaling LDSLDS populationpopulation byby mentioningmentioning Hatch'sHatch's connectionconnection toto

Coors.Coors.

HatchHatch respondedresponded toto chargescharges ofof carpetbaggingcarpetbagging bbyy emphasizingemphasizing hihiss LDSLDS ChurcChurchh affiliationaffiliation inin anan advertisementadvertisement thathatt discusseddiscussed hishis backgroundbackground andand accomplishments.accomplishments. 1It statedstated thatthat "The"The HatchHatch familyfamily namename hashas deepdeep rootsroots inin Utah.Utah. Orrin'sOrrin's great-greatgreat-great grandfathergrandfather...... wa wass a membermember ofof thethe MormonMormon BatallionBatallion [sic]."[sic]." TheThe adad alsoalso mentionedmentioned thathatt

"Orrin"Orrin hashas servedserved hishis churchchurch asas a BishopBishop andand HighHigh CouncilmanCouncilman forfor thethe pastpast sevesevenn years."S2years."52

TheThe weekweek beforebefore thethe election,election, thethe HatchHatch campaigncampaign mailedmailed copiescopies ofof a handwrittenhandwritten letterletter signedsigned byby ElaineElaine Hatch,Hatch, thethe RepublicanRepublican challenger'schallenger's wife,wife, toto UtahUtah voters.voters. "I"I hahadd hopedhoped toto bebe ableable toto spendspend moremore timetime helpinghelping onon hishis campaigncampaign butbut withwith 6 childrenchildren andand mymy churchchurch workwork I haven'thaven't beenbeen ableable toto spendspend asas muchmuch timetime helpinghelping onon Orrin'sOrrin's campaigncampaign asas II wouldwould havehave liked.liked. SoSo I decideddecided I wouldwould writewrite toto youyou today,"today," itit readsreads.. TheThe campaigncampaign

53 includedincluded a smallsmall photographphotograph ofof Hatch'sHatch's largelarge familyfamily withwith thethe letter. 53 MacMac HaddowHaddow,,

Hatch'sHatch's 19761976 campaigncampaign manager,manager, saidsaid thethe advertisementadvertisement waswas strategicallystrategically intendedintended ttoo so50 "If"If you'reyou're onon SocialSocial SecuritySecurity oror planningplanning toto be,be, ThisThis isis thethe mostmost importantimportant messagemessage ofof thethe campaign!"campaign!" CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof FrankFrank Moss,Moss, Salt Lake Tribune, 3131 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, p.p. A-16A-16.. 51 51 "Do"Do wewe knowknow enoughenough aboutabout OrrinOrrin HatchHatch toto elect himhim ourour senator?"senator?" CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof FrankFrank Moss,Moss, Salt Lake Tribune, 2626 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, p.p. 5.5. 52 52 "Do"Do youyou knowknow enoughenough aboutabout OrrinOrrin Hatch?Hatch? ThousandsThousands ofof usus do,do, letlet usus telltell you!!!"you!!!" CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, Salt Lake Tribune, 1 NovemberNovember 1976,1976 ,p. p .D-16. D-16 . 53 53 "Dear"Dear FriendFriend (Mrs.(Mrs. OrrinOrrin Hatch),"Hatch)," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, 2828 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 - NationaNationall Offices,Offices, JWML.JWML. 40 emphasizeemphasize hishis "young"young family,family, toto relaterelate directlydirectly toto thethe averageaverage UtahUtah family."s4family." Hatch'sHatch's campaigncampaign materialsmaterials andand rhetorirhetoricc successfullysuccessfully promotepromotedd thethe candidatecandidate asas a devoutdevout membememberr ofof thethe LDSLDS Church.Church. ThisThis neutralizedneutralized concernconcern overover hishis EasternEastern backgroundbackground andand enabledenabled himhim toto challengechallenge MossMoss asas insufficientlyinsufficiently loyalloyal toto MormonMormon valuesvalues onon socialsocial issuesissues..

EachEach campaigncampaign accusedaccused thethe otherother ofof unfairunfair tacticstactics thethe weekendweekend beforebefore ElectionElection

Day.Day. TheThe MossMoss campaigncampaign allegedalleged thatthat thethe ElaineElaine HatchHatch mailingsmailings failedfailed toto includeinclude legallylegally requiredrequired notificationnotification thatthat theythey hadhad beenbeen paidpaid forfor byby thethe HatchHatch campaign.campaign. Moss'sMoss's staffstaff alsoalso revealedrevealed thatthat HatchHatch hadhad beenbeen suedsued forfor fraudfraud byby boxerboxer GeorgeGeorge ForemanForeman inin 19751975..

HatchHatch respondedresponded byby notingnoting thathatt MossMoss alsoalso facedfaced a pendingpending fraudfraud lawsuit.lawsuit. TheThe HatchHatch campaigncampaign filedfiled a complaintcomplaint withwith thethe FairFair CampaignCampaign PracticesPractices BoardBoard thatthat disputeddisputed ththee accuracyaccuracy ofof Moss'sMoss's advertisementadvertisement portrayinportrayingg HatchHatch asas fundedfunded byby "out"out-of-stat.. of-statee

55 extremists.extremists." ,,55

FiveFive daysdays beforebefore thethe election,election, HatchHatch benefitedbenefited fromfrom thethe appearanceappearance ofof anan out-of-out-of- statestate visitorvisitor whomwhom hehe knewknew UtahnsUtahns wouldwould embrace.embrace. RonaldRonald ReaganReagan addressedaddressed a crowdcrowd ofof moremore thanthan 10,00010,000 peoplpeoplee atat thethe MarriottMarriott CenterCenter arenaarena inin a speakingspeaking engagementengagement aatt

BYUBYU onon OctoberOctober 28.28. LDSLDS apostleapostle EzraEzra TaftTaft BensonBenson andand formerformer BYUBYU presidentpresident ErnesErnestt

WilkinsonWilkinson attendedattended thethe speech,speech, inin whichwhich ReaganReagan encouragedencouraged votersvoters toto favorfavor RepublicansRepublicans andand rejectreject DemocraticDemocratic policiespolicies.. "We"We wantwant toto checkcheck governmentgovernment spending;spending; theythey wantwant ttoo spendspend governmentgovernment checks,"checks," hehe quipped.quipped. ThatThat evening,evening, ReaganReagan headlinedheadlined a fund-raisingfund-raising

56 banquetbanquet forfor OrrinOrrin HatchHatch atat thethe SaltSalt LakeLake HiltonHilton Hotel. 56

54 MacMac Haddow,Haddow, interviewinterview byby author,author, 1414 MarchMarch 2007,2007, telephonetelephone conversation.conversation. 55 55 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Candidates"Candidates TradeTrade CampaignCampaign Charges,"Charges," Salt Lake Tribune, 3131 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-7;B-7; HaddowHaddow interview.interview. 56 56 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Reagan"Reagan RakesRakes DemosDemos InIn UtahUtah Appearances,"Appearances," Salt Lake Tribune, 2828 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-3B-3.. 4141

InIn thethe interesinterestt ofof givingivingg bothboth partiesparties a chancechance toto presentpresent theirtheir perspectivesperspectives ttoo

students,students, BYUBYU invitedinvited GovernorGovernor CalvinCalvin RamptoRamptonn toto speakspeak onon behalfbehalf ofof thethe DemocraticDemocratic ticketticket thethe followingfollowing day.day. RamptonRampton urgedurged hishis audienceaudience notnot toto viewview thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment

asas "the"the enemy"enemy" andand insistedinsisted thatthat nono partyparty hadhad "a"a comercorner onon integrityintegrity andand ability."ability." HHee saisaidd thatthat castingcasting asideaside FrankFrank Moss'Moss' seniorityseniority wouldwould bebe "folly.""folly." OneOne LDSLDS generalgeneral authoritauthorityy

attendedattended thethe speech,speech, a BBY YUU trusteetrustee whowho waswas notnot a membermember ofof thethe church'schurch's higheshighestt

council.council. Benson'sBenson's appearanceappearance withwith ReaganReagan andand Hatch,Hatch, whenwhen combinedcombined withwith ththee absencabsencee

ofof anan endorsementendorsement ofof MossMoss byby anan equallyequally prominentprominent MormonMormon leader,leader, maymay havhavee implieimpliedd toto somesome votersvoters thatthat thethe LDSLDS ChurchChurch favoredfavored thethe RepublicanRepublican candidatecandidate inin thethe SenateSenate racerace..

TheThe factfact thatthat "roughly"roughly half'half asas manymany peoplepeople attendedattended Rampton'sRampton's speechspeech atat ththee MarriotMarriottt

CenterCenter asas hadhad heardheard Reagan'sReagan's addressaddress thethe previousprevious dayday waswas anan ominousominous signsign forfor ththee MosMosss

57 campaign. 57

A Salt LakeLake TribuneTribune poll pol publishedl publishe don o nOctober Octobe 31r 3 1showed showe dHatch Hatc hleading leadin gMoss Mos bys b y moremore thanthan fourfour percentagpercentagee pointspoints.. However,However, a Deseret News News poll pol lreleased released the the following following dayday indicatedindicated thatthat MossMoss hadhad narrowednarrowed thethe gap.gap. FrankFrank Moss'sMoss's sonson BrianBrian recalledrecalled thathatt hihiss fatherfather believedbelieved thatthat hehe couldcould comecome backback andand winwin thethe race.race. HeHe explained,explained, "I"I thinkthink that'sthat's whywhy electionelection nightnight waswas suchsuch a shock,shock, becausebecause I thinkthink rightright upup toto thethe endend wewe thoughtthought,, welwelll surelysurely peoplepeople can'tcan't fallfall forfor this."s8this."58 UtahUtah votersvoters indeedindeed "fell""fell" forfor Hatch'sHatch's messagemessage ooff spendingspending cutscuts andand socialsocial conservatism.conservatism. TheThe RepublicanRepublican wonwon thethe electionelection byby a comfortablecomfortable marginmargin of53.7of 53.7 percentpercent toto 44.844.8 percent.percent.5959

57 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Rampton"Rampton EmphasizesEmphasizes GovernmentGovernment Value,"Value," Salt Lake Tribune, 2929 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, pppp.. B-1B-l andand B-4.B-4. 58 58 BrianBrian Moss,Moss, interviewinterview byby author,author, 1111 FebruaryFebruary 2008,2008, telephonetelephone conversation.conversation. 59 59 CongressionalCongressional Quarterly,Quarterly, Congressional Elections: 1946-1996,98.1946-1996,98. 4242

AfterAfter Hatch'sHatch's victory,victory, oneone MossMoss aideaide statedstated thatthat "Having"Having AllanAllan HoweHowe onon ththee ticketticket waswas thethe worstworst thingthing thatthat couldcould havehave happenedhappened toto us.,,60us."60 A yearyear afterafter thethe 19719766 election,election, MossMoss himselfhimself maintainedmaintained thatthat thethe HoweHowe scandalscandal hadhad beenbeen thethe mostmost importantimportant factorfactor inin hishis defeat.6611 Hatch,Hatch, onon thethe otherother hand,hand, characterizedcharacterized itit asas onlyonly "a"a 'minor'minor aspect'aspect' ofof thethe campaign. ,,62"

InIn thethe SecondSecond DistrictDistrict CongressionalCongressional race,race, RepublicanRepublican challengerchallenger DanDan MarriottMarriott hadhad easilyeasily defeateddefeated bothboth AllanAllan HoweHowe andand thethe write-inwrite-in candidatecandidate endorsedendorsed byby thethe UtaUtahh

DemocraticDemocratic Party.Party. PoliticalPolitical columnistcolumnist PaulPaul Rolly,Roily, whowho waswas anan editoreditor atat thethe Salt Lake

Tribune in in 1976, 1976 ,contended contended that tha tHowe's Howe' spresence presenc eon on the th eDemocratic Democratic ticket ticke twas wa sa a decisivedecisive factorfactor inin thethe 19761976 SenateSenate race.race. HeHe suggestedsuggested thatthat thethe HoweHowe scandalscandal hurthurt MosMosss moremore thanthan otherother DemocratsDemocrats becausebecause thethe incumbentincumbent senatorsenator andand HoweHowe hadhad beenbeen closeclose alliesallies inin Washington,Washington, sometimessometimes cosponsoringcosponsoring legislation.legislation. BrianBrian MossMoss maintainedmaintained thathatt somesome DemocratsDemocrats whowho werewere loyalloyal toto HoweHowe refusedrefused toto votevote forfor thethe incumbentincumbent senatorsenator becausebecause hehe withdrewwithdrew hishis supportsupport forfor thethe scandal-taintedscandal-tainted congressman,congressman, whichwhich contributedcontributed toto FrankFrank Moss'sMoss's failurefailure toto winwin thethe DemocraticDemocratic strongholdstronghold ofof SaltSalt LakeLake County.63County.63

WhenWhen MossMoss blamedblamed hishis defeatdefeat uponupon thethe HoweHowe sexsex scandal,scandal, hehe exaggeratedexaggerated ititss importanceimportance toto thethe campaign'scampaign's outcome.outcome. ScottScott Matheson,Matheson, Jr.,Jr., whowho managedmanaged ththee

DemocraticDemocratic gubernatorialgubernatorial campaigncampaign inin 1976,1976, arguedargued thatthat itit "hurt"hurt thethe ticketticket toto a limitedlimited extent"extent" butbut couldcould onlyonly accountaccount forfor atat mostmost "two"two oror threethree percent"percent" ofof Hatch'sHatch's nine-pointnine-point marginmargin ofvictory.64of victory.64 Matheson'sMatheson's analysisanalysis ringsrings true,true, asas manymany otherother factorsfactors besidebeside ththee

60 60 AndrewAndrew Welch,Welch, CurtisCurtis Webb,Webb, andand JohnJohn Geery,Geery, "Hatch wins,"wins," Daily Utah Chronicle, 3 NovembeNovemberr 1976,1976, pppp-. 1-2.1-2 . 61 6 Decker,Decker, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-6B-6.. 62 62 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Sen.-Elect"Sen.-Elect HatchHatch ReportsReports PreferencePreference ForFor SpecificSpecific CommitteeCommittee Assignments,"Assignments," Salt Lake Tribune, 6 NovembeNovemberr 1976,1976, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-5B-5 63 63 PaulPaul Rolly,Roily, interviewinterview byby author,author, 8 MarchMarch 2007,2007, SaltSalt LakeLake City;City; MossMoss interview.interview. 64 64 ScottScott Matheson,Matheson, Jr.,Jr., interviewinterview byby author,author, 1515 MarchMarch 2007,2007, telephonetelephone conversation.conversation. 4343

HoweHowe scandalscandal clearlyclearly contributedcontributed toto Moss'Moss' defeat.defeat. HatchHatch ranran a campaigncampaign thatthat effectivelyeffectively associatedassociated thethe incumbentincumbent withwith abortion,abortion, thethe ERA,ERA, welfare,welfare, organizedorganized labor,labor, andand ththee

WashingtonWashington politicalpolitical establishment,establishment, allall ofof whichwhich werewere unpopularunpopular withwith UtahUtah votersvoters iinn

1976.1976.

InIn 1975,1975, Utah'sUtah's CongressionalCongressional delegationdelegation consistedconsisted ofof threethree DemocratsDemocrats andand ononee

Republican.Republican. However,However, onlyonly oneone incumbentincumbent DemocraticDemocratic membermember ofof CongressCongress,,

RepresentativeRepresentative GunnGunn McKay,McKay, escapedescaped defeatdefeat inin 1976.1976. TheThe GOPGOP capturedcaptured controlcontrol ofof ththee

UtahUtah StateState HouseHouse ofof RepresentativesRepresentatives thatthat samesame year,year, andand hashas heldheld itit everever since.since.

RepublicansRepublicans tooktook thethe StateState SenateSenate inin 1978,1978, andand byby 19801980 theythey controlledcontrolled overover 7575 percentpercent ofof thethe seatsseats inin thethe UtahUtah StateState Legislature.Legislature. DemocratDemocrat JimmyJimmy CarterCarter wonwon thethe nationalnational presidentialpresidential racerace inin 1976,1976, butbut lostlost UtahUtah byby a landslide.landslide. NNoo DemocraticDemocratic presidentialpresidential candidatecandidate hashas comecome closeclose toto winningwinning UtahUtah since.since. TheThe 19761976 electionselections initiatedinitiated thethe shiftshift toto

RepublicanRepublican politicapoliticall dominancedominance ofof thethe state.6565

DespiteDespite RepublicanRepublican successsuccess inin thethe presidentialpresidential,, congressional,congressional, andand statestate legislativelegislative races,races, DemocratDemocrat ScottScott MathesonMatheson wonwon thethe racerace forfor governorgovernor ofof UtahUtah inin 1976.1976. ThisThis raisesraises thethe questionquestion ofof whywhy MathesonMatheson succeededsucceeded whilewhile MossMoss failed.failed. ObserversObservers rememberedremembered

Matheson'sMatheson's RepublicanRepublican opponentopponent VernonVernon RomneyRomney asas a weakweak campaignercampaigner whowho performedperformed poorlpoorlyy inin debates.6666 PopularPopular GovernorGovernor CalvinCalvin RamptonRampton publiclypublicly questionedquestioned Romney'sRomney's

"intellectual"intellectual capacitycapacity andand drive,"drive," whichwhich damageddamaged thethe RepublicanRepublican candidate'scandidate's image.image.6767

IssuesIssues relatedrelated toto federalfederal spendingspending andand changingchanging nationalnational socialsocial normsnorms werewere leslesss

65 65 Hrebenar,Hrebenar, 104-109;104-109; MichaelMichael J.J. Dubin,Dubin, Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796-2006 (Jefferson,(Jefferson, NCNC:: McFarlandMcFarland & CompanyCompany Publishers,Publishers, 2007),2007), 184-185;184-185; WilliamWilliam G.G. ShadeShade andand BallardBallard C.C. Campbell,Campbell, eds.,eds., Presidential Campaigns and Elections, vol.vol. 3 (Annonk,(Armonk, NYNY:: SharpeSharpe Reference,Reference, 2003),2003), 934-935934-935.. 66 66 BillingsBillings interview;interview; RollyRoily interview.interview. 67 67 DouglasDouglas L.L. Parker,Parker, "Carter"Carter VictoriousVictorious inin CloseClose Race;Race; Matheson,Matheson, Hatch,Hatch, MarriottMarriott Win,"Win," Salt Lake Tribune, 3 NovembeNovemberr 1976,1976, pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-IO.A-10. 44 prominenprominentt inin thethe gubernatorialgubernatorial contestcontest thanthan theythey werewere inin thethe senatesenate race,race, whichwhich allowedallowed

MathesonMatheson toto avoidavoid somesome ofof thethe controversiescontroversies encounteredencountered byby Moss.Moss.

Hatch,Hatch, a toughtough debaterdebater whowho ranran anan aggressiveaggressive campaign,campaign, waswas a moremore formidableformidable opponentopponent thanthan Romney.Romney. "An"An articulate,articulate, personablpersonablee campaigner,campaigner, Mr.Mr. HatchHatch broughtbrought a ferventfervent evangelicalevangelical stylestyle toto thethe stumpstump inin a rapidrapid fireftre debatingdebating skillskill honedhoned byby trialtrial work,"work," thethe Salt Lake Tribune recountedrecounted afterafter Hatch'sHatch's victory.68victory.68 Moss'Moss' formerformer researchresearch coordinatorcoordinator TimTim Chambless,Chambless, whowho workedworked onon thethe senator'ssenator's 19761976 campaign,campaign, recallsrecalls HatchHatch asas a "ftery,"fiery, assertive,assertive, argumentative,argumentative, aggressive"aggressive" candidate.6969 PeterPeter Billings,Billings, whowho waswas onon thethe MossMoss campaign'scampaign's steeringsteering committeecommittee inin 1976,1976, recalledrecalled thatthat thethe incumbentincumbent "wasn't"wasn't a particularlyparticularly goodgood campaigner.,,70campaigner."70 PollsterPollster DanDan JonesJones saidsaid thatthat HatchHatch outperformedoutperformed MossMoss inin mostmost ofof theirtheir debates. 7171

AfterAfter losinglosing hishis bidbid forfor re-election,re-election, FrankFrank MossMoss hopedhoped toto bebe appointedappointed toto a highhigh administrativeadministrative officeoffice inin thethe executiveexecutive branch,branch, butbut thethe Carter AdministrationAdministration repeatedlyrepeatedly passedpassed himhim over.over. AfterAfter turningturning downdown a minorminor diplomaticdiplomatic post,post, thethe formerformer senatorsenator gavegave upup publicpublic lifelife andand practicedpracticed lawlaw inin Washington,Washington, D.C.D.C. HeHe laterlater movedmoved backback toto SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity uponupon hihiss retirement,retirement, wherewhere hehe dieddied inin 2003.722003.72

OrrinOrrin HatchHatch becamebecame oneone ofof thethe mostmost prominenprominentt andand powerfulpowerful RepublicansRepublicans inin thethe

Senate.Senate. Utah'sUtah's now-reliablynow-reliably conservativeconservative votersvoters havehave re-electedre-elected himhim five times.times. TheThe manman whowho onceonce thunderedthundered againstagainst thethe WashingtonWashington establishmentestablishment hashas servedserved inin CongressCongress

68 68 Parker,Parker, "Carter"Carter VictoriousVictorious inin CloseClose Race;Race; Matheson,Matheson, Hatch,Hatch, MarriottMarriott Win,"Win," pp.pp. A-IA-l andand A-IO.A-10. 69 TimTim Chambless,Chambless, interviewinterview byby author,author, 7 MarchMarch 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakeLake City.City. 70 70 BillingsBillings interview.interview. 71 71 JoneJoness interview.interview. 72 72 OnOn Moss'Moss' dasheddashed hopeshopes forfor anan executiveexecutive appointment,appointment, seesee FrankFrank Hewlett,Hewlett, "Sen."Sen. MossMoss EyeingEyeing Cabinet?,"Cabinet?," Salt Lake Tribune, 1111 NovembeNovemberr 1976,1976, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML;JWML; "Moss"Moss LosesLoses OutOut forfor NASNASAA Post,"Post," Salt Lake Tribune, 2121 AprilApril 1977,1977, p.p. A-8;A-8; Decker,Decker, pp.pp. B-1B-l andand B-6.B-6. OnOn Moss'Moss' post­post- SenateSenate careercareer andand retirement,retirement, seesee RobertRobert H.H. Woody,Woody, "There's"There's NNoo 'Has'Has Been'Been' TagTag EvidentEvident onon FrankFrank Moss,"Moss," Salt Lake Tribune, 1414 JuneJune 1978,1978, ClippingClipping Files:Files: Moss,Moss, (Senator)(Senator) FrankFrank E.,E., JWML.JWML. 4545 forfor threethree decades.decades. InIn 1995,1995, hehe becamebecame chairchair ofof thethe SenateSenate JudiciaryJudiciary Committee,Committee, andand hhee eveneven mademade a longshotlongshot bibidd forfor thethe RepublicanRepublican Party'sParty's presidentiapresidentiall nominationnomination inin 2000?32000.73

73 Hatch,Hatch, 203-205203-205.. REGIONALREGIONAL PARTISANPARTISAN REALIGNMENTREALIGNMENT

TheThe 19761976 electionselections usheredushered inin Utah'sUtah's transformationtransformation fromfrom a statestate withwith robusrobustt interpartyinterparty competitioncompetition toto oneone dominateddominated byby anan overwhelmingoverwhelming RepublicanRepublican majoritymajority.. ThThee state'sstate's partisanpartisan divisionsdivisions tooktook placplacee alongalong religiousreligious lines.lines. "By"By thethe 1980s1980s upwardupward ofof 7700 percenpercentt ofof thethe MormonMormon votevote waswas goinggoing toto thethe RepublicanRepublican partpartyy andand roughlyroughly thethe samsamee proportioproportionn ofof non-Mormonsnon-Mormons votedvoted Democratic,"Democratic," historianhistorian ThomasThomas G.G. AlexandeAlexanderr observed. 11 WhileWhile thethe DemocraticDemocratic PartyParty hashas recentlyrecently experiencedexperienced a slightslight resurgenceresurgence iinn somesome partsparts ofof thethe MountainMountain West,West, UtahUtah remainsremains dominateddominated byby a RepublicanRepublican PartyParty thathatt retainsretains thethe loyalloyal supportsupport ofof a largelarge majoritymajority ofof thethe state'sstate's predominantlypredominantly LDSLDS population.population.

TheThe shiftshift toto thethe rightright inin 19761976 waswas notnot limitedlimited toto Utah,Utah, butbut waswas insteadinstead partpart ofof a broaderbroader politicapoliticall trendtrend inin thethe MountainMountain West.2 A significantsignificant transfertransfer inin partisanpartisan controlcontrol tooktook placplacee iinn thethe interiointeriorr WesternWestern statesstates durinduringg thethe 1970s1970s andand 1980s.1980s. IInn 1961,1961, allall bubutt fourfour ofof thethe MountainMountain West'sWest's sixteensixteen UnitedUnited StatesStates senatorssenators werewere Democrats.Democrats. ByBy 1983,1983, allall bubutt fivefive werewere RepUblicans.Republicans. PoliticalPolitical scientistsscientists EricEric R.A.N.R.A.N. SmithSmith andand PeverillPeverill SquireSquire arguearguedd

1 Alexander,Alexander, "The"The EmergenceEmergence ofof a RepublicanRepublican MajorityMajority inin Utah,"Utah," 274-276.274-276. 2 2 ThisThis paperpaper defmesdefines thethe eighteight MountainMountain WestWest statesstates asas consistingconsisting ofof Idaho,Idaho, Montana,Montana, Wyoming,Wyoming, Nevada,Nevada, Utah,Utah, Colorado,Colorado, Arizona,Arizona, andand NeNeww Mexico.Mexico. DespiteDespite somesome demographicdemographic andand geographicgeographic variation,variation, thesethese statesstates shareshare keykey traits:traits: aridarid climates,climates, highhigh percentagespercentages ofof publicpublic land,land, andand relativelyrelatively smallsmall populations.populations. ForFor a detaileddetailed descriptiondescription ofof thethe uniqueunique qualitiesqualities ofof thesethese states,states, seesee NealNeal R.R. Peirce,Peirce, The Mountain States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Eight Rocky Mountain States (New(New York:York: W.W.W.W. NortoNortonn & Company,Company, 1972),1972), 15-2515-25.. 4747

thatthat "by"by thethe 1980s,1980s, thethe MountainMountain WestWest hadhad becomebecome thethe mostmost RepublicanRepublican regionregion inin thethe

3 country.country." ,,3

TheThe electionselections ofof 19761976 beganbegan thisthis ideologicalideological realignment.realignment. ThatThat year,year, threthreee

incumbentincumbent DemocraticDemocratic senatorssenators lostlost toto RepublicanRepublican challengerschallengers inin thethe MountainMountain WestWest..

TheThe victoriesvictories ofof OrrinOrrin HatchHatch ofof Utah,Utah, MalcolmMalcolm WallopWallop ofof Wyoming,Wyoming, andand HarrisonHarrison

SchmittSchmitt ofof NeNeww MexicoMexico usheredushered inin a newnew wavewave ofof conservativeconservative RepublicanRepublican senatorssenators fromfrom

WesternWestern states.states. RepublicansRepublicans mademade gainsgains inin ththee statestate legislatureslegislatures ofof sixsix ofof thethe eigheightt

interiorinterior westernwestern statesstates inin 1976.1976. TheThe regionregion alsoalso experiencedexperienced a GOPGOP trendtrend onon ththee

presidentiapresidentiall level.level. JimmyJimmy CarterCarter wonwon mostmost SouthernSouthern statesstates andand severalseveral MidwesternMidwestern

4 states,states, bubutt lostlost everyevery MountainMountain WestWest state.4

RepublicanRepublican MalcolmMalcolm Wallop'sWallop's campaigncampaign againstagainst SenatorSenator GaleGale McGeeMcGee iinn

WyomingWyoming followedfollowed manymany ofof thethe samesame contourscontours asas thethe racerace betweenbetween MossMoss andand HatchHatch..

McGee,McGee, a formerformer politicalpolitical sciencescience professorprofessor atat thethe UniversityUniversity ofof Wyoming,Wyoming, waswas originallyoriginally

electedelected toto thethe SenateSenate inin 1958,1958, thethe samesame yearyear thatthat MossMoss wonwon hishis first campaign.campaign. LikeLike hihiss

DemocraticDemocratic colleaguecolleague fromfrom UtahUtah,, McGeeMcGee emphasizedemphasized hihiss senatorialsenatorial powepowerr andand seniorityseniority

inin hishis 19761976 re-electionre-election bid.bid. WallopWallop waswas aa wealthywealthy rancherrancher whowho usedused cowboycowboy imageryimagery inin

3 3 EricEric R.A.N.R.A.N. SmithSmith andand PeverillPeverill Squire,Squire, "State"State andand NationalNational PoliticsPolitics inin thethe MountainMountain West,"West," inin Galderisi,Galderisi, etet aI.,al., 33.33. 4 4 ForFor statisticsstatistics onon thethe year-by-yearyear-by-year outcomes ofof U.S.U.S. SenateSenate elections,elections, seesee CongressionalCongressional Quarterly,Quarterly, Congressional Elections: 1946-1996,81-100.1946-1996, 81-100. InIn statestate legislatures,legislatures, RepublicansRepublicans pickepickedd upup sevenseven seatsseats iinn Arizona,Arizona, eighteight seatsseats inin Colorado,Colorado, fourfour seatsseats inin Idaho,Idaho, fifteenfifteen seatsseats inin Montana,Montana, threethree seatsseats inin Utah,Utah, andand threethree seatsseats inin Wyoming.Wyoming. TheyThey lostlost oneone seatseat inin NeNeww MexicoMexico andand fourfour seatsseats inin NevadaNevada.. SeeSee MichaelMichael J.J. Dubin,Dubin, Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796-2006 (Jefferson,(Jefferson, NC:NC: McFarlandMcFarland & CompanyCompany Publishers,Publishers, 2007),2007), 184-185.184-185. ForFor presidentialpresidential racerace results,results, seesee ShadeShade andand Campbell,Campbell, Presidential Campaigns and Elections, vo1.3,vol.3,934-935 934-935.. 4848 hishis advertisingadvertising toto appealappeal toto thethe frontierfrontier self-imageself-image ofof Wyomingites. 5 HeHe criticizedcriticized

McGee'sMcGee's "identification"identification withwith BigBig GovernmentGovernment andand thethe WashingtonWashington Establishment.',6Establishment."6

InIn NeNeww Mexico,Mexico, a youngyoung formerformer astronautastronaut namednamed HarrisonHarrison SchmittSchmitt defeateddefeated agingaging

DemocraticDemocratic SenatorSenator JosephJoseph Montoya.Montoya. TheThe SchmittSchmitt campaigncampaign accusedaccused thethe incumbentincumbent ooff corruption;corruption; a groupgroup calledcalled "Democrats"Democrats forfor Schmitt"Schmitt" distributeddistributed a flyerflyer claimingclaiming thathatt

MontoyaMontoya launderedlaundered paspastt campaigncampaign contributionscontributions andand hadhad procureprocuredd preferentialpreferential treatmenttreatment fromfrom thethe InternalInternal RevenueRevenue Service.7 Schmitt'sSchmitt's advertisementsadvertisements featuredfeatured thethe slogan,slogan,

"Honesty"Honesty...... fo forr a change.,,8change."8 MontoyaMontoya hithit backback byby accusingaccusing SchmittSchmitt ofof favoringfavoring thethe privatizationprivatization ofof SocialSocial Security. 9 LikeLike MossMoss andand McGee,McGee, hehe toutedtouted hishis seniorityseniority iinn advertisements.advertisements. "Joe"Joe Montoya'sMontoya's 2020 yearsyears experienceexperience andand influenceinfluence inin WashingtonWashington isis reallyreally ourour experienceexperience andand influenceinfluence...... don' don'tt loselose it,"it," proclaimedproclaimed oneone suchsuch ad.1100 AsAs inin thethe otherother states,states, thithiss argumentargument provedproved ineffectiveineffective inin NewNew Mexico.Mexico. SchmittSchmitt wonwon byby campaigningcampaigning "as"as a staunchstaunch conservative,conservative, criticacriticall ofof nationalnational healthhealth insuranceinsurance anandd increasedincreased FederalFederal aidaid toto education."ueducation."11

5 5 "Senate"Senate racerace resemblesresembles presidentialpresidential contest,"contest," Casper Star-Tribune, 2626 OctoberOctober 1976,1976, p.p. 13;13; LisaLisa JaneJane NicholasNicholas,, "Culture"Culture andand thethe CowboyCowboy State:State: TheThe MakingMaking ofWestemers"of Westerners" (Ph.D.(Ph.D. diss.,diss., UniversityUniversity ofof Utah,Utah, 2001),2001), 180-192.180-192. 6 6 "Wallop"Wallop AttacksAttacks McGee'sMcGee's StandStand onon BigBig Government,"Government," Wyoming StateState TribuneTribune (Cheyenne),(Cheyenne), 2020 JulyJuly 1976,1976, BiographicalBiographical File:File: Wallop,Wallop, Malcom,Malcom, FolderFolder 3 (B-WI59-m),(B-W159-m), AmericanAmerican HeritageHeritage Center,Center, UniversityUniversity ofof Wyoming,Wyoming, Laramie,Laramie, WY.WY. 7 "Montoya:"Montoya: A MillionaireMillionaire Pushing A 'Poor'Poor Boy'Boy' Image,"Image," AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof DemocratsDemocrats forfor Schmitt,Schmitt, TheThe PapersPapers ofof HarrisonHarrison Schmitt,Schmitt, BoxBox 550,550, FolderFolder 2 - DemocratsDemocrats forfor SchmittSchmitt byby CleoCleo Montoya,Montoya, re:re: 19761976 campaign,campaign, UniversityUniversity ofof NeNeww MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque. 8 8 "A"A ReasonReason toto Believe:Believe: ThisThis LandLand ofof Ours,"Ours," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof HarrisonHarrison Schmitt,Schmitt, TheThe PapersPapers ofof HarrisonHarrison Schmitt,Schmitt, BoxBox 550,550, FolderFolder 6 - JackJack Schmitt,Schmitt, A ReasonReason toto Believe,Believe, re:re: 19761976 campaigncampaign issues,issues, UniversityUniversity ofof NeNeww MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque. 9 9 "Senator"Senator JosephJoseph MontoyaMontoya SaysSays Let'sLet's LookLook atat thethe Facts,"Facts," CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof JosephJoseph Montoya,Montoya, TheThe PapersPapers ofof JosephJoseph Montoya,Montoya, Communications:Communications: CampaignCampaign & Election,Election, OctoberOctober 26-31,26-31, 1976,1976, UniversityUniversity ofof NeNeww MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque. 10 10 "Does"Does SenioritySeniority Count?Count?"" CampaigCampaignn AdvertisemenAdvertisementt ooff JosepJosephh Montoya,Montoya, TheThe PapersPapers ooff JosepJosephh Montoya,Montoya, Communications:Communications: CampaignCampaign & Election,Election, OctoberOctober 11-19,11-19,1976 1976,, UniversityUniversity ofof NeNeww MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque. 11 II MatjorieMarjorie Hunter,Hunter, "Some"Some NeNeww PoliticalPolitical PersonagesPersonages HaveHave EmergedEmerged AroundAround Nation,Nation,"" The New York Times, 4 NovemberNovember 1976;1976; TheThe PapersPapers ofof GaleGale McGeeMcGee (Collection(Collection #9800),#9800), BoxBox 923,923, Folder:Folder: '76'76 SenateSenate CampaignCampaign - FolderFolder III,III, AmericanAmerican HeritageHeritage Center,Center, UniversityUniversity ofof Wyoming,Wyoming, Laramie,Laramie, WY.WY. 49

ConcernConcern aboutabout federalfederal controlcontrol andand governmentgovernment spendingspending clearlyclearly playedplayed a rolerole inin thethe politicapoliticall shifshiftt ofof thethe MountainMountain West.West. However,However, denunciationsdenunciations ofof EasternEastern influenceinfluence hadhad beenbeen a mainstaymainstay ooff WesternWestern politicalpolitical discoursediscourse forfor generations,generations, asas WesternersWesterners hahadd longlong resentedresented theirtheir statusstatus asas a "colony""colony" ofof thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment andand EasternEastern corporations.corporations. TheseThese complaintscomplaints hadhad notnot preventedprevented MountainMountain WesternWestern statesstates fromfrom stronglystrongly favoringfavoring FranklinFranklin D.D. Roosevelt'sRoosevelt's NeNeww DealDeal duringduring thethe 1930s,1930s, oror fromfrom having having highlyhighly competitivecompetitive DemocraticDemocratic partiesparties untiluntil thethe latelate 1970s.1970s. ItIt isis difficultdifficult toto understandunderstand howhow thisthis longstandinglongstanding resentmentresentment ofof thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment couldcould causecause a suddensudden partisanpartisan realignmentrealignment duringduring thethe 1970s.1122

YetYet thethe ideologicalideological viewsviews ofof MountainMountain WesternersWesterners diddid changechange overover time.time. PoliticalPolitical scientistscientist ArthurArthur H.H. MillerMiller foundfound thatthat residentsresidents ofof thethe MountainMountain WestWest regionregion hadhad mormoree liberalliberal economiceconomic viewsviews thanthan peoplpeoplee inin anyany otherother areaarea ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates duringduring thethe

1950s.1950s. TheyThey favoredfavored "government"government involvementinvolvement inin jobsjobs andand healthhealth insurance,'"insurance," despitedespite havinghaving unusuallyunusually highhigh levelslevels ofof "alienation"alienation andand disdaindisdain forfor a strongstrong centralcentral

13 government.government." ,,13 PoliticalPolitical scientistsscientists TheresaTheresa Marchant-ShapiroMarchant-Shapiro andand KellyKelly D.D. PattersonPatterson showedshowed thatthat byby thethe 1970s,1970s, MountainMountain WesternersWesterners believedbelieved moremore stronglystrongly thanthan otherother

AmericansAmericans thatthat governmentgovernment hadhad "taken"taken overover rolesroles thatthat rightfullyrightfully belongbelong toto thethe privateprivate sector.,,14sector."14

OneOne possiblepossible explanationexplanation forfor thisthis politicalpolitical evolutionevolution focusesfocuses onon demographicdemographic changechange andand economiceconomic development.development. OverOver thethe coursecourse ofof thethe twentiethtwentieth century,century, ththee

12 12 InIn bothboth 19361936 andand 1940,1940, thethe statesstates ofof Utah,Utah, Arizona,Arizona, NevadaNevada,, andand MontanaMontana gavegave RooseveltRoosevelt hishis largestlargest marginsmargins ofof victoryvictory outsideoutside ofof thethe solidlysolidly DemocraticDemocratic South.South. ForFor detaileddetailed electionelection statistics,statistics, seesee WilliamWilliam G.G. ShadeShade andand BallardBallard C.C. Campbell,Campbell, eds.,eds., American Presidential CampaignsCampaigns and Elections, vol.vol. 2 (Armonk,(Armonk, NYNY:: SharpeSharpe Reference,Reference, 2003),2003), 750,750, 768768.. 13 13 ArthurArthur HH.. Miller,Miller, "Public"Public OpinionOpinion andand RegionalRegional PoliticalPolitical Realignment,"Realignment," inin GalderisiGalderisi etet ai.,al., 87-94.87-94. 14 14 TheresaTheresa Marchant-ShapiroMarchant-Shapiro andand KellyKelly D.D. Patterson,Patterson, "Partisan"Partisan ChangeChange inin thethe MountainMountain West,"West," Political Behavior 1717 (December(December 1995):1995): 367-370.367-370. 50

MountainMountain WestWest becamebecame "younger,"younger, higherhigher paid,paid, lessless unionized,unionized, betterbetter educated,educated, mormoree professionalprofessional andand increasinglyincreasingly upperupper toto middlemiddle class,"class," inin parpartt becausebecause relativelyrelatively wealthwealthyy newcomersnewcomers movedmoved intointo thethe region.1155 ItIt alsoalso becamebecame moremore economicallyeconomically independentindependent ooff thethe East.East. PoliticalPolitical scientistscientist RoBertRobert BenedictBenedict contendedcontended thatthat thisthis meantmeant MountainMountain

WesternersWesterners nono longerlonger hadhad toto seekseek assistanceassistance pragmaticallypragmatically fromfrom thethe federalfederal government,government, whichwhich enabledenabled themthem toto votevote forfor a smallersmaller governmentgovernment thatthat waswas moremore compatiblecompatible witwithh theirtheir individualisticindividualistic selfself-image.. imagess asas thethe descendantsdescendants ofof ruggedrugged WesternWestern pioneerspioneers..

HistoriansHistorians havehave arguedargued thatthat WesternWestern politicapoliticall cultureculture isis stronglystrongly individualistic,individualistic, whicwhichh explainsexplains Westerners'Westerners' resistanceresistance toto publipublicc safetysafety measuresmeasures suchsuch asas gungun controlcontrol andand federalfederal speedspeed limits. 1166

HistorianHistorian RichardRichard WhiteWhite hashas arguedargued thatthat thethe riserise ofof WesternWestern conservatismconservatism hahadd moremore toto dodo withwith entrenchedentrenched beliefbelief systemssystems thanthan changingchanging demographics.demographics. HeHe contendedcontended thatthat WesternersWesterners adhereadhere toto anan ideologyideology ofof "Plain"Plain folksfolks Americanism"Americanism" thatthat respondedresponded witwithh hostilityhostility toto thethe federalfederal antipovertyantipoverty programprogramss andand grassrootsgrassroots resistanceresistance toto traditionaltraditional sociasociall orderorder thatthat tooktook placplacee duringduring thethe 1960s.1960s. TheirTheir imageimage ofof thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment changedchanged fromfrom thatthat ofaof a protectorprotector ofof hard-workinghard-working middle-classmiddle-class whitewhite AmericansAmericans toto oneone thathatt championedchampioned "the"the minorityminority poorpoor andand radicalradical whites."whites." "As"As thethe WestWest ofof a centurycentury earlierearlier hadhad featuredfeatured stereotypesstereotypes ofof bloodthirstybloodthirsty IndiansIndians andand MexicanMexican bandits,bandits, manymany modemmodern

15 15 Miller,Miller, 97-100;97-100; MicklethwaitMicklethwait andand Wooldridge,Wooldridge, 57-5957-59.. 16 16 PeterPeter WileyWiley andand RobertRobert Gottlieb,Gottlieb, Empires in the Sun: The Rise o/theof the New American West (Tucson,(Tucson, AZ:AZ: TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof ArizonaArizona Press,Press, 1982),305;1982), 305; Benedict,Benedict, 129-130;129-130; MichaelMichael E.E. McGerr,McGerr, "Is"Is ThereThere a Twentieth-CenturyTwentieth-Century West?"West?" inin Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past, ed.ed. WilliamWilliam Cronon,Cronon, GeorgeGeorge Miles,Miles, andand JayJay GitlinGitlin (New(New York:York: W.W.W.W. NortoNortonn & Company,Company, 1992),251-255;1992), 251-255; AlanAlan Brinkley,Brinkley, "The"The ProblemProblem ofof AmericanAmerican Conservatism,"Conservatism," The American Historical Review 9999 (April(April 1994):1994): 417-418.417-418. 5151 whitewhite westernerswesterners addedadded minorityminority riotersrioters andand criminalscriminals asas necessarynecessary demonsdemons toto justifyjustify thethe

17 existingexisting socialsocial order,"order," WhiteWhite suggested. 17

TheseThese explanationsexplanations areare notnot mutuallymutually exclusive.exclusive. Indeed,Indeed, itit isis likelylikely thathatt

Westerners'Westerners' increasedincreased prosperityprosperity combinedcombined withwith theirtheir traditionallytraditionally individualisticindividualistic self-self- imagesimages toto fuelfuel middle-classmiddle-class resentmentresentment whenwhen thethe federalfederal governmentgovernment changedchanged ititss spendingspending prioritieprioritiess toto favorfavor policiespolicies helpinghelping minoritiesminorities andand thethe underclassunderclass..

MillerMiller hashas arguedargued thatthat socialsocial conservatismconservatism generallygenerally diddid notnot playaplay a majormajor rolerole iinn thethe RepUblicanRepublican takeovertakeover ofof thethe MountainMountain West.West. However,However, hehe basedbased thisthis contentioncontention solelsolelyy onon datadata showingshowing thatthat thethe MidwestMidwest andand SouthSouth werewere moremore opposedopposed toto abortionabortion rightsrights anandd women'swomen's equalityequality thanthan thethe MountainMountain West.West. A moremore in-depthin-depth studystudy featuringfeaturing numerousnumerous questionsquestions aboutabout socialsocial attitudesattitudes towardtoward culturalcultural changechange needsneeds toto bbee donedone toto establishestablish bettebetterr thethe rolerole socialsocial conservatismconservatism playeplayedd inin thethe region'sregion's partisanpartisan shift.shift. Marchant-Marchant-

ShapiroShapiro andand PattersonPatterson havehave demonstrateddemonstrated thatthat moralmoral issues,issues, especiallyespecially abortion,abortion, playedplayed a majormajor rolerole inin LDSLDS voters'voters' movemove toto thethe RepublicanRepublican PartyParty withinwithin thethe region.region. ManManyy

MountainMountain WestWest statesstates havehave significantsignificant MormonMormon populationspopulations,, soso thethe rolerole ofof socialsocial anandd religiousreligious issuesissues inin regionalregional RepublicanRepublican realignmentrealignment deservesdeserves moremore study.18study.18

TheThe significancesignificance ofof thethe 19761976 electionelection resultsresults shouldshould notnot bbee overstated.overstated. TheThe defeatdefeat ofof threethree incumbentincumbent DemocraticDemocratic senatorssenators thatthat yearyear waswas onlyonly thethe beginningbeginning ofof a partisanpartisan shiftshift thatthat wouldwould taketake yearsyears toto complete.complete. RepublicansRepublicans mademade a netnet gaingain inin theirtheir shareshare ofof ththee region'Sregion's congressionalcongressional seatsseats inin 1976,1976, butbut MountainMountain WesternWestern delegationsdelegations toto thethe HouseHouse ooff

RepresentativesRepresentatives diddid notnot becomebecome stronglystrongly RepublicanRepublican untiluntil thethe earlyearly 1980s.1980s. VoteVoterr registrationregistration inin thethe regionregion hadhad shiftedshifted toto thethe GOPGOP byby thethe mid-1980s.mid-1980s. Nevertheless,Nevertheless, thethe

17 17 RichardRichard White,White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own":Own ": AA HistoryHistory ofof the the AmericanAmerican WestWest (Norman,(Norman, OK:OK: UniversityUniversity ofof OklahomaOklahoma Press,Press, 1991),601-604.1991), 601-604. 18 18 Miller,Miller, 90-93;90-93; Marchant-ShapiroMarchant-Shapiro andand Patterson,Patterson, 366366.. 5252 manymany MountainMountain WesternWestern RepublicansRepublicans electedelected toto CongressCongress duringduring thethe 1970s1970s pushepushedd

AmericanAmerican politicpoliticss inin a moremore conservativeconservative direction,direction, settingsetting thethe stagestage forfor thethe "Reagan"Reagan

Revolution"Revolution" ofof 1980.1199

ForeignForeign policpolicyy hawkishness,hawkishness, small-governmentsmall-government philosophyphilosophy,, andand sociasociall conservatismconservatism defineddefined thethe "New"New Right"Right" ideology.ideology. TheThe MountainMountain WestWest broughbroughtt severaseverall adherentsadherents ofof thisthis ideologyideology toto powepowerr inin thethe 1970s,1970s, butbut inin manymany otherother partpartss ofof thethe country,country, remnantsremnants ofof thethe DemocraticDemocratic NeNeww DealDeal coalitioncoalition heldheld together.together. ThisThis allowedallowed DemocratsDemocrats toto holdhold onon toto bothboth houseshouses ofof thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates CongressCongress throughoutthroughout thethe 1970s,1970s, despitedespite ththee increasinglyincreasingly conservativeconservative moodmood ofof manymany AmericansAmericans..20

InIn thethe FebruaryFebruary 19791979 issueissue ofof the Atlantic Monthly, Monthly, journalist journalis tSanford Sanford J. JUngar. Unga r analyzedanalyzed thethe impactimpact ofof a groupgroup ofof conservativeconservative senatorssenators "elected"elected asas RepublicansRepublicans iinn westernwestern statesstates atat a timetime whenwhen theirtheir partpartyy waswas inin eclipseeclipse nationally."nationally." HeHe reportedreported thathatt thesthesee newnew WesternWestern conservatives,conservatives, includingincluding Hatch,Hatch, Wallop,Wallop, Schmitt,Schmitt, Nevada'Nevada'ss PauPaull

Laxalt,Laxalt, Utah'sUtah's JakeJake Gam,Gam, andand Idaho'sIdaho's JamesJames McClure,McClure, werewere quickquick toto demonstratedemonstrate theitheirr power.power. TheThe groupgroup contributedcontributed toto a successfulsuccessful filibusterfilibuster ofof a CarterCarter Administration-Administration- sponsoredsponsored laborlabor reformreform bill.bill. "Their"Their influenceinfluence seemsseems toto gogo wellwell beyonbeyondd theirtheir numericalnumerical strength,strength, perhapperhapss becausebecause ofof theirtheir willingnesswillingness toto posepose starkstark alternativesalternatives toto executiveexecutive-- branchbranch policiespolicies ratherrather thanthan playplay thethe traditionaltraditional senatorialsenatorial gamegame ofof searchingsearching forfor consensus,"consensus," UngarUngar reported.2121 HistorianHistorian JulianJulian E.E. ZelizerZelizer notednoted thatthat thethe RepublicansRepublicans firstfirst electedelected inin thethe 1970s,1970s, manymany ofof themthem MountainMountain Westerners,Westerners, "came"came intointo CongressCongress withwith aa strongstrong ideologicalideological mission,mission, yetyet theythey werewere simultaneouslysimultaneously committedcommitted toto playingplaying hardballhardball

19 19 ForFor a year-by-yearyear-by-year listinglisting ofof thethe partisanpartisan makeupmakeup ofof statestate delegationsdelegations toto thethe HouseHouse ofof Representatives,Representatives, seesee CongressionalCongressional Quarterly,Quarterly, Congressional Elections: 1946-1996, 170-173.170-173. OnOn votervoter registration,registration, seesee Marchant-ShapirMarchant-Shapiroo andand Patterson,Patterson, 360-362.360-362. 20 20 Congressional Quarterly, Congressional Elections: 1946-1996,30-40. Congressional Quarterly, Congressional Elections: 1946-1996, 30-40. 21 Ungar, 20-23. 21 Ungar, 20-23. 5533

22 politicpoliticss ssoo thathatt thetheyy werweree nonott relegaterelegatedd ttoo ththee margins."margins. ,,22 CombininCombiningg uncompromisinuncompromisingg

conservatisconservatismm witwithh politicapoliticall shrewdnessshrewdness,, thithiss group'group'ss perspectivperspectivee eventualleventuallyy becambecamee

predominanpredominantt iinn ththee RepublicaRepublicann PartyParty.. BByy ththee mid-1980smid-1980s,, ththee moderate-to-liberalmoderate-to-liberal

"Rockefelle"Rockefellerr RepublicanRepublican"" winwingg ooff ththee GOGOPP hahadd declinedeclinedd ttoo a positiopositionn ooff marginamarginall powepowerr

anandd importanceimportance..23

ThThee resultresultss ooff ththee UtaUtahh SenatSenatee racracee ooff 19761976 cacann besbestt bbee vieweviewedd aass a bellwethebellwetherr

eventevent,, witwithh ththee state'state'ss votervoterss leadinleadingg a regionaregionall shifshiftt ttoo ththee rightright.. Utah'Utah'ss RepublicaRepublicann

reorientatioreorientationn wawass unusuallunusuallyy stronstrongg becausbecausee membermemberss ooff ththee ChurcChurchh ooff JesuJesuss ChrisChristt ooff

Latter-daLatter-dayy SaintSaintss camcamee ttoo vievieww ththee DemocratiDemocraticc PartPartyy aass incompatiblincompatiblee witwithh theitheirr religiousreligious

viewviewss oonn moramorall issuesissues.. OrriOrrinn HatcHatchh launchelaunchedd hihiss politicapoliticall careecareerr aatt a timtimee whewhenn thithiss

procesprocesss wawass beginninbeginningg ttoo occuroccur,, anandd hhee tootookk advantagadvantagee ooff iitt bbyy runninrunningg a campaigcampaignn thathatt

deliberateldeliberatelyy appealeappealedd ttoo LDLDSS votersvoters.. FranFrankk MosMosss wawass puputt oonn ththee defensivdefensivee throughouthroughoutt

thethe race,race, andand HatchHatch wonwon a seatseat inin "the"the world'sworld's mostmost exclusiveexclusive club"club" thatthat hehe hashas heldheld ontoonto

forfor overover 3131 years.years .

22 22 JulianJulian E.E. Zelizer,Zelizer, "Seizing"Seizing Power:Power: ConservativesConservatives andand CongressCongress SinceSince thethe 1970s,"1970s," inin The TransformationTransformation of American Politics: Activist Government and thethe Rise of Conservatism,Conservatism , eded.. PauPaull PiersoPiersonn anandd ThedThedaa SkocpolSkocpol (Princeton,(Princeton, NJ:NJ: PrincetonPrinceton UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 2007),2007), 113.113. 23 23 ChristopherChristopher J.J. Bailey,Bailey, The Republican Party inin thethe US Senate.Senate, 1974-1984: Party Change and Institutional Development(New (New York:York: St.St. Martin'sMartin's Press,Press, 1988),63-68;1988), 63-68; DonaldDonald T.T. Critchlow,Critchlow, The Conservative Ascendancy: How thethe GOP Right Made Political History (Cambridge,(Cambridge, MA:MA: HarvardHarvard UniversityUniversity Press,Press, 2007),2007), 173.173. SELECTEDSELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS

JWMLJWML SpecialSpecial Collections,Collections, J.J. WillardWillard MarriottMarriott Library,Library, UniversityUniversity ofof Utah,Utah, SaltSalt LakeLake CityCity

NEWSPAPERSNEWSPAPERS

Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune

Daily Utah Chronicle (Salt(Salt LakeLake City)City)

Deseret News (Salt(Salt LakeLake City)City)

Logan (Utah) Herald Journal

The New York Times

Ogden (Utah) Standard-Examiner

Salt Lake Tribune

Wyoming State Tribune (Cheyenne)(Cheyenne)

LETTERLETTERSS

Harding,Harding, VeraVera,, PleasanPleasantt Grove,Grove, UTDT,, ttoo FranFrankk EE.. MossMoss,, 1818 JunJunee 1976.1976. TheThe PaperPaperss ooff FranFrankk EE.. MosMosss (M(MSS 146),146), BoBoxx 572572,, FoldeFolderr 1717 -- Political-Political - 19761976 -- Howe,Howe, AllanAllan -- CorrespondencCorrespondencee (Jun(Junee 1976).1976). JWMLJWML..

HerseyHersey,, LewiLewiss G.G.,, SalSaltt LakLakee CityCity,, ttoo FranFrankk EE.. MossMoss,, 2 DecembeDecemberr 1975.1975. ThThee PaperPaperss ooff FranFrankk EE.. MosMosss (M(MSS 146),146), BoBoxx 573573,, FoldeFolderr 3 - PoliticaPolitical-l - 19761976 - MosMosss CampaignCampaign CorrespondencCorrespondencee (1975)(1975).. JWMLJWML.. 5555

JensenJensen Family,Family, SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, toto FrankFrank E.E. Moss,Moss, 1717 JuneJune 1976.1976. TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1717 -- PoliticalPolitical -- 19761976 -- Howe,Howe, AllanAllan -- CorrespondenceCorrespondence (June(June 1976).1976). JWML.JWML.

Moss,Moss, FrankFrank E.,E., toto DonaldDonald L.L. Pisciotta,Pisciotta, SaltSalt LakeLake City,City, 1414 SeptemberSeptember 1976.1976. TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS 146),146), BoxBox 5572 72,, FolderFolder 1717 -- PoliticalPolitical -- 19761976 -- Howe,Howe, AllanAllan - CorrespondenceCorrespondence (June(June 1976).1976). JWML.JWML.

Moss,Moss, FrankFrank E.,E., toto FranFran Sturdivan,Sturdivan, Pueblo,Pueblo, CO,CO, 2727 JuneJune 1975.1975. TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank EE.. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 3 - Political-1976Political - 1976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign CorrespondenceCorrespondence (1975).(1975). JWML.JWML.

GOVERNMlliNTDOCUMENTSGOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

U.S.U.S. Congress.Congress. Senate.Senate. DebateDebate andand VoteVote onon AmendmentAmendment NoNo.. 336336 toto thethe NursNursee TrainingTraining andand HealthHealth RevenueRevenue SharingSharing andand HealthHealth ServicesServices ActAct ofof 1975.1975. S.66.S. 66. 94th94th Cong.,Cong., st 1st sess.sess. CongressionalCongressional RecordRecord 121,121, pt.pt. 88(1 (100 AprilApril 1975).1975).

U.S.U.S. Congress.Congress. Senate.Senate. VoteVote onon thethe EqualEqual TreatmentTreatment ofof CraftCraft andand IndustrialIndustrial WorkersWorkers bill.bill. H.R.5900.H.R. 5900. 94th94th Cong.,Cong., 1stst sess.sess. Congressional Record 121,121, pt.pt. 2929 (19 NovembeNovemberr 1975).1975).

OTHEROTHER PRIMARYPRIMARY SOURCESOURCE DOCUMENTSDOCUMENTS ANDAND RECORDINGSRECORDINGS

"Does"Does SenioritySeniority Count?"Count?" CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof JosephJoseph Montoya.Montoya. TheThe PapersPapers ofof JosephJoseph Montoya,Montoya, Communications:Communications: CampaignCampaign & Election,Election, OctoberOctober 11-19,11-19, 19761976.. UniversityUniversity ofof NeNeww MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque.

"Frank"Frank MossMoss FightsFights forfor JobsJobs forfor thethe PeoplePeople ofof Utah."Utah." UtahUtah StateState AFL-CIOAFL-CIO AdvertisementAdvertisement forfor FrankFrank E.E. Moss.Moss. VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 -- NationaNationall Offices.Offices. JWML.JWML.

Gam,Garn, Jake,Jake, andand thethe CommitteeCommittee forfor thethe SurvivalSurvival ofof a FreeFree Congress.Congress. PoliticalPolitical mailing.mailing. TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1313 - Political-Political - 1976-1976 - Hatch,Hatch, Orrin.Orrin. JWML.JWML.

Hatch,Hatch, Elaine.Elaine. "Dear"Dear Friend."Friend." CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, 2828 OctoberOctober 1976.1976. VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 - NationaNationall Offices.Offices. JWML.JWML.

Hatch,Hatch, OrrinOrrin.. TestimonialTestimonial ttoo UtahUtah RepublicanRepublican statestate delegatesdelegates.. ThThee PaperPaperss ofof FranFrankk E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss Tapes A0146A0146 #83.#83. JWML.JWML. 5656

"If"If he'she's there,there, you'reyou're there."there." CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch.Hatch. VerticalVertical FilesFiles:: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 --NationaNationall Offices.Offices. JWML.JWML.

"Inflation"Inflation isis ourour worstworst enemy!"enemy!" CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof FrankFrank E.E. Moss.Moss. TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 11-11 - Political-1976Political - 1976 - MossMoss CampaignCampaign Ads.Ads. JWML.JWML.

"It"It reallyreally isis timetime forfor a change."change." CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch.Hatch. VerticaV erticall FilesFiles:: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 --NationaNationall Offices.Offices. JWML.JWML.

"Montoya:"Montoya: A MillionaireMillionaire PushingPushing A 'Poor'Poor Boy'Boy' Image."Image." AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof DemocratsDemocrats forfor Schmitt.Schmitt. TheThe PapersPapers ofof HarrisonHarrison Schmitt,Schmitt, BoxBox 550,550, FolderFolder 2 - DemocratDemocratss forfor SchmittSchmitt byby CleoCleo Montoya,Montoya, re:re: 19761976 campaign.campaign. UniversityUniversity ofof NewNew MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque.

Moss,Moss, FrankFrank E.E. "Moss"Moss ReadyReady toto FilibusterFilibuster CleanClean AirAir BillBill onon SenateSenate Floor."Floor." NewsNews release,release, 3030 SeptemberSeptember 1976.1976. TheThe PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoBoxx 577577,, FolderFolder 77-PressReleases-94 - Press Releases - 94tthh 2ndnd 19761976-No - No.. 151-161.151-161. JWML.JWML.

Moss,Moss, FrankFrank E.E. StatementStatement atat HotelHotel UtahUtah PressPress Conference,Conference, 2525 OctoberOctober 1976.1976. ThThee PapersPapers ofof FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 573,573, FolderFolder 1313 -- Political-Political - 19761976 -- MossMoss CampaignCampaign Information.Information. JWML.JWML.

"Orrin"Orrin HatchHatch forfor Senate, OrrinOrrin HatchHatch forfor Utah."Utah." CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof OrrinOrrin Hatch.Hatch. VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah-Elections-1976-Nationa - Elections - 1976 - Nationall Offices.Offices. JWML.JWML.

"A"A ReasonReason toto Believe:Believe: ThisThis LandLand ofof Ours.Ours."" CampaignCampaign AdvertisementAdvertisement ofof HarrisonHarrison Schmitt.Schmitt. TheThe PapersPapers ofof HarrisonHarrison Schmitt,Schmitt, BoxBox 550,550, FolderFolder 6 - JackJack Schmitt,Schmitt, A ReasonReason toto Believe,Believe, re:re: 19761976 campaigncampaign issues.issues. UniversityUniversity ofof NewNew MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque.

"Senator"Senator JosephJoseph MontoyaMontoya SaysSays Let'sLet's LookLook atat thethe Facts."Facts." CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof JosephJoseph Montoya.Montoya. TheThe PapersPapers ofof JosephJoseph Montoya,Montoya, Communications:Communications: CampaignCampaign & Election,Election, OctoberOctober 26-31,26-31, 1976.1976. UniversityUniversity ofof NewNew MexicoMexico PoliticalPolitical Archives,Archives, Albuquerque.Albuquerque.

"Senator"Senator MossMoss worksworks forfor you!"you!" CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement ofof FrankFrank E.E. Moss.Moss. VerticalVertical Files:Files: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 - NationalNational Offices.Offices. JWML.JWML.

Skousen,Skousen, W.W. Cleon.Cleon. MailingMailing inin supportsupport ooff OrrinOrrin Hatch,Hatch, 1212 MayMay 1976.1976. TheThe PaperPaperss ooff FrankFrank E.E. MossMoss (MS(MS 146),146), BoxBox 572,572, FolderFolder 1313 - Political-Political - 19761976 - Hatch,Hatch, Orrin.Orrin. JWML.JWML.

"Utah"Utah NeedNeedss a NeNeww Senator."Senator." CampaignCampaign advertisementadvertisement forfor OrrinOrrin Hatch.Hatch. VerticaVerticall FilesFiles:: UtahUtah - ElectionsElections - 19761976 - NationaNationall OfficesOffices.. JWML.JWML. 5757

INTERVIEWSINTERVIEWS

Billings,Billings, PeterPeter (former(former legislativelegislative assistantassistant toto SenatorSenator Moss).Moss). InterviewInterview bbyy author,author, 2828 JanuaryJanuary 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakLakee City.City.

Chambless,Chambless, TimTim (former(former researchresearch coordinatorcoordinator forfor SenatorSenator Moss).Moss). InterviewInterview bbyy author,author, 7 MarchMarch 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakeLake City.City.

Haddow,Haddow, MaMacc (Hatch(Hatch campaigncampaign managermanager inin 1976).1976). InterviewInterview bbyy author,author, 1414 MarchMarch 20072007,, telephone.telephone.

Jones,Jones, DanDan (political(political pollster)pollster).. InterviewInterview bbyy author,author, 2121 FebruaryFebruary 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakeLake City.City.

Matheson,Matheson, Scott,Scott, Jr.Jr. (Scott(Scott MathesonMatheson forfor GovernoGovernorr campaigncampaign managermanager inin 1976).1976). InterviewInterview bbyy author,author, 1515 MarchMarch 2007,2007, telephone.telephone.

Moss,Moss, BrianBrian (Moss(Moss campaigncampaign officialofficial inin 1976).1976). InterviewInterview byby author,author, 1111 FebruaryFebruary 20082008,, telephone.telephone.

Pingree,Pingree, WilliamWilliam (Hatch campaigncampaign officialofficial inin 1976).1976). InterviewInterview byby author,author, 2929 JanuaryJanuary 2008,2008, SaltSalt LakeLake City.City.

Rolly,Roily, PaulPaul (political(political reporterreporter atat thethe Salt Lake Tribune). InterviewInterview bbyy author,author, 8 MarchMarch 2007,2007, SaltSalt LakeLake City.City.

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