Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8

PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS AS JOB SATISFACTION PREDICTORS

Ivanović Miroljub1 & Ivanović Uglješa2 1Professional studies academy for kindergarten teachers education, Sremska Mitovica, Serbia 2Faculty of sport management, Belgrade, Serbia

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002001 COBISS.BH-ID 1845528 UDC: 796.071.43 SUMMARY

The main aim of this research was to define the calculated personality five big characteristics model for the total job satisfaction The Big Five Inventory (BFI, John, Donahue and Kentle, 1991), as well as the 9 aspects of job satisfaction, which were measured on the Job Satisfaction Survey scale (JSS, Spector, 1985). Except the personality characteristics, as the predictor type, the trainer variables of gender and work experience were researched. The examinees sample con- sisted of 126 football, basketball, volleyball and handball trainers in permanent employment on the territory of Belgrade. According to the achieved results of the multivariate covariance analysis and hierarchy multiple regression analysis the conclusion, that for the relevant prediction of trainer job satisfaction distinguish the trainers who have high scores on the pleasant and neuroti- cism scales, was made. For the satisfactory prediction in some aspects of trainer job the three personality trainer pleasantness, conscientiousness and neuroticism characteristics are separated from the whole. The categorical trainer variables (gender and working experience) - as predictors- didn’t show statistically significant.

Key words: sport trainers, Big Five model, trainer job satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION roticism, (III) pleasantness, (IV) conscientiou- sness and (V) openness to experience. Main Personality is good predictor of those be- virtue of this model is strong empirical foun- haviors, which are impossible to predict using dation and conceptual wideness. So “Big Five” the general mental abilities, knowledge, adroit- becomes one of the leading models in person- ness and concrete situations (Barrick & ality psychology during the XX century. In this Mount, 2005; Ones, Viswesvaran & Dilchert, work, authors started from the fact that the 2005). Individual’s behavior is determined by afore-mentioned theory has attracted great his personality characteristics and situational researchers’ attention in the recent decade. factors, which are changeable during the time. There is a great deal of literary agreement In order to exchange and predict job satisfac- about “Big Five” model application conven- tion, knowledge about individual’s personality ience in the researches, which are related to characteristics and his surroundings is re- the work surrounding. Only some hitherto quired. For that latent dimensions excite grow- studies from the mentioned domain will be ing interest of researches. brought here. McCrae & Costa (1991) have made a model According to Wrightov’s (2006) research, called personality Big Five model, which as- the term job satisfaction shows social attitude, sumes existence of five following basic per- which involves cognitive and conative dimen- sonality dimensions: (I) extraversion, (II) neu- sions and feelings. Paul Spector (1997) has

1 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 empirically established theoretical base job naire and that they significantly contribute to satisfaction, defining it as “what personality opinion, emotions and human posture. feels towards his/her job and uncorrespond- Judge, Heller & Mount’s researches (2003), ing occurrence of job types. Job satisfaction is, has drawn attention to some personality char- to some extent, also an indicator of job stim- acteristics of Big Five model, which are statis- ulus of total job situation. tically significant predictors of job satisfaction. Development of “Big Five” model person- Maximal correlation has been determined be- ality dimensions contributed to the researches tween neuroticism and job satisfaction and connection of personality characteristics (r=.-38), which indicates that these people are with job satisfaction variables. prone to experiencing bad feelings. Also, ac- At the beginning of the XX century, Tailor cording to the same authors’ findings in the & Gilbert began research of the job satisfac- study, conscientiousness is the second dimen- tion phenomenon (Wright, 2006), supposing sion, which is in the significant positive mutual that the idea of scientific management largely relation with the job satisfaction (r=.31). It is reduces the body fatigue amount and contrib- expected that if the examinees achieve signifi- utes to the people’s sole satisfaction, which is cant results on the conscientiousness variable, necessary to complete the job tasks. According they will develop high-quality work character- to these authors’ researches, it is inevitable istics, work appreciation and inner business that worker, being in accordance with the idea success. There is a greater job satisfaction. of scientific management in the shortest time Furnam & Zacherl (1986), Watson & Slack interval, performs the tasks, for which he will (1993), Watson & Clark (1997) are, according be greatly financially awarded. Their initial to the Judge’s research (1999), singled out the thought was that if a worker adopts general extraversion personality characteristic as sig- principles of scientific management as his nificant predictor job satisfaction variable. own, expanding minimum physical and psy- McCrae & Costa (1991) have defined pleas- chological strength, he will achieve the best antness variable as significant job satisfaction results and gain maximal monetary compensa- predictor. People, who achieve significant re- tion. It will lead to his job satisfaction. There- sults on this latent dimension, are stimulated fore, according to the scientific management for accomplishing significant level of emo- theory, monetary compensation is relevant for tional connection with their collaborators, and improving the job satisfaction degree of indi- there-fore for accomplishing greater extent of viduals. job satisfaction. Individual behavior is determined by his On the sample of 300 teachers and collabo- personality characteristics and situational fac- rators working at the Universities in Novi Sad tors. Great number of authors has researched and Belgrade, Matanović (2009) has researched linear job satisfaction correlation and some predictive values of personality characteristics personality dimensions. Some factors signifi- of Big Five model for the total job satisfaction cance related to this phenomenon can change as well as 9 job satisfaction aspects, which during the time. However, some researches were measured by Job Satisfaction Survey indicate that personality dimensions have cer- scale. Apart from personality characteristics, as tain stabilizing role in the job satisfaction eval- categorical predictors, gender and university uation, so latent personality dimensions arouse work experience variables have also been ex- greater researcher’s interest. amined. According to the achieved results, it is Significant researches number checked the concluded that, as significant predictors of Big Five model validity on the different world total job satisfaction, the pleasantness and wide populations. Validity of five big factors neuroticism characteristics are distinguished, was verified to a great extent. while categorical variables have not shown as According to the Đurić-Jočić and collabo- significant predictors. For the prediction of rator’s researches (2004), Big Five model, as- some job aspects satisfaction the following sumes that characteristics of a person can be issues are separated: pleasantness, conscien- quantified using the self-evaluation question- tiousness and neuroticism, being: pleasantness

2 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 for aspects such as: improvement, manage- Job Satisfaction Survey questionnaire, which ment, job nature, communications and coop- contains 36 items, with six-scale of Likert’s eratives; conscie-ntiousness for aspects such type. Achieved results, from this scale, enable as: cooperatives, benefits and rewarding and 10 independent calculations such as: 9 job neuroticism for aspects such as: management, satisfaction aspects (pay, advancement, man- job nature, communications, cooperatives, agement, benefits, rewarding, work proce- benefits and rewarding. dures, cooperatives, job nature and communi- The main aim of this research is to check cations), i.e. the achieved examinees results on predictive value of dimension personality vari- the individual subscales, while 10. achieved ance (as predictor), gender and trainer work result- general measure job satisfaction - pre- experience and some occurrence of trainer job sents the amount obtained by results addition types satisfaction (as criterion). of all test entries. Using the Cronbach-alfa coefficient (Cron- METHOD bach, Glaser, Nanda & Rajaratnam, 2004) it is determined that relatively high inner con- sistency of this 36-item Scale (α>.89), and the Sample and procedure objectivity of some sub-scale values goes with- The research has been conducted on the in ranges of .64 to .85. representative sample of 126 examinees The second applied measuring instrument, (M=33.7 years; SD=11.06) in the following The Big Five Inventory, by which the person- football, basketball, volleyball and handball ality dimensions are evaluated according to the clubs on the territory of Belgrade city: FC “Big Five” Model, consisted of five-scale of “Rad”, YFC “Belgrade”, BSC and FC “ Cu- Likert’s type, which is separated into 44 claims karicki Stankom”- Jelen Super Serbian League; with 5 following sub-scales: extraversion, plea- BC “FMP”, BC “Mega vizura”, VC “Bel- santness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, grade” and BC “Superfund BP”- A basketball openness to experience. The examinees have league - VC “Obilic”, VC “Partizan” and VC the task to mark each continuous predictor, “Crvena Zvezada” - I volleyball league; HC actually the five-factor personality model “Crvena Zvezda”, HC “Kolubara” and HC claim, using the number, which suits its per- “Partizan” - Super handball league. sonality characteristics self-description on the The questionnaires have been given to the five-scale from 1 to 5 (1 - I do not agree at all, football, basketball, volleyball and handball 5 - I totally agree). The total result is formed as trainers, who are permanently employed. They linear evaluation combination. have been administrated to the examinees be- 44-item scale objectivity of Five big dimen- fore the training, with the presence of the ex- sion personality model, is α=.87, which is sat- aminers. Before the examination, the exami- isfying reliability measure of inter metric ap- nees have been read and interpreted the ques- plied measuring instrument characteristics. tionnaire manual. In this research, calculated coefficient of The examination was completely voluntary inner Cronbach α consistency, for both ap- and anonymous and it was conducted in the plied measuring instruments, does not im- September of 2010. mensely differ from findings, which Matanovic achieved (2009). Instruments Apart from the two mentioned measuring instruments, general data examinees’ testing In this empirical research two measuring has been conducted by the help of two pre- instruments have been applied: a) Job Satis- dictor categorical variables: gender and trainer faction Survey (JSS, Spector, 1985) and b) The work experience in a club. The second variable Big Five Inventory (BFI, John, Donahue & has 5 following ranges: 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16– Kentle, 1991). 20 and 21–30 years and more trainer experi- Each particle, actually the claim about 9 job ence. satisfaction aspects has been evaluated by the Data processing has been based on the co-

3 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 variance analysis. For the quantitative and RESULTS qualitative differences definition, actually sig- nificant predictors for some satisfaction trainer In the Table 1 the univariance effect of job aspects, the multifactor analysis covariance predictor variables for total trainer job satis- (MANCOVA) has firstly been applied, and faction is visualized. then also the analysis variance (ANCOVA) for Conducted analysis draws attention to the every of satisfaction trainer job aspects. fact that according to the level of statistically Statistic program MedCalc software (ver- F-test significance, i.e. the variance predictor sion 8.1.0.0 for Windows, MedCalc) has been variable relation of total trainer job satisfac- used for data processing. tion, separates the personality pleasantness and neuroticism dimensions.

TABLE 1. AKOVA of continuous predictor variables on total trainer job satisfaction

SS df MS F p β Extraversion 57.24 1 56.36 .10 .95 .04 Pleasantness 5176.04 1 5937.02 11.46 .01 .29 Neuroticism 5108.66 1 5421,54 8.35 .02 -.25 Openess 148.29 1 149.22 .32 .75 .02 Conscientiousness 1382.27 1 1291.24 1.98 .15 -.09 Gender 348.27 1 397.23 .18 .63 .08 Sport experience 301.27 1 311.06 .49 .73 .05 Note: R=.46; R²=.21; F=1.94; p=.00 Legend: R - multiple correlation coefficient, R² - determination coefficient, F - Fisher’s test for statistically significance determination, P - statistical significance level of multivariate test, SS - arithmetic mean, df - degrees of freedom, MS - middle square of corrected arithmetic mean, p- level of multivariate test statistic significance, ß - beta standardize partial contribution.

TABLE 2. Covariance predictor variable analysis

Wilks' F p Lambda Extraversion – E .923 1.438 .09 Pleasantness .866 3.125 .01 Conscientiousness – C .885 2.164 .00 Neuroticism – N .953 1.956 .05 Openess to experience – O .956 1.429 .12 Gender .937 1.562 .07 Sport experience – SS .926 .657 .65 Legend: Wilks’ λ - Wilk’s lambda test, F - Fisher’s test for statistically significance determination, p - level of statistical significance.

In order to gain the knowledge, if some Covariance analysis results on the level of in- personality characteristics and categorical vari- dividual variables (Table 2) show that three ables, gender and trainer work experience in a personality dimensions: pleasantness club contribute to the differences of 9 job (F=1.438, p<.01), conscientiousness (F=2.164, satisfaction aspects, the multifactor covari- p<.00) and neuroticism (F=1.956, p<.05) are ance analysis (MANCOVA) has been applied. separated from the five factor personality

4 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 model whole, and in that manner present sta- the system of categorical predictor variables tistically significant continuous predictor of (gen-der and trainer work experience in a club) so-me trainer job satisfaction aspects, along – has not shown statistically significant differ- with the error less than 5% (Table 3). Further ences between arithmetic means. analysis of F-test - relation variability value in

TABLE 3. MANCOVA - model significance

2 R R² Rc df MS F p Pay .53 .26 .11 33 42.14 2.09 .02 Advancement .48 .29 .09 31 25.16 .00 Management .54 .24 .13 32 34.34 2.17 .03 Benefits .39 .17 .12 34 28.46 2.11 .01 Work procedures .41 .19 .07 35 .05 1.59 .26 Cooperatives .52 .18 .12 33 25.01 1.97 .05 Job nature .63 .29 .22 35 28.14 4.01 .00 Communication .39 .20 .11 35 19.88 2.03 .00 Rewarding .38 .23 .09 35 28.26 1.47 .03

2 Legend: R.- multiple correlation coefficient, R² - determination coefficient, Rc - corrected determination coefficient, df - degrees of freedom, MS - middle square, F - Fisher’s test for statistically significance determination, p - level of statistical significance.

TABLE 4. Predictor variables significance for some trainer job satisfaction prediction

E P N S O SEX RS E 4.11 Anvancement P .06 β .12 E 9.24 4.97 Management P ,01 .00 β .32 -.21 E 9.03 4.73 Benefits P .05 .02 β -.12 -.19 E 10.67 5.97 Rewarding P .02 -01 β -.18 -.24 E 30.14 5.16 5.87 Collaborators P .00 .05 .04 β .41 -.17 -.21 E 22.35 4.15 Job nature P .01 .04 β .19 -.13 Legend: F - Fisher’s test for statistically significance determination, p - level of statistical multivariate test significance, ß - beta standardize coefficient beta, E - extraversion, P - pleasantness, N - neuroticism, O - experience openness, SEX - gender, RS - trainer working experience.

5 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010)2:1-10

Statistically significant predictor variables of and neuroticism are the significant predictor of some job satisfaction standpoints are illus- total trainer job satisfaction variable, actually trated in the table 4. examinees who achieve higher results on the Reviewing the F-relation, statistically sig- neuroticism scale reached higher trainer job nificance level and Beta coefficient, it is estab- satisfaction degree, while examinees with high lished that for the statistically significant pre- neuroticism have lower trainer job satisfaction diction of job satisfaction standpoint, which is degree. Apart from that, trainers, who have determined as advancement, the personality high values on the pleasantness scale, develop pleasantness dimension is an exception. There- friendly relationship with sportsmen and their after, two personality characteristics (pleasant- collaborators. In reference to the fact that they ness and neuroticism) have separated from the are friendly with sportsmen, they will, taking five factor personality model whole as signifi- everything into consideration, successfully find cant predictor variables for the following four their place in the work surroundings, so we job satisfaction aspects: management, collabo- can be quite sure that they, in spite of the high rators, job nature and communications. trainer job satisfaction, would not have any Calculated Beta coefficient stresses that the obstacles in the communication with sports- examined trainers with the positive values on men and collaborators. the pleasantness scale and negative results on Regardless the fact that there are not any the neuroticism scale lead to the higher level congruent researches on the trainer popula- of trainer job satisfaction aspect – manage- tion, distinguished personality characteristics ment. pleasantness presents significant trainer job Other than that, trainer job satisfaction as- satisfaction predictor, for high result on the pects such as: collaborators, benefits and re- pleasantness scale probably causes high inner warding, can be predicted according to the or intrinsic motif for achievement and emo- personality characteristic - conscientiousness. tional trainer stability, intense intimacy with However, it can also be established, that sports-men and collaborators, or grater trainer the two predictor categorical variable variabil- job satisfaction. ity (gender and trainer work experience in a Contrary to them, it is assumed that train- club) are not statistically significant for the ers, who have high values on the neuroticism prediction of some trainer job satisfaction scale, are prone to negative feelings manifesta- aspects. Furthermore, with the analyzed di- tion during the training process. They are mension personality “Five Big” model vari- quickly enraged, usually have disagreements ance prediction of the pay and work procedure with players and explosively oppose, which cannot be achieved, as trainer job satisfaction indicates to conflict behaviors, which differ aspect can. from the social-educational system of rules du- In this research, calculated significance F- ring the training process. Thus, this trainer test level is in accordance with the Matinić’s population is probably prone to trainer job results (2009). dissatisfaction advancement. Within the scope of five factors model three personality dimen- DISCUSION sions (pleasantness, conscientiousness and neuroticism), have been manifested as signifi- cant predictors of some trainer job satisfaction This work tends to define variability, i.e. aspects. quadratic value exception from the predictor A personality characteristic, pleasantness, is total trainer job satisfaction variable arithmetic significant predictor for advancement aspect, mean and its satisfaction aspects, according to but also for management, job nature, and the personality characteristics of “Big Five” communication and collaborators aspect pre- model variables and two predictor categorical diction. Trainers, who achieve high results on variables (gender and trainer work experience the pleasantness personality dimension, will in a club). lead satisfaction to a higher level by the help The five factor model structure showed of mentioned occurrence trainer job satisfac- that the personality pleasantness dimension

6 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 tion types. Trainer, who is good-tempered and enormous work, expect corresponding re- ready to collective work, is prone to balance in wards. Apart from that, it can be sensed that every way, in order not to enter into a conflict trainer, who achieved significant result on the during the interpersonal relations. Therefore, conscientiousness scale, is also mostly con- the trainer, with the high results on the pleas- centrated on an individual, and less on a col- antness scale, will most probably have high lective training. Consequently, trainer of this values from the point of job, and of advance- kind manifests lower satisfaction level in oc- ment as well. Trainers, who achieve strikingly currence satisfaction type - collaborators. It is high results on the scale of pleasantness, adopt most probable that he will see his collabora- a system of rules independently from their tors as potential danger in achieving his goals understanding. Therefore, they will lead man- in a sport club. agement satisfaction to a higher level - since It is unusual that personality extraversion they believe they should treat their sportsmen dimension has not manifested as statistically needs - adopt their system of rules, perfectly significant trainer job satisfaction predictor, agree with them, without any analysis or evalu- although Judge and collaborators (1999, 2002) ation, since they believe that most sportsmen have excepted it from the personality charac- are good. They, as pleasant persons, who seek teristics of “Five Big” model whole as one of harmony and interpersonal closeness, will the most important predictor variables. Also, achieve significant satisfaction level on this trainer job aspects (pay and work procedures) management aspect. along with predictor categorical gender and Neuroticism personality dimension is ex- trainer work experience in club variables, have cepted as the most common predictor satis- not shown to be statistically significant, and so faction variable of some trainer job stand- they could not been prognosticated by the points. Trainers, who achieve significant re- help of researched predictors. sults on this scale, will, in an organization sense, have lower satisfaction of trainer job CONCLUSION occurrence types, which are marked as: man- agement, job nature, communication, collabo- rators, benefits and rewarding. This entire According to the research findings, on the means that they hardly achieve harmony in the specific sample football, basketball, volleyball existing circumstances, they are usually in a and handball trainers, who are permanently conflict with their sports-men, collaborators employed, variability prognostication, in pre- and their reputation. Furthermore, they need dictor variables personality dimension “Five much more time to recover from a psychic Big” model system and trainer job satisfaction experience, which over-burdens and exhausts criterion, is defined. organism, contrary to trainer who have low Achieved results of this research indicate to result values on this scale. They are very easily the fact that three personality five factor mod- opposed, prone to great excitements and neg- el dimensions (pleasantness, conscientiousness ative feelings in their life domains. So it is ob- and neuroticism) statistically significant for the vious that they will be on the lower trainer job trainer job satisfaction and some of its aspects satisfaction level, for they will, under the train- prognostication. In addition to this, results er process structure, express negative feelings. indicate to the conclusion that sport trainers, According to the achieved results on the who achieve significant results on the neuroti- conscientiousness scale job aspects satisfaction cism and conscientiousness scales, lead trainer can be predicted as: collaborators, benefits and job satisfaction and some of its aspects to a rewarding. Trainers, who achieve significant lower level, while trainers, who achieve signifi- results on this scale, will have lower satisfac- cant results on the scale of pleasantness, lead tion level of mentioned job types, since they trainer job satisfaction to a higher level. are characterized by responsibility, persistence Since the examinees sample is not sizeable, and motivation for achieving their goals. It is it could be interesting to examine the predic- assumed that these trainers, for their inlay tive validity of these applied continuous and

7 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 categorical variables on the representative Judge, T.A. Higgins, C.A. Thoresen, C.J. & sample of trainer population and other sports. Barrick, M.R. (1999). The Big Five person- ality traits, general mental ability, and career REFERENCE: success across the life span. Personnel Psy- chology, 52, pp. 621–652. Judge, T., Heller, D. & Mount, M. (2002). Barrick, M.R. & Mount, K.M. (2005). Yes, Five-factor model of personality and job Personality Matters: Moving on to More satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Ap- Important Matters. Human Performance, plied Psychology, 87, pp. 530–541. 18(4), pp. 359–372. Matanović, J. (2009). Personality traits as pre- Cronbach, L.J., Glaser, G.C., Nanda, H. & dictors of job satisfaction [Osobine ličnosti Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The dependability of kao prediktori zadovoljstva poslom. In Ser- behavioral measurements: Theory of generalizability bian.]. Primenjena psihologija, 2(3), pp. 327– for scores and profiles. New York: Wiley. 338. Čukić, B. (2005). Organizational behavior in roles McCrae, R.R. & Costa, P.T. (1991). Adding and groups. [Organizaciono ponašanje u liebe und arbeit: The full fivefactor model ulogama i grupama. In Serbina.]. Kruševac: and well-being. Personality and Social Psychol- Fakultet za industrijski menadžment, Izda- ogy Bulettin, 17, pp. 227–232. vački centar za industrijski menadžment Ones, D.S., Viswesvaran, C. & Dilchert, S. plus. (2005). Personality at Work: Raising Aware- Djurić-Jočić, D., Džamonja-Ignjatović, T. & ness and Correcting Misconceptions. Hu- Knežević, G. (2004). NEO PI-R application man Performance, 18(4), pp. 389–404. and interpretation. [NEO PI-R, primena i in- Spector, P.E. (1985). Measurement of human terpretacija. In Serbian.] Beograd: Centar za Service Staff Satisfaction: Development of primenjenu psihologiju. the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal Ilies, R. & Judge, T. (2003). On the heritability of Community Psychology, 13, pp. 693–713. of job satisfaction: The mediating role of Spector, P.E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, Assessment, Causes and Consequences. Thou- pp. 750–759. sand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publica- John, O.P., Donahue, E.M. & Kentle, R.L. tions. (1991). The Big Five Inventory – Versions 44 Wright, Th.A. (2006). The emergence of job and 54. Berkley, CA: University of Califor- satisfaction in organizational behavior, A nia, Berkley, Institute of Personality and historical overview of the dawn of job atti- Social Research. tude research. Journal of Management History, 12, pp. 262–277.

Received: September, 27th 2010 Accepted: December, 3rd 2010

Correspodence to: Miroljub Ivanović, PhD Professional studies academy for kindergarten teachers education Zmaj Jovina 29 22000 Sremska Mitrovica Serbia Phone: +381 22 62 18 64 +381 69 17 77 019 Fax: +381 22 62 22 31 E-mail: [email protected]

8 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8

OSOBINE LIČNOSTI TRENERA KAO PREDIKTORI ZADOVOLJSTVA POSLOM

Ivanović Miroljub1 i Ivanović Uglješa 2 1Visoka škola strukovnih studija za obrazovanje vaspitača, Sremskа Mitrovicа, Srbija 2Fakultet za menadžment u sportu, Beograd, Srbija

Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati pre- voljstvo trenerskim poslom. Rezultati analize ditiktivnu vrijednost dimenzijа ličnosti, pol i kovarijanse naglašavaju da su tri dimenzije lič- radni staž trenera i zadovoljstva trenerskog nosti: prijatnost, savjesnost i neuroticizam, sta- posla (kao kriterijum). tistički značajni prediktori pojedinih aspekata Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 126 trenera zadovoljstva trenerskim poslom. Na osnovu (M=33,7 godina; SD=11,06) u stalnom rad- statističke značajnosti Beta koeficijenata kon- nom odnosu sa teritorije grada Beograda iz 14 statovano je da je dimenzija ličnosti prijatnost spo-rtskih klubova i to: FK „Rad“, OFK „Be- značajna za predikciju aspekta zadovoljstva ograd“, BSK i FK „Čukarički Stankom“ – posla napredovanje, dok su dvije osobine lič- Jelen super liga Srbije; KK „FMP“, KK „Mega nosti (prijatnost i neuroticizam) značajni predi- vizura“, OKK „Beograd“ i KK „Superfund ktori za aspekte zadovoljstva poslom kao što BP“ – A – košarkaška liga; OK „Obilić“, OK su: rukovođenje, saradnici, priroda posla i ko- „Partizan“ i OK „Crvena zvezda“ – Prva od- munikacije. To ukazuje na činjenicu da će tre- bojkaška liga; RK „Crvena zvezda“, RK „Ko- neri sa pozitivnim vrijednostima na skali pri- lubara“ i RK „Partizan“ – Super rukometna jatnosti i negativnim rezultatima na skali neu- liga. roticizma dovesti na viši nivo navedene U istraživanju su korišćeni slijedeći mijerni aspekte zadovoljstva trenerskim poslom. instrumenti: a) Skala Job Satisfaction Survey Takođe, osobina ličnosti savjesnost značajan je (JSS, Spector, 1985) i b) Skala The Big Five prediktor aspekata zadovoljstva trenerskim Inventory (BFI, John, Donahue & Kentle, poslom kao što su: saradnici, beneficije i 1991), kao i dvije prediktorske varijable: pol i nagrađivanje. Osim toga, zaključeno je i to da radni staž trenera u klubu. Metodom Kron- prediktorske varijable pol i radni staž trenera u bah–alfa koeficijenta (Cronbach, Glaser, Nan- klubu, kao i aspekti trenerskog posla plate i da and Rajaratnam, 2004) utvrđena je relativno radne procedure, nisu statistički značajni za vi-soka unutrašnja konzistentnost Skale Job predikciju. Zanimljivo je i to da se dimenzija Sati-sfaction Survey (α>0,89), kao i skale mod- ličnosti ekstraverzija nije ispoljila kao statistički ela „Pet velikih“ dimenzija ličnosti (α=0,87), značajan prediktor zadovoljstva trenerskim što predstavlja zadovoljavajuće mjere pouz- poslom, bez obzira na to što su Džadž i danosti internih metrijskih karakteristika za saradnici (Judge et al., 1999, 2002) utvrdili da oba primijenjena mjerna instrumenta. je ona najbitnija prediktorska varijabla. Definisanje značajnih prediktora za po- U ovom istraživanju, dobijeni rezultati u jedine aspekte zadovoljstva trenerskim poslom sistemu prediktorskih varijabli dimenzija urađeno je primjenom višefaktorske analize ličnosti modela „Pet velikih“ i kriterijuma za- kovarijanse (MANCOVA), dok je za svaki od dovoljstva trenerskim poslom u skladu su sa aspekata zadovoljstva trenerskim poslom nalazima Matanovićeve (2009). primijenjena analiza varijanse (ANCOVA). Za Dobijeni rezultati interpretirani su u konte- obradu podataka, korišćen je statistički pro- kstu dosadašnjih saznanja o osobinama lično- gram MedCalc software (version 8.1.0.0 for sti, pola i radnog staža, i zadovoljstva trener- Windows, MedCalc). skog posla. Provjerom najznačajnijih teorijskih Rezultati F–testa pokazali su da samo dvije pristupa postavljena je osnova za nadogradnju dimenzije ličnosti, prijatnost i neuroticizam, novih saznanja o karakteristikama ovog slože- imaju univarijatno dejstvo na ukupno zado- nog fenomena u trenerskoj (fudbalskoj, košar-

9 Ivanović, M. & Ivanović, U.: PERSONALITY TRAINER CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 1-8 kaškoj, odbojkaškoj i rukometnoj) populaciji. tati predstavljaju referentnu tačku šireg longi- Ovim istraživanjem dat je doprinos psihologiji tudinalnog istraživanja trenerske populacije i u sporta kao naučnoj disciplini, odnosno cjelovi- drugim sportovima u kojem će dobijene nalaze tijem razumevanju predviđanja dimenzija lič- biti moguće sagledati u kontekstu predviđanja nosti i zadovoljstva nekim pojavnim oblicima aspekata zadovoljstva trenerskim poslom na trenerskog posla, a samim tim i plodonosnije osnovu osobina ličnosti modela „Pet velikih“. implikacije na sportsku praksu. Dobijeni rezul-

Ključne riječi: sportski treneri, Big Five model, zadovoljstvo trenerskim poslom.

10 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA IN 1941

Simović Slobodan1, Pavlović Petar1, Pantelić Kristina1 & Grgić Zrinko2

1Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2Croatia Sports Museum, Zagreb, Croatia

SCINETIFIC WORK REVIEW DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002011 COBISS.BH-ID 1846552 UDC: 796.323.2(497.1)''1941''

SUMMARY

Development of basketball in the territory we are talking about, during the WW II, remained quite un-researched, so the subject and the goal of this paper is to research, analyze, highlight and obtain from oblivion that same period. We hope to stir up the sports historians, and also other readers interested in history of sports for further research. During writing usual historical method was used (finding of primary historical sources, their critics, as also the finding and studying of the secondary historical sources). A numerous sources made in that time were reviewed and consulted (magazines, newspapers, papers, records, reports, overwrites, etc.) in: archives, libraries, institutes, private archives and museums of sports of for- mer Yugoslavia, as also the sources made afterword. During 1941 basketball took place in Belgrade, Novi Sad, Split, Šibenik, Dubrovnik and Ko- tor. The competitions were played occasionally but most intensively in Belgrade. Serbian Basket- ball Federation was founded in September, also in Belgrade.

Key words: basketball, competitions, II War World.

INTRODUCTION at the playgrounds of elementary school Sa- vamala and the Cathedral Church. Among In the territory of former Yugoslavia bas- other games, the course participants were ketball starts to play first among Sokol youth, shown the new American game - basketball. and then in Sokol societies. In elementary Upon completion of the course, male students school Studenci, near Maribor, it starts in of Second Belgrade High School started to 1919th. It was introduced by Ćiril Hočevar, play it. After Belgrade, with the same goal the teacher of that school, who met basketball Wailland went to: Sarajevo, Novi Sad, Bitola, even before 1914 by working in schools in Skopje, Nis, Zagreb, Split, and Ljubljana, Maribor, where basketball was played among where he also presented a new game. Soon school youth. basketball begins to play in those, and other In Belgrade it starts in the beginning of Oc- places: Bitola 1924, Novi Sad, 1924, Niš 1925, tober 1923 after the visit of Mister William A. Mostar, 1926, Tuzla, 1927, Zadar 1928, Za- Wailland, deputy of the Red Cross. He came greb 1929, Štip 1932, Karlovac 1933, Boka to Belgrade because of the organization of Kotorska 1935, Sušak 1938, Split 1939, Pe- children's games and playgrounds. Course trovgrad 1939, Sarajevo 1939, Ljubljana 1939, about children games, for male and female Dubrovnik 1940, and so on. teachers of primary schools, teachers of gym- Period from 1929 to 1940 is extremely im- nastics, Sokol and Scout leaders, was held portant for the development of basketball in from 27 September to 18 October of that year, the region of the former Yugoslavia. Basket-

11 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25 ball begins to play, not only among Sokol and RESULTS AND DISCUSION school youth, but also among students. Many matches were played among existing teams. Basketball activities from January until They begin to play the first international club the 6th of April 1941 and representative games. In organization of Headquarters of SSKJ Student representation of the Kingdom of from 2 to 6 January 1941 in Sokol house of Yugoslavia played its first international game Sokol society Beograd-Matica, in Delgradska with the representation of Italy B, on March th th Street no. 27 was held federal course for bas- 20 1938 in Rome. On the 5 of July of the ketball. The host of the course was Marjan same year, on the 10th Allsokol reunion in Praga, they played international game with Marţan, and all accepted candidates had to apply on January 2nd until 14.30h. The ones representation of the Czechoslovakia. being late will not be accepted, better said will Sokol union of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia not be able to attend the course. (SSKJ), as a representative of Yugoslavia was All said about the course is clearly said in accepted to International Basketball Federa- the Annunciation the letter of the Head- tion (FIBA) in middle of December 1936. – quarters of the SSKJ no. 12943/40, addressed First championship of SSKJ in basketball was held on 28 and 29 September 1940 in Bo- to sister Sofija Mladenović, member of Sokol society Beograd-Matica. rovo, were participated 180 basketball players, male and female, divided in 15 teams from „With this we inform you that you have been accepted to the federal course for seven Sokol districts. BASKETBALL witch will be held from 2 We could think that in the time of Second to 6 January 1941 in the Home of Sokol World War people did not pay much attention society Beograd-Matica (Deligradska 27). to sports activities. But, that was not really the On the 2 January 1941 you have to report case. Research showed that people in those yourself to the host of the course, brother hard times did pay attention, among other Marjan M things, to various sport activities, and also to arţan until 14.30h. You will get the course agenda after you apply. Those basketball. Even do it was greatly played al- being late and un-regular will not be ready, a long time people were silent and accepted, better said will be removed from wrote very little about it. tter) Development of basketball in the territory the course.“ (see the picture of the le In the cause of basketball popularization, in we are talking about, during the WW II, re- mained quite un-researched, so the subject and the magazine “Yugoslav sport and Air forces”, no. 2, from 7 January 1941, published in Bel- the goal of this paper is to research, analyze, grade, in page 38, Mar highlight and obtain from oblivion that same ţan published the article period. We hope to stir up the sports histori- entitled “Basketball match in Belgrade” in which he described the game played in Bel- ans, and also other readers interested in history grade in the late 1940 among teams of School of sports for further research. for physical education (ŠTV) from Belgrade, and Sokol society Beograd-Matica. He played METHOD in the Beograd-Matica Sokol society, and During writing usual historical method was scored six points. used (finding of primary historical sources, In Belgrade on 19 January 1941, in the hall their critics, as also the finding and studying of of Sokol house Soko Beograd I, were played the secondary historical sources). A numerous three games. Six teams competed: three from sources made in that time were reviewed and Sokol society Beograd-Matica (members, gen- consulted (magazines, newspapers, papers, erations of boys and girls), two teams of stu- records, reports, overwrites, etc.) in: archives, dents (man and woman of ŠTV from Bel- libraries, institutes, private archives and muse- grade) and the team of Sokol society Soko I ums of sports of former Yugoslavia, as also from Belgrade. the sources made afterword. In his diary, Miodrag Stefanović writes:

12 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

“Last week were held three basketball ed with the winning of Matica 23-22. The ref- games in Belgrade, in Sokohall Beograd I. eree was Selimir Radovanović. For Matica Three generations of Soko society Beograd- played: Marţan, Travica, Debelja, Tričković, Matica attended in matches with students Nikolić, Stojković, Mišeljić and Stefanović, (M,W) of ŠTV, and also the generations of and for students: Šuput, Lašman, Kokot, Cizej, Soko I.“ (Marţan, 1941, 6) Tominić, Vlahović, Dančević and Kobali. For Matica scored: Marţan (3), Debelja (2), PICTURE 1 Stojković (10), Mišeljić (4) and Stefanović (4), Invitation letter to Sofia Pekić to attend the national and for students: Šuput (2), Lašman (4), Kokot basketball course in 1940 (4), Tominić (2), Vlahović (4) and Kobali (6). With Marţan, among other, stands: “…but now starts the tough game forced by students. The game ends with the deserved minimum win of Matica scored by Marţan from free-through 23-22. The game was refereed very good by the brother Selimir Radovanović. Only, he let the very hard play, which can have much worse consequences on a slippery ground.” (Ibid) Miodrag Stefanović wrote about that game in his diary on Sunday 19th January 1941: “Than comes our member from ŠTV. Our first five Travica, Nikolić, Vasa, Mišeljić, myself, started peaceful and calm game. Vasa leaves the game, and Maja enters. Butcher game of ŠTV continues. Than First game was played between the gener- Maja was fouled so hard that Sele had to ation of SS Beograd-Matica and the students assign penal. Penal has to determine who is of ŠTV. Students won with the result 7-6 (6- going to win… and finally goal… and 6). For Matica team played: Ruţica Ra- end… We won. Than I saw that generation dovanović (scored all 6 points), Draga players were no gentleman because they Đurović, Kosara Petraček, Mira Pavliček and were saying that their team is not complete, Sofija Mladenović, and for students: Vacac, even thou it was. Even Kobali and Ratko Riţnar, Matejić, Poljaković, Jevtić, Lešnik and played together. Result was 23 to 22 for us” Ferster. For students scored: Vacac (3) and (according to Paunić, 1981, 298) Poljaković (4). The referee was Miodrag Stefa- In the third, last game, meet generation of nović. Matica with the team of Soko I. Soko deserved „Before the beginning of the game the to win with the result 14-8 (12-6). The referee chief of the Soko I, brother Selimir was Marjan Marţan, who refereed “very strict Radovanović saluted the guests pointing and did not let the game to gain the unper- the hard work of SS Beograd-Matica and mitted hardness” (Marţan, 1941, 6) his coordinator for games because of the For Matica played: Oljača, Enci, Petković, progress of basketball in Belgrade. In the Tomić, Mladenović, Vujičić, Senić, Denić, second half-time, after tight fight, in which Ostojić and Aksentijević, and for the Soko I: the dominant was the play of sister Ruţica Nenadović, Mikulić, Lermer, Jotić, Popović, Radanović, the game ended with 7-6. Tomin and Milošević. For Matica scored: Enci Students won, but this time un-deserved, (2), Petković (1) and Denić (5), and for the because the generation of Matica was, if not Sokols: Nenadović (10), Mikulić (2) and Mi- even better, than a fair opponent.” (Ibid) lošević (2). Second game was played by the members These games, the same as the ones before of Matica and students of ŠTV, with presence them, were used for further popularization of of huge number of spectators. The game end-

13 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25 basketball in Belgrade. Ivanec. Gala sendoff was made in his honor Marţan writes: by his friends – basketball players and all his “We can be proud that Sokols propagate admirers. Stefanović in his diary from Monday, that game, and go far ahead from all the 3 February 1941 writes about how they have rests who think that they are more forward escorted Maja in the railway station: than us. The work of the SS Beograd- Matica should be especially commended PICTURE 2 because they managed to play with three Marjan Maržan groups, and with very good resultas.” (Ibid) It was planned that on Sunday, 26 of Janu- ary of the same year play three games between: SS Petrovgrad and SS Beograd-Matica, SS Zemun-Matica and SS Beograd I, and between generation of Beograd-Matica and SAŠK. „The game will start on the 26th this month; in the morning, at 11 o’clock, and the price of the entrance is minimal, because the games have the propaganda character.” (Ibid) Marţan predicts that the games will be nice and interesting for the spectators, and most of all because of the presence of the basketball players from Petrovgrad, whom he considers as great players. „As the brothers from Petrovgrad are very “The last day that Maja is with us… good players, and they have participated at and in the afternoon when I went to the the federal games of basketball in Belgrade, station a whole group of friends was the meeting will be satisfyingly interesting already there, with Maja in the middle. He and beautiful, and the rest of the program was very excited. He’s getting all sorts of also promises nice games.” (Ibid) gifts. The moment of our separation is It is unknown to us if the planed games closing, and I have noticed from all present were held. faces that they were excited. One man from According to diary of Miodrag Stefanović our neighborhood we all loved and will the last game in period between two wars always remember. Maja enters the train… (1918-1941), and right before the very attack than we could hear from everyone goodbye of Hitler on Yugoslavia, was played in Bel- – goodbye – goodbye and the train quickly grade on Sunday 16th March 1941 between the left the station.” (according to Paunić, teams of SS Zagreb II and SS Matica-Beograd. 1981, 298) Zagreb team won with the result 59-32 (29- Right with the arrival to Ivanec, which is 14). somewhere around Varaţdin on 18 February In the diary, Sunday, 16 March 1941, Stefa- 1941, he addresses the letter to Miodrag Stefa- nović writes: nović in Belgrade, in which, among other “…we lost with 59-32 (29-14) even thou things, writes: we were fully equal. I achieved only six “That is my biggest whish, and it would be goals, because Zlatko was watching me so a great joy to me that during my arrival to good… that I could not move at all.” Belgrade to academy of Soko II from (according to Paunić, 2007, 166) Zagreb I see that everything is in After staying of Marjan Marţan in Belgrade order…and don’t let them disappear from where he was mostly working on spreading of basketball people. You should all work on basketball, on 3 February 1941 he leaves Bel- that, to gather as many of you as you can, grade, from December of 1939, and goes to to get new members and also not lose the old ones, and that will be a real success. I

14 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

would like to see gathered old basketball Basketball activities from 6th April until society renewed with some new “stars”.” the end of 1941 (according to Paunić, 1981, 318) Historical development of basketball in the In the rest of the letter he writes: territory of former Yugoslavia until the end of “Wish Paja success in his work. But now he 1941, and especially after the war, from 1945 does not have to trouble so much, because forwards, is relatively good processed and that main thing, the beginning and the highlighted, but the period during the WW II foundation I’ve already made. Did you get remained quite un-researched, so it would be your own baskets, or you practice at the useful and necessary to research and highlight school ones? You have to force your own that period too and rip it out of the oblivion. baskets in the big hall, and due to the Unfortunately, as Pavlović says: suggested games, you should do something “People here treat historical part of physical also.” (according to Paunić, 1981, 301) culture with a lot of negligence, better said Writing among them continues. From the historical sciences have been passive same place on 3 March he sends the letter to towards this area of human culture for Miodrag Stefanović again, in which, among quite some time, what brought a significant other, says: lack of methods and attention towards “Keep the games as you predicted, because keeping and studying of those materials. there is no progress without games. You From those reasons a very small number of have a lot of players in use so you can primary historical documents were saved as combine a team: Travica, Mišeljić, Nikolić, same as other archive materials about Debelja, Vlahović, Šuput, etc. they could physical culture during the War. That is also play really good with us, and I think they one of the reasons why in historiography would not be weak. Did you played with literature, besides relatively rich memoir Petrovgrad already? How the new players materials and popular affairs, we can rarely develop? Did you trained starts regularly, find scientific papers talking about the areas and how the old “aces” get along? … of physical culture.” (Pavlović, 1989, 3) because the players have contributed a lot The same thing is with basketball, where al- to Matica this year, and not only in the so we can rarely find scientific papers about sense of competition, but in all other areas, development of basketball in the time of WW starting from the work in the Sokohall and II in the territory of former Yugoslavia. so on.” (Ibid) Meaning and the role of sports, and with He is probably talking about the game that also the meaning and the role of basket- which is going to happen on 16 March 1941 in ball, with us and in the world today is such Belgrade between the teams of SS Zagreb II that it cannot pass the attention of science, and SS Matica-Beograd. and by that out of the historical science, that is writing with his Marţan continues with why bigger and bigger attention is on research friends players. On the 3 of June 1941 he ad- of history of sports, and also the history of in Bel- dresses the letter to R. Radovanović basketball during the War. grade, in which, besides other things, says: We could think that, in those war times, all „I hear that some work could be done on troubles and hardness of war, in the territory summer playground in Kalemegdan. of ex-Yugoslavia, people did not pay any at- Gather yourself, brothers Stanko and tention to sports activities. Zvonko Neferović will try with Rafa to do But that was not really the case. According something there, especially to play to Pavlović: volleyball and basketball… so I send „The happening, however, showed that the regards to all known basketballers, people people, even in those circumstances, in from Matica and all others known and spite of all difficulties and war troubles, unknown, and especially You with a lot of found the strength and motives to, in small memories and brotherly Goodbye! Majo.” breaks, turn to themselves, their human (Ibid) culture identity. In that desire they did not

15 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

forget sports contests nor other forms of development in Belgrade. There were few physical culture. What’s more, these sport clubs back then: SK Jugoslavija, BASK, activities were very often the only way of BSK, BTK, Obilić, BOB, SASK, club of Vla- distraction, only chance to express and dan Mitić famous Belgrade trader, and others, maintain cultural traditions and continuum which cherished basketball in new-formed of living at all.” (Pavlović, 1989, 387) basketball sections (clubs). Besides playing in About the basketball during the WW II, clubs, they have played matches between even do it was greatly played already, a long themselves, organized the Championship of time people were silent and wrote very little Belgrade in basketball (1941, 1942, and 1943) about it. About that Nebojša Popović says: and worked on the popularization of basket- „Aca and me met in 1942, when our ball with Belgrade youth. basketball in occupied Belgrade “certainly” played. It was not clear to me too why PICTURE 3 everyone is silent about it… Belgrade was The game between two women teams (SK 1913 and occupied, as the rest of the Serbia, but BOB) during the occupation of Belgrade on Tašmaj- especially during the 1942 basketball was dan courts. played. There were seven or eight teams, Aco played for Obilić, together with Milorad Sokolović, Ratko Kašanin, who later did his PhD in international law and also was the president of Basketball Federation of Serbia.” (according to Stojković, 2000, 17) In the time of the occupation of Belgrade basketball was played with almost the same intensity as before the War. It was played by not only the before-war players, but also all other athletes and school youth. Basketball, as Stanislav Paunić says: All above mentioned clubs had remarkable “in those so controversial and paradox players, so the games between them were al- circumstances of this sub-period still finds ways interesting and amusing. They played the way and possibilities not only to keep it most of all on Tašmajdan playground (play- self, but also to rise up comparing to the ground of BTK) and in Kalemegdan (play- period before (Marţans 170 from all ground of BOB). Yugoslavia in 1940 vs. 300 players and 23 About sports in Belgrade during those war clubs - just from Serbia, for example), and days, journal “Kolo” states: somewhere (Prizren, for example) to „First consequences of big changes in our appear for the first time! For this, probably sport appeared right after the War. It is even in European measures unique noticed that the development of certain presenting of it, is especially indicative the sports fields, which used to develop case of mentioned “appropriate sample”, - silently, without involvement of wider Belgrade, better said Serbia.” (Paunić, 2007, masses and no support, but thanks to a 187) great sacrifice of certain individuals”. As the work of Sokol was forbidden by the (Anon, 1942, ?) occupant authority, the athletes who used to Mirko (Bata) Aksentijević1, participant of practice in Sokol societies transfer to other those happening, says about that: sports clubs. In clubs, among other things, „I have to say that there was a certain set of forms basketball sections. One of the first circumstances… we sort of… those players ones is SK Jugoslavija (later SK 1913) that formed basketball section for man and woman which had a significant influence on basketball 1 Gave the interview to Stanislav Paunić on 7 April 1980, recorded on tape

16 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

who have played in Matica… we were in spreading the basketball. When the S. K. SK 13 ….. that was a pre-war Yugoslavia.. 1913 founded its basketball section, he after Yugoslavia failed… the name of the leaned on whit all his strengths to work on club failed, so… they did not want to go the more and more interest of the athletes back to the old name… but the number 13 for this sport. Hard work of the board of as the number of the founding year of the the basketball section did not leave club… that was the name they took and we without” (Anon, 1942, ?) were in SK 13… and we founded one male, About basketball section of the SK 1913 in female club… better said it was more than the „Novo vreme“, from 25 March 1942 was for just one team… there were around published the text with the following: twenty young boys and girls who played “Before the War the basketball in our basketball… there were… other clubs territory was in “dippers”. Today, when we too… some BASK, than BTK, Obilić, need to entirely reorganize our sports, we Mitić… Vladan Mitić. Famous Belgrade need to take care about this type of sport trader… his son played basketball… he had too. To a few young and workable people, his own team too… etc.” (according to which stood up to launch this sport among Paunić, 2007, 174-175) our athletes, should be helped. S.K. 1913, President of the SK 1913 was Joca Ruţić, with founding basketball section, accepted coaches: Nebojša Popović, Mirko Aksentijević friendly these people and helped them in and Zvonimir Neferović, and beside them in their wanting to popularize more this sport the club were also Miodrag Stefanović, Ale- among athletes and its fans. Ever since the ksandar Petrović, Ivan Dimić and Vasa last championship of Belgrade in basketball Stojković. (1941 a.t.a), which was successful in every Soon after that is formed the section for aspect, these young people worked on basketball. The management of the section organization of the today’s most beautiful was elected. Miodrag Stefanović was the secre- sport. The whole set of players was made tary, Zvonimir Neferović the technical officer, that way, which is preparing itself to as Ljubiša Galović2 the economist, board mem- soon as possible stands before the Belgrade bers of the club, Mirko Aksentijević and Vel- audience and shows it the beauty of this jko Ronac. game: speed, strength, fire, endurance, About those happenings leaves the inscrip- agility. Every roughness, bad intentions and tion for the “Novo vreme” from 12 December hate is excluded.” (Anon, 1942, ?) 1941. Nebojša Popović says: “As a first club in Belgrade it started to “I played for the S.K. 1913, the inheriting raise this sport SK 1913 which at the same club of the famous SK Jugoslavija. In those time raises all sports. Starting to notice the War years, the name Yugoslavia, even in value of basketball the management of SK sports, was forbidden to mention, so the 1913 decided to form and to cherish this compromise solution was found. For us the game which is accepted by the youth so 1913 was historically significant, because of fast. On the founding meeting … for the the Second Balkan War. Vasa Stojković, secretary Stefanović Miodrag, for technical also our college, future editor of the officer Neferović Zvonko, for economist 'Večernje novosti' journal, played for BSK, Ljub. Galović, board members are M. later BTK - it’s a Belgrade tennis club, were Aksentijević, V. Ronac”. (Anon, 1941, ?) Bora Stanković also played, today’s leading That sports club (S.K. 1913) had a signifi- man in basketball, general secretary of cant influence on the basketball development, FIBA…” (according to Stojković, 2005, 21- not only in Belgrade, but in whole Serbia. 22) “This club not just in Belgrade, but in In the S.K. 1913 basketball team besides whole Serbia, started the actions for Serbs played several Croats refugees. Popović says: 2 Athlete, Serbian record holder in middle and long distance

17 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

“Those were the Yugoslav people. They basketball in Belgrade during the occupation. escaped from the Independent Country of How it happened he says: Croatia, and found their rescue in Belgrade. “I renewed basketball… during the I remember Zvonko Neferović from occupation… there was the question of all Zagreb, Veljko Ronac from Šibenik, Vlade young to go to the mine in Bor… then they Mađeruh from Karlovac.” (Ibid, 23) came to me and said… if we would do something… that would have nothing to PICTURE 4 do with Germans, and they would not have Lined teams of SK 1913 (black) and Izbjeglice any use from it… and they would like to (white) before the begging of game on Tašmajdan play some sports… they could be saved from the mine… and with the personal lust I accepted that job… then it was played in the Belgrade tennis club… no tennis was played during the occupation… and I accepted to be their new pioneer… if you can call it that way… and from that generation are today’s leaders and managers… Bora Stanković, Nebojša Popović, Šaper, Munćan… than Vasa Stojković, Mija Stefanović… and a lot of others… which continued… than it was played… sort of championships but the Aleksandar Petrović3, also the actor of clubs were BTK, Jugoslavija, BSK, those happenings is saying: BASK… and it was played like that… for “During the occupation we continued in maybe two seasons.” (according to Paunić, the S.K. 1913… former Jugoslavija… 2007, 177) and… the trainings there were pretty On other place he says that the idea came serious… there gathered everyone that from Bora Jovanović: used to play in Soko or in the House of the “In the time of occupation no sports were King Aleksandar… one of them was played seriously except football. One day in Nebojša Popović… than Mija Stefanović… the 1942 Bora Jovanović, future professor than Vasa Stojković, Bata Aksentijević, on DIF, came to me and says: Doctor Bato, Nebojša Dimić from the Man’s Third… I have a suggestion. It’s a little bit played very good… those were quite strong dangerous. So the Germans would not teams… there were also a female teams… force young people to go to the mines, or and we played among us… at the side to die somewhere in the woods, there is a court… and that was maybe… maybe for hope that they would be protected if they the young to gather… and the coach was play some sport. But we will have to risk. Nebojša Popović, Bata Aksentijević and… You need to be the president of the Neferović… the president was Joca basketball federation, and me, of the Ruţić… and that he loved basketball very volleyball federation. And we set the much… and on the other hand helped a basketball and volleyball playgrounds on lot… some very beautiful games were my tennis courts, and form of the teams: played… I know those were our nice SK 1913, BSK, BASK, Obilic, Mitic and days… in those hard times this was a sort BTK. There played a hundreds of young, of… refreshment.” (according to Paunić, and so were saved themselves from the 2007, 177) mines.” (according to Stojković, 2005, 21) Svetislav Vulović4 says that he renewed About when he saw the baskets for the first time, when he started to play basketball, which

3 Gave the interview to S. Paunić 18 June 1979, record- 4 Gave the interview to S. Paunić 5 June 1979, recorded ed on tape on tape

18 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25 encouraged him, in what club, who played basketball section of Red Star… Mirjana with him and like, Nebojša Popović, in the Janačković was in the Zagreb team… and interview given to Stanislav Paunić in the later came to our refugee team… in 913… 1979, among other things, says: she was a refugee.” (according to Paunić, “…I graduated in the 1940… I met 2007, 176) basketball in ’42… following the circumstances… in that time of Belgrade occupation…. In my street, not far from me, lived Ivan Dimić… in the football club Refugees (athletes) which, during those war Jugoslavija which was called SK 13 back days, came from all parts of the former Yugo- than… was a goal keeper… sometimes I slavia, gave a significant contribution to a de- went with him to trainings… thanks to velopment of sports, and not only in Belgrade, Nevenka Šešlija I went to that basketball… but in whole Serbia in that War period. Ac- when I came there… after woman was a cording to Miloš Hamović: man training… one player was missing… “In a mass of refugees who came to Serbia there were nine of them… called me… and from all parts of the occupied Yugoslavia I liked it a little bit… and the same Zvonko was a significant number of athletes. They Neferović who was living in Belgrade were provided to do any sports they played during the War in… in exile… because he, back home, but with the condition that as an exponed Soko member and Yugoslav- they are successful sportsmen so the oriented Croat escaped the terror of ustaše domain clubs would pay attention to them. in Belgrade, and there he, with few of his Same as that, the chance to continue their friends with the same orientation as Vlado activities in this new environment got also 6 Mađeruh… Veljko Ronac… he was also the coaches and referees of all different there working around basketball… leaded kind of sports, and sport-workers too.” the SK 13 back then… was a coach and a (Hamović, 1994, 224) player… and after that practice he said to Athletes (refugees) who were welcome as me… why wouldn’t you play… it was a an improvement to all sports, and most of all little bit flattering to me… and I promised Belgrade clubs: football (Stanković, Đajić, Ma- him I will come… 42… 43 was already nola, Radojčić, etc.), athlete (dr Narančić, dr stopped… one decent basketball was Manojlović, Stepišnik, Lukač, Kovačević, played… but it had it's viewers than… in Ćurčić, etc.), basketball, volleyball and other, Belgrade was 6-7 clubs… back then… according to the mentioned author, Belgrade there was that SK 13, BSK, BASK, BTK, press gave them a lot of space: there was BOB, Mitić… SASK… there, “…besides that they did not save seven I remembered now… Obilić was… compliments about their qualities. In there was one league.” (according to numerous articles their contribution to Paunić, 2007, 176) progress of sports in Serbia was pointed Nevenka Šešlija5 also remember those days: out with the possibilities for their “Then came the War… which disturbed all involvement to be of great success in the of us… but still we had a pleasure to gather international competition. Besides football in some club again… to do some sports… it was pointed out that the athletics could and so prolonged that basketball “doing”… gain a significant improvement, because there was a lot of refugees who knew a lot among refugees were pre-war state about basketball… as Zvonko Neferović… champions and record holders, as for and it is shore that we had a bit better example, Rade Ćuričić from Zagreb.” (Ibid, basketball than the one from the beginning, 226) rred to the so later… all of us… transfe clubs in new Yugoslavia… founded the 6 In May of 1942 in Belgrade, besides the referee sports organization, a fond for helping the poor football refu- 5 Gave the interview to S. Paunić on 15 April 1980, gee referees and the Serbians who were in hostile was recorded on tape founded (Obnova, 8 May 1942)

19 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

Refugees (athletes) in many sports (basket- especially mention that one team of ball, football, volleyball, athletics) had their refugees who are now in Belgrade and do teams, which have often had a competition some serious training will also take part in with the representation of Belgrade and par- the competition. Players of the “Matica” ticipated in many other competitions (tourna- team who are very well prepared by their ments) in Belgrade. coach Mr. Marjan Marţan will play again to A significant influence on basketball devel- show and convince the audience that they opment, among other factors, had refugees really deserved to be called the unofficial (basketball players) from different parts of champs of Serbia. Besides them two female Yugoslavia, especially from Croatia (Zvonimir teams will also take part and they will show Neferović, Veljko Ronac, Marjan Marţan, that basketball is not only for man, but for Vlado Mađeruh, Mileta Tešin, Nevenka Šešlija, the women too.” (Nenadović, 1941, ?) Mirjana Janačković and others). Not only they Championship is organized by the basket- played basketball in different Belgrade clubs, ball section of the SK „Jugoslavija“ (later SK but they participated in the First basketball 1913). Five teams took part in the competi- championship in Belgrade during the WW II tion: Matica, Omladinac, Izbeglice, SASK with their team „Izbjeglice“. (High school amateur sports club) and Jugo- First basketball championship of Belgrade, slavija. Supreme referee was Zvonimir Nefero- in the time of War, was held on 27 and 28 vić. The best team was Matica and they have September 1941. deserved to win the first place. Before the competition in the journal „No- In „Novo vreme“ from 29 September 1941 vo vreme“ from 24 September 1941, besides about that competition is written the follow- the competition propositions was also ad- ing: dressed the call to basketball referees from “On Saturday and Sunday was held the other parts of Yugoslavia who are going to be championship of Belgrade in basketball. in Belgrade during those days, to register to The best and most shore team was the supreme referee Zvonimir Neferović. “Matica”, who deserved to win the first “Applied teams can compete only if they place. The basketball championship was are uniformly dressed. Every team is organized by the young section of the SK obligated to have their own ball. Besides “Jugoslavija”. Fans of this beautiful and the invited referees we kindly ask all other interesting game came in large number and basketball referees from other parts of the cheered for their teams. These teams former Yugoslavia, and who are now in participated: Matica, Izbeglice, Omladinac, Belgrade, to register to the supreme referee, SASK and Jugoslavija.” (Nenadović, 1941, Mr. Neferović at latest one hour before the ?) start of the competition.” (Anon, 1941, ?) In revised documents we did not find, for „Novo vreme“ journal, from 26 September now, more details about that championship. It 1941 informs the readers, especially fans of stays unknown if the two, and which, female basketball, that on Saturday and Sunday of teams took part in the competition, as the that month, for the first time during the War, „Novo vreme“ announced in the number will be held the competition in basketball for from 26 September 1941. It also stays un- the championship of Belgrade. They specially known who did, besides Zvonimir Neferović, mention that one team of refugees-basketball refereed the games, how many of them were players will compete and that the team „Mati- played, who played with whom, the scores, as ca“ under the lead of coach Marjan Marţan is also other details regarding the championship. very well prepared, so they could show the After the end journal „Novo vreme“ from viewers that they have deserved to be the un- 4 October 1941 recorded one interesting detail official champs of the Serbia for the last year. about how the players of SK Matica and SK “Fans of this interesting game will have the Jugoslavija agreed to come to the playground chance for the first time after the War to of SK Jugoslavija so they could sign to the see the competition in basketball. We newly formed basketball section of SK Jugo-

20 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25 slavija. The players came as agreed. But they basketball is not only for man, but for the couldn’t sign in. The reason why we quote in girls too.” (Nenadović, 1941, ?) the following text: “After the state basketball championship in Forming of the Serbian basketball feder- Belgrade, the players of SK “Matica” and ation the players of the SK “Jugoslavija” came, as agreed, to the playground to sign for this „Novo vreme“ on the 31 August 1941 pub- newly formed section of SK “Jugoslavija”. lished the news that after the First Belgrade But, on the greatest surprise of all future championship in volleyball, which will be held players of SK “Jugoslavija” they were told: in the first week of the same year, will start “Gentleman, you cannot sign with us.” The with the forming of the Federation for basket- reason - the ball is missing.” (Anon, 1941, ball and volleyball. It is not mentioned if it is ?) the Federation of Belgrade or Serbia. In the „Novo vreme“ from 27 October 1941 a text titled „On Sunday resolves the PICTURE 5 question of trophy owner for basketball and Svetislav Vulović volleyball“ was published, and in the same journal, from 29 September 1941 a text under the title „Matica won the Belgrade basketball championship“. On those bases we can state that besides the Belgrade championship, some other bas- ketball competition for some other trophy was going on. On that Sunday, in the month of October 1941, the match between female teams of BOB and SK 1913 was played. The BOB won with the result 12-9 (5-6). The referee was Mileta Tešin. For BOB team played: Vojvodić, Ra- dovanović, Janačković I, Janačković II, Kom- “During the next week the first Belgrade nenović, Petrović and Mladenović, and for the championship in volleyball will be held SK 1913: Aksentijević, Uzelac I, Uzelac II, among clubs and societies that cherish this Uzelac III, Gavrilović and Šešlija. For SK 1913 game. After this championship will be scored: Gavrilović (6) and Šešlija (3), and for stared the founding of Federation for the BOB: both Radanović and Petrović 4, volleyball and basketball.” (Novo vreme, Janačković II (2) and Komnenović (2). 30. august 1941) In the „Novo vreme“ writes: In the first part of September 1941 the Ser- “Referee M. Tešin, good. Defeat again. bian basketball and volleyball federation was Ladies of the SK 1913 two defeats in two formed. Svetislav Vulović was elected for the weeks.” (Anon, 1941, ?) first president. Technical officer was Bora What means that the female team of SK Jovanović. 1913 played one game the week before which Besides spreading the basketball, not only they have also lost, but it stays unknown with in Belgrade, but in whole Serbia, Federation who they played, the result, roosters as other also organized competitions, formed new details too. clubs and sections, worked on their own rules, Maybe it’s those two teams that „Novo basketball rules, and on the emprovement and vreme“ announced in the number from 26 organization of the referee staff. November 1941. Besides Belgrade basketball was played in “Besides these ones, two female teams will other places (Novi Sad, Petrovgrad, Subotica, also take part and they will show that Šabac, Kragujevac, Niš, Prizren, Split, Zadar,

21 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

Dubrovnik, Šibenik, Kotor) in the territory of former player of this club (Bozo Oskar), we former Yugoslavia, with different intensity. find out that Lehel was a great expert and a In some places, besides playing basketball, pedagogist, and that it’s his contribution occupation army formed clubs, introduced it that basketball in Novi Sad in a very short to schools, propagated and spread it among time gain a lot of simpatisers and the level youth and other population, first of all because of teams from Segedin and other towns of of the political and ideological influence, and South Hungary. Pupils were trained by their all in cause of the denationalization of occu- teachers of physical culture (gymnastics). In pied population, for example in Novi Sad, the Teacher’s and technical high school the Petrovgrad and Subotica it was done by the teacher was Lucak (Luczák), and ih Hungarians, and in Prizren, Split, Zadar and Hungary Gymnasium was Kalmancai Kotor by the Italian occupant authority. Zoltan, and in Traiding accademy and in Gymnasium with Serbian language Novi Sad Moldovani Ištvan (Moldovanyi Istvan). Pavlović writes that: They trained in halls in their schools and in “During the occupation there was no that time Partizan hall I ( then Levente organized basketball section. The exception othón). The playround was marked with is the high school competition in Novi Sad chalk or calx and a stands for hight jump as a part of the championship of the so- were used to attach the hoop.“ (Miklović, called South Hungary.” (Pavlović, 1977, 52) 1972, 11-12) Janik Ferenc, in his conversation with Stan- In the school year 1941/42 the interschool islav Paunić on the 30 August 1978 in Novi championship of the city was held. Six teams Sad, says: competed: Teacher’s school, Hungary and “School for teachers Novi Sad… in the Serbian Gymnasium, Trading academy, Agri- time of Hungarians… we learned culture and technical high school. The team of basketball… Steva Putnik came from the Technical high school (IKY) won the first Zrenjanin to Novi Sad, to work on place, by beating all other teams. At the end basketball here in Novi Sad.” (Paunić, 2007, they played the match with the representation 186 i 251) of Novi Sad high schools, which they, also, More detailed description of basketball ac- defeated with the score 32-24. In the IKY tivities in Novi Sad during the War gave A. team played: Janković, Taboroši, Segedinčev, Miklović in his paper „Evolution of basketball Banko, Dević, Kiš and Gerdov. in Novi Sad“. He writes that after the occupa- tion of Novi Sad by the Hungarian army, and Split after the arrival of teachers and all sort of oth- Đuro Vujanić in the letter from 23 March er officers from Budapest, Segedin and other 1979 addressed to Stanislav Paunić, writes: places of Hungary, basketball started in “During the occupation people from Zadar schools. The biggest credit for the introduc- transfer the basketball to Šibenik and Split. tion of basketball in schools goes to the teach- In Split basketball caches deep roots and ers of physical education who started with the thanks to the Carbonini and Stefanini founding of basketball sections in schools they brothers (after the War, these last two worked in. played for “Reyr” from Venice) it manages “In very short time in high schools in Novi to surpass ban.” (Paunić, 2007, 185) Sad the youth practiced basketball Toni Petrić says: “alphabet” with the great excitement. In “But we have to admit that the basketball the same year the UAC (ujvidéki atletikai in Split was “born” during the Italian club) club from Novi Sad contracts its first occupation of Split in the WW II in the basketball coach Lehel Tibor from Segedin, rope of fascist youth organizations.” who will work as a Boarder Officer and a (Petrić, 2000a, ?) coach of teams in Novi Sad untill the end In the time of Italian occupation (1941- of the War. By the conversation with the

22 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

1943) basketball plays in Split. The Italian sol- Paolicevich, Eugenio Romanich, Vittorio diers and Italian youth from Split played it. Volich and Patrizio Lunazzi, and in the GUF The youth had two organizations „GIL“ (Gio- team: Romano Foretich, Corrado Minussi, ventu Italiana di Littorio) and „GUF“ (Grup- Guerino Senizza, Luciano Cuccoch, Matteo po Universitario Fascista) in which was played Romich, Severio Fiorentini one and Severio basketball. They played some games from time Fiorentini two. to time. The Italians tried to gather in those Italian daily journal „San Marco“ that came organizations as many young people from out in Split, in number from 28 July 1941 Split as they could, most of all pupils from the wrote about that game. elementary schools, so they could have the bigger ideological influence they possibly can, PICTURE 6 but they did not have such a great success in Picture from the newspaper about basketball game that. played in Split in November 1941 “After taking over the Italians were in a hurry to start with the process of denationalization of our people, better said quick Italianization and fascization of all people attached to Italians. The main ways of terrorization were the general measures of Italianization with the emphases on fascization of young, better said signing in to GIL (Gioventu Italiana di Littorio). They went to the first and second grades of highschool, today’s fifth and sixth grade of By the end of November 1941 one more elementary school. The children and the game between the „GIL-Spalato“ and „GIL- parents were enteminated, parents were Zara“ was played, Marović writes that the Ital- thretened to lose their jobs if their children ian journal „II Popolo di Spalato“ in number don’t sign in that organization. The from 2 December of the current year brought emphasis was on the younger generations, the annunciation about the played game. For because they have expirienced a total failure Zadar played: Abelardo Pittoni, Boris with the pupils of the higher grades.“ Vuchich, Sergio Fantoni, Aldo Bortolazzi, (Petrić, 2000b, ?) Antonio Zerauschek, Agostino Zanne, Anto- Duško Marović writes that after arrival to nio Caravani, Calebotta and Mario Lastre. Split occupation solders: According to Petrić women also played “Occupied all sports societies, gave them basketball and participated in competitions new, Italian names, so they have also organized in Split and other places. The stu- occupied the summer playground of Soko dents of Split high schools also played basket- society Split from which they took our first ball and games between themselves. During baskets and transferred them to the courts the 1941, as Petrić writes, was played: of the former Academic Tennis Club “…more games in Split and outside of the (ATK) around Firul were they played the city in male and female competition and first basketball game.“ (Marović, 1982, 329) two games between the students of the During the 1941 „GIL“ and „GUF“ played Classic and Men’s real Gymnasium.” several games in Split and Zadar. (Petrić, 2000a, ?) On the 26th July of the same year was played probably the first game on Firula be- Dubrovnik tween GIL and GUF teams. The GUF team won 49-25. The referee was the leftenet of the About playing basketball in Dubrovnik in Italian Army Mazzini. In the GIL team played: the time of the WW II we only found noted Dante Stipizza, Bruno Candutti, Vincezno the memory of Vlaho Kojaković. Carbonini, Bartolomeo Veloce, Giovanni

23 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

He was a student of the School for physical Close to Kotor Italian government founded a education with his people from Dubrovnik: sports camp, with all a lot of sports device and Vinko Cvjetković, Luka Ciganović, Pero equipment and among them were also the Matan and Marija Kolarić, and people from baskets. Paronucija formed a basketball team Split: Natko Lahman and Uroš Tominić. from Italian solders with whom he practiced. There he met basketball. After bombing of And not only had he learned the Italian solders Belgrade on 6 April 1941 he returns to his how to play basketball, but he did the same Dubrovnik. On the same year he started to thing with Kotor youth. They played matches work as a professor of physical education in occasionally. Several matches were played but Dubrovnik gymnasium. did not get recorded. Kojaković remembers: “I started to work in Gymnasium, and that REFERENCE: basketball was always on my mind. I also

knew that I will be ridiculous to a lot of Anon. (1941). Propositions for championship people if I start to teach boys and girls how of Belgrade.[Propozicije za prvenstvo Beo- to play basketball in a city of swimming and grada. In Serbian.]. Novo vreme, September water-polo. But, I started, no matter what 24, 1941. happens. And right at the beginning I Anon. (1941). ?., Novo vreme, August 30, 1941 started with a very pleasant surprise: in Anon. (1941). ?. October 4, 1941. Dubrovnik existed one wooden basket Anon. (1941). SK 1913 is the most respectable made by a professor Ivo Kresić! I started to club in this type of sports. [S.K. 1913 je teach a group of young man to basketball najagilniji klub u novoj grani sporta. In Ser- “alphabet” on that basket. We played with bian.]. Novo vreme, Friday, December 12, that football ball, the basket was made from 1941. wood, hoop improvised… after two-three Anon. (1941). On Sunday resolves the ques- months I was surprised because around ten tion of basketball and volleyball trophy boys always wanted to play basketball. But owner. [U nedelju se rešava pitanje osvajača in Dubrovnik it started to play more pehara u košarci i odbojci. In Serbian.]. No- organized after the end of the WW II in vo vreme, October 27, 1941. 1945. The wooden basket of Ivo Kresić Anon. (1942). Basketball - the game of the was still alive.” (Bibić, 2003, 12) future. [Košarka - igra budućnosti.]. Novo vreme, Wednesday, March 15, 1942. [ibenik Anon. (1942). Basketball - sport of the school About basketball in Šibenik only one data youth. [Košarka – sport školske omladine. was available to us, left by Đuro Vujanić in a In Serbian.]. Kolo, April 11, 1942. letter from 23 March 1979, addressed to Stani- Anon. (1942). Around 1.500 spectators on the slav Paunić, in which, among other things, he basketball game. [Oko 1.500 gledalaca na writes: utakmici košarke. In Serbian.]. Kolo, April “During the occupation people from Zadar 18, 1942. transfer the basketball to Šibenik and Split.” Bibić, M. (2003). Vlaho Kojakovic from Du- (Paunić, 2007, 185) brovnik, a 91-year old pioneer of the Dal- It is quite believable that basketball occa- matian basketball. [Dubrovčanin Vlaho sionally played among youth. Kojaković, 91-godišnji pionir dalmatinske košarke Slobodna Dalmacija. In Croat.]. October 13, 2003. Available at: Kotor www.arhivaslobodnadalmacija. In the time of War basketball starts in Ko- hr/200312013/Presing12.asp. tor in 1941, right after the occupation of Boka Hamović, M. (1994). Exile in Bosnia and Herze- Kotorska by the Italian army. The most credits govina from 1941 to 1945. [Izbjeglištvo u for spreading of basketball goes to professor Bosni i Hercegovini 1941-1945. In Serbian]. of Italian language, Italian Srđa Paronucija. Beograd: „Filip Višnjić“ – posebna izdanja.

24 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

Marţan, M. (1941). Basketballs game in Bel- Pavlović, M.L. (1977). History and development of grade. [Utakmica košarka u Beogradu. In the game. Theory of basketball I part. [Istorija i Serbian.]. Jugoslovenski sport i vazduhoplovstvo, razvoj igre. Teorija košarke I deo. In Serbi- 2, p. 38. an.]. Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu Marţna, M. (1941). Basketball games in Bel- Vojvodine. grade. [Utakmice u košarci u Beogradu. In Pavlović, D.P. (1989). Physical culture in NOB Serbian.]. Sokolski glasnik, 4, p. 6. in the territory of todays SR BIH in the pe- Marović, D. (1982). The beginnings of basket- riod from July 27, 1941 until May 9, 1945. ball in Split. [Počeci košarke u Splitu. In [Fizička kultura u NOB na teritoriji Croat.]. Povijest sporta, 53(13), pp. 323-332. današnje SR BiH u vremenu od 27. jula Miklović, A. (1972). The basketball evolution 1941. do 9. maja 1945. godine. In Serbian.]. in Novi Sad. [Evolucija košarke u Novom (Unpublished doctoral dissertation Univer- Sadu. In Serbo-Croatian.]. Final paper. Sa- sity Novi Sad). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke rajevo: Visoka škola tjelesne kulture. kulture. Nenadović, Lj.D. (1941). On Saturday and Petrić, T. (2000a). Why Split is the „sportiest Sunday will be held the championship of city in the world“. There are no sports Belgrade in basketball. [U subotu i nedelju without Split. [Zašto je Split „najsportskiji orţaće se prvenstvo Beograda u košarci. In grad na svitu“. Nima sporta do Splita. In Serbian.]. Novo vreme, September 26, 1941. Croat.]. Slobodna Dalmacija, February 21, Nenadović, Lj.D. (1941). „Matica“ won the 2000. Available at: www.arhivaslobodna Belgrade basketball championship. dalmacija.hr/2000221/prilozisp2-htm. [„Matica“ je osvojila prvenstvo Beograda u Petrić, T. (2000b). Unbowed athletes. Sports in košarci. In Serbian.]. Novo vreme, September Split since 1941 to 1945. [Nepokoreni 29, 1941. sportaši. Sport u Splitu od 1941 do 1945. In Paunić, S. (1982). Genesis and development of Serbian.]. Slobodna Dalmacija, March 20, basketball in Yugoslavia. [Geneza i razvoj 2000. Available at: www.arhivaslobodna košarke u Jugoslaviji. In Serbian.]. (Pub- dalmacija.hr/2000320/prilozisp2-htm. lished doctoral dissertation, University Bel- Stojković, S. (2005). Nebojša Popović always first. grade). Beograd: Fakultet fizičke kulture. [Nebojša Popović uvek prvi. In Serbian.]. Paunić, S. (2007). Genesis and development of Beograd: Košarkaški savez Srbije i Crne basketball in Yugoslavia. [Geneza i razvoj Gore, Košarkaška fondacija. košarke u Jugoslaviji. In Serbian. ]. Kovin: Ţenski košarkaški klub.

Received: November, 10th 2010 Accepted: December, 8th 2010

Correspodence to: Slobodan Simović, PhD Faculty of Phisical Education and Sports Bulevar Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A 78000 Banja Luka Bosnia & Herzegovina Phone: +387 66 82 80 66 Fax: +387 51 31 22 80 E-mail: [email protected]

25 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

KO[ARKA NA PROSTORIMA BIV[E JUGOSLAVIJE TOKOM 1941. GODINE

Simović Slobodan1, Pavlović Petar1, Pantelić Kristina1 i Grgić Zrinko2

1Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina 2Hrvatski športski muzej, Zagreb, Hrvatska

Razvoj košarke na prostorima o kojima je Matice sa ekipom Sokola I. Sokoli su riječ, za vrijeme II svjetskog rata, ostao je do zasluţeno pobijedili rezultatom 14-8 (12-6). danas nedovoljno istraţen, pa nam je predmet Moţe se pomisliti da s početkom ratnih i cilj ovoga rada da taj period razvoja košarke dešavanja i sa svim teškoćama i ratnim neda- istraţimo, proanaliziramo, rasvjetlimo njegov ćama, na prostorima tadašnje Jugoslavije, ljudi razvoj i otrgnemo od zaborava. nisu uopšte posvećivali paţnju sportskim ak- Prilikom pisanja rada korišćena je uo- tivnostima. O košarci za vrijeme II svjetkog bičajena istorijska metoda (pronalaţenje pri- rata, iako se uveliko igrala, dugo vremena se marnih istorijskih izvora, njihova kritika, kao i ćutalo i vrlo malo pisalo. No za vrijeme pronalaţenje i proučavanje sekundarnih is- okupacije u Beogradu se igrala košarka gotovo torijskih izvora). Pregledani su i konsultovani sa istim intenzitetom kao i prije rata. Igrali su brojni izvori koji su nastali u to vrijeme je ne samo predratni košarkaši, već i ostali (časopisi, novine, listovi, zapisnici, izvještaji, sportisti i školska omladina. prepiske i dr.) u: arhivima, biblitekama, in- Kako je rad Sokola bio zabranjen, od strane stistutima, privatnim arhivima i muzejima okupatorske vlasti, to sportisti koji su do tada sporta bivše Jugoslavije kao i izvori koji su vjeţbali u sokolskim društvima prelaze u druge nastajali poslije toga perioda. sportske klubove, gdje nastavljaju vjeţbanje. U U organizaciji Načelništva Saveza Sokola klubovima se, pored ostalih, formiraju i Kraljevine Jugoslavije je u Beogradu, od 2. do košarkaške sekcije. Među prvima je u SK Jugo- 6. januara 1941. godine u Domu sokolskog slavija (kasnije SK 1913) formirana košarkaška društva Beograd – Matica, u Deligradskoj br. sekcija i za muškarce i za ţene koja je imala 27 odrţan savezni tečaj za košarku. Voditelj značajan uticaj na razvoj košarke u Beogradu. tečaja je bio Marjan Marţan i svi primljeni Postojalo je u to vrijeme više sportskih kandidati morali su se prijaviti, 2. januara do klubova: SK Jugoslavija, BASK, BSK, BTK, 14.30 časova, Marţanu. Obilić, BOB, SASK (Srenjoškolski amaterski U Beogradu su 19. januara 1941. godine, u sport klub), Klub Vladana Mitića, poznatog dvorani Sokolskog doma Soko Beograd I, odi- beogradskog trgovca i dr, u kojima se gajila grane tri košarkaške utakmice. Takmičilo se košarka u novoformiranim košarkaškim sekci- šest ekipa: tri ekipe Sokolskog društva Matica jama (ekipama). Pored igranja u klubovima oni Beograd (članovi, naraštajci i naraštajke), dvije su igrali i međusobne utakmice, organizovali ekipe studenata (muškarci i ţene Škole tele- prvenstvo Beograda u košarci (1941, 1942, snog vaspitanja iz Beograda) i ekipa Sokolskog 1943) i radili na popularizaciji košarke među društva Soko I iz Beograda. Prva utakmica je beogradskom omladinom. Svi naprijed odigrana između naraštajki sokolskog društva navedeni klubovi su imali odlične igrače, tako Matica – Beograd i studentica Škole telesnog da su utakmice između njih bile uvijek in- vaspitanja. Pobijedile su studentice rezultatom teresantene i zanimljive. Najviše se igralo na 7-6 (6-6). Drugu utakmicu su odigrali članovi terenima na Tašmajdanu (igralište BTK) i na Matice i studenti ŠTV, uz prisustvo velikog Kalemgednau (igralište BOB-a). broja gledalaca. Utakmica se završila pob- Na razvoj košarke znatnog uticaja, pored jedom Matice rezultatom 23-22. U trećoj, ostalih faktora, imali su i izbjeglice (košarkaši) posljednoj utakmici, sastali su se naraštajci iz drugih dijelova Jugoslavije, naročito iz Hrvatske (Zvonimir Neferović, Veljko Ronac,

26 Simović, S., et al: BASKETBALL IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2:11-25

Marjan Marţan, Vlado Mađeruh, Mileta Tešin, U školskoj 1941/42 godini odrţano je Nevenka Šešlija, Mirjana Janačković i drugi). međuškolsko prvenstvo grada. Na takmičenju Ne samo da su igrali košarku u raznim be- je učestvovalo šest ekipa: Učiteljske škole, ogradskim klubovima, već su i na Prvom Mađarske i Srpske gimnazije, Trgovačke akad- košarkaškom prvenstvu u Beogradu, za vri- emije, Poljoprivredne i Srednje tehničke škole. jeme Drugog svjetskog rata, nastupali sa svo- Prvo mjesto je osvojila ekipa Srednje tehničke jom ekipom „Izbeglice“. škole (IKY), pobjedivši sve ekipe. Na kraju su Prvo košarkaško prvenstvo Beograda, za odigrali utakmicu sa reprezenatcijom novo- vrijeme rata, odrţano je 27. i 28. septembra sadskih škola koju su, takođe, pobijedili re- 1941. godine. zultatom 32-24. Prvenstvo je organizovala košarkaška sekci- Za vrijeme italijanske okupacije (1941- ja SK „Jugoslavije“ (kasnije SK 1913). Na 1943) košarka se igrala u Splitu. Igrali su je takmičenju je učestvovalo pet ekipa: Matica, Italijanski vojnici i Italijanski omladinci iz Omladinac, Izbeglice, Sask (Srenjoškolski ama- Splita. Omladinci su imali svoje dvije organi- terski sport klub) i Jugoslavija. zacije „GIL“ (Gioventu Italiana di Littorio) i U prvoj polovini septembra 1941. godine „GUF“ (Gruppo Universitario Fascista) u osnovan je Srpski savez košarke i odbojke. Za kojima se igrala košarka. Tokom 1941. godine prvog predsjednika izabran je Svetislav „GIL“ i „GUF“ su odigrali nekoliko utakmica Vulović. Tehnički referent je bio Borivoje Jo- u Splitu i Zadru. vanović. Savez je pored rada na širenju U Dubrovniku je postojao jedan drveni koš košarke ne samo u Beogradu, već i cijeloj kojega je napravio profesor Ivo Krešić! Na Srbiji, organizovao takmičenja, osnivao nove tom košu grupa mladića počela je da uči klubove i sekcije, radio i na izradi svojih pravi- košarkašku abecedu tokom 1941. godine pod la, pravila košarke i na poboljšanju i organi- rukovodstvom profesora dubrovačke gimnazi- zaciji sudijskog kadra. je Vlaha Kojakovića. Pored Beograda košarka se igrala i u drugim Košarka se za vrijeme rata počela igrati u mjestima (Novi Sad, Petrovgrad, Subotica, Kotoru 1941. godine, odmah po okupaciji Šabac, Kragujevac, Niš, Prizren, Split, Zadar, Boke Kotorske od strane Italijanske vojske. Dubrovnik, Šibenik, Kotor) na prostorima Najzasluţniji za širenje košarke je bio profesor bivše Jugoslavije, sa različitim intenzitetom. italijanskog jezika, Italijan Srđa Paronucija..

Ključne riječi: košarka, takmičenja, Drugi svjetski rat.

27 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32

EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY BY USING TWO DIFFERENT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Bakirtzoglou Panteleimon1, Ioannou Panagiotis2 & Bakirtzoglou Fotis3

1Organisation for Vocational Education and Training in Greece, Athens, Greece 2Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Thessaloniki, Greece 3General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Agios Dimitrios", Thesaloniki, Greece

SHORT SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002028 COBISS.BH-ID 1846808 UDC: 616.728.3:796.012.23 SUMMARY

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two different methods of measurement for hamstring flexibility. Forty male students athletes with mean age 23.45±0.44 years and forty non-athletes students with a mean age 23.08±0.98 years participated in this study. Hamstring flexibility was evaluated by two different methods of measurement: a) a Myrin goni- ometer and b) sit and reach test. Statistical analysis included the use of Independent Samples T- test while significance was set at p<0.01. The results indicated that athletes students scored better than non-athletes students only when hip joint’s mobility was measured with a Myrin goniometer. In conclusion the evaluation of joint's mobility should be done by using a method of measure- ment that would isolate the articulation of measurement from the interjection of other joints or muscular teams something that is achieved by the use of Myrin goniometer than the use of Sit and Reach test.

Key words: hamstrings, Myrin goniometer, sit and reach test.

INTRODUCTION 1986; Hoeger et al, 1990; Hui and Yuen, 2000). Such field measures are only moderate Sports performance is the result of the indicators of hamstring extensibility. However, interplay of various mental and physical the SRs are frequently used to evaluate the factors. One of the main factors to improve hamstring muscle extensibility because the and maximize athletic performance is the procedures are simple, easy to administer, re- development of physical abilities. The capabi- quire minimal skills training and are particu- lities of fitness are strength, speed, endurance larly useful in large scale extensibility evalua- and flexibility (American College of Sports tion in the field setting. The classical SR (Wells Medicine, 1995). & Dillon, 1952) was originally selected as a Flexibility has been defined in many ways. part of the American Alliance for Health, It is used the term joint mobility indicates the Physical Education, Recreation & Dance degree of bending the normal range or scope (AAHPERD) health-related and physical- fit- of a joint or series of joints (Moller & Oberg, ness protocol, and is often included in stand- 1984). ard fitness tests (e.g., EUROFIT: personal Several sit-and-reach tests (SRs) are com- fitness tests, President’s Challenge) and health monly used in health-related and physical- related fitness programs (Institute for Aerobic fitness test batteries to evaluate the hamstring Research, 1988) and Α.A.H.P.E.R.D. and lower back flexibility (Jackson & Baker, (AAHPERD, 1984).

28 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32

During measuring joint’s mobility, how- allowed to rest for 20 minutes between tests. ever, a joint should be used as instruments to One physiotherapist was responsible for each limit interference with other muscle groups or test. All measures were performed on the same joints in the final measurement result. day, and all tests were conducted with the According to Harris (1969), the joint must be participants wearing their shoes. For the isolated at the time of measurement. Myrin evaluation of knee joint’s mobility have been goniometer isolates the joint from the used two different instruments: the Myrin interference of other joints without affecting goniometer (Leighton, 1955) and Sit and the final outcome of measuring the length of Reach test (Wells & Dillon, 1952). The other muscle groups (Leighton, 1955). Unlike measurement of hip flexion with knee straight measurement with the Sit and Reach test may with Myrin goniometer was tested in a medical lead to different results, because in anatomy bed. The initial and final position of each and motion analysis of the test, participating in movement passively measured starting from the final outcome of the measurement back the anatomical neutral point O, as determined muscles, hamstrings and the triceps surae by the American Academy of Orthopedic muscle complex (Kendall et al, 1971). Most Surgeons (1965). Testing room temperature research has not dealt with the issue of the was kept at 25 °C. effect of the measure instrument to the final result of the measurement of a joint mobility. Measures The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the use of two different Goniometric Measurement instruments for the evaluation of knee joint’s mobility may affect the final result of The Myrin goniometer (Lic Rehab. 17183 measurement between untrained and trained Solna, Sweden) is a goniometer vertical and individuals. horizontal measurements based on Leighton flexometer (1955). It consists of a circular METHOD range (0-180th) degrees turntable and two indices. One indicator is mounted in the center of the disc controlled by gravity for Participants vertical measurements and the other is an Forty student-athletes and forty students indicator of orientation for horizontal measu- (non athletes) participated in this study. Stu- rements. The measurement was performed dent-athletes had an average age of 23.45 ± using American Academy of Orthopedic 0.44 years, height 1.89 ± 0.69cm and weight Surgeons (1965) procedures. A manual 84.56 ± 12.43kg. The relevant anthropometric goniometer was used to measure flexibility as characteristic of students (non-athletes) was: the range of motion in the hip joint and age, years 23.08 ± 0.98, height 1.86 ± 0.97cm related musculature, while the participant lay and weight 91 ± 13.46kg. Both student- supine on a firm, level examining table. The athletes and students (non-athletes) do not examiner raised the tested leg slowly and have a musculoskeletal problem before the evenly, with the knee fully extended, avoiding time of measurement. abduction and rotation, until tightness or pain restricted the movement. The upward motion Procedure of the straight leg was measured to the nearest degree from the zero starting position. The Testing took place in the exercise room at a hamstring flexibility score was determined as private gym. Before testing, all participants the mean of two measurements of the left and performed a three minute warm up and static right legs. Ekstrand et al. (1982) demonstrated stretch routine, emphasizing the lower body. the reliability of measuring joint range of Immediately after the stretching, the flexibility motion as a measure of hamstring flexibility. tests were performed in a counterbalanced design. All tests were assessed on the same day for each student. The participants were

29 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32

Sit and Reach Test recorded as positive forward reach scores. The forward reach scores were recorded in The Sit and Reach test is a wooden device centimeters to the nearest 0.5 cm using the with the following dimensions: length of base scale on the box (AAHPERD, 1984). 35cm, width 45cm, height 32cm and length 55cm. To standardize the measurement scale of Sit and Reach, a standard meter rule was Statistical analysis placed on the sit-and-reach box for each test, For the statistical analysis the statistical with the reading of 23 cm in line with the heel package SPSS for windows (Statistical Package position of each test. The participants sat on for the Social Sciences, Chicago, IL) was used. the floor with shoes on, and fully extended Descriptive statistics including means and two legs so that the sole of the foot was flat standard deviations were calculated for all the against the end of the box. They extended variables. Independent Samples T-test was their arms forward, placing one hand on top used to find statistically significant differences of the other. With palms down, they reached between untrained and trained students to forward sling hands along the measuring scale assess the flexibility of the knee by the use of as far as possible without bending the knee of two different measuring methods. Significance the extended leg. Throughout testing, the level was set at p <0.01. physiotherapist checked to ensure that the heel remained at the 23 cm mark. Three trials were performed on one side. Then the participant RESULTS changed leg position and repeated the procedure on the other side. The average of The anthropometric characteristics of the three trials on each side was used for student-athletes and students (non-athletes) subsequent analyses. Reaches short of the toes are listed in Table 1. There were statistically were recorded as negative forward reach significant differences between groups in scores, and reaches beyond the toes were weight (p <0.01).

TABLE 1. Anthropometric characteristics of students (non-athletes) and students (athletes). The values are averages ± standard deviation.

Students(non-athletes) Student-athletes Age (years) 23.45±0.44 23.08±0.98 Height (cm) 1.89±0.69 1.86±0.97 Weight (cm) 84.56±12.43 91.00±13.46 p < .01

The performance of student-athletes and evaluating the mobility of a joint or a muscle the untrained students using the instrumen- group. Sit and reach test is commonly used in tation of the Myrin goniometer and Sit and health-related and physical-fitness test reach test appear in Table 2. There were stati- batteries to evaluate the hamstring and lower stically significant differences between the two back flexibility (Wells and Dillon, 1952; groups when using the Myrin goniometer for Jackson and Baker, 1986; Jackson and the evaluation of knee joint’s mobility (p Langford, 1989; Hoeger et al, 1990; Liemohn <0.01). et al 1994, Simoneau, 1998) and others included the Myrin goniometer (Chung and Yuen, 1999; Hui and Yuen, 2000; Baltaci et al, DISCUSSION 2003). Myrin goniometer (LIC rehab, 171 83 This study was designed with the assum- Solna, Sweden)) is often used to determine ption that the instrument plays a key role in hamstring flexibility by executing a maximum,

30 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32 passive straight-leg raise on each leg, In this study, both students-athletes and (Ekstrand, Wiktorsson, Oberg, & Gillquist, students (non-athletes) had no statistically 1982; Jackson & Baker, 1986; Jackson & significant differences when used as an Langford, 1989; Minkler & Patterson, 1994). instrument for hamstring flexibility the Sit and However, comparing these two instruments Reach test. These results did not support the Kendall et al (1971) report that Sit and Reach findings of Jackson and Baker (1986) and test does not isolate the joint at the time of Chung and Yuen (1999) indicating that measurement and the final result would athletes have better statistical performance probably be due to physiological or limited than non-athlete. Using the Sit and Reach test length of the muscles of the knee, back and except for knee joint, back muscles and triceps triceps surae muscle complex. Unlike the surae muscle complex are involved (Kendall et Myrin goniometer isolate the joint al, 1971). Therefore the same performance measurement, so the final result of between the two groups may be due to the measurement is the length of the extensor physiological or limited length of back muscles (Moller & Oberg, 1984; Kippers & muscles, knee and triceps surae muscle Parker, 1987). complex. Most research has not dealt with the issue Rather, when used as measuring instrument of the effect of the measure instrument to the the Myrin goniometer differences between the final result of the measurement of a joint two groups was statistically significant in favor mobility. In this study used two different of student-athletes. This result is in agreement instruments in order to determine whether the with Kendall et al (1971) and Jackson & use of two different instruments for evaluation Langford (1989) indicating that athletes hamstring flexibility will affect the final result perform better than untrained subjects in of measurement. evaluation of flexibility with the Myrin goniometer.

TABLE 2. Performance of student (non-athletes) and students-athletes in the evaluation of hamstring flexibility with the Myrin goniometer and the Sit and Reach test. The values are averages ± standard deviation.

Students(non-athletes) Students-athletes Goniometer Myrin (o) 82.00±3.14 88.00±2.26 Sit and reach test(cm) 21.98±2.17 22.40±1.18 p < .01

CONCLUSION to the length of the extensor muscles without involving other muscle groups or joints. Significant differences were only observed by the use of the Myrin goniometer for the evaluation of hamstring flexibility, in relation REFERENCE: to Sit and Reach test, because it isolates the joint. In this study, knees joint mobility of A.A.H.P.E.R.D. (1984). Technical manual for the trained and untrained individuals evaluated by health related physical fitness test. Washington, the same score when used as a measure DC: Author. instrument the Sit and Reach test but this is American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. likely due to the interference of other muscle (1965). Joint Motion: Method of measuring and groups in the measurement result. In contrast, recording. Chicago, IL: Park Ridge trained student had higher results in the American College of Sports Medicine. (1995). measurement of knees joint mobility from Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. untrained student when using the Myrin Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. goniometer, because the goniometer isolates Baltaci, G.N.UN, Tunay, V.A., Besler, S. & the joint measurement, and the final result due Gerceker, S. (2003). Comparison of three

31 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32

different sit and reach tests for measure- test: Replication and extension of previous ment of hamstring flexibility in female uni- findings. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 60(4), pp. 384- versity students. Br. J. Sports Med. 37(1), pp. 387. 59-61. Kendall, H.O., Kendall, F.P. & Wadsworth, Chung, P.K. & Yuen, C.K. (1999). Criterion- G.E. (1971). Muscles: Testing and Function. related validity of sit-and-reach tests in uni- (2nd ed.). Baltimore. MD: Williams and Wil- versity men in Hong Kong: Perceptual and kins. Motor Skills. 88(1), pp. 304-316. Kippers, V. & Parker, A.W. (1987). Toe touch Ekstrand, J., Wiktorsson, M., Oberg, B, & test. A measure of its validity. Physical Ther- Gillquist, J. (1982). Lower extremity goni- apy, 67(11), pp. 1680-84. ometric measurements: A study to deter- Leighton, J.R. (1955). Instrument and tech- mine their reliability. Arch. Phys. Med. Re- nique for measurement of range of joint habil. 63(4), pp. 171-175. motion. Archives Physical Medicine Rehabilita- Harris, M.L. (1969). A factor analytic study of tion, 36, pp. 571-78. flexibility. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 40, pp. 62-70. Liemohn, W., Sharpe, G.L. & Wasserman, J.F. Hoeger, W.W.K., Hopkins, D.R., Button, S. & (1994). Criterion related validity of the sit- Palmer, T.A. (1990). Comparing the sit and and- reach test. J. Strength Cond Res. 8(2), pp. reach with the modified sit and reach in 91-94. measuring flexibility in adolescents. Pediatric Minkler, S. & Patterson, P. (1994). The validity Exercise Science 2, pp. 156-162. of the modified sit-and-reach test in col- Hui, S.S.C. & Yuen, P.Y. (2000). Validity of lege-age students. Research Quarterly for Exer- the modified back-saver sit-and-reach test: cise and Sport 65, pp. 189-192. a comparison with others protocols. Med. Moller, B. & Oberg, B. (1984). Athletic train- Sci. Sports Exerc. 32(9), pp. 1655-1659. ing and flexibility. A study on range of mo- Institute for Aerobics Research (1988). The tion in the lower extremity. Thesis, Fitnessgram. Dallas: Author. Linkoping. Jackson, A.W. & Baker, A.A. (1986). The rela- Simoneau, G.G. (1998). The impact of various tionship of the sit and reach test to crite- anthropometric and flexibility measure- rion measures of hamstring and back flexi- ments on the Sit-and-Reach test. J. Strength bility in young females. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. Cond Res. 12(4), pp. 232-237. 57, pp. 183-186. Wells, K.F. & Dillon, E.K. (1952). The sit and Jackson, A.W. & Langford, N.J. (1989). The reach: A test of back and leg flexibility. Res. criterion-related validity of the sit and reach Q. for Exerc. Sport. 23, pp. 115-118.

Received: October, 20th 2010 Accepted: December, 13th 2010

Correspodence to: Panteleimon Bakirtzoglou Ph.D Organisation for Vocational Education and Training Ethikis Antistaseos 41 - OEEK TK.142 34 Athens-Nea Ionia Phone: +30 69 75 90 96 31 E-mail: [email protected]

32 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32

PROCJENA FLEKSIBILNOSTI KOLJENA KORI[ĆENJEM DVA RAZLIČITA MJERNA INSTRUMENTA

Bakirtzoglou Panteleimon1, Ioannou Panagiotis2 & Bakirtzoglou Fotis3

1Organizacija za stručno obrazovanje i obuku u Grčkoj, Atina, Grčka 2 Fakultet fizičkog obrazovanja i sportskih nauka, Solun, Grčka 3Solunska opšta bolnica"Agios Dimitrios", Solun, Grčka

Razvoj fizičkih sposobnosti (snage, brzine, (sportista) je 23,45±0,44 godine, visina izdržljivosti i fleksibilnosti - American College 1,89±0,69 cm i težina 84,56±12,43 kg. of Sports Medicine, 1995) je jedan od glavnih Antropometrijske karakteristike studenata preduslova za unapređenja i povećanja (nesportista) su: visina 1,86±0,97 cm i težina sportskih postignuća. Nekoliko sjedi-i-dohvati 91,00±13,46 kg; a njihova starost bila je testova (SRs), za procjenu fleksibilnosti 23,08±0,98 godina. Studenti (sportisti) kao i koljena i donjeg dijela leđa, se redovno koristi studenti (nesportisti) nisu imali nikakvih u baterijama testova koje su vezani za zdravlje mišićno-skeletnih problema prije mjerenja. i fizičku aktivnost. (Jackson & Baker, 1986; Testiranje je izvedeno u sali za vježbanje. Hoeger et al, 1990; Hui and Yuen, 2000). Sva mjerenja su izvršena istog dana, i svi su Izvođenje ovih testova je jednostavno, lako za testovi sprovedeni tako što su ispitanici bili u evidentiranje rezultata, zahtijeva minimalne patikama. Učesnici su mogli da se odmore 20 sposobnosti koje su razvijene treningom i minuta između testova. Jedna osoba posebno je primjenljivo za procijenu (fizioterapeut) sprovodio je oba testa. Za fleksibilnosti u ovom prostoru. Klasični SR procjenu pokretljivosti zgloba koljena (Wells & Dillon, 1952), kao prvi konstruisani korišćena su dva različita mjerna instrumenta: test, često je bio uključivan u fitnes programe Myrin goniometar (Leighton, 1955) i sjedi-i- vezane za zdravlje (A.A.H.P.E.R.D., 1984; dohvati test (Wells & Dillon, 1952). Institute for Aerobic Research, 1988). Prilikom Za statističku analizu korišćen je SPSS mjerenja pokretljivosti zgloba važno je da se statistički paket za Windows. Deskriptivna ograniči uticaj drugih mišićnih grupa ili statistika, uključujući srednje vrijednosti i zglobova na konačan rezultat mjerenja. Prema standardnu devijaciju, izračunate su za sve Harrisu (1969), zglob mora da bude izolovan varijable. Za pronalaženje statistički značajnih za vrijeme mjerenja. Upotrebom Myrin razlika u procjeni fleksibilnosti koljena, sa dvije goniometra zglob se izoluje od drugih različite metode mjerenja, između treniranih i zglobova i uticaja drugih mišićnih grupa na netreniranih studenata, korišćen je T-test finalni rezultat. (Leighton, 1955) Za razliku od nezavisnih uzoraka. Traženi nivo značajnosti je prethodnog testa, sjedi-i-dohvati test može da p<0,01. pokaže drugačije rezultate. Anatomska i Ustanovljena je statistički značajna razlika biomehanička analizi pokazuju da na konačan između ove dvije grupe kada se koristio Myrin rezultat ovog testa imaju uticaj mišići leđa, goniometar za procjenu fleksibilnosti zgloba koljena i triceps surae. (Kendall et al, 1971) koljena (p<0,01). Nije pronađena statistički Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita da li se značajna razlika između treniranih i upotrebom dva različita instrumenta za netreniranih ispitanika prilikom korišćenja procjenu pokretljivosti zgloba koljena može sjedi-i-dohvati testa. uticati na konačan rezultat merenja treniranih i U ovom istraživanju primjenjena su dva netreniranih osoba. različita instrumenta da bi se utvrdilo da li Četrdeset studenata (sportista) i četrdeset postoje razlike u rezultatima mjerenja prilikom studenata (nesportista) učestvovali su u njihovog upotrebe. Poredeći ova dva ispitivanju. Prosječna starost studenata instrumenta Kendall et al (1971) konstatuje da

33 Bakirtzoglou, P., Ioannou, P. & Bakirtzoglou, F.: EVALUATION OF HAMSTRING... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 28-32 sjedi-i-dohvati test ne izoluje zlob tokom uslovljena uticajem mišića leđa, koljena i mjerenja i da konačan rezultat vjerovatno triceps surae na mjerenje. Drugim riječima, zavisiti od ograničenja uslovljenih dužinom kada je korišćen Myrin goniometar razlike mišića leđa, koljena i triceps surae. Za razliku između dvije grupe su bile statistički značajne od toga Myrin goniometar izoluje zglob, tako u korist studenata sportista. Ovaj rezultat je u da na konačan rezultat mjerenja utiče samo saglasnosti sa Kendall et al (1971) i Jackson & dužina mišića ekstenzora (Moller & Oberg, Langford (1989) koji pokazuje da sportisti 1984; Kippers & Parker, 1987). U ovom imaju bolje rezultate od netreniranih prilikom istraživanju i studenti (sportisti) i student procjene fleksibilnosti sa Myrin goniometrom. (nesportisti) nisu pokazali statistički značajnu Značajne razlike primjećene su samo pri razliku kada je kao instrument za procenu korišćenju Myrin goniometra, u odnosu na fleksibilnosti koljena korišćen sjedi-i-dohvati sjedi-i-dohvati test. Razlog tome je što prvi test. Ovi rezultati nisu potvrdili zaključke test izoluje zglob. U ovom istraživanju Jackson i Baker (1896) niti Chung i Yuen fleksibilnost koljenog zgloba treniranih i (1999) koji su pokazali da sportisti, statistički netreniranih osoba procijenjena je sa potpuno gledano, imaju bolje rezultate od nesportista. istim rezultatom kada je kao merni instrument Koristeći sjedi-i-dohvati test, osim zgloba korišten sjedi-i-dohvati test, a uzrok tome je koljena, u pokret su takođe uključeni mišići uticaj drugih mišićnih grupa na rezultate leđa i triceps surae (Kendall et al, 1971). Stoga, mjerenja. razlika u mjerenju između dvije grupe je

Ključne riječi: koljena, Myrin goniometar, sjedi-i-dohvati test.

34 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42

THE LINK OF A COACH’S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS OF CONTROL AND HIS/HER MOTIVATIONAL APPROACH TO ATHLETES

Mladenović Marijana1 1College of Sports and Health, Belgrade, Serbia

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002035 COBISS.BH-ID 1845784 UDC: 796.37.03.071.4 SUMMARY

The locus of control is related to the perception of the cause of certain events. It is considered a general personality orientation, a kind of personal disposition, and can be internal and external. When the locus of control is internal, it is said to be autonomous, while external causality can be controlled (by others) or it can be impersonal (under the influence of a coincidence or luck). The approach in working with athletes can be based on supporting autonomy or behavior control. The aim of this explorative research was to determine the type of locus of control of future sports coaches, the a priori motivational approach to athletes and the potential link between the two variables. It has been presumed that coaches with an internal locus of control i.e. those who believe that they themselves are in control of events in their lives, would be more inclined, in working with athletes, to apply the approach based on supporting autonomy. The sample consisted of 122 examinees, students of coaching at the College of Sports and Health in Belgrade. The results confirmed the preliminary hypothesis and showed that the autonomous causality orientation (internal locus) dominates, linked with a supporting approach. The controlling and impersonal orientations (external locus) are related with the approach which reinforces behavior control in athletes. Especially relevant is the fact that the approach to athletes which is based on a moderate supporting of athlete autonomy is linked with all three causality orientations. It is relevant to further investigate which factors, personal and environmental, impact the orientation of the coach towards the supporting approach. Supporting athlete autonomy is an important issue, not only in a theoretical sense, but practical as well, as it has positive consequences on the psychological development and mental health of athletes, especially the younger categories.

Key words: coach’s motivational approach, locus of control, supporting athletes’ autonomy, control of athletes’ behavior

INTRODUCTION behavior control continues to prevail (accord- ing to Mageau & Vallerand, 2003). Starting from the basic premises of the self- In accordance with the self-determination determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000; theory, it can be presumed that the locus of Mladenović, 2010), research has shown that control as a type of dispositional personality the support of autonomy has a positive impact orientation can have a significant link with the on the entire development of the personality option of the coach to direct his motivational and mental health (Ryan & Deci, 2007). How- approach to athletes towards supporting au- ever, research has also shown that the motiva- tonomy or behavior control. tional approach in sports which is based on The belief in the possibility or impossibility

35 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42 of controlling events and happenings in life is dominates usually feel very anxious and ineffi- called locus of control. If an individual is con- cient. They feel they cannot in any way have vinced that he/she is controlling events in an impact on events or deal with the set de- his/her own life, then it is said that they have mands or the occurring changes. They tend to an internal locus of control. When there is the be deficient on motivation and harbor the conviction that some external factors are con- desire that everything remains “as before.” trolling events and happenings in life, there is It is considered (according to Deci & Ryan, an external locus of control (according to Cox, 1985) that, to a certain extent, every person 2005). possesses all three causality orientations, so it Starting from these basic concepts of the is possible to speak about individual differ- theory of attribution, Deci and Ryan devel- ences. Research studies in various areas have oped the concept of causality orientations shown that an autonomous orientation is gen- (Deci & Ryan, 1985). They determined causal- erally linked with greater self-respect, ego de- ity orientations to be relatively permanent per- velopment and self-actualization (according to sonal characteristics and made a distinction Deci & Ryan, 1985) as well as greater person- between autonomous, controlling and imper- ality integration (Koestner, Bernieri, & Zuck- sonal orientations towards the cause of events. erman, 1992). The autonomous causal orientations (inner To be autonomous means to manage one’s locus) indicate the degree to which a person is self and actions independently. When auton- directed towards the aspects of the environ- omous, people are totally willing to do what ment which incite intrinsic motivation, enable they are involved with and perform with inter- optimal challenges and offer feedback on per- est and dedication. Behavior is controlled sonal efficiency for a specific task. The indi- when the individual is under pressure to do viduals in whom these types of causal orienta- something. When there is control, there is no tions are represented to the greatest degree subjective sense of agreement to perform will demonstrate much more personal initia- (Ryan & Deci, 2007). tive than individuals in whom the other two The coach base his motivational approach causal orientations dominate. They will seek on supporting the autonomy of athletes, if he actions which are appealing and which repre- respects and values the personality of each sent a personal challenge and will assume re- athlete. He also stimulates the personal re- sponsibility for their own behavior. sponsibility of the athlete by offering the pos- The controlling causal orientation (external sibility of choice within the framework of the locus) indicates the degree to which the person given rules, and offering explanations for the is directed towards awards, deadlines, ego- set tasks, as well as enabling the athlete to de- involvement, structurality and directness velop initiative and autonomy in work (Mlade- which comes from others. Individuals in nović, 2008). Such a coach has the ability of whom this causal orientation dominates rely empathy and is capable of seeing the point of on awards and other types of social control. view of another person. The feedback on the Such individuals are to a large extent “ad- competence of the athlete regarding the spe- justed” to the demands of others, and not to cific task is always in an “informing” and not a what they demand from themselves. Feedback controlling form (Lazarević, 2001). information is directed towards the maintain- Behavior control is related to the pressure ing of self-worth and a positive self-image, and to behave and think in a certain way (Deci & not on efficiency in responding to a specific Ryan, 1985). It includes the use of threats, task. physical force, supervising, psychological con- An impersonal causal orientation indicates trol, inducing the feeling of guilt and self-criti- the degree to which an individual believes that cism, as well as the application of material the achieving of an aim or result is entirely rewards and feedback information on compe- outside his or her control, and that a specific tence in a controlling way (Mageau & Valle- achievement is largely the result of coincidence rand, 2003). or luck. Those in whom this causal orientation In the context of sports, it is presumed that

36 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42 coaches who a priori on the level of personal METHOD traits manage different orientations on the cause of events would have a different attitude Sample towards athletes. The coaches who believe that they impact The sample consisted of 122 examinees, events in their own lives will probably be con- first and second-year students of the Sports vinced that they can exert influence on their College of Belgrade, from the sports coaching athletes as well, that is, on their personal and department. The higher percentage of the ex- sports development. These “sorts” of coaches aminees was males (78.7%), with 21.3% fe- will essentially respect individual differences, male examinees. The age of the examinees was the inner states and feelings of athletes and from 19 to 38. More than half of the exami- support their autonomy in work. In this way, nees (54.1%) were aged between 19 and 22, athletes are enabled to develop their locus of while only 10% examinees were over 28. control and feelings of personal responsibility themselves. Fostering the approach which is Variables based on respect and valuing the athlete is significant, not only for achieving top sports Two variables were used – the causality ori- results but also for the mental health and de- entation of the coach and the motivational velopment of young athletes. approach. The causality orientation was oper- The coaches who believe that events in ationalized as autonomous, controlling and their lives largely depend on certain external impersonal. The motivational approach of the factors, such as other people, coincidence or coach was operationalized as high autonomy, luck, will be more inclined to demonstrate a moderate autonomy, moderate control and much larger degree of control in working with high control of athlete behavior. athletes. Coaches such as these put more value on the use of control and focus more attention Procedure on authority. They will endeavor to secure the The respondents participated in the re- compliance of the athlete, to shape their way search voluntarily and had the option to leave of thinking and behavior and will use extrinsic at any chosen point in time. In the instructions rewards for every progression in that sense. for filling out the questionnaire, the respond- The motivational approach of a coach in ents were told they were participating in a re- working with athletes is especially significant search which has the aim to test how future in working with younger categories of athletes. sports coaches reason about various topics. It It is important theoretical as well as practical was stressed that there are no correct or wrong issue. answers, but that it is important to respond The aim of this explorative research was to honestly to the items, as well as that participa- test if there is a link between the locus of con- tion in the research or the nature of the re- trol and the coach’s motivational approach sponses given in the questionnaire will in no towards athletes. way impact the respondent’s standing. Thus a According to the self-determination theory, potential social suitability of the response was the general assumption was that future sports avoided, as the questionnaires were filled out coaches who believe that they themselves during lectures in Psychology of Sports and manage events in their lives (the autonomous the Psychological Preparations of Athletes. causality orientation – inner locus) would be more inclined to develop a motivational ap- proach which is based on supporting the au- Instruments tonomy of athletes. On the other hand, it is Two instruments were used in the research. assumed that the controlling and impersonal The General Causality Orientation Scale causality orientations will be linked with fa- was used to gauge causal orientations. The voring the motivational approach which is original instrument contains 12 vignettes and based on controlling athletes’ behavior. 36 items (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Each vignette

37 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42 describes a typical social situation or an was asked to express his or her opinion on the achievement situation and is backed up with seven-degree Likert-type scale on how appro- descriptions of possible reactions to situations priate each of the four described reactions which reflect an autonomous, controlling or was. The scale was applied for the first time in impersonal causal orientation. On a seven- this research study and at present, except for degree Likert-type scale, the examinee indi- reliability, no other metric properties are cated to what extent it is possible to react in known The value of Cronbach’s alpha was .81. the described situation in each of the depicted ways. The scores on each of the three sub- Statistical analysis scales (autonomous, controlling, and imper- sonal) reflected the relative representation of The reliability of the instruments was tested causal orientations. The reliability of the in- out by the Cronbach alpha. For each of the strument in this research has been determined three types of causal orientation and all four by Cronbach’s alpha equal to .75. variants of the coach’s motivational approach, To test a coach’s motivational approaches, the arithmetic mean and standard deviations a Scale of the Motivational Orientation of the were calculated. The significance of the arith- coach was constructed for the needs of this metic mean was tested by the application of research. The scale was modeled after similar the t-test. The degree of linkedness of causal instruments intended to test the motivational orientation and motivational approaches was approach of individuals who are in some sort determined by calculating the Pearson’s coeffi- of position of authority, such as for example cient correlation. Data processing was done teachers (Deci, Schwartz, Sheinman & Ryan, alternatively as well – without an outlier. 1981; Reeve, Bolt, & Cai, 1999). The coaches’ scale of motivational orientation consisted of 8 RESULTS vignettes and 32 items. The vignettes de- scribed potential situations in which coaches As Diagram 1 shows, the testing of the lo- can find themselves while working with cus of control showed that the autonomous younger athletes. An example is this story: orientation was represented in future sports “Marko is 10 years old and has been training coaches to the largest degree (M=5.20; football successfully. During the last two SD=.67; t=85.120; p<.01), followed by con- weeks, however, he has become in some way trolling (M=4.58; SD=.66; t=76.520; p<.01), disinterested and indifferent. He goes to train- while the impersonal causality orientation was ing, but it is obvious he doesn’t put much ef- present the least (M=2.74 SD=.95; t=31.747 fort in it. A phone conversation with his p<.01). All means values differences were sig- mother lacked to disclose any useful infor- nificant, and the analysis was done without mation. The best thing for his coach to do outliers as well (Addendum 1). is...” For every described situation in one of The obtained results indicate that future the 8 stories, four possible ways of reacting coaches to the largest degree possess an inner were on offer: high autonomy (“to make it locus of causality i.e. the belief that they have clear to him that it’s not the end of the world control over events in their lives. To a some- because he’s not training well and to try to what lesser degree is present the belief that help him to discover the cause of his disinter- external factors (e.g. other people) manage est and indifference”), moderate autonomy their lives. Impersonal causality, as the reflec- (“to help him cope with the game and with the tion of some kind of learned helplessness, is effort of the other children and to encourage represented the least as a general orientation him to keep up with the others”), moderate with young coaches. control (“it should be made clear to him that it The results further indicate that a high is important to put forth more effort if he orientation towards autonomy dominates as an wishes to progress”), high control(“to leave approach to athletes (M=5.52; SD=.71; him to train additionally after every training t=86.561; p<.01). The approach which is session, until he gets better”). The examinee based on moderate control of athlete behavior

38 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42 follows (M=5.12; SD=0.83; t=67.618; p<.01), The values of the t-test show that the then the approach which is characterized by a means values are statistically significant, but moderate support of autonomy (M=4.95; the high values of the standard deviation point SD=.87; t=62.544; p<.01), while a high to potential individual differences, especially in orientation towards the control of athlete regards to the approach which is based on behavior (M=3.79; SD=.91; t=45.929; p<.01) athlete control. Thus the analysis was is on the last place. (Diagram 2) completed alternatively as well – without outliers. By removing the outliers, the DIAGRAM 1 individual variations in responding to items The locus of control of sports coaches which measure four approaches to athletes are reduced, though the entire approach to athletes remains unchanged (Addendum 2). The results of the correlational analysis show that approaches to athletes are linked with causality orientations (Table 1). The correlational analysis was also done without outliers (Table 2), but except for specific values of certain coefficients of correlations, the results did no change significantly. The approach which is based on a moderate or high support of autonomy of athletes is significantly linked with the autonomous causality orientation. The controlling approach of the coach, regardless whether it involves a high or moderate control Legend: A – autonomous causality orientation of athlete control, significantly correlates with (inner locus); C – controlling causality controlling and impersonal causality orientation (external locus); NP – orientations. However, the approach of a impersonal causality orientation; coach who moderately supports the autonomy of an athlete is significantly linked not only DIAGRAM 2 with the autonomous, but also with the other Sports coaches’ motivational approaches to athletes two causality orientations – controlling and impersonal. The approach to athletes is not just a theoretical, but also a practical issue. The relationship between a coach and an athlete is a reciprocal process in which the coach and the athlete mutually influence each other. Coaches do not behave in the same way towards all athletes. The behavior of a coach in specific situations is a reaction to perceived behavior and the motivation of the athlete. However, a personal causality orientation of the coach, as a more permanent dispositional orientation, can significantly impact the a priori attitude regarding the most effective approach to athletes. The results of this research show that Legend: HA – high autonomy; MA – moderate autonomy; HC – high control; MC – future sports coaches to the largest degree moderate control; have an internal locus of control, i.e. they believe that the events in their lives are under

39 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42 their control. In turn, they attribute the effects research. Coaches who believe they have of their activities to causes such as abilities and control over events in their lives will most vested effort. Such a causality orientation in probably, regardless of the nature of external life, generally speaking, is linked with the influences, retain the conviction that the approach to athletes which is operationalized valuing of the personality of the athletes and as a high orientation towards autonomy. This support for their autonomy is relevant and finding confirms the basic hypothesis of the necessary.

TABLE 1. The correlation of the motivational approach to athletes with the causality orientations of coaches (N=122)

Causality orientations Motivational approach autonomy control impersonal of coach (inner locus) (external locus) causality High autonomy .359 -.072 .108 Moderate autonomy .252 .320 .390 Moderate control .131 .394 .292 High control .028 .333 .402 p < .01

TABLE 2. The correlation between the motivational approach to athletes and causality orientations of coaches (without outliners, N=101)

Causality orientations Motivational approach autonomy control impersonal of coach (inner locus) (external locus) causality High autonomy .300 -.090 -.011 Moderate autonomy .171 .268 .216 Moderate control .065 .367 .268 High control -.135 .220 .210 p < .01

With one part of the tested future sports approach, giving an advantage to behavior coaches, it was shown that the causality control. orientation according to which responsibility However, especially significant is the result for life events rests on factors outside the that the approach which is based on a personality itself – other people, coincidence moderate support of athlete autonomy or luck, a “higher power” - dominated. Such a correlates with all three causality orientations. dispositional orientation can extend from the After excluding the outliers from the analysis, undeniable fact that the individual is not what remains is only a link with controlling always the sole factor which determines the and impersonal causality orientations. The link results from life events, to the concept of of the approach to athletes which is based on a learned helplessness according to which every moderate support of autonomy and the activity depends on some impersonal force on external locus of control appears at first which there is no impact. Future sports incompatible, but this correlation should be coaches which adopt such an external locus on further investigated. the level of personality disposition, regardless A finding such as this in the psychological whether it’s a controlling or impersonal sense is very encouraging, as it points to the orientation, will be more inclined in practical fact that young people who in their lives are work with athletes to apply the negative faced with the impossibility to entirely impact the results of their own activities, events and

40 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42 happenings, show tendencies, on the level of show an a priori attitude that, in working with personality disposition, to influence others athletes, respect, valuing and supporting of they can have an impact on, by applying a athlete autonomy should be shown. Future different approach from the one they sports coaches who on the level of general themselves were exposed to. dispositional characteristics incline towards an external locus of control (controlling and CONCLUSION impersonal causality orientation) favor the approach towards athletes which is based on behavior control. A motivational approach to working with For further empirical research, but also for athletes, especially younger categories, can a systematic training of future sports coaches, have far-fetching consequences not only on of relevance is the fact from this research future sports successes of young athletes but which points to the existing of a link between also on their entire mental development and the external locus of control and the tendency mental health. to apply the approach which is based on a The results of this research have shown moderate supporting of autonomy in working that future sports coaches who at the level of with athletes. personal disposition have an internal locus of control (autonomous causality orientation)

ADDENDUM 1. Causality orientation of sports coaches (without outliers, N=101)

Degrees Causality orientation M SD t-test of freedom Autonomy (inner locus) 5.29 .49 107.736 100 Control (external locus) 4.57 .61 75.440 100 Impersonal causality 2.67 .81 33.250 100 p < .01

ADDENDUM 2. Predictor variables significance for some trainer job satisfaction prediction

Motivational approach Degrees M SD t-test of coaches of freedom High autonomy 5.52 .63 87.245 100 Moderate control 5.18 .76 67.907 100 Moderate autonomy 4.99 .76 65.510 100 High control 3.78 .76 49.516 100 p < .01

REFERENCE: tence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(5), pp. 642-650. Cox, R.H. (2005). Sport Psychology. [Psihologija Deci, E.L. & Ryan R.M. (1985). The General sporta. In Croat.]. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Causality Orientation Scale: Self- Slap Determination in Personality. Journal of Re- Deci, E.L., Schwartz, A.J., Sheinman, L. & search in Personality, 19, pp. 109-134. Ryan, R.M. (1981). An instrument to assess Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (2000). Self- adults' orientations toward control versus Determination Theory and the Facilitation autonomy with children: Reflections on in- of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Develop- trinsic motivation and perceived compe- ment and Well-Being. American Psychologist, 55, pp. 68-78.

41 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42

Koestner, R., Bernieri, F., & Zuckerman, M. Mladenović, M. (2010). Self-motivation. [Samo- (1992). Self-determination and consistency motivacija. In Serbian.]. Beograd: Za- between attitudes, traits, and behaviors. Per- dužbina Andrejević. sonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, pp. Reeve, J., Bolt, E. & Cai, Y. (1999). Autono- 52-59. my-supportive teachers: How they teach Lazarević, Lj. (2001). Psychological foundations of and motivate students. Journal of Educational physical education. Fourth edition. [Psihološke Psychology, 91, pp. 537-548. osnove fizičke kulture. In Serbian.]. Beo- Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E.L. (2007). Active Hu- grad: Viša škola za sportske trenere. man Nature: Self-Determination Theory Mageau, G.A. & Vallerand, R.J. (2003). The and the Promotion and Maintenance of Coach-Athlete relationship: A Motivational Sport, Exercise and Health. In M.S. Model. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21, pp. 883- Hagger, & N.L.D. Chatzisarantis (Eds): Intrin- 904. sic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise Mladenović, M. (2008). Extrenal and internal and Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, motivation in sport. [Spoljašnja i unutrašnja pp. 1-19. motivacija u sportu. In Serbian.]. Nova sportska praksa, 1-2, pp. 26-36.

Received: July, 23rd 2010 Accepted: December, 13th 2010

Correspodence to: Marijana Mladenović, PhD Branka Ćopića 5 11160 Belgrade Serbia Phone: +381 62 21 61 26 +381 63 80 89 333 E-mail: [email protected]

42 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42

POVEZANOST TRENEROVE PERCEPCIJE LOKUSA KONTROLE I MOTIVACIONOG PRISTUPA SPORTISTIMA

Mladenović Marijana1 1Visoka sportska i zdravstvena škola, Beograd, Srbija

Polazeći od osnovnih premisa teorije samo- bjeđuju uslove za optimalan sportski i psihički determinacije (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Mlade- razvoj mladih sportista. nović, 2010), istraživanja su pokazala da podr- Cilj ovog eksplorativnog istraživanja bio je žavanje autonomije pozitivno utiče na cjeloku- da se utvrdi kakav lokus kontrole postoji kod pan razvoj ličnosti i mentalno zdravlje (Ryan budućih sportskih trenera, kakav je a priori & Deci, 2007). Međutim, istraživanja takođe pristup sportistima i da li između te dvije vari- pokazuju i da u sportu uglavnom i dalje jable postoji povezanost. Polazeći od glavnih preovlađuje motivacioni pristup trenera koji se premisa teorije samodeterminacije, postavljena zasniva na kontroli ponašanja (prema Mageau je glavna hipoteza da će treneri sa unutrašnjim & Vallerand, 2003) . lokusom kontrole tj. oni koji vjeruju da sami U skladu sa teorijom samodeterminacije, kontrolišu događaje u svom životu, biti skloniji može se pretpostaviti da bi lokus kontrole kao da u radu sa sportistima primjenjuju pristup jedna vrsta dispozicione orijentacije ličnosti koji se zasniva na podržavanju autonomije. mogao značajno da bude povezan sa oprede- Uzorak se sastojao od 122 ispitanika, stude- ljenjem trenera da svoj motivacioni pristup nata prve i druge godine Visoke sportske i sportistima usmjeri u pravcu podržavanja au- zdravstvene škole strukovnih studija iz Beo- tonomije ili kontroli ponašanja. grada, smjer – sportski trener. Najveći proce- Lokus kontrole određuje se kao uvjerenost nat ispitanih bio je muškog pola (78,7%), a u mogućnost da se utiče na događaje i zbi- ispitanika ženskog pola bilo je 21,3%. Starost vanja. Smatra se opštom orijentacijom ličnosti, ispitanika bila je od 19 do 38 godina. Više od koja je jedna vrsta personalne dispozicije (Deci polovine ispitanih (54,1%) bilo je starosti od & Ryan, 1985). Kada je lokus kontrole unutra- 19 do 22 godine, dok svega 10% ispitanika ima šnji kaže se da je autonoman, dok spoljašnja preko 28 godina. uzročnost može biti kontrolisana (drugim oso- Za ispitivanje lokusa kontrole upotrebljena bama) ili nepersonalna (pod uticajem ''više si- je Skala opšte orijentacije uzročnosti (General le''). Causality Orientation Scale). Vrijednost Kron- Trener koji vjeruje da može da utiče na do- bahove alfe u ovom istraživanju iznosila je gađaje u svom životu biće uvjeren da može da 0,75. Za ispitivanje motivacionih pristupa tre- utiče i na svoje sportiste, na njihov optimalan nera konstruisana je Skala motivacione orije- sportski i psihički razvoj. Takav trener biće ntacije trenera. Pouzdanost instrumenta bila je tolerantniji na individualne razlike među spor- zadovoljavajuća (Kronbahova alfa 0,81). tistima, postavljaće optimalne izazove pred Za svaki tip kauzalne orijentacije i svaki od svakog sportistu i podržavaće razvoj lične od- četiri motivaciona pristupa izračunavane su govornosti. aritmetičke sredine i standardne devijacije. Trener kod kojeg dominira uverenje da nje- Značajnost aritmetičkih sredina provjeravana govim životom upravljaju neki spoljašnji fak- je t-testom. Povezanost kauzalnih orijentacija i tori biće sklon da i sam u radu sa sportistima motivacionih pristupa provjeravana je korela- demonstrira kontrolu ponašanja. Iako kontrola cionom analizom. ponašanja, nadzor, pritisak, primjena kažanja- Ispitivanje lokusa kontrole pokazalo je da je vanja itd. mogu naizgled brzo i efikasno da uti- kod budućih sportskih trenera u najvećem ste- ču na ponašanje sportista, dugoročno ne obez- penu zastupljena autonomna (AS= ,20; SD=0,67; t=85,120; p<0,01), pa kontrolišuća

43 Mladenović, M.: THE LINK OF A COACH'S PERCEPTION OF LOCUS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 35-42

(AS=4,58; SD=0,66; t=76,520; p<0,01), dok je Spoljašnji lokus kontrole značajno i pozitivno nepersonalna orijentacija uzročnosti najmanje korelira sa pristupom koji se zasniva na visokoj prisutna (AS=2,74; SD=0,95; t=31,747; (0,333; p<0,01) i umerenoj (0,394; p<0,01) p<0,01). Sve dobijene aritmetičke sredine su kontroli ponašanja, ali i sa umjerenim podrža- statistički značajne. vanjem autonomije sportista (0,320; p<0,01). Rezultati dalje pokazuju da kod budućih Uvjerenost u nepersonalnu kauzalnost u sops- sportskih trenera kao pristup sportistima do- tvenom životu najviše je povezana sa orijenta- minira visoka orijentacija na autonomiju cijom trenera na kontrolu ponašanja sportista (AS=5,52; SD=0,71; t=86,561; p<0,01). Slijedi (0,402; p<0,01). pristup koji se zasniva na umjerenoj kontroli Za dalja empirijska istraživanja, ali i za pra- ponašanja sportista (AS=5,12; SD=0,83; ktičan rad na edukaciji budućih sportskih tre- t=67,618; p<0,01), pa pristup koji karakteriše nera, značajna je povezanost pristupa koji se umjereno podržavanje autonomije (AS=4,95; zasniva na umjerenom podržavanju autono- SD=0,87; t=62,544; p<0,01), dok je visoka mije sportista sa sve tri orijentacije uzročnosti. orijentacija na kontrolu ponašanja sportista Takav nalaz je u psihološkom smislu vrlo (AS=3,79; SD=0,91; t=45,929; p<0,01) na ohrabrujući, jer ukazuje da mladi ljudi koji se poslednjem mestu. suočavaju sa nemogućnošću da u potpunosti Korelaciona analiza pokazuje da postoji utiču na događaje u svom životu, pokazuju značajna povezanost između unutrašnjeg lo- tendenciju da prema onima na koje imaju kusa kontrole i pristupa koji se zasniva na prilike da utiču primjene drugačiji pristup od visokom (0,359; p<0,01) i umjerenom (0,252; onog kojem su sami bili podvrgnuti. p<0,01) podržavanju autonomije sportista.

Ključne riječi: motivacioni pristup trenera, lokus kontrole, podržavanje autonomije sportiste, kontrola ponašanja sportsite.

44 Podlesnik Fetih, A.: PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 45-48

PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF MOTIVATION ASPECTS FOR SPORT EXERCISING TOO

Podlesnik Fetih Anja1 1Primary School Rakek, Domžale, Slovenia

SHORT SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002045 COBISS.BH-ID 1846040 UDC: 618.3:796.012.1:331.101.3 SUMMARY

The article presents the results of the survey among 163 pregnant women before pregnancy, at the end of the first triad, and at the end of the second triad of pregnancy. The survey questions encompass the field of motivation for sport activity. The questionnaire consists of 23 statements concerning the motivation before and 25 statements concerning motivation during pregnancy. Individuals define their own motive for sport activity on the five-degree scale. We analyzed the repetition frequencies of all the motives in all three stages of pregnancy and established the cru- cial motives for engaging in sport activities before and during pregnancy. Motivational structures are relatively permanent structures of cognitive-conative area which begin to form in the early childhood; therefore we expect these chosen motives to appear in all stages. We ascertained that pregnant women should be as much as possible acquainted with the influence and significance of sport activity on their own and their child’s health and wellbeing since these are the leading mo- tives in all three stages of our measuring. Motives within motivational structure may change in specific circumstances. This is established by our findings as well as during pregnancy the mo- tives of health of unborn child and positive influence of mother’s wellbeing on child take high frequencies of occurrence.

Key words: motivational structure, sports activities, pregnancy.

THE SUBJECT AND THE vic floor muscles not only help to strengthen PROBLEM muscles during pregnancy but also influence on shorter second pregnancy period because Exercising beneficially affects health of then a pregnant woman is more aware of the pregnant women and developing fetus and at function of mentioned muscles and is able to the same time it is also a good preparation for relax them at the right time. In that way she a birth. Exercising also helps overcome some can take an active part in delivery process of pregnancy problems like constipation, which can now be faster and easier (Gam- tiredness, morning sickness and vomiting, berger & Videmšek, 2005). more frequent urination, sleepiness and pains Women, who exercised regularly before be- in the lower part of the stomach. Exercising by coming pregnant, can continue their program recommendations of many research findings even throughout pregnancy if it goes on nor- (Brown, 2002; Lochmuller & Friese, 2004) mally. Many studies have shown (Pivarnik et relaxes and beneficially influences psychologi- al., 1993; Wolfe et al., 1999) that from early cal state of health, strengthens cardiovascular second trimester of pregnancy exercises system, it is a good preparation of pelvic floor should be of moderate-intensity to medium- muscles for delivery, it gains less fat weight intensity aerobic activity where heart beat does during pregnancy and relieves backaches and not exceed 140 beats per minute and it is rec- pains in other joints. Special exercises for pel- ommended to perform them three to four

45 Podlesnik Fetih, A.: PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 45-48 times in a week in duration of 25 – 60 an individual regardless to the awareness, re- minutes. With such an extent of exercise the gardless to theoretical knowledge, sees a vital loss of aerobic power is minimal and they'll benefit. gain less fat because of constant ongoing fat The level of individual’s adaptation to living use (Clapp & Little, 1995). conditions depends on the level of effective- The aim of an active pregnant woman is to ness of motivational currents. Predomination achieve many-sided positive affects. Benefits of one or more motives over the others is a of regular exercising during pregnancy are: full consequence of many different life situations muscular system strengthens which helps a and individual experience (Černohorski, 2001). pregnant woman to put up with additional Pregnancy as a condition full of physiological strains easier throughout pregnancy and deliv- and psychological changes influences also on ery; pregnant women learn how to control changes of motives that an individual pregnant muscles – in this way during the process of woman has. delivery only specific groups of muscles are Many different ways of finding out motives activated which is important for economical are known, many of them can be quite com- use of oxygen; muscles become more elastic so plicated (they move on a base of establishing a that women can regain their pre-pregnancy latent space), and the others are very simple. body back more quickly; the blood circulation In our case the most common and interesting increases which prevents varicosity and the reasons and answers were found for the needs baby gets more oxygen needed for his well- of this study and were offered to women as a being and healthy development; the whole questionnaire. In one of the most important organism strengthens and gets ready for the studies concerning motives or reasons for events during delivery which can so be shorter exercising in Slovenia on representative pat- and easier; physical and psychic condition tern of adults, following main motives for improves and working ability maintains until exercising appeared: good health and well- high pregnancy; the feeling of safety during being, good physical and working abilities, exercising maintains and accelerate the pleas- having fun, amusement, relaxation, and pleas- ure of exercising; a positive attitude toward ure in exercising, competition, physical effort, pregnancy is developed and with that related sports appearance and a friend’s life style mental well-being and serenity, it also prevents (Završnik, Pišot, Zurc, Žerjal, 2004). We have depression (Klun, 1992). adjusted the assortment of motives to speciali- Goals of exercising that a certain pregnant ties throughout pregnancy. woman has, differs from her pre-pregnancy goals. Exercising itself is more than just toning RESULTS AND DISCUSSION muscles and developing motor abilities, it is about keeping acquired abilities and getting Our findings show that pregnancy as a state even more focused on performance of move- full of physiological and psychological changes ment. Throughout pregnancy exercising is has an influence on changes of motives of an more relaxed with lower intensity. Pregnant individual woman. Following motives ap- women should not gasp for breath during ex- peared with the highest frequency in pre-preg- ercising and not at all get exhausted. Through- nancy: I want to be physically efficient, I want out pregnancy they should not start new to keep my health, I want to improve my sports or should avoid exercises with higher health and I want to be a good example for my risk of injuries by using different requisites or children. Motives, less important are: compe- risk of falling (Brown, 2002). They should tition, business reasons and sympathy towards work out in extent and with intensity that pro- trainers. vides relaxation and well-being. From the moment when a woman realizes So, which are the motives that are essential she's pregnant, everything is adapted to the for exercising in pre-pregnancy and through- growing creature inside of her, beside old mo- out pregnancy? When we talk about motiva- tives new ones appear and they stay relatively tional currents, we think about those in which stable throughout pregnancy. Even two new

46 Podlesnik Fetih, A.: PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 45-48 motives appear: the health of unborn baby and pregnancy have even throughout pregnancy a positive influence of mother's well-being on the lowest frequency of appearance. her baby. The less important motives in pre-

TABLE 1. Changes of motivational structure for exercising throughout pregnancy

-

t first t

Motives for exercising imester

-pregnancy

trimester

Pre

cond tr cond

Throughout se Throughout

Throughou My well-being means a lot to me. 4.61 4.63 4.69 I want to be with my friends. 2.68 2.59 2.57 I want to release my energy. 3.62 3.21 3.20 I want to stay in a good shape. 4.09 4.12 4.09 I enjoy group workout. 2.52 2.26 2.37 I want to learn new skills. 2.64 2.31 2.27 I want to meet new friends. 2.69 2.57 2.55 I want to release tension. 3.72 3.33 3.30 I like doing something. 3.50 3.44 3.36 I like going out of my house. 3.75 3.75 3.64 I like the competition. 1.64 1.48 1.48 I like being in a group. 2.27 2.16 2.13 I want to make a progress to a higher level. 2.42 2.10 2.18 I want to be physically efficient. 4.03 4.13 4.13 I want to stay healthy. 4.56 4.42 4.36 I like my trainers. 1.62 1.63 1.64 I like having fun. 3.12 2.96 2.89 I want to keep aesthetic appearance of my body. 3.70 3.63 3.58 I want to improve my health. 4.21 4.05 4.12 I want to be in touch with a social life. 2.69 2.53 2.55 When becoming older I want to be fit. 3.93 3.75 3.71 I want to be a good example for my children. 4.06 3.96 3.98 I am active for business reasons. 1.74 1.51 1.50 I want to do everything possible for my heath and .00 4.68 4.72 for the health of my baby. My well-being positively affects my baby. .00 4.73 4.73

The importance of individual motive for motive among presented ones for exercising in exercising has pregnant women defined on a all three periods of measurement. scale from 1 (unimportant) to 5 (very im- Throughout pregnancy, as expected, ap- portant). Since we’ve wanted to establish how peared motives for exercising that are con- motivational structure throughout pregnancy nected to a special state of two-in one body. changes, we asked pregnant women about 81,6% of asked evaluated as very important motives in pre-pregnancy, at the end of first their own and the baby’s health and 84% of all trimester and at the end of second trimester of asked evaluated as very important their own pregnancy. The upper table shows the fre- well-being which positively influences on ba- quency of choice or the meaning of a certain by’s health.

47 Podlesnik Fetih, A.: PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 45-48

CONCLUSION and after pregnancy. Med Sci Sport Exercise, 23, pp. 1128-1133. A pregnant woman puts off a concern Černohorski, B. (2001). Motivation and values about her future because of being preoccupied in top level sport. [Motivacija in vrednote v with present events and near future. Winnicott vrhunskem športu. In Slovenian.]. (Un- (Praper, 1995) talks about primary maternal published master's thesis, University preoccupation, which does not necessary leads Ljubljana). Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, to absolute withdrawal from her everyday Fakulteta za šport. needs and needs of the others. We can look at Gamberger, Ž., Videmšek, M., & Karpljuk, D. that not just as a product of physical part of (2005). Pelvic bottom muscle training. pregnancy but also as a phase of changes their [Trening mišic medeničnega dna. In Slove- own old habits which are now focused into an nian.]. Šport, 53(4), pp. 29-32. interest for the future concerning the baby. Klun, H. (1992). Pregnancy and childbirth. That’s why it is expected that new motives will [Nosečnost in porod. In Slovenian.]. join to the old ones and all together are now Ljubljana: Državna založba Slovenije. focused on mother’s well-being, her good Lochmulller, E.M. & Friese, K. (2004). Preg- health and positive influence on a developing nancy and sport [Schwangerschaft und baby. Sport. In German.]. Gynecology, 37, pp. 459- Our results showed invigoration of motives 466. connected to health and well-being and by Pivarnik, J.M., Ayres, N.A. & Mauer, M.B., et development of pregnancy they were more al. (1993). Effects of maternal aerobic fit- and more focused on a baby. The stronger the ness on cardiorespiratory responses to ex- motives for exercising, the greater is probabil- ercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc, 25, pp. 993-998. ity for a pregnant woman to satisfy her own Wang, T., & Apgar, B. (1998). Exercise During needs and desires in a frame of a healthy life Pregnancy. American Family Physician 57(8), style. pp. 1846-1860. Završnik, J., Pišot, R., Zurc, J., Žerjal, I.(2004). REFERENCE: Physical / sporting activity for health: an interim report on the results of research Brown, W. (2002). The benefits of physical work on the project within the targeted re- activity during pregnancy. J Sci Med Sport, search program (CRP). [Gibalno/športna 5(1), pp. 37-45. aktivnost za zdravje : vmesno poročilo o Bung, P. (1999). Pregnancy and sport rezultatih opravljenega raziskovalnega dela [Schwangerschaft und Sport. In German.]. na projektu v okviru ciljnega raziskovalnega Gynecology, 32, pp. 386-392. programa (CRP). In Slovenian.]. "Konku- Clapp, J.F.III. & Capeless, E.L. (1991). The renčnost Slovenije 2001-2006". Koper: Univer- VO2 max of recreational athletes before za na Primorskem, Znanstveno- raziskovalno središče.

Received: October, 1st 2010 Accepted: December, 15th 2010

Correspodence to: Anja Podlesnik Fetih, PhD Krumperška 15 1230 Domžale Slovenia Phone: +386 41 25 50 88 E-mail: [email protected]

48 Podlesnik Fetih, A.: PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 45-48

TRUDNOĆA – STANJE PROMJENA I U PROSTORU MOTIVACIJE ZA BAVLJENJE SPORTOM

Podlesnik Fetih Anja1 1Osnovna škola Rakek, Domžale, Slovenija

U radu su prikazani rezultati ankete 163 izvođenje vježbe, u trudnoći su vježbe jed- trudnice prije, na kraju prvog i na kraju drugog nostavnije i izvode se sa manjim intenzitetom. tromesečja trudnoće. Anketna pitanja su bila iz Trudnice prije svega trebaju da upražnjavaju motivacije za bavljenje sportskim ak- vježbe disanja ali pri tome ne smiju da pretje- tivnostima. Upitnik je sadržavao 23 ajtema iz ruju. Tokom trudnoće ne bi se trebale koristiti prostora motivacije prije trudnoće i 25 ajtema nove (nepoznate) sportske aktivnosti, kako ne u trudnoći. Ispitanice su se opredjeljivale o bi došlo do povreda. Vježbanje treba po- motivaciji za sportskim aktivnostima na pe- rovoditi u takvom obimu i intenzitetu koje tostepenoj skali omogućava trudnicama opuštanje i dobro Motivacija za redovnim bavljenjem raspoloženje. sportom proizilazi iz činjenice da su Motivacione strukture su relativno trajne ustanovljeni brojni pozitivni efekati vježbanja strukture kognitivno-konativnog prostora i tokom trudnoće. Sportske aktivnosti pozitivno počinju se razvijati u ranom djetinjstvu. Zato djeluju na zdravlje trudnice, razvoj fetusa i se može očekivati da će se odabrani motivi pripremu za porođaj. Vježbanje takođe pojavljivati u svim periodima mjerenja. Ut- pomaže da se prevaziđu neki lakši problemi vrđeno je da bi trudnice trebalo prosvećivati o tokom trudnoće, kao što su opstipacija, umor, značaju i uticaju sporta i fizičke aktivnosti na mučnina i vomitus, učestalo mokrenje, po- zdravlje i blagostanje djeteta. Motivi unutar spanost i bolovi u donjem dijelu stomaka. motivacione strukture se mogu mijenati pod Sport i fizičke aktivnosti imaju pozitivan uticaj određenim okolnostima. Rezultati govore da na psihološko stanje, jačaju kardiovaskularni se u trudnoći najčešće javljaju motivi radi sistem, pripremaju karličnu muskulaturu za zdravlja i pozitivnog uticaja na zaštitu porođaj, pomažu u održavanju tjelesne težine i nerođenog djeteta. sprečavaju bolove u krstima i drugim Kada govorimo o motivacijskim tokovima zglobovima. Vježbanjem tokom trudnoće mislimo na one koje svaka ispitanica, bez ob- muskulatura karlice postaje snažnija i izdržljivi- zira da li je ona toga svjesna ili ne, da li su joj ja. Na taj način trudnica aktivno učestvuje u poznati ili ne, vidi kao korisne u svom životu. porođaju, što dovodi do bržeg i lakšeg poroda. Od stepena uspješnosti njihovog djelovanja Analizirana je učestalost pojave svih motiva zavisi stepen prilagođavanja životnim u sva tri perioda i određeni su motivi koji su okolnostima. Dominacija jednog ili više mo- od presudng značaja da se trudnice uključe u tiva nad drugima je posljedica različitih život- sportske aktivnosti prije i u toku trudnoće. nih situacija i individualnog iskustva. Trudnoća Kako bi mogli utvrditi okvire motivacione kao stanje potpune fiziološke i psihološke efikasnosti potrebno je ustanoviti šta trudnice promjene takođe djeluje i na promjenu motiva posredno i neposredno motiviše. U osnovi ispitanica. svake motavice je zadati cilj. Cilj je lako od- Provedeno istraživanje govori upravo o rediti ako se zna čemu ispitanica teži. Ciljevi tome. U vremenu prije trudnoće najšeće su se vježbanja, koje trudnica postavlja, se razlikuju pojavljivali motivi: želim biti tjelesno sposob- od njenih ciljeva prije trudnoće. Za razliku od na, želim sačuvati svoje zdravlje, želim vježbanja prije trudnoće, u kome se akcenat poboljšati svoje zdravlje i želim biti dobar uzor daje na oblikovanje mišića, razvoj motoričkih svojoj djeci. Manje izraženi motivi su: tak- sposobnosti, razvijanje izdržljivosti i samo mičenje, poslovni razlozi i naklonst in-

49 Podlesnik Fetih, A.: PREGNANCY - THE STATE OF CHANGES... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 45-48 struktora. Od trenutka kada žena shvati da je očekuju drugi. Na to možemo gledati ne kao trudna počinje da se prilagođava novom stanju posljedicu samoga stanja trudnoće, već takođe i pored starih pojavljuju se i novi motivi koji i kao na promjenu njenih starih navika koje su ostaju relativno stabilni tokom trudnoće. sada usmjerene na buduću brigu o djetetu. Pored već pomenutih starih motiva pojavljuju Zato je za očekivati da se već na formiranu se dva nova motiva koja smo nazvali zdravlje motivacijsku strukturu, u tom period, nerođenog djeteta i pozitivan uticaj majčinog formiraju novi motivi koji su usmjerni prema dobrog raspoloženja na dijete. Motivi koji se dobrom zdravlju majke, njenom dobrom prije trudnoće javljaju sa manjom učestalosti psihičkom stanju i pozitivnom uticaju na ostaju takvi i tokom trudnoće. razvoj djeteta. U trudnoće su se pojavili motivi za sportske Rezultati su pokazali da prevladavaju motivi aktivnosti koji su vezani za posebno stanje koji su vezani za zdravlje i blagostanje majke, a dvije osobe u jednom tijelu. Da su motivi napredovanjem trudnoće motivi su bili sve značajni za zadravlje trudnice i djeteta izjasnilo više usmjerni prema djetetu. Što su motivi za se 81,6% ispitaniuca, a 84,0% smatra da dobro sportsku aktivnost izraženiji time je veća osjećanje majke ima pozitivan uticaj na vjerovatnoća da će trudnica svoje želje i po- zdravlje djeteta. trebe zadovoljiti u okviru zdravog načina živ- Trudnica stavlja u drugi plan svoja ota. Zato je važnost da je svaka trudnica razmišljanje o budućnosti pošto je preokupira- svjesna značaja sportske aktivnosti i zdravog na brigom za trenutne i bliske događaje. Misli načina života kako bi time dobila višestruke se, prije svega, o primarnoj materinjskoj pozitvne efkete, kako za seba tako i za razvoj preokupaciji. Ali to je ne odvlači od njenih njenog djetata. ustaljenih potreba i potreba koje od nje

Ključne riječi: motivaciona struktura, sportske aktivnosti, trudnoća.

50 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57

CAN WE MAKE THE ALPINE SKI LEARNING MORE EFFICIENT BY OMITTING THE SNOW-PLOUGH TECHNIQUE?

Cigrovski Vjekoslav1, Matković Bojan1 & Matković Branka1 1Faculty of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002051 COBISS.BH-ID 1847064 UDC: 796.926.371.3 SUMMARY

The aim of our research was to define the most efficient 7-day alpine-ski learning program for the ski-beginners. The research included 126 alpine ski naïve students, randomized into two equally-sized groups, at the study start not differing according to morphological characteristics or motor abilities. Participants of one group were taught alpine skiing by parallel-carving technique exclusively, while the other group learned alpine skiing through traditional parallel and snow- plough techniques. Acquired ski knowledge was tested through demonstration of five ski tech- nique elements, by five independent judges. Participants of the two groups differed significantly in the grades obtained for the elements short turn (2.85 vs. 2.44; p=.01) and parallel turn (3.20 vs. 2.85; p=0.01), where higher grades were achieved by the participants combining parallel and snow-plough techniques. To conclude, according to our observations, in the process of teaching alpine ski beginners how to ski it is more efficient to initially use both parallel and snow-plough alpine ski techniques.

Key words: alpine skiing, learning programs, teaching methods, ski-beginner.

INTRODUCTION learn or improve their ski technique. The goal of all involved in the learning process (in- Since the first use of skies as a means of structors as well as ski beginners) is to find the transportation until now, many ski techniques most efficient method of ski learning. Those emerged, and often new ones replaced those learning want to absolve as much of alpine previously used. The main drive for ski tech- skiing and as fast as possible, while ski in- nique evolution was the construction of skies, structors want to transfer the greater amount so not surprisingly carving skies have led to of ski knowledge more efficiently. Due to development of yet another, parallel-carving enormous interest in alpine skiing, Takahaski ski technique (Hirano & Tada, 1996; Johan- & Yoneyama (2001) suggest the use of in-line son, et al., 2001; Műller, et al., 2005; Horterer, skating in the preseason preparation period as 2005). Additionally, ski technique utilization is they have proved skating to have a positive dictated by the level of alpine ski knowledge effect on alpine ski learning and also on im- (thus differing for recreational skiers and provement of movements needed during al- competitors) and also by the on-field snow pine skiing. Other model is based on changing conditions (Lešnik, 2002; Matković, et al., the length of skies every few days during learn- 2004; Supej, 2008.). Alpine ski schools are ing process. Learning starts on very short skies generally organized on a six or seven days of 90 cm, followed by skies of 125 cm and based programs, during which alpine skiers finally ends on skies of varying length, selected

51 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57 according to the morphological characteristics ning. Learning process lasted seven days in the of the ski beginner. If the latter approach is ski resort Sappada, Italy, in identical con- selected, snow-plough technique is omitted ditions according to altitude, slopes, equip- (Murovec, 2006). To our knowledge there are ment, number of participants pro group, hours no data in the published English literature of learning, repetition of ski elements and ex- which would suggest the better method of ski ercises. Participants of first, experimental learning. Thus, the aim of our research was to group learned alpine skiing through methods give answer whether success of alpine ski and exercises of parallel-carving ski technique learning depends upon the technique used, i.e. exclusively, and other, control group learned if the approach using parallel-carving ski tech- alpine skiing using parallel and snow-plough nique can achieve better results than the ap- techniques. Program was based on four hours proach based on combined parallel and snow- daily of alpine ski learning with appointed ski plough techniques. It emerged from the need instructor according to previously determined to identify the most efficient method of teach- protocol. In this study special attention was ing alpine ski beginners how to ski. given to the selection of ski instructors and judges engaged in the grading process. Six METHOD instructors were teaching according to one, and six according to the other program. They Study population: The research was con- were all experienced in alpine skiing and teach- ducted on 126 alpine ski naïve participants. ing. Five judges, also experts in alpine skiing, Ninety six were male, and thirty of female sex. were chosen to grade the knowledge of alpine They were 23.3±1.66 years old, with youngest skiing according to the previously determined participant 21 and oldest 28 years old. strict criteria. Each judge could give a single Variables: In order to determine motor grade to a participant on each of the five cho- abilities participants were tested on following sen elements of ski technique. Grades ranged tests: 4 meters lateral agility test, 93639 for- from one (unacceptable performance) to five ward-backward agility test, squat jump, coun- (superb performance). At the end of seven ter movement, standing long jump, 3 kg medi- days, all participants were joined into a single cine throw test - lying overhead, foot plate group, in order to ensure the identical grading tapping test, catting test, sit-ups in 60 seconds, conditions and to avoid possible bias. Chosen static strength leg test – squat position, sit and elements of alpine ski technique for the alpine reach, lateral tilts on left and right leg, front- ski knowledge assessment included traversing, back tilts with left and right leg, sprint time uphill turn, basic turn, short turn and parallel over 20 meters and hexagon. Tests were re- turn. Testing (motor abilities and morpholog- peated three times, and the best result was ical characteristics as well as grading) was per- selected as final, except in the static strength formed within three months. leg test – squat position, which was performed Statistical analysis: Between the groups dif- only once. Measured morphological charac- ferences on each variable were tested by teristics included height, weight, percentage of ANOVA. Existing differences were deter- body fat, and right femoral girth. They were mined by Fischer test. Pearson coefficients (r) measured according to the directions and reg- were calculated between the grades given by ulations of International Biological Program each judge on the five chosen elements of ski (Mišigoj-Duraković et al., 2008). technique. Factor analysis was used to define Study design: Study participants were ran- the metric characteristics. Number of im- domly assigned into two equally-sized groups, portant factors was determined by (Guttman- differing only in the method used for alpine Kaiser) GK criterion. Differences between the ski learning. In order to identify the superior motor abilities of participants of the two way of alpine ski learning, the prerequisite was groups were tested by Mann-Whitney test. to have the two homogenous groups, not dif- Bonferroni correction was used to minimize fering significantly in morphological charac- the alfa error. Results were considered signifi- teristics or motor abilities at the study begin- cant with p<.01.

52 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57

RESULTS advantages/disadvantages when motor abili- ties, such as agility, explosive strength, fre- At the study beginning differences between quency, repetitive strength or flexibility were the participants of the two groups were de- tested. termined and obtained results enable the as- Distribution of results in the remaining sumptions whether the morphological char- tests for assessment of explosive strength of acteristics and/or motor abilities contribute hands and shoulders, movement frequencies, significantly to alpine ski learning process (Ta- repetitive strength and balance varied signifi- ble 1). Results show non-significant differ- cantly from normal distribution, so for the ences between the groups in the morphologi- statistical analysis of between the groups dif- cal characteristics (Table 1). ferences nonparametric Mann-Whitney test According to ANOVA differences between was used (Table 3). Significant differences the participants of the two groups in tested were not found in the remaining of seven tests motor abilities were non-significant (Table 2). used for assessment of participants’ motor Neither participants of the control nor the abilities (Table 3). participants of the experimental group had

TABLE 1. Between the groups differences in morphological characteristics

Control Experimental ANOVA Variable group group M SD M SD F P Height 175.42 9.67 176.88 8.04 .85 .36 Body Mass 74.62 12.48 76.68 12.54 .85 .36 % Fat 13.93 4.99 14.62 4.17 .71 .40 Femoral Girth 57.73 3.42 58.50 4.06 1.33 .25

TABLE 2. Between the groups differences in motor abilities

Control Experimental ANOVA Test group group M SD M SD F p MAGKUS 8.31 .69 8.19 .63 1.06 .31 MAG9NN 8.47 .65 8.44 .61 .09 .77 MESSJ 40.6 5.57 40.12 6.46 .20 .66 MESCM 42.7 6.12 42.91 6.77 .03 .85 MESSDM 226.49 21.06 227.44 22.19 .06 .81 MFRCAT 30.54 2.88 30.37 2.92 .10 .75 MRSPT6 57.12 7.53 58.00 7.6 .42 .52 MFLSAR 13.02 5.53 13.33 5.17 .10 .75 MES20M 3.48 .44 3.47 .28 .00 .95 MAGHEX 11.27 1.18 11.29 1.05 .01 .93 Legend: MAGKUS - 4 meters lateral agility test; MAG9NN - 93639 forward- backward agility test; MESSJ - squat jump; MESCM - counter movement jump; MESSDM - standing long jump test; MFRCAT - cating test; MRSPT6 - sit up test; MFLSAR - sit and reach test; MES20M - sprint time over 20 meters; MAGHEX - Hexagon test

53 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57

TABLE 3. Between the groups differences in motor abilities1

Control Experimental Mann-Whitney Test group group M SD M SD Z P MESBML3 75.29 19.26 75.07 17.3 -.04 .97 MFRTAN 22.66 1.82 22.98 1.49 -1.08 .28 MSSIC 94.48 44.65 95.47 57.81 -.44 .66 MRU10L 25.45 21.00 27.1 27.7 -.30 .77 MRU10D 26.11 21.26 26.08 24.05 -.53 .60 MRP10L 7.42 5.59 6.71 5.99 -.82 .41 MRP10D 7.38 4.32 8.31 11.62 -1.08 .28 Legend: MESBML3 - 3 kg medicine throw test - lying overhead; MFRTAN - foot plate tapping test; MSSIC - static strength leg test – squat position; MRU10L - lateral tilts on left leg; MRU10D - lateral tilts on right leg; MRP10L - front- back tilts with left leg; MRP10D - front-back tilts with right leg

TABLE 4. Correlation coefficients between the grades given by five judges for each element of alpine ski technique

traversing uphill turn basic turn short turn parallel turn judge 1 & 2 .77** .80** .83** .75** .81** judge 1 & 3 .76** .80** .77** .80** .80** judge 1 & 4 .69** .80** .81** .77** .81** judge 1 & 5 .72** .81** .78** .72** .83** judge 2 & 3 .85** .80** .86** .79** .83** judge 2 & 4 .85** .83** .91** .79** .84** judge 2 & 5 .83** .86** .87** .88** .85** judge 3 & 4 .77** .86** .87** .82** .83** judge 3 & 5 .79** .84** .86** .82** .84** judge 4 & 5 .75** .84** .83** .78** .83** * p<0.05; ** p<0.01

TABLE 5. Results of first components of judges during grading of participants on five elements of alpine ski technique

Element of Components Eigenvalue % variance ski technique (factors) traversing 1 4.12 82.31 uphill turn 1 4.30 86.01 basic turn 1 4.35 87.06 short turn 1 4.17 83.38 parallel turn 1 4.31 86.23

1 In Table 3. arithmetic means and standard deviations are given only to show the direction of orientation while Mann-Whitney is a nonparametric test.

54 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57

TABLE 6. Differences between the participants of the two groups in the knowledge of alpine skiing

Control Experimental Element of group group F P ski technique M SD M SD traversing 3.46 .72 3.27 .64 2.49 .12 uphill turn 3.24 .74 2.95 .71 5.02 .03 basic turn 2.98 .88 2.70 .75 3.43 .07 short turn 2.85 .83 2.44 .83 7.78 .01 parallel turn 3.20 .76 2.85 .77 6.83 .01

In order to determine judges’ objectivity in achieved by participants using parallel-carving grading new alpine ski knowledge correlation ski technique (Table 6), then better results coefficients between the grades given to each were achieved by the former group. participant on each element of alpine ski tech- nique were calculated. Obtained correlation DISCUSION coefficients showed the accordance of judges in grading elements of alpine ski technique As participants of the two groups did not (Table 4), and high levels of correlation point differ significantly in motor abilities or mor- to satisfactory objectivity of all five judges. It phological characteristics at the beginning of can be concluded that grades obtained for the this investigation, it can be concluded that demonstration of elements of alpine ski tech- their achievement in alpine skiing is attributa- nique are a reflection of new knowledge and ble to different models used in learning. So, not influence of judges. higher grades obtained by the participants Homogeneity of judges was determined by pertaining to group taught by elements of par- factor analysis, and the results (Table 5) allel and snow-plough techniques are a result showed that all estimated the same item, i.e. of better learned basic ski movements. Partici- alpine ski knowledge. Beside the presented pants of the more successful, control group first components, no other component was adopted continuous semicircular leg move- statistically significant according to GK ments much better, which helped them in the (Guttman-Kaiser) criterion. end to better demonstrate the new knowledge Results in Table 6 show the better method of alpine skiing, especially to join short turns of learning alpine skiing. Variable that helped and parallel turns. Placing modern skies on in differentiating the better approach was the their side edges, due to constructional charac- grade each participant obtained for the teristics, makes a sharp and clear-cut mark in demonstration of new knowledge of alpine the snow and also enables marked increase in skiing. Before the ANOVA, Bonferroni cor- speed during turn performance. Obtained rection was used. As this research used five speed on skies can be controlled by mentioned (dependent) variables, according to Bonferroni continuous semicircular leg movements (Hira- correction statistical significance was set at ≤ no, et al., 1996; Kaiser, 1997; Schiefermuller, et 0.01. The two models of learning alpine skiing al., 2005), which were better acquired by par- did not give significant differences in travers- ticipants with higher grades on short turn and ing, uphill turn and basic turn (Table 6). How- parallel turn. Programs of learning alpine ski- ever, participants of the two groups differed ing which omitted snow-plough technique in significantly in the knowledge of short turn the end proved to be inefficient and not ad- and parallel turn (p=0.01). If arithmetic means vantageous. It seems that at the beginning of of grades obtained in the mentioned elements the learning process, elements of snow-plough of alpine ski technique are compared between technique help faster learning, and are not the participants who learned alpine skiing by necessarily to be avoided. Moreover, they have parallel and snow-plough technique with those the advantage in the basic alpine ski learning

55 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57 school as they help the beginners to lower the pine skiing plays a model i.e. method of alpine center of gravity and additionally enlarge the ski learning, in addition to capacity and skill of area under the skies (Carr, 2004). Moreover, ski beginner and ski surrounding (Lewan- snow-plough technique also helps ski begin- dowski, 2006). Our investigation proved the ners in capturing good balance posture, which importance of exercises and elements of snow- in addition to placement of skies on their inner plough and parallel techniques of alpine skiing edges, gives complete control of speed (Mat- in achieving better results during beginning ković, et al., 2004). Of course, elements of phases of alpine skiing. snow-plough technique need not be forced at later stages, when participants of alpine ski CONCLUSION school have mastered them, and advanced elements based on parallel ski techniques can Young motorically capable alpine ski be- be used. As a bridging phase, between snow- ginners learn alpine skiing better when initially plough and parallel ski technique, many use so taught by elements of parallel as well as snow- called wedge shaped ski posture, differing plough technique. Implementation of our re- from snow-plough posture by the narrower sults into everyday practice would contribute width of back of the skies (Lešnik, et al., to greater interest of recreational skiers for this 2002). This posture used either as a methodic specific motor activity. exercise or element of alpine ski technique, gradually helps to prepare the ski beginner to REFERENCE: fully perform the turn by using solely parallel ski technique. Due to the mentioned, this spe- Carr, G. (2004). Sport mechanics for coaches. Cha- cific ski technique is used during beginning moaing, IL USA: Human Kinetics. phases of alpine ski learning. In our investiga- Hirano, Y. & Tada, N. (1996). Numerical sim- tion, this technique was omitted in one exam- ulation of a turning alpine ski during recrea- ined group. One program was based exclusive- tional skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 28(9), pp. ly on parallel-carving ski technique. From the 1209-13. early beginning, participants were taught to Horterer, H. (2005). Carving skiing. Orthopade, place skies on their edges, by using the con- 34(5), pp. 426-32. structional features of carving skies. This pro- Johanson, R.J., Natrl, A., Ettlinger, C.F. & gram would surely satisfy the demands of Shealy, J.E. (2001). Three-year study of modern attendant of alpine ski school for carving skis. In: E. Műller, H. Schwameder, speeding up the learning process, in order to C. Raschner, S. Lindinger, E. Kornexl maximize the use of free time during winter (Ed.), Science and skiing, (pp. 329-344). holidays. However, faster use of more de- Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač. manding elements of parallel ski technique, in Kaiser, F. (1997). Carving in comparison with principle leads to skipping the indispensable technique of the skiing athlete (competitive phase of alpine ski learning. Desire to faster skier) and the leisure and comfort level ski- convey the knowledge of alpine skiing at the er. Sportverletz Sportchaden, 11(4), pp. 126-8. end impoverishes recreational alpine skiers for Lešnik, B., Murovec, S. & Gašperšić, B. information and ski movements important (2002). Identifying the types of sliding and during later, more advanced phases of learn- skiing [Opredelitev oblik drsenja in ing. Results of this investigation could help smučanja. In Slovenina.]. In: A.Guček, alpine ski instructors, in their everyday practice D.Videmšek, ed. Smučanje danes. Ljubljana: with alpine ski beginners. Newer, modern ZUTS, pp. 28-90. ways of alpine ski learning need not give better Lewandowski, K. (2006). The influence of the results at the end of the learning process. Only infrastructure of selected ski resorts on the tested novelties, either in alpine ski equipment, course of curricular training of students. Re- or tools used during learning process as well as search Yearbook, 12(2), pp. 243-47. ways of knowledge transfer are to be safely Matković, B., Ferenčak, S. & Žvan, M. (2004). used in praxis. Important role in learning al- Ski togheter. [Skijajmo zajedno. In Croat].

56 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57

Zagreb: Europapress holding i FERBOS reference point in movement analyses for inženjering. different designated systems. In: E. Műller, Mišigoj-Duraković, M. (2008). Kinantropology. D. Bacharach, R. Klika, S. Lindinger, H. [Kinantropologija. In Croat.]. Zagreb: Schwameder (Ed.), Science and skiing. Ox- Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. ford: Meyer and Meyer Sport, pp. 172-85. Műller, E., Schieferműller, C., Kroll, J. & Supej, M. (2008). Differential specific me- Schwameder, H. (2005). Skiing with carving chanical energy as a quality parameter in skis-what is new? In: E. Műller, D. Bacha- racing alpine skiing. J Appl Biomech, 24(2), rach, R. Klika, S. Lindinger, H. Schwame- pp. 121-9. der (Ed.), Science and skiing. Oxford: Meyer Takahashi, M. & Yoneyama, T. (2001). Basic and Meyer Sport, pp. 15-23. ski theory and acceleration during ski turn. Murovec, S. (2006). The edge!: OPS - learning by In: E. Műller, H. Schwameder, C. Raschner, extending the ski. [Na kanto!: UPS – učenje s S. Lindinger, E. Kornexl (Ed.), Science and podaljševanjem smuči. In Slovenian.]. skiing. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, pp. Kranj: Format Kranj. 307-21. Schiefermuller, C., Lindinger, S. & Muller, E. (2005). The skier´s centre of gravity as a

Received: October, 13th 2010 Accepted: December, 17th 2010

Correspodence to: Vjekoslav Cigrovski, PhD Kineziološki fakultet Horvaćanski zavoj 15 10000 Zagreb Croatia Phone: +385 91 54 42 202 E-mail: [email protected]

57 Cigrovski, V., Matković, B. & Matković, Br.: CAN WE MAKE ALPINE SKI... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 51-57

DA LI JE EFIKASNIJI NAČIN PODUČAVANJA ALPSKOGA SKIJANJA BEZ PRIMJENE PLUŽNE SKIJA[KE TEHNIKE?

Cigrovski Vjekoslav1, Matković Bojan1 & Matković Branka1 1Kineziološki fakultet, Zagreb, Hrvatska

Cilj istraživanja bio je definisati efikasniji iskustvom u procjenjivanju znanja alpskoga sedmodnevni program podučavanja skijaških skijanja koji su nakon završenog procesa početnika alpskom skijanju. Istraživanje je podučavanja procijenili stečeno znanje alpsko- sprovedeno na uzorku od 126 ispitanika koji ga skijanja kod svih ispitanika. Pet nezavisnih prije samog istraživanja nikada nisu učili ili ocjenjivača dalo je ocjenu svakom ispitaniku za samostalno probali motoričku aktivnost alpsko demonstraciju pet odabranih elemenata ski- skijanje. Prosječna dob ispitanika bila je jaške tehnike. Procjena usvojenog nivoa ski- 23,3±1,66 godina, a unutar uzorka najmlađi jaških znanja kod ispitanika valorizovana je ispitanik imao je 21, a najstariji 28 godina. ocjenom od jedan do pet. Nakon provedenog Uzorak je slučajnim odabirom bio podijeljen u procesa podučavanja, a prije ocjenjivanja dvije, veličinom jednake grupe. Na taj način demonstracije pojedinih elemenata skijaške formirane su dvije grupe ispitanika na kojima tehnike ispitanici obje grupe bili su spojeni u se je primijenio različiti tretman. Preduslov za jednu, zajedničku grupu te je procjena znanja istraživanje bio je da se ispitanici dviju grupa bila učinjena u isto vrijeme i na istom mjestu međusobno nisu statistički značajno razlikovali za sve ispitanike. Za utvrđivanje nivoa na početku procesa podučavanja s obzirom na stečenog skijaškog znanja odabrano je ovih pet morfološke karakteristike i motoričke sposob- elementa: spust koso, zavoj k brijegu, osnovni nosti. Zbog toga su svim ispitanicima bile ut- zavoj, vijuganje te paralelni zavoj od brijega. vrđene osnovne morfološke karakteristike te Analiza rezultata istraživanja pokazala je statis- procijenjene motoričke sposobnosti. Proces tički značajnu razliku u ostvarenim ocjenama učenja alpskoga skijanja za ispitanike dviju između ispitanika dviju grupa kod elemenata grupa proveden je u skijaškom centru Sappada skijaške tehnike vijuganje (2,85 vs. 2,44; (Italija). Ispitanici jedne grupe učili su osnove p=0,01) i paralelni zavoj od brijega (3,20 vs. alpskoga skijanja pomoću metodičkih vježbi i 2,85; p=0,01). Naime, ispitanici grupe koja je elemenata isključivo paralelne-“carving” ski- podučavana elementima i metodičkim jaške tehnike, dok su ispitanici druge grupe vježbama plužne i paralelne skijaške tehnike učili osnove alpskoga skijanja primjenom ostvarili su prosječno više vrijednosti ocjena u metodičkih vježbi i elemenata paralelne, ali i odnosu na ispitanike koji su bili podučavani plužne tehnike alpskoga skijanja. Ispitanici su isključivo elementima i metodičkim vježbama imali identične uslove s obzirom na: boravak paralelne skijaške tehnike. Ispitanici uspješnije, na nadmorskoj visini (1250-2000 m), korišće- kontrolne grupe zbog programa po kojem su nje skijaške opreme, korišćenje skijaških terena učili usvojili su kontinuirana polukružna kre- jednakog nagiba prilikom poučavanja od- tanja u zglobovima donjih ekstremiteta na ređenog skijaškog elementa, broj ispitanika u višem nivou, što im je na kraju omogućilo grupi (10 ispitanika), broj sati učenja (28 sati) i tehnički bolju demonstraciju paralelnih zavoja uvježbavanja (12), broj ponavljanja elemenata od brijega i vijuganja. Stoga, moguće je skijaške tehnike (4-8), broj ponavljanja zaključiti kako se efikasnijim modelom učenja metodičkih vježbi (1-3). Od izrazite važnosti alpskoga skijanja pokazao onaj koji je koristio za istraživanje bio je odabir kvalitetnih učitelja metodičke vježbe i elemente plužne tehnike alpskoga skijanja i ispitivača. Odabrano je pet alpskoga skijanja. ispitivača, skijaških eksperata s dugogodišnjim

Ključne riječi: alpsko skijanje, usvajanje skijaških znanja, načini učenja, skijaški početnici.

58 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64

SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TESTS TO ASSESS BALL SPEED DURING OVERARM THROW PERFORMANCE

Foretić Nikola1, Uljević Ognjen1 & Prižmić Ante2 1Faculty of Kinesiology, Split, Croatia 2Tenis club „Split“, Split, Croatia

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002059 COBISS.BH-ID 1847576 UDC: 796.012.11 SUMMARY

The aim of the study was to determine metric characteristics of the 2 tests for evaluation handball ball speed during over arm throw of handball ball. Research was conducted on a sample of 50 students of the Faculty of kinesiology, average age of 20.4 years. Beside measurements of body height and body weight, speed of ball flight after over arm throw from sitting position (dis- tance 4 meters) was assessed with radar gun. The tests of over arm throw were performed with a blocked and a free hand which does not perform a throw. Results show satisfactory reliability, sensitivity and validity of all tests. The homogeneity of tests was not good considering that the positive trend of results was observed. This is a consequence of respondent adaptation to the technique of over arm throw performance. Factor analysis extracted a latent dimension that may be called a factor of the ball speed during overarm throw performance. Respondents achieved significantly better results in the test RS because of biomechanical freer movement. This also confirmed the pragmatic validity of the tests. The tests are best for use in sports like handball, water polo, tennis, volleyball, baseball or throwing disciplines in athletics because of the similarity of overarm performance and technical elements of the chosen sport. The advantages of tests are fast performance, easy execution and good metric characteristics and the defects poor homoge- neity and necessity for a radar gun.

Key words: arm and shoulder, explosive power, metric characteristics, overarm throw, radar gun, assessment.

INTRODUCTION AND tion, but also on its topological region the OBJECTIVES needed force for the outcome is produced from (Van den Tillaar et al, 2004; Explosive power is the motor ability whose Kotzamanidis et al, 2003). Tests to evaluate importance is unquestionable in the creation the explosive power while the ball is being of top athletic performance of many teams thrown are presented in this study. Van den and individual sports (Van den Tillaar et al, Tillar (2004) pays great attention to the throw- 2004; Gorostiaga et al, 2005; Falvi et al, 2006; ing velocity of the object especially in sports Cronin et al, 2005). Hence, it is important to like baseball, volleyball, javelin, or water polo. find the reliable measuring instruments that Furtheron, he tests the impact of various train- will give the instructors of the training process ing programs on the outcome of the above the best feedback information about this abil- mentioned ability. It seems that different types ity (Cronin-Owen, 2004). of force may affect the throwing speed of the Scientists in the field of sport are looking object. And so, Van den Tillar (2004) estab- for this ability in relation with its manifesta- lishes high correlation between maximal iso-

59 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64 metric strength and throwing velocity of the (weight 380 gr., volume 58 cm) was used in ball, while Kotzamanidis et al. (2003) prove, by testing. Newly constructed tests will be pre- the help of the students of kinesiology, the sented in the following part of the paper. impact of training with external straining of the upper extremities on the throwing velocity PICTURE 1 of the ball. Hoffman et al. (2009) have come RP Test to the similar conclusions. Their sample in- cludes the university players of American football. They have proved the significant im- pact of the maximal strength of arms and shoulder muscles on two-hand medicine ball forward throw. Different anthropometric characteristics that can exert influence on this type of motor performance are being studied together with the ways of improving the speed of the throw- ing velocity of the object. So, Izquierdo et al. (2002) consider that the difference in the ex- plosive power with the athletes of different sports and disciplines can give us just a partial explanation by the structure and distribution of muscle fibers, muscle mechanics and train- RP - throw with the opposite hand on the floor - ing system. Mayhew et al. (1993) have proved the student is in a sitting position (with legs the influence of power and of body weight on slightly apart, at the angle of 45°) 4.5 m away the way of throwing the ball from a seated from the target dimensions 50 # 50 cm (lower position with the university players of Ameri- edge of the target was 75 cm above the can football. ground). The target was placed on the safety In accordance with the previous observa- net behind which a surveyor with a radar gun tions this study tested the explosive power of was. Each student performs 3 hits to the tar- arms and shoulder belt in one-arm throw of get, when the hand, not running the throw, is the handball ball. For the purposes of this placed on the floor. research two simple tests were made, accord- ing to the authors, to give a good qualitative PICTURE 2 description of this ability. The aim of this RS Test study is to determine the measurement char- acteristics of the newly constructed tests.

MATHERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on a sample of 50 first year students (age: 20 ± 4y) of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split. The proce- dure was explained to the students. They all agreed to participate in testing voluntarily. All of them were of a good psycho-physical health. Body height (BH) of the students was measured by anthropometer, body weight (BW) by a digital scale. During the measuring time the subjects were barefooted. The ball velocity was measured by Speedster Radar Gun made by Bushnell. Handball ball no. 3

60 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64

RS - throw from the opposite free hand - the stu- mine that the instrument has satisfactory relia- dent is in a sitting position (with legs slightly bility, and that the error in measuring has been apart, at the angle of 45°) 4.5 m away from the reduced to minimum. target dimensions 50 # 50 cm (lower edge of the target was 75 cm away from the ground). Homogeneity The target was placed on the safety net behind Table 4 presents the results of analysis of which a surveyor with a radar gun is. Each variance for each test with the calculated val- student performs 3 hits at the target, when the ues F and with the significance level p. It is hand, not running the throw, is freely placed in clear that statistically significant differences front of the body enabling the student to in- between the measured particles in all tests volve rotating muscles of the trunk. exist. This leads us to the unsatisfactory ho- mogeneity of the measuring instruments. After RESULTS examining the average values of the individual measured particles trend towards better re- Reliability sults, due to inhomogeneous measuring in- struments, is evident. This trend is the conse- Correlation matrix between the particles in quence of adjustments of the students to the all tests together with two indicators of relia- technique of throwing. It is to expect that with bility tests, inter-item correlations and Crom- every new attempt of throw will be ever more bach alpha coefficients were analyzed for the rational, and the object will fly faster (Sertić et purpose of determining the reliability. The al 2005; Foretić et al 2009).

TABLE 1. TABLE 4. Correlation between RP test particles Analyses of variance for both tests VAR RP1 RP2 RP3 VARIABLES F P RP1 1.000 0.851 0.811 RP 10.07 0.00 RP2 0.851 1.000 0.858 RS 4.74 0.01 RP3 0.811 0.858 1.000 TABLE 5. TABLE 2. Mean results in each measurement particles Correlation between RS test particles 1. 2. 3. VARIABLES VAR RS1 RS2 RS3 particle particle particle RS1 1.000 0.934 0.928 RP 49.78 51.26 51.40 RS2 0.934 1,000 0.934 RS 57.54 57.78 58.42 RS3 0.928 0.934 1,000 DIAGRAM 1 TABLE 3. Analyses of variance in Test RP Inter-item correlations and Crombach alpha coefficients of RP and RS tests Box & Whisker Plot 58

Crombach 56 VARIABLES II r alpha (α) 54

RP 0.84 0.93 52

RS 0.93 0.97 50 results are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Sig- 48 nificant correlations between 3 measured par- 46 ticles in both tests, as well as the Crombach 44 alpha coefficients high value indicate the good RP1. RP2. RP3. reliability. Out of these results we can deter-

61 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64

DIAGRAM 2 HISTOGRAM 2. Analyses of variance in Test RS Distribution of the results / RS

Box & Whisker Plot Histogram:RS/as 66 K-S d=,08983, p> .20; Lilliefors p> .20 Expected Normal 64 20

18 62 16 60 14

58 12

10 56

No. No. of obs. 8 54 6

52 4

2 50 RS1. RS2. RS3. 0 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 X <= Category Boundary Sensitivity Factor validity The results of measuring of 3 particles have been summed up by using the average arith- The results of factor analysis are presented metic means to meet the needs of this study. in Table 7. Two measuring instruments have The sensitivity of the tests is presented in Ta- been included in the analysis. One latent di- ble 6. It is clear that there is no significant mension has been allocated from the 2nd difference between obtained and theoretical manifested variable because, according to the normal distribution of the results. Because a author, it defines the explosive power of arms single obtained K-S value of the test doesn’t and shoulders. The factor variance is high, go beyond border line of it, hence we can as- 1.88. The common factor projection of both sume that the measuring instruments do good tests shows that the tests measure the same distinction among the students and give satis- motor dimension. Although authors think this factory feedback to the criterion of sensitivity. is explosive power of arms and shoulders test should be compared with relevant number of TABLE 6. instruments that measure mentioned dimen- Descriptive statistics sion.

VAR N X±SD MIN MAX KS test TABLE 7. RP 50 50.8±4.68 42.0 63.3 0.09 Factor analyses results RS 50 57.9±5.50 47.0 69.7 0.08 The maximum theoretical value of KS VARIABLES Factor test for N = 50 is 0.23 for p=0.01 RP/as 0.970439 RS/as 0.970439 HISTOGRAM 1. Expl.Var 1.883503 Distribution of the results / RP Prp.Totl 0.941752

Histogram:RP/as Legend: Factor - significant factor in the K-S d=,09691, p> .20; Lilliefors p> .20 Expected Normal Guttman-Kaiser criterion, Expl.Var - 25 eigenvalue, Prp.Totl - amount of

20 explained variance of all variables.

15 Pragmatic validity

No. No. of obs. 10 Pragmatic validity of a certain test shows

5 how much, i.e., with what amount of certainty we can predict success in a practical activity 0 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 based on the results of this test. It can be de- X <= Category Boundary termined in many ways, and is directly related to the research aim that is being conducted. In

62 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64 general, if the test has met the purpose, i.e., CONCLUSION achieved, then the aim of the research has been reached and the pragmatic validity of the The blast is the manifestation of explosive test has been proved (Dizdar, 2006). In the power that is present in many sports and sport field of kinesiology researches are frequent disciplines. Regardless of whether it is the ball trying to determine which test defines better throwing or any other apparatus, flight object the specific capability. Thus, this study also speed always depends on the explosive force tries to determine whether there are differ- of one who deals with the object. Hence, it’s ences between the tests that should assess the very important to give to this motoric dimen- same motor ability - the explosive power of sion the objective evaluation. The tests of the upper extremities. Variance analysis has evaluation should have qualitative metric char- been made for this purpose. From the Table 8 acteristics so that the results could be properly the existence of statistically significant differ- used and analyzed. In this study two tests have ence between these two tests is evident. After been presented together with their metric examining the results of descriptive statistics characteristics. (Table 9) it is evident that the average values All tests have shown relevant reliability. of the RS test are for 7.1 km/s higher than the Homogeneity is not good enough because in values of the RP test. Literature reviews reveal every new particle in measuring a positive that Foretić et al (2010) were engaged in the trend has been noted. It is probably due to the similar issues. They found out that by opening students’ adaptation to the technique of a kinetic chain by the sweep and the use of throwing. The regular distribution points out multiple muscle groups the students achieve that there isn’t significant difference between greater force. If we analyze more carefully obtained and theoretical normal distribution kinetic characteristics of the tests, it is obvious results. So, one can conclude that the measur- that the values of the RP test limit movement ing instruments differ the students rather well during the performance. In the previously and are reliable. One latent dimension has mentioned test, only the forearm, upper arms, been obtained by the factor analysis that, ac- shoulders and chest muscles perform the cording to the author, can be named the factor throw. In comparison to this, in performing of the ball speed during overarm throw per- the RS test the movement is freer, and the formance. Pragmatically value has been tested trunk muscles, especially the rotational mus- by calculated variance analysis of the two tests. cles, are included in performance together Due to biomechanical more free movement with the above mentioned muscles. This is the students have shown statistically far better why the students achieve better results in the results performing RS tests. It has been con- RS test. Pragmatic validity of the tests has firmed that the tests are factory and pragmati- been confirmed because the use of the tests cally valid. Achieved data may serve to all the depends on the topological region that we professionals who are interested in the speed want to test. of the flying object, its explosive force and its throw in general. TABLE 8. In general, the tests are the most qualitative ANOVA between RS and RP tests to be applied in such sports as handball, water polo, tennis, volleyball, basketball, throwing VARIABLES F p disciplines in athletics because all of them have RP-RS 48.42 0.00 some similarities in performing the technical element of the chosen sport. The advantages TABLE 9. of tests are speed and simplicity in performing Descriptive statistical indicators together with good metrical characteristics, while the negative side is the bad homogeneity VAR N AS±SD and the need for radar gun. At the end it’s TOTAL/as 100 54.36±6.20 important to point out that in the further re- RP/as 50 50.80±4.68 searches it would be good to compare similar RS/as 50 57.90±5.50 tests from the different kinetically dynamic

63 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64

(standing position, from the run, and from the Hoffman, J.R., Ratamess, N.A., Klatt, M., jump). Furtheron, it would be necessary to Faigenbaum, A.D., Ross, R.E., Tranchina, examine up described phenomenon among the N.M., McCurley, R.C., Kang, J. & Kraemer, athletes of different disciplines and sports W.J. (2009). Comparison between different since this study has been done on the sample off-season resistance training programs in of Kinesiology Faculty students. Division III American college football players. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), pp. 11-19. REFERENCE: Izquierdo, M., Häkkinen, K., Gonzalez-Ba- dillo, J.J., Ibáñez, J. & Gorostiaga EM. Cronin, J.B. & Owen, G.J. (2004). Upper-body (2002). Effects of long-term training speci- strength and power assessment in women ficity on maximal strength and power of using a chest pass. Journal of Strength and the upper and lower extremities in athletes Conditioning Research, 3. pp. 401-404. from different sports. Eur J Appl Physiol, Cronin J, Sleivert G. (2005). Challenges in 87(3), pp. 264-271. understanding the influence of maximal Kotzamanidis, C., Skoufas, D., Hatzikotoulas, power training on improving athletic per- K., Patikas, D., Koutras, G., Kollias, H. & formance. Sports Med, 35(3), pp. 213-234. Dimitrios, S. (2003). Upper limb segment Foretić, N., Rogulj, N. & Čavala, M. (2010). loading: The effect of training on the Metric characteristics of the newly con- throwing velocity of novice handball play- structed test to assess explosive coordina- ers. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 2, pp. tion. [Metrijske karakteristike novokon- 97-114 struiranih testova koordinacije. In Croat.]. Mayhew, J.L.; Bemben, M.G., Piper, F.C., U V. Findak (Ed.). XIX ljetna škola Ware, J.S., Rohrs, D.M. & Bemben, D.A. kineziologa Republike Hrvatske. Rovinj: Ljetna (1993). Assessing Bench Press Power in škola kineziologa RH, pp. 248-254. College Football Players: The Seated Shot Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A. (2010). Put. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Re- Some metric characteristics of the newly search, 7(2), pp. 95-100. constructed test to assess explosive power- Sertić, H., Baić, M., & Segedi, I. (2005). Metric type vertical jump. [Neke metrijske karak- characteristics of chosen acrobatic tests for teristike novokonstruiranog testa za advanced wrestlers. In J. Sadowski (Ed.), procjenu eksplozivne snage tipa skočnosti,]. Proceedings book of International Scientific In I. Jukić, C. Gregov, S. Šalaj, L. Milanović Conference, Biala Podlaska “Coordination motor & T. Trošt-Bobić (Eds). VIII Godišnja abilities in scientific research”. Biala Podlaska: Međunarodna konferencija “Kondicijska pripremja Jozef Pilsudski Academy of Physical Edu- sportaša”. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet, Ud- cation in Warsaw & Faculty of Physical ruga kondicionih trenera Hrvatske. pp. 232- Education, pp. 247-252. 236. Van Den Tillaar, R. (2004). Effect of different Falvo, M.J., Schilling, B.K. & Weiss, L.W. training programs on the velocity of over- (2006). Techniques and considerations for arm throwing: A brief review. Journal of determining isoinertial upper-body power. Strength and Conditioning Research, 2, pp. 388- Sports Biomech, 5(2), pp. 293-311. 396 Gorostiaga E.M, Granados, C., Ibáñez, J. & Van Den Tillaar, R. (2004). Effect of body size Izquierdo, M. (2005). Differences in physi- and gender in overarm throwing perfor- cal fitness and throwing velocity among mance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, elite and amateur male handball players. Int 4, pp. 413-418. J Sports Med, 26(3), pp. 225-32.

Received: September, 29th 2010 Accepted: December, 17th 2010

64 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64

Correspodence to: Nikola Foretić, PhD Tijardovićeva 22 (kod Juračić) 21000 Split Croatia Phone: +385 98 66 61 36 E-mail: [email protected]

NEKE METRIJSKE KARAKTERISTIKE TESTOVA ZA PROCJENU BRZINE LETA LOPTE TOKOM JEDNORUČNOG IZBAČAJA

Foretić Nikola1, Uljević Ognjen1 & Prižmić Ante2 1Kineziološki fakultet, Split, Hrvatska 2Tenis Klub „Split“, Split, Hrvatska

Eksplozivna snaga motorička je sposobnost je značajnim korelacijama između 3 čestice čija je važnost neosporna u kreiranju mjerenja kod oba testa kao i visokim vrijed- vrhunskog sportskog postignuća mnogih nostima Crombach alpha koeficijenata. Statis- kolektivnih i individualnih sportova (Van den tički značajne razlike između čestica mjerenja u Tillaar i sur, 2004; Gorostiaga i sur, 2005; Fal- svim testovima upućuju na nezadovoljavajuću vo i sur, 2006; Cronin i sur, 2005) pa je važno homogenost mjernih instrumenata. Uvidom u pronaći pouzdane mjerne instrumente koji će prosječne vrijednosti rezultata pojedinih čes- upravljačima trenažnog procesa dati najbolju tica mjerenja vidljiv je trend ka boljim re- povratnu informaciju o ovoj sposobnosti zultatima što je karakteristika nehomogenih (Cronin-Owen, 2004). Shodno spomenutom, u mjernih instrumenata. Trend je posljedica radu se ispitivala brzina leta lopte prilikom prilagođavanja ispitanika na tehniku izvođenja jednoručnog izbačaja rukometne lopte. Za samog izbačaja. Obzirom da nema značajne potrebe istraživanja konstrisana su 2 jed- razlike između dobijene i teorijske normalne nostavna testa koja bi prema mišljenjima auto- distribucije rezultata te da niti jedna dobijena ra mogli kvalitetno opisati ovu sposobnost. vrijednost K-S testa ne prelazi graničnu vrijed- Cilj rada je utvrditi mjerne karakteristike no- nost zaključeno je da mjerni instrumenti dobro vokonstruiranih testova. Istraživanje je razlikuju ispitanike te zadovoljavaju kriterij provedeno na uzorku od 50 studenata, polaz- osjetljivosti. Faktorskom analizom utvrđena je nika prve godine preddiplomskog studija faktorska valjanost testa. Varijanca faktora je Kineziološkog fakulteta u Splitu, prosječne visoka i iznosi 1,88. Projekcija na zajednički dobi 20,4 godine. Izmjerene su osnovne an- faktor oba testa nam govori da testovi mjere tropometrijske karakteristike tjelesna visina i istu motoričku dimenziju. Iako je pretpostavka tjelesna težina kao i brzina udarca radarskim autora da se u ovom slučaju radi o eksplozi- pištoljem Speedster Radar Gun, američkog vnoj snazi ruku i ramenog pojasa trebalo bi proizvođača Bushnell. Za potrebe testiranja test usporediti sa većim brojem provjerenih korištena je seniorska rukometna lopta. mjernih instrumenata koji mjere spomenutu Testovi su se izvodili sa blokiranom rukom i dimenziju. Pragmatička valjanost testirana je slobodnom rukom koja ne izvodi izbačaj, iz izračunavanjem analize varijance dvaju testova sjeda, na udaljenosti 4 metra od radarskog koja je pokazala da postoji statistički značajna pištolja. Zadovoljavajuća pouzdanost utvrđena razlika između ova dva testa. Uvidom u re-

65 Foretić, N., Uljević, O. & Prižmić, A.: SOME METRIC CHARACTERISTICS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 59-64 zultate deskriptivne statistike uočeno je da su zbog sličnosti izvođenja tehničkom elementu prosječne vrijednosti rezultata testa RS za čak izabranog sporta. Prednosti testova su brzina i 7,1 km/s veće od rezultata testa RP. Zbog jednostavnost izvođenja te dobre metrijske biomehanički slobodnijeg pokreta ispitanici su karakteristike dok je mana loša homogenost i prilikom izvođenja testa RS postizali statistički potrebitost radar pištolja. U budućim značajno bolje rezultate. Testovi su faktorski i istraživanjima bilo bi dobro upoređivati slične pragmatično valjani. Dobijeni podaci mogu testove različite kinetičke dinamike (stojeći poslužiti svim ekspertima kojih intrigira brzina položaj, iz trka, iz skoka) kod sportista leta objekta, eksplozivna snaga ili izbačaj gen- različitih disciplina i sportova obzirom da je eralno. Testovi su najkvalitetniji za primjenu u ovaj rad izveden na uzorku studenata kinezi- sportovima kao rukomet, vaterpolo, tenis, ološkog fakulteta. odbojka, bejzbol ili bacačke discipline u atletici

Ključne riječi: eksplozivna snaga, izbačaj, metrijske karakteristike, radar pištolj, ruke i rameni pojas, testovi.

66 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71

PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS POSITION INSIDE EDUCATIONAL-PROFESSIONAL STATUS OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL STUDENTS

Dobromir Bonacin1 & Danijela Bonacin1 1University of Travnik - Faculty of Education, Travnik, Bosnia & Herzegovina

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002067 COBISS.BH-ID 1847832 UDC: 159.9.019.4+725.85:373.54 SUMMARY

Numerous researches have shown that the high school pupils, whose adolescence is coming to an end, are in a very delicate choice situation. The peculiarity of their personal status enables the environment to exert influence on them and if possible to model their attitudes towards personal interests, thus, in a way, guiding them. That is why, each research into this population which aims to further their development and model a better quality future, is welcome in any form, and that is why that population is the topic of this paper. Taking into consideration that in the contempo- rary world, there is a general tendency to increase the level of education and emphasize the im- portance of professionalism in all walks of life, and on the other hand, there is a tendency to amplify the construction of different facilities, the issue tackled in this paper is how to define the relation between the education-professional status and sports buildings in the grammar high school students population in order to recognize the dynamic relations of those variables so as to possibly offer some conclusions and consequently adequate suggestions and upbringing-educa- tion guidelines. To resolve the issue, we used a sample of 400 pupils from the first to the fourth grade of the grammar school, described with 8 variables describing the education and profes- sional status and 3 variables describing the sports facilities. The data were collected via a survey (author: Danijela Bonancin). After the normalization, a classic canonical correlational analysis was performed so as to establish linear combinations between the two sets of variables. The results obtained indicate the existence of two out of the possible three canonical factors, that is, two ways of linking the sets whereby one of them is somewhat more prominent. The results show an obvious existence of conservatism, social egoism, perhaps even selfishness among the existing population. Since some other researches showed that girls of the same age and from the same area were inclined to learning and changing, and being aware of that, they have a more positive opinion, the results of this paper can be explained to some extent by the mode of thinking pre- vailing in the surveyed community where maybe the sons – the heirs are placed on the pedestal and perhaps glorified a bit too much. It is likely that male children are led by the system towards the goal without inciting them to fight for it on their own. That is why they do not want change, they do not want to study, and as a consequence of that, they want it all for themselves.

Key words: education, conservatism, egoism, sports objects, canonical analysis.

INTRODUCTION to disappear. To survive in such a world, and to get well in it, and particularly to progress in Today's world is „fast“ and relentless. We it, we first ought to know a lot. We must have either cope and progress, or stagnate and risk useful information, we need to have it at the

67 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71 right time and we need to know how to use objectives. The facilities, on the other hand, them. The man therefore needs to learn. And are traditionally oriented towards sportsmen the learning process has equally advanced, and (Ma et al., 2006) and consequently, to a large they do not just need to go to school, even number of supporters-consumers or to rent- though it still remains to be the learning base, ing, that is, profit (Turley & Shannon, 2000; but today we can also surf the Internet, read Henderson et al., 2010). It is therefore inter- scientific publications, attend conferences (in esting to see what men of that age think about person or on-line), consult experts (in person education, professionalism at work and the or on-line) and so on. A contemporary man sport facilities. therefore has several options how to satisfy the big and unavoidable quest for knowledge. SUBJECT, PROBLEM, On the other hand, a contemporary man, knowing so much, also requires, regretfully, a OBJECTIVE bit more than running beside a river or swim- Numerous researches have shown that sec- ming in the sea. Natural resources are no long- ondary school pupils, whose adolescence sta- er sufficient due to the very nature of the tus is coming to an end are in a very delicate problem (Dionísio, 2008). People mostly live choice situation. They chose the way they in towns and the nearby river is two to three dress, they chose the groups that will go out hours drive away, and sea can sometimes only with, they chose the faculties that will enroll. be dreamed about. People are happy if they In short, they chose the path to pursue and live in the outskirts of the city so that the air form attitudes about themselves and about the that they breathe is not too polluted. What can world around them and act accordingly. The a man do to activate the body? What are his peculiarity of their status enables the environ- needs? What does he want and demand? The ment to exert influence on them, and, if possi- general tendency to build different buildings ble, to model their attitudes for their own pur- clearly shows that the „business fathers“ have poses and manipulates/disposes with them. understood the needs of the contemporary That is why every research of that population man (Olson, 2010). They build new courts, that aims to develop them and model their new facilities for bodily activity and furnish better quality future, is welcome in any form, them with different gadgets and top of the and that is why that population is the subject notch technology (Carrol et al., 2001; Marren, of this paper. Taking into consideration that 2004) all of which stretch the man and burden in the contemporary world, there is a general him in all possible ways, enabling a contempo- tendency to increase the level of education and rary person to perform numerous tasks sim- emphasize the importance of professionalism ultaneously, for example, when a modern in all walks of life, and on the other hand, woman walks the conveyer belt while watching there is a tendency to enhance the construc- the favoring soap opera series at the same tion of different facilities, the issue tackled in time, in parallel to making notes on the one this paper is how to define their attitudes with side for the Saturday shopping and the weekly regards to education, business professionalism business agenda on the other. In order to be and sports facilities in order to define the able to simultaneously walk (handle the ma- needed upbringing-education guidelines. chine) the belt, write notes and watch the soap opera, the woman needs to know a lot and has to be able to coordinate that knowledge so WORK METHODS as to perform the tasks. Some previous re- To resolve the problem, we used a sample searches showed that women became aware of of 400 boys from the first to the fourth grade that already in adolescence (Bonacin & Bon- of a Grammar School in Herzegovina, de- acin, 2010) and that they are able to do it too. scribed through 4 variables that related to edu- That means that they are aware of the im- cational and professional status (varia- portance of knowledge and the need to in- bles/indicators are listed in Table 1). The data volve multiple variables to accomplish their were collected via a Liquert type survey (au-

68 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71 thor: Danijela Bonacin), whereby each claim where a part of the first and the second ca- was marked with 5 modalities, ranging from „I nonic factor is in the educational-professional totally disagree“ to „I totally agree“. After the area and one part is in sport facilities. normalization of the data categories, a classical Linear combination of the first and second canonic correlational analysis was performed factor is described in the educational-profes- (Bonacin, 2010), so as to determine the linear sional area by the following categories: every- combinations between the two sets of varia- one needs education regardless of the age, bles. gender or religion (-0.67); Professionalism guarantees success at work (-0.64), Profession- RESULTS alism has replaced emotions at work (-0.43), Learning is an important aspect of upbringing in the transfer of values of the so- The results showed the existence of two ciety. (-0.41), Knowledge is used for the well- out of the three possible canonic factors, being of everyone (-0.36), Better education whereby the first one is somewhat more provides opportunity for better job. (-0.30), prominent that the other. That means that Most people are experts in their work (-0.10). there are two ways of linking the educa- tional/professional status and sport facilities,

TABLE 1.

Root Root Root 3 Level of education is less important today than before 10.04 20.50 Everyone needs education, regardless of their age, gender or religion -0.67 -0.34 Learning is an important aspect of upbringing in the transfer of values of -0.41 -0.41 the society Better education provides opportunity for better job. -0.30 -0.58 Most people are experts in their work -0.10 0.17 Knowledge is used for the wellbeing of everyone -0.36 0.34 Professionalism has replaced emotions at work -0.43 0.33 Professionalism guarantees success at work -0.64 0.12 Variance extracted 0.18 0.14

Root Root Root 3 Facilities (playgrounds, swimming pools) are good for free time activities. -0.881 -0.452 New courts, halls and other facilities should be built -0.72 0.31 Facilities are overused by sportspeople, and others do not get anything -0.32 0.77 Variance extracted 0.46 0.30

Can R 0.25 0.20 Chi-sqr. 43.53 37.42 df (for n=400) 24 14 L.Prime 0.90 0.93 P 0.01 0.04 0.92

The linear combination of the first factor is used by sportspeople, and others do not get described in the area of sport facilities by the anything (-0.32). following indicators: facilities (playgrounds, As it can be seen from the results, the pop- swimming pools) are good for free time activ- ulation thinks negatively: not everyone needs ities (-0.88), new courts, halls and other facili- education, professionalism is not a guarantee ties should be built (-0.72), facilities are over- for success at work and it has not replaced emotions at work. Learning is not an im-

69 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71 portant aspect in the transfer of social values. such a young generation because it is obvious Knowledge in not used for the wellbeing of that the solution and the ultimate fulfillment everyone, better education does not provide of all their possible objectives they see outside opportunity for better job and most people are themselves, but also outside their active role in not experts of their work. There is an obvious the social community, maybe in parents or resistance to change that unavoidably follows some other similar support. They also proba- education which means that the whole popu- bly see themselves as an objective, as it is ob- lation is conservative. vious that they do mind to go through every- Further on, a belief prevails that facilities thing that is necessary to accomplish the ob- are not good for free time activities and new jective, which is a colossal contradiction. courts, halls and other facilities should not be built, because the facilities are anyhow over- DISCUSION AND CONCLUSION used by sportspeople and the others do not get anything. The population shows an obvi- Throughout their secondary schooling the ous tendency towards lack of social education. pupils of the grammar school go through an The linear combination in the second fac- adolescence period which means that they tor is described in the education/professional undergo physical and psychological changes by area by the following indicators: better educa- the very fact that they are human beings tion provides opportunity for better job (Đorđević, 1978). Dynamic changes that hap- (-0.58), the level of education is less important pen in the second grade of the secondary today than before (0.50), learning is an im- school (Bonacin & Bonacin, 2010) consist in portant aspect of upbringing in the transfer of the formation of own value systems and aban- social values (-0.41), everyone needs education donment of previous ones by the arrival of regardless of age, gender, religion… (-0.34), new paradigms. Our children are no longer knowledge is used for the wellbeing of every- largely influenced by their parents, cousins, one (0.34) professionalism has replaced emo- relatives and the environment as it was in pri- tions at work (0.33). mary school, and they gladly become self-as- The linear combination in the second fac- sertive. But, the changes that happen during tor is described in the area of sport facilities by that period, in the second grade of the second- the following indicators: the facilities are over- ary school, or the consequences of those used by sportspeople, while the others do not changes, obviously have a bigger impact on get anything (0.77), facilities (playgrounds, the female population of the same age, as the swimming pools) are good for free time activ- male population stays longer within the pa- ities (-0.45), new courts, halls and other facili- rental and other hubs. Apparently, women are ties should be built (0.31). faster in the genesis of their own value system Is psycho-social terms, the results show (Bonacin & Boancin, 2010) while men obvi- something that might be called egoism. The ously cherish an egoist innate attitude, in population believes that the level of education which they first take care of their own narrow is less important now than it used to be and and personal interest for which they are pu- that it does not provide opportunity for a bet- berty reckless and insolent, selfish and socially ter job, even though they are aware that stingy. This can be explained by the very fact knowledge is used for general wellbeing. Fur- that women have a more emotional nature and ther on, they believe that professionalism has that they are naturally more open to others replaced emotions at work which automatically (because they are getting ready to raise their implies that their personality has been lost – children) which makes them different to men, they themselves are not important, it is the job who only see themselves in everything and that matters. Likewise, they want new facilities they guide themselves with reason when deal- to be built, but they believe that sports people ing with others. overuse them – meaning, that they cannot use On the other hand, the results can also be them. There is reason to be concerned due to explained by social relations in those areas in the obvious conservatism and selfishness in which parents want to provide everything to

70 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71 their children, particularly to boys, putting gimnazijalki. In Croat.]. U M. Andrijašević them thereby in a position in which they see (Ed), International conference "Kineziološki themselves as an objective (which is not bad) sadržaji i društveni život mladih". Zagreb: Za- but in the way that they do not participate in it grebački Velesajam i Univerzitet u Zagrebu, enough. Boys see themselves in the FC Haj- pp. 76–82. duk or FC Sarajevo or...., without realizing the Carroll, J.M., Rosson, M.B., Isenhour, P.L., importance of building new and modern, ad- Van Metre, C., Schafer, W.A. & Ganoe, justed sport facilities in which they would C.H. (2001). Mossberg: multi-user domain train, the importance of accessories to train support for a community network. Internet with, nor the time frame which needs to elapse Research, 11(1), pp. 65–73. before it is all built, and least of all the facilities Dionísio, P., Leal, C. & Moutinho, L. (2008). as places for mutual kinesiology prosperity or Fandom affiliation and tribal behavior: a no less important kinesiology recreation. sports marketing application. Qualitative Roughly speaking, they believe in the system Market Research: An International Journal, of „connections“, they are conservative and do 11(1), pp. 17–39. not want to changes, and consequently they do Đorđević, D. (1978). Developmental Psychology. not want to learn. Maybe there should be a [Razvojna psihologija. In Serbian.]. Gornji separate research to examine the general con- Milanovac: NIP Dečje novine. sequences of it the general value system by Henderson, J.C., Foo, K., Lim, H. & Yip, S. having such onset positions in life. (2010). Sports events and tourism: the Sin- gapore Formula One Grand Prix. Interna- REFERENCE: tional Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(1), pp. 60–73. Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da. (2010). Interrela- Ma, X., Jian, Y., & Cao, Y. (2006). A new na- tions of social stratification and social tional design code for indoor air environ- structure of micro high school. [Međuod- ment of sports buildings. Facilities, 24(11- nosi socijalne stratifikacije i mikrosoci- 12), pp. 458–464. ološke strukture gimnazijalki. In Croat.]. U Marren, P. (2004). „Impact" as a verb and the M. Andrijašević (Ed), International conference decline of western civilization. Journal of "Kineziološki sadržaji i društveni život mladih". Business Strategy, 25(5). Zagreb: Zagrebački Velesajam i Univerzitet Olson, L.E. (2010). Does sponsorship work in u Zagrebu, pp. 204–209. the same way in different sponsorship con- Bonacin, D. (2010). Introduction to Quantitative texts? European Journal of Marketing, 44(1-2), Methods. [Uvod u kvantitativne metode. In pp. 180–199. Croat.]. Travnik: Univerzitet u Travniku. Turley, L.W. & Shannon, J.R. (2000). The im- Bonacin, Da. & Bonacin, D. (2010). Relations pact and effectiveness of advertisements in of real resources and evaluation of useful- a sports arena. Journal of Services Marketing, ness of physical exercise high school wom- 14(4), pp. 323–336. en students. [Relacije realnih resursa i procjene korisnosti tjelesnog vježbanja

Received: November, 13th 2010 Accepted: December, 16th 2010

Correspodence to: Danijela Bonacin, MSc University of Travnik - Faculty of Education Aleja konzula 5 72270 Travnik Bosnia & Herzegovina

71 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71

Phone: +387 62 52 20 42 +387 30 51 45 67 E-mail: [email protected]

PERCEPCIJA POZICIJE SPORTSKIH OBJEKATA UNUTAR EDUKACIJSKO-PROFESIONALNOG STATUSA GIMNAZIJALACA

Dobromir Bonacin1 & Danijela Bonacin1 1Univerzitet u Travniku – Edukacijski fakultet, Travnik, Bosna i Hercegovina

Svrha - Mnoga istraživanja pokazala su da su prikupljeni anketom (autorica: Danijela se učenici srednjih škola, koji svoj adoles- Bonacin). Nakon normalizacije izvršena je centski status upravo privode kraju, nalaze u klasična biortogonalna kanonička korelacijska jako delikatnoj situaciji izbora. Delikatnost analiza kako bi se utvrdile linearne kombi- njihova ličnog statusa omogućava okolini da nacije između dva skupa varijabli. Ova analiza djeluje na njih, ako je moguće modelira jasno pokazuje multivarijantnu strukturu novih njihove stavove u vlastite svrhe te na neki linearnih kombinacija, tj. skupa dimenzija koje način raspolaže njima. Upravo zato, svako egzistiraju u tretiranim subprostorima kao ispitivanje te populacije koje ima za cilj njihov latentni fenomeni. razvoj i modeliranje kvalitetnije budućnosti, Rezultati - Rezultati su pokazali očigledno doborodošlo je u svakom obliku pa je zato ta postojanje konzervativizma, socijalnog ego- populacija predmet ovog rada. S obzirom da se izma pa čak možda i sebičnosti kod ispitane u današnjem svijetu sa svih strana nameće populacije. S obzirom da je u nekim drugim opšti trend povećanja stepena obrazovanja i istraživanjima pokazano da su djevojke istog naglašava važnost profesionalnosti u poslov- godišta iz istog područja sklone učenju i nom svijetu a, s druge strane, postoji trend promjenama pa, svjesne važnosti edukacije, povećanja izgradnje različitih objekata, prob- pozitivno razmišljaju, rezultati ovog rada mogu lem ovog rada je definisanje relacije edukacijs- se donekle objasniti načinom razmišljanja iz ko-profesionalnog statusa i sportskih objekata tretirane sredine gdje se možda sinove – kod gimnazijalaca. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila nasljednike, stavlja na pijedestal i vjerojatno je utvrđivanje relacija profesionalnog statusa pretjerano glorificira. Vjerojatno mušku djecu gimnazijalaca i njihove percepcije pozicije sistem vidi na “cilju” bez da im se ponudi da sportskih objekata. se sami izbore za njega. Stoga oni ni ne žele Dizajn/Metodološki pristup – Identifikaciju promjene, ne žele učiti i kao posljedica toga problema socioloških fenomena, a naročito žele sve za sebe. Ovakav rezultat, iako donekle aktualiziranih paradigmi o sistemu vrijednosti neočekivan, dobro ilustruje današnje “ad hoc” lokalnih odnosa nemoguće je rješavati tek jed- modele ponašanja, koji ne uključuju siste- nostranim metodološkim pretpostavkama, već matsko i postepeno usvajanje skupa soci- je neophodno uključiti multidimenzionalne oloških i edukativnih vrijednosti. analitičke procedure. Za potrebe rješavanja Ograničenja – Iako je istraživanje jako problema ovog istraživanja korišćen je uzorak pažljivo dizajnirano i provedeno, a i upotre- entiteta od 400 učenika od prvog do četvrtog bljene su analitičke procedure po najvišim razreda gimnazije opisan sa 8 varijabli koje naučnim standardima, ipak valja primjetiti da opisuju edukacijski i profesionalni status i 3 se rezultati ne mogu olako jednostrano varijable koje opisuju sportske objekte. Podaci ekstrapolirati u druge kulturološke ili zemljop-

72 Bonacin, D. & Bonacin, Da.: PERCEPTION OF SPORTS OBJECTS... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 67-71 isne sredine. Dakle, iako vjerojatno za tretiranu nešto konkretniju edukaciju mladih još od sredinu nije u pitanju jesu li rezultati vjerodos- najranijih dana, čime bi se ostvarila mogućnost tojni, svakako je potrebno izvršiti slična operacionalizacije etičko-pedagoškog kontek- istraživanja u drugim sredinama, kako bi se sta koji je i inače proklamiran. kompetentno moglo zaključivati je li skup Vrijednost – Vrijednost istraživanja treba dobijenu saznanja imanentan uzrastu i promatrati prvenstveno na fonu identifikacije edukacijskom miljeu ili se radi o specifičnosti elemenata vrijednosnih opredjeljenja mladih kraja u kojemu je istraživanje provedeno. koje se, u skladu s rezultatima, ponašaju kao Praktične implikacije – Moguće praktične paralelni sistem vrijednosti u velikoj mjeri vrijednosti istraživanja moguće je usmjeriti u nesukladan opšte prihvaćenim idejama o cilja- dva načelna pravca. Prvi bi trebao predstavljati nim rezultatima vaspitno-obrazovnih procesa djelovanje na opšti sociološki kontekst s djelo- svih relevantnih faktora socijalne zajednice. vanjem na skup egzistentnih parametara vri- Isto tako, i ništa manje važno, punu pažnju bi jednosnog sustava, za što je vjerojatno odgo- trebalo usmjeriti prema edukaciji mladih u voran cjelokupni hijerarhijski model defini- smislu razumijevanja važnosti i uloge ranja trajnih vrijednosti socio-političkih značajnih resursa (objekti) i načina dispozicije zajednica, dok bi drugi mogao biti usmjeren na tim resursima u odnosu na ciljeve zajednice.

Ključne riječi: edukacija, konzervativizam, egoizam, sportski objekti, kanonička analiza.

73 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79

OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S DISEASE IN YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS

Jakovljević Aleksandar1, Grubor Predrag2, Simović Slobodan3, Bijelić Snežana3, Maran Milorad2 & Kalacun Dario2 1Faculty of Medicine, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina 2Clinic of Traumatology, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina 3Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Banja Luka, Bosnia & Herzegovina

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER DOI: 10.5550/sgia.1002074 COBISS.BH-ID 1848088 UDC: 616.718.5+796.323.2-053.6 SUMMARY

In this work is presented the experience with Osgood Schlatters disease in young male basket- ball players. From one overall number of 257 young male basketball players with ages between 10 and 16 years is found that 23 or 8.9% had Osgood Schlatters disease. In control group of 250 young males (10-16 years) without sport activities is found 4 % of Osgood Schlatters disease. All patients were treated with rest of training and sports activities and after that with phys- ioterapy. After 6 months everybody were allowed to have a full practice without clinical and radi- ological signs of disease. Stronger physical activities in an early adolescent’s period are one of main factors of appearing of Osgood Schlatters disease.

Key words: Osgood Schlater disease, basketball players, practice.

INTRODUCTION surgeon Carl Schlatter, and by them, it got a name. (Nowinski & Mehlman, 1998) Disease Osgood-Schlatter represents apophysitis of proximal corner of a shinbone PICTURE 1 (lat. Tibia) or avascular necrosis, which occurs Schematic view of the place appearing an OS illness in a time of adolescence, respectively in a time of pronounced growth (Picture 1). It is char- acterized with appearance of pain inside of tibial protuberance (lat. Tuborerositas tibiae) and probably represents inflammation of the glass of tendon and belonging cartilage plate growth tibia protuberance, and it is caused by physical activity, regarding traction. The mag- netic resonance studies showed that in most cases, it is tendinitis of the glass of tendon, and in fewer cases, it comes to fragmentation of the bony part of the attachment of liga- ments. It is observed that it frequently appears joined with “patella alta” syndrome. First time this illness is described in 1903 separately by American surgeon Robert Osgood and Swiss

74 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79

Usually it appears at the age of 10 to 15 ner of a shinbone and knee. Characteristic sign years, and etiologic factors can be hormonal, is a painful sensitive bulge on a top side of a mechanical, inflammatory, and hereditary, shinbone. (Picture 2) It is necessary to test mainly in children who deal with sports 20% does the pain increase during straining for in a difference with others who do not deal headed muscle of upper leg or during jumping with sports where frequency is 4%. At boys, it only on a leg on which is a painful bulge. If occurs mainly in a period from 14 to 15 years, stated tests are positive, there is a big possibil- and at girls, it occurs earlier from 10 to 11 ity that is an Osgood – Schalatter disease. years. (Kujala, Kvist & Heinonen, 1985) Of imaging (RTG) techniques, mainly, it is Both knees are affected in nearly 25% of used native radiography, and with a cause to the cases. (Gholve, Scher, Khakharia, Wid- reject a possibility of existence of the bony mann & Green, 2007) tumors and fractures of a bone. People who have an Osgood-Schlatter dis- PICTURE 2 ease, they have a characteristic profile X-ray X-ray characteristic of the OS disease image of a knee. (Picture 3) On it is seeable a bulge of attachment of tendon glass on shin- bone, with irregular fragmented bone core (fragmented ossification), and swelling of the soft tissues. In some cases, ultrasound scan can be done, but it cannot replace X-ray imag- es, even it gives better information about look of the tendon glass and its attachment. A magnetic resonance (MR) and a computed tomography (CT) are rarely used for diagnose of an Osgood–Schlatter disease. (Yashar, Loder & Hensinger, 1995)

PICTURE 3 A place of the most intensive pain in the side of a tibia bulge

Detailed and correct anamnesis is very im- When establishing diagnose it is important portant (living conditions, diseases before, to introduce a patient about natural course and family anamnesis, does patient play sports and prognosis of Osgood–Schlatter disease. which, etc.). Next step is approaching to clini- In curing process are used medications cal examination. At first, doctor should ex- against pain, relief by splints and orthotics, and clude a possibility of existence of any other doing any sports activity is not recommended. injury and/or disease in side of proximal cor- (Cassas & Cassettari-Wayhs, 2006)

75 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79

Despite applied therapeutic measures, limited moving and pain caused by a pressure symptoms (pain) could last for a different pe- on a tibia bulge), were transferred to a radio- riod of time, and as a rule, they totally disap- therapy (RTG images in a standard projec- pear by end of a bone growth. tions). At the smaller number of patients (to 5.0 With setting a diagnose to all patients from %), complaints persist also after a bone this group, it is suggested stillness for six growth and after a bone maturity. (Engel & weeks with spear of practice and all other Windhager, 1987) sport activities, even riding a bicycle. Two With those patients, there is a free bone patients from the first group were suggested fragment, or inside of a patellar tendon or wearing an orthotics for knee. inside insertions to the bone, and that frag- After a first phase of stillness, which lasted ment causes strong pain. At that time, it is from six weeks to three months, patients were identified surgeon treatment, what fallows, indicated to a physical therapy lasting from removing of that free fragment. (Strickland, fourteen to forty-two days. Coleman, Brunswic & Kocken, 2009; Canale Specific way of practice was beginning & Beaty, 2008) from six weeks to six months after finding this The purpose of a work was to establish an disease. incidence of causing an Osgood–Schlatter Results of the research were processed us- disease at adolescents basketball players in ing methods of descriptive statistics. During organized sport club and compare to an inci- the processing measures of central tendency of dence of Osgood–Schlatter disease at adoles- obtained data and arithmetic environment cents who are not involved in organized sport with expression of result in percentages were clubs. used.

METHODS RESULTS In this work is tracked a group of young In a group of boys who are dealing with male basketball players from organized sport sports activity (basketball), from total number club in a period from January 2008 to June of 257 we had 23 or 8.9% boys who had Os- 2009 (in a further text group 1) and control good–Schlatter disease. In a control group male group, the same age, who were not in- from total of 250, 10 boys (4.0%) had Os- volved in any sports activities. good–Schlatter disease. (Table 1 and Diagram In a group of young basketball players were 1) tracked 257 boys, average age from 12.8±3.2 years, and in a control group there were 250 TABLE 1. boys, average age from 13.1±3.1 years. Total number of OS disease Average body height of examinees in a compared to a number of examinees group 1 was 162±40 cm, and in a second group average height was 155±45 cm. 1 2 % Average body weight at subjects in the first Group 1 257 23 8.9 group was 58±25 kg, and in the second group Group 2 250 10 4.0 average weight was 56kg±25 kg. Legend: Group 1 – boys who are delaing with Duration of basketball practice in the first sports activity (basketball), Group 2 – group was 3.2±1 year. control group, 1 – total number of boys, 2 Average number of practices (with played – boys who had Osgood-Schlatter disease. games) in the first group, in a summertime period, was 8±2 on a hard pad (asphalt) and Average age in a group 1 was 13.2 years, 6±2 in a winter period on parquet. and in a control group 12.9 years. With all subjects, in both groups the anam- nesis and clinic orthopedic examination was done, the positive findings (pain after moving,

76 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79

DIAGRAM 1. A fully return to specific practice for six pa- Total number of OS disease tients (26.0%) was after six weeks, for ten pa- compared to a number of examinees tients (43.0%) the return was possible after three months, yet for four patients (18.0%) sports activities were enabled after four months. For three patients (13.0%) the return to sports activities was possible after six months. (Table 3 and Diagram 3) In both groups with an Osgood–Schlatter disease, a longest period of recovery was equal. In a control group the return to school physical activity and to action of riding a bi- cycle was allowed after approximately three months. Mutual, Osgood–Schlatter disease appeared in the first group with 7 boys (30.4%) and in a TABLE 3. control group with 2 boys (20.0%). (Table 2 Period of inability for doing sport activity – Group 1 and Diagram 2) 1 2 3 4 TABLE 2. Group 1 26.0% 43.0% 18.0% 13.0% Mutual appearance of OS disease Legend: 1 – a fully return to specific practice after six weeks, 2 – a fully return to 1 2 % specific practice after three months, 3 – a Group 1 23 7 30.7 fully return to specific practice after four Group 2 10 2 20.0 months, 2 – a fully return to specific practice after six months. Legend: Group 1 – boys who are delaing with sports activity (basketball), Group 2 – DIAGRAM 3. control group, 1 – boys who had Osgood- Period of inability for doing sport activity – Group 1 Schlatter disease, 2 – boys who had mutual appearance.

DIAGRAM 2. Mutual appearance of OS illness

DISCUSSION Sport has an important role in every area of human life. Physical activity influences posi- A way of curing was identical in both tively on a healthy way of life, improvement of groups (stillness, analgesics, physical therapy). a health, and on quality of a life. One of main Return to specific sport practice was al- factors for healthy life is regular physical ac- lowed when there was no subjective feeling of tivity. It is impossible to count all positive pain and when all moves in a knee were pain- aspects of physical activity, but without a less. doubt, some of them are: improvement of a

77 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79 health and quality of life, long lasting life and accept a way of healing which strongly restricts less risk for certain diseases, like hart and any harder physical activities like physical edu- blood drain diseases, diabetes, malignant dis- cation, practice, riding a bicycle, and similar, eases, etc. and the some number of patients, hiding, do Beside all positive features of sports, re- some stated physical activities and they pro- garding, certain sports activity, especially if long a return to physical activities to them- they are done not respecting the age and gen- selves. der of sportsman, could lead to appearance of Negligence of symptoms of this disease certain diseases. One of them, which can ap- with inadequate healing and sooner return to a pear because of hard sports activities, is sourly leg working process, could lead to impossibil- apofizitis of tibia bulge (Osgood–Schlatter). ity of returning to a specific sport practice at Repeated and hard straining of patellar ten- all. don on attachment on tibia bulge is a cause of Reinforced physical effort of children and mechanical trauma, which causes a change of adolescents are not excluded cause of for- phatoanatomic shape of tibia bulge that in a mation of this disease, which is proven in this certain moment can transform in “inflamma- work, where we showed that at children and ble” – non infected faze when pain appears. adolescents who are not exposed to reinforced One of the factors that enhance the ap- physical effort also comes to appearing of this pearance of this disease surly is an inadequate disease, but in less percentage. practice of young sportsman, which is con- Prevention of Osgood–Schlatter disease in- sisting of greater and frequent practice with cludes exclusion of activity which leads to it. It intensity that is not justified with biomechani- is known that chronicle, repeated stress on a cal characteristics of bones-joint system in tendon of patella and its attachment on a tibia children and adolescents. bulge cause this disease. Possible ways of pre- Frequency of Osgood–Schlatter disease at vention includes, beside else, adequate period young sportsman (basketball players) in our of worm-up before competition activity or work is 8.9% which is a little bit less from Fin- practice, which has for a cause a preparation land author studies who found that 13.0% of of muscles and tendons for activity and in- Finland teenagers have a sings of this disease creases their flexibility and resistance on well (Visuri et al, 2007) (Visuri, Pihlajamäki, Mat- programed sports activity adjusted to a bio- tila, & Kiuru, 2007), yet Brazilian authors chemical abilities of competitor, strengthen- showed prevalence of this disease in the same ing the quadriceps which leads to reducing a age group of Brazilian children from 9.8%. stress of patella tendon, and at the end estab- (Gildasio, Gomes dos Santos & Guerra, 2010) lishment of a balance between the power of However, beside a simple and easy discov- the front muscle (m. quadriceps) and rare ery of this disease, at the biggest number of (mm. hamstrings) group of upper leg is a very patients it occurs very late, almost in a phase important for preventing reinforced stress of of fragmentation – dividing of a tibia bulge patellar tendon. when is required a long period of healing. Reasons for late reporting of patients to a CONCLUSION doctor are multiple, and the most common are that adolescents do not report pain that occurs Reinforced sport activities in adolescent pe- from time to time because they can tolerate it riod are one of reasons for frequent appear- very good, or because of a fear from going to ance of apofizitis of tibia bulge, known under a doctor, or a fear of a grant from practice. a Latin name Osgood–Schlatter disease. Inade- Mainly patients are reporting when parents quate legwork process by intensity and fre- notice that they have difficulties to walk, often quency surly plays a big role in a formation of they grab themselves for a knee, they complain this disease. about pain in an upper leg and similar. Than Knowing anatomic and biomechanical de- after determination of existence of this disease tails of knee of the sportsman, which are in a children and adolescents have difficulties to phase of fast biological growth (adolescence)

78 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79 and with a right programming and periodiza- good Schlatter syndrome. Current Opinion in tion of practice, and all with an individual bio- Pediatrics 19(1), pp. 44–50. logical maturity of sportsman and his physical Kujala, U.M., Kvist, M. & Heinonen, O. fitness, Osgood-Schlatter disease is possible to (1985). Osgood-Schlatter's disease in ado- prevent. lescent athletes - Retrospective study of in- cidence and duration. American Journal of REFERENCE: Sports Medicine 13(4), pp. 236–241. Nowinski, R.J. & Mehlman, C.T. (1998). Hy- Canale, S.T., Beaty, J.H. (2008). Campbell's Op- phenated history Osgood-Schlatter disease. erative Orthopedics. 11th edition. Philadelphia: American Orthopedic 27(8), pp. 584–585. Mosby. Pećina, M., Bojanić, I. & Hašpl, M. (2001). Cassas, K.J. & Cassettari-Wayhs, A. (2006). Stress syndrome in the knee. [Sindromi Childhood and adolescent sports-related prenaprezanja u području koljena. In Cro- overuse injuries. American Family Physician at.]. Arh. hig. rada toksikol., 52, pp. 429-439. 73(6), pp. 1014–1022. Strickland, J., Coleman, N., Brunswic, M. & Engel, A. & Windhager, R. (1987). Importance Kocken, R. (2008). Osgood-Schlatter’s Dis- of the ossicle and therapy of Osgood- ease: An Active Approach Using Massage Schlatter disease. [Der Stellenwert des Os- and Stretching. European Congress of Sports sikels und der Therapie bei M. Osgood- Science Conference, appendix 1, pp. 78–82. Schlatter. In German.]. Sportverletz Visuri, T., Pihlajamäki, H.K., Mattila, V.M. & Sportschaden 1(2), pp. 100–108. Kiuru, M. (2007). Elongated patellae at the Gildasio, L.L., Gomes dos Santos & C., Guer- final stage of Osgood-Schlatter disease, a ra, R.O. (2010). Prevalence and Associated radiographic study. Knee Journal 14(3), pp Factors of Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome of 198–203. Brazilian Adolescents in a Population- Yashar, A., Loder, R.T. & Hensinger, R.N. Based Sample. American Journal of Sports (1995). Determination of skeletal age in Medicine, pp. 836–841. children with Osgood-Schlatter disease by Gholve, P.A., Scher, D.M., Khakharia, S., using radiographs of the knee. Journal Pedi- Widmann, R.F. & Green, DW. (2007). Os- atric Orthopedic, 15(3), pp. 298–301.

Received: November, 21st 2010 Accepted: December, 23rd 2010 Save Markalja 14 Correspodence to: Aleksandar Jakovljević, PhD Medicinski fakultete

78000 Banja Luka Bosnia and Herzegovina Phone: +387 65 52 22 13 E-mail: [email protected]

79 Jakovljević, A. et al: OSGOOD SCHLATTER'S ILLNESS IN YOUNG ... SportLogia 6 (2010) 2: 74-79

OSGOOD SCHLATTEROVO OBOLJENJE KOD MLADIH KO[ARKA[A

Jakovljević Aleksandar1, Grubor Predrag2, Simović Slobodan3, Bijelić Snežana3, Maran Milorad2 & Kalacun Dario2 1Medicinski fakultet, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina 2Klinika za traumatologiju, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina 3Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina

Veliki broj djece i adolescenata uključen je maratonaca šestogodinjaka i djece koja su u u organizovane sportske aktivnosti te je broj bazenu plivala do 20 kilometara na dan te ma- pojave oboljenja tzv. sindroma prenaprezanja lih gimnastičarki koje su trenirale i po 6 sati na (engl. Overuse syndrom) sve veći. Sindromi dan (Pećina, Bojanić & Hašpl, 2001). Sindromi prenaprezanja jesu oštećenja tetiva ili njihovih prenaprezanja najčešće se javljaju u najmasov- pripoja za kost do kojih dolazi zbrajanjem nijim sportovima fudbalu i košarci. mnogih tzv. mikrotrauma. Sindromi prenapre- Rast i razvoj djece posebno u doba puber- zanja javljaju se i kod odraslih sportista i rekre- teta posebno je vulnerabilno razdoblje za pov- ativaca, ali imaju drugačije osobine. Djeca i ređivanje, odnosno za nastanak sindroma adolescenti nisu samo “mali ljudi” jer se djeca prenaprezanja. Nije rijetkost da u pubertetu u fazi ubrzanog rasta razlikuju od odraslih dječaci i djevojčice izrastu 10 i više centimetara prema strukturama koje omogućavaju rast i u godinu dana. Rast mišića i tetiva ne prati u razvoj, a to su ploče rasta, epifize i apofize i na potpunosti brzinu rasta kostiju, te se najveći tim osjetljivim hrskavičavim strukturama pritisak javlja na hrskavici apofize koja je najčešće se pojavljuju sindromi prenaprezanja. biomehanički najslabija. Sposobnost djece da podnose dugotrajna Osgood Schlatterovo oboljenje ili apofizitis opterećenja manja je nego kod odraslih. Kod tibijalne kvrge kao jedna od najčešćih juve- djece za razliku od odraslih postoji na hvatištu nilnih osteohondroza, odnosno apofizitisa tetive hrskavica koja je najčešće zahvaćena, pa najčešće se javlja kod košarkaša. govorimo o apofizitisu koji je jedna od Kao i u drugim bolestima u medicini i kod najčešćih formi sindroma prenaprezanja kod sindroma prenaprezanja važna je prevencija. djece sportista. Međutim moramo znati da je otpornost dječi- Ovo oboljenje ili sindrom može se naći i jeg organzima na dugotrajna i ekstremna pod imenom juvenilne osteohondroze ili juve- opterećenja manja nego kod odraslih odraslih nilne osteonekroze, ali je suština poremećaj osoba. Jedan od osnovnih preduslova pre- osifikacije apofize.Apofizitisi se mogu javiti na vencije sindroma prenaprezanja lokomotornog velikom broju kostiju u organizmu. Najčešće sistema kod djece i adolescenata sportista je apofizitisi se javljaju u području golenjačne bolja edukacija sportskih radnika, posebno kvrge (tibijalni tuberkul) i poznat je pod ime- trenera. Pogrešno je mišljenje da su djeca nom Osgood Schletter (Ozgud Šlater), zatim fleksibilnija od odraslih i da ne trebaju vježbe na glavi butne kosti – Legg – Calve – Perthes istezanja kao uvod u trening. Važna je i (Leg Kalve Pertes), na petnoj kosti Sever-ovo sekundarna prevencija. Treneri moraju biti oboljenje… edukovani o simptomima sindroma prenapre- Danas se sve veliki broj djece i adolescenata zanja i kod pojave poèetnih simptoma djecu i uključje u sportske aktivnosti tako nije rijetkost adolescente treba poslati ortopedu jer je na da djeca i adolescenti provode na dan i po vrijeme preduzeto liječenje je jednostavnije i nekoliko sati na treningu. Opisani su slučajevi kraće. (Pećina, Bojanić & Hašpl, 2001)

Ključne riječi: Osgood Schlater oboljenje, košarkaši, trening.

80