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I an INVESTIGATION of SYNTACTIC COMPREHENSION DEFICITS IN AN INVESTIGATION OF SYNTACTIC COMPREHENSION DEFICITS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE by David L. Kemmerer August 1996 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of State University of New York at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy i Copyright by David L. Kemmerer 1996 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the assistance and encouragement of many people, this dissertation would still be a shapeless intention. The first people to thank are the members of my committee. Jeri Jaeger invested a great deal of time and energy into helping me improve the quality of the dissertation. Kim Trinidad not only helped me get the research proposal through the bureaucrasy of the Buffalo VA Medical Center, but also adjusted her own schedule so that she could screen many of the PD patients who participated in my studies. Finally, Robert Van Valin provided many valuable comments on the dissertation, especially regarding my rather crude ideas about how to translate RRG into processing terms. All of these people were also willing to work within my tight deadline for completion, and for this I am very grateful. In this context, another person who deserves special thanks is Murray Grossman. He agreed to serve as my outside reader, even though this required him to take the dissertation on his summer vacation! I owe a further debt of gratitude to Murray for having done the pioneering work on syntactic comprehension deficits in PD that laid the foundation for my own investigation. The next group of people to thank are those who have been directly associated with the collection and analysis of the data reported in this dissertation. Besides Kim Trini- dad, two other neurologists at the Buffalo VA Medical Center, Linda Hershey and David Lichter, expressed an interest in my proposals and helped me with the difficult process of contacting and testing PD patients. Most importantly, I am very grateful to all of the patients who were willing to participate in my studies, even though they were fully aware that the results would not lead to better treatments for the most debilitating aspects of their illness. I dedicate the dissertation to them. In addition, I thank Denise Mandel, Derek Houston, and Paul Luce for providing indispensable assistance in doing the statis- tical analyses. Last but certainly not least, I thank Peter Jusczyk and the members of the Spoken Language Group for giving me a predoctoral fellowship supported by an NIH training grant. This fellowship enabled me to live comfortably without serious financial worries (by graduate student standards, that is) during the time that I was doing my research. The grant also provided the funds to pay the subjects in several of my studies. Many other people played a less obvious, but equally crucial, role in helping me to finish this dissertation. I thank my parents, without whom my apparently interminable education would not have been possible. I also owe a large debt of thanks to Matthew Davidson, Hölger Diessel, David Houghton, Martha Islas, Patrick McNamara, Wataru Nakamura, and Heather Weber. As all of them know, "syntactic comprehension deficits in Parkinson's disease" was never my first choice for a dissertation topic, since my real interest is in the field of evolutionary psychology. I feel quite strongly that this new field constitutes the most significant advance in the behavioral sciences in this century, espe- cially because it is beginning to show us how dramatic, and serious, the mismatch is between the social and physical world in which we live now and the Pleistocene world in which we spent over 99% of our evolutionary history and for which our mind/brain is adapted. For various reasons, however, I decided that it would not be practical to pursue a dissertation topic within the framework of evolutionary psychology. Thus, I depended very much on my friends for providing a steady supply of buck-you-uppo as well as an iii outlet for frus-trations as I labored to do a good job on the topic that I ended up choosing. Two of these people deserve special mention. The first is Martha Islas, whose compan- ionship and undying optimism have kept me going throughout this time; thanks also to Martha for rescuing me from countless macfrazzles. The second is Patrick McNamara, who has provided tremendous support by participating in an immensely fruitful year-and- a-half long conversation about evolutionary psychology, and also by helping me work through several rough spots in my research on PD. Table of Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Abstract xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Neuropathology and Neuropsychology of Parkinson's Disease 7 2.1 Neuropathology 9 2.1.1 The Basal Ganglia 9 2.1.1.1 Anatomy 9 2.1.1.2 Physiology 10 2.1.1.3 Dopaminergic Projection Systems 13 2.1.1.4 Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Circuits 18 2.1.2 Disruption in PD 28 2.2 Neuropsychology 30 2.2.1 Visuospatial Processing 31 2.2.2 Memory 33 2.2.3 Set Regulation 35 2.2.4 Relating the Cognitive Deficits to the Underlying Neuropathology 40 iv 2.2.4.1 Hypotheses 40 2.2.4.2 Further Evidence about the Role of Dopamine 43 2.2.4.3 Effects of Medication 45 2.3 Summary 47 Chapter 3: A Framework for Investigating Syntactic Comprehehension Deficits in Parkinson's Disease 49 3.1 Structure 52 3.1.1 Architecture of RRG 53 3.1.1.1 Hierarchical Structure 53 3.1.1.2 Semantic Relations 58 3.1.1.3 Syntactic Relations 63 3.1.1.4 Linking 64 3.1.2 RRG Analyses of English Construction Types 67 3.1.2.1 Transitive Active 68 3.1.2.2 Passive 69 3.1.2.3 Relative Clauses and Clefts 70 3.1.2.4 Raising-to-Subject 74 3.1.2.5 Undergoer Control 79 3.1.2.6 Intransitives 81 3.2 Processing 82 3.2.1 Parsing and Interpretation 83 3.2.1.1 Parsing 83 3.2.1.2 Interpretation 86 3.2.2 Processing Resources 94 3.2.2.1 Syntactic STM 94 3.2.2.2 Attentional Control 99 v 3.3 Neurobiology 110 3.3.1 Hemispheric Asymmetry 111 3.3.2 Intrahemispheric Localization 115 3.3.2.1 Left Perisylvian Areas that have been Associated with Syntactic Comprehension 118 3.3.2.2 Parsing 124 3.3.2.3 Interpretation 126 3.3.2.4 Syntactic STM 133 3.3.2.5 Attentional Control 138 3.3.2.6 Summary 143 3.4 Predictions about Syntactic Comprehension Deficits in PD 144 Chapter 4: Previous Studies of Syntactic Comprehension Deficits in Parkinson's Disease 150 4.1 Some Methodological Issues in Neuropsychology 151 4.2 Lieberman 155 4.2.1 Lieberman et al. (1990) 155 4.2.1.1 Summary 155 4.2.1.2 Evaluation 159 4.2.2 Lieberman et al. (1992) 162 4.2.2.1 Summary 162 4.2.2.2 Evaluation 167 4.3 Grossman 170 4.3.1 Grossman et al. (1992b) 170 4.3.1.1 Summary 170 4.3.1.2 Evaluation 182 4.3.2 Grossman et al. (1993b) 193 vi 4.3.2.1 Summary 193 4.3.2.2 Evaluation 199 4.3.3 Geyer and Grossman (1995) 200 4.3.3.1 Summary 200 4.3.3.2 Evaluation 205 4.3.4 Seidl et al. (1995) 210 4.3.4.1 Summary 210 4.3.4.2 Evaluation 213 4.3.5 Grossman et al. (1992a) 213 4.3.5.1 Summary 213 4.3.5.2 Evaluation 216 4.3.6 Grossman (in press) 219 4.3.6.1 Summary 219 4.3.6.2 Evaluation 222 4.4 McNamara 223 4.4.1 Summary 223 4.4.2 Evaluation 230 4.5 Summary 233 Chapter 5: New Studies of Syntactic Comprehension Deficits in Parkinson's Disease 238 5.1 Study 1: Raising-to-Subject Constructions 242 5.1.1 Goals 242 5.1.2 Subjects 244 5.1.3 Materials and Procedure 244 5.1.4 Results 250 5.1.5 Discussion 258 vii 5.2 Study 2: Relative Clause Constructions 260 5.2.1 Goals 260 5.2.2 Subjects 262 5.2.3 Materials and Procedure 262 5.2.4 Results 265 5.4.5 Discussion 268 5.3 Study 3: Relative Clause, Cleft, and Control Constructions 273 5.3.1 Goals 273 5.3.2 Subjects 276 5.3.3 Materials and Procedure 276 5.3.4 Results 282 5.3.5 Discussion 292 5.4 Study 4: Active, Passive, and Intransitive Constructions 298 5.4.1 Goals 298 5.4.2 Subjects 301 5.4.3 Materials and Procedure 301 5.4.4 Results 305 5.4.5 Discussion 309 5.5 Summary 312 Chapter 6: Conclusion 317 Appendix 327 References 337 viii List of Figures 1. Nuclei of the basal ganglia 9 2. Connectional architecture of the basal ganglia 10 3. Physiology of the basal ganglia 11 4. Dopaminergic projection systems 14 5. Influence of dopamine of striatal information processing 16 6. Basal-ganglia thalamocortical circuits 18 7. Layered structure of the clause 53 8. Constituent structure of English sentence 56 9. Layered structure of the noun phrase 57 10. System for linking syntactic and semantic representations 66 11. Representation of simple transitive construction 68 12. Representation of backgrounding passive construction 69 13. Representation of complex NPs of relative and cleft constructions 72 14. Representation of canonical SS raising construction 75 15.
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