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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Equalities in 'Rural' and 'Non-Urban'

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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Equalities in 'Rural' and 'Non-Urban' In the Shadow of the Gay Capital: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Equalities in ‘Rural’ and ‘Non-Urban’ East Sussex by Nick McGlynn PhD 2014 In the Shadow of the Gay Capital: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Equalities in ‘Rural’ and ‘Non-Urban’ East Sussex Nick McGlynn Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy 2014 University of Brighton 1 2 Abstract The Equality Act 2010 ended a decade of legislation addressing discrimination and social exclusion on the basis of gender or sexual difference. This was followed by the economic and social climate of ‘austerity’ under the Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government. I bring together social policy scholars who have critically interrogated austerity and the Conservative ‘Big Society’, with geographers of sexualities who have challenged rural imaginaries of sexual and gendered oppression. Using poststructural approaches to space, sexuality, the state and society, I understand such phenomena to be fluid, porous and co-constitutive, and aim to explore public sector/community partnership work for LGBT equalities in rural and non-urban areas. My research was developed in partnership with the ‘LGBT Equalities in Hastings, Rother and East Sussex’ forum (2009-2012). This empirical research used qualitative and quantitative data gathered through 12 recorded meetings of the forum and 175 responses to an online questionnaire addressing the experiences of LGBT people from rural and non-urban areas in East Sussex. Quantitative data was analysed using statistical tests of significance and correlation, with some of this analysis done in partnership with members of the LGBT Equalities Forum. Qualitative data was analysed using a detailed discourse analysis inspired by the work of Michel Foucault. My findings continue to challenge binaries of urban safety and rural oppression, as well as the converse of LGBT rural idylls. My research sites contest and escape clear boundaries of urban/rural - the latter remain crucial to understanding LGBT lives and communities but can render alternative and neglected geographies less visible. Local LGBT communities and public services worked in partnership, revealing new hybrid possibilities but also emerging neoliberal and conceptions of ‘responsibility’ for equality, located within local LGBT communities. Nevertheless, the discursive slipperiness of ‘equality’ combined with discussions surrounding the Equality Act 2010 challenges interpretations of LGBT equality as necessarily assimilative or negative. In this way, this thesis reveals the messy, uneven and yet situated discursive and material effects of public sector LGBT equalities work in rural and non-urban East Sussex. 3 Contents Abstract – p. 3 Contents – p. 4 List of Figures, Boxes and Tables – p. 9 Acknowledgements – p. 10 Author’s Declaration – p. 12 Chapter 1 - Introduction to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Equalities in ‘Rural’ and ‘Non-Urban’ East Sussex 1.1 - The Background and Development of This Thesis – p. 13 1.2 - Introduction to LGBT Equalities – p. 15 1.3 - Introduction to Geographies of the Rural and the Urban – p. 19 1.4 – Research Question and Aims – p. 21 1.5 – The Geographies of East Sussex – p. 22 1.5.1 – The County of East Sussex – Geography and Demographics – p. 23 1.5.2 – Eastbourne – p. 25 1.5.3 – Hastings – p. 25 1.5.4 – Rother – p. 26 1.5.5 – Wealden – p. 26 1.5.6 – Lewes – p. 26 1.5.7 - Brighton & Hove – p. 27 1.6 - Summary of Thesis Chapters – p. 27 1.7 - Conclusion to Introduction to Thesis – p. 31 4 Chapter 2 – ‘LGBT’, Rurality, Equality and the State, a Review of Existing Literature 2.1 - Introduction to Review of Existing Literature – p. 33 2.2 - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Identities – p. 34 2.2.1 - Sexual Identities, Identity Politics and Queer Theories – p. 35 2.2.2 - Strategic Essentialism – p. 42 2.2.3 - LGB – and T – p. 44 2.3 – Rurality – p. 48 2.3.1 - Historical Approaches to Defining the Rural – p. 48 2.3.2 - Sexuality and Rural Re/Constructions – p. 53 2.4 – Equalities and Equalities of Sexualities – p. 58 2.4.1 – Introducing Liberal Equalities – p. 60 2.4.2 – Equality of Resources or Equality of Opportunity? – p. 62 2.4.3 – Problems for Liberal Equalities – p. 63 2.4.4 – Alternative Approaches to Equalities – p. 65 2.4.5 – Equalities and LGBT People – p. 68 2.4.6 – Assimilation and Normalisation – p. 71 2.5 – States and Social Policies – p. 73 2.5.1 – An Introduction to the State – p. 74 2.5.2 – ‘Classical’ Approaches – p. 75 2.5.3 – Breaking Down Boundaries – p. 77 2.5.4 – Governmentality and Hybridity – p. 78 2.5.5 – Doing the State – p. 86 2.5.6 – Services and Social Policy – p. 88 2.5.7 – Policymaking and the Mutual Construction of Sexualities – p. 89 2.5.8 – Sexual Citizenship – p. 90 2.6 – Conclusion to Review of Existing Literature – p. 91 Chapter 3 – Methodology and Methods 3.1 – Introduction to Methodology and Methods – p. 95 3.2 – Methodological Backgrounds – p. 96 5 3.3 – A Multiple Methods, Participatory Action Research Approach – p. 98 3.4 – Project Background to LGBT Equalities in Hastings, Rother and East Sussex – p. 102 3.5 – Methods of Data Generation and Analysis – p. 104 3.5.1 – Method 1 – Meetings of the LGBT Equalities Forum – p. 106 3.5.2 – Method 2 – LGBT Equalities Mapping Exercise – p. 111 3.5.3 – Method 3 – LGBT Equalities Online Questionnaire – p. 114 3.6 – Data Analysis – p. 119 3.6.1 – Participatory Analysis of Mapping Exercise (Method 2) – p. 119 3.6.2 – Participatory Analysis of Online Questionnaire (Method 3) – p. 121 3.6.3 – Discourse Analysis of Qualitative Data (Methods 1, 2 and 3) – p. 124 3.7 – Data Storage, Ownership and Management – p. 128 3.8 – Conclusion to Methodology and Methods – p. 129 Chapter 4 – Geographies in the Shadow of the Gay Capital 4.1 – Introduction to Geographies in the Shadow of the ‘Gay Capital’ – p. 131 4.2 – The ‘Rural/Urban’ Dynamic in the Geographies of LGBT Hastings, Rother and East Sussex – p. 132 4.2.1 – LGBT Life in Rural and Non-Urban East Sussex – p. 133 4.2.2 – Brighton, the Gay Capital – p. 146 4.2.3 – The Shadow of the Gay Capital – p. 155 4.3 – Moving Beyond the Urban/Rural Binary – p. 167 4.3.1 - The Slippery Boundaries of the Urban and the Rural – p. 168 4.4 – Conclusion to Geographies in the Shadow of the ‘Gay Capital’ – p. 181 Chapter 5 – The Hybrid Possibilities of Partnership Work for LGBT Equalities in East Sussex 5.1 – Introduction to The Hybrid Possibilities of Partnership Work for LGBT Equalities in East Sussex – p. 183 5.2 – The Hybrid Spaces and Subjects of Partnership Work – p. 185 5.3 – Troubling Dis/Identifications in Spaces of Partnership Work – p. 196 5.3.1 – Community Voices, Old and New – p. 197 5.3.2 – The Perceived Institutional Hierarchies of Public Sector Organisations – p. 202 6 5.3.3 – Evidence and the ‘Will Not/To Know’ – p. 212 5.4 – Conclusion to The Hybrid Possibilities of Partnership Work for LGBT Equalities in East Sussex – p. 225 Chapter 6 – The Duties and Subjects of LGBT Equalities 6.1 – Introduction to The Duties and Subject of LGBT Equalities – p. 227 6.2 – Discursive Constructions of ‘Equality’ Through the LGBT Equalities Forum for Hastings, Rother and East Sussex – p. 230 6.3 – The Subjects of Public Sector LGBT Equalities – p. 244 6.3.1 – The Subjects of LGBT Equalities Under Austerity and the Big Society – p. 245 6.3.2 – Public Sector LGBT Equalities Beyond the Public Sector – p. 257 6.4 – Conclusion to The Duties and Subjects of LGBT Equalities – p. 263 Chapter 7 – Conclusion 7.1 – Introduction to Thesis Conclusion – p. 265 7.2 –Meeting the Thesis Aims – p. 265 7.3 – Strengths and Limitations of Research – p.271 7.4 – Further Research Directions – p. 277 7.5 – Thesis Conclusion – p. 279 Bibliography – p. 282 Appendices A - ‘On Our Doorsteps’ Funding Application Form for LGBT Equalities in Hastings, Rother and East Sussex Project – p. 311 B - LGBT Equalities Forum Participant Information Sheet – p. 318 C - LGBT Equalities Forum Consent Form – p. 321 D - Mapping Exercise General Questions and Bespoke Questions for East Sussex County Council Adult Social Care Department – p. 322 E - Online Questionnaire Ethics Approval Form – p. 330 F - Online Questionnaire Information and Questions – p. 347 7 G - Qualitative Analysis Nodes – p. 366 8 List of Figures, Boxes and Tables Figure 1 – Local District, Borough and City Authority Boundaries of the County of East Sussex – p. 23 Figure 2 – PAR Cyclical Development of LGBT Equalities in Hastings, Rother and East Sussex – p. 105 Box 1 – Sample Forum Meeting Agenda – p. 108 Box 2 – Example of Thematic Qualitative Coding from Online Questionnaire – p. 124 Table 1 – As an LGBT person, how easy is it for you to live in your local area? – p. 134 Table 2 – How LGBT friendly are you local public sector services? – p. 143 Table 3 – Do you ever feel isolated? – p. 156 Table 4 – In the past year, have you ever gone away from where you live to socialise with LGBT people? (qualitative responses) – p. 157 Table 5 – In general, do you think your local public services are upholding the third duty of the Equality Act with regard to LGBT people? – p. 235 9 Acknowledgements My main thanks must go to the hundreds of people across East Sussex who participated in this research. I am immensely grateful to the respondents to the policy mapping exercise and the online questionnaire, who shared their knowledge, expertise and experiences.
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