State of the Nation's Children: Ireland 2016
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State of the Nation’s Children Ireland 2016 A State of the Nation’s Children Ireland 2016 DECEMBER 2016 DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH AFFAIRS The State of the Nation’s Children: Ireland 2016 report was produced by the Research and Evaluation Unit of the Department of Children and Youth Affairs. This report should be cited as follows: Department of Children and Youth Affairs (2016) State of the Nation’s Children: Ireland 2016. Dublin: Government Publications. Available at: www.dcya.ie Copyright © Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, 2016 Department of Children and Youth Affairs 43–49 Mespil Road Dublin 4 D04 YP52 Tel: +353 (0)1 647 3000 Fax: +353 (0)1 667 0826 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.dcya.ie Published by Government Publications, Dublin ISBN 978-1-4064-2937-4 The Department of Children and Youth Affairs should be acknowledged in all references to this publication. For rights of translation or reproduction, please contact the Department of Children and Youth Affairs. MINISTER’S FOREWORD It is my great privilege as Minister for Children and Youth Affairs to launch the State of the Nation’s Children: Ireland 2016. This report is the sixth such report that has been published since 2006. It has been prepared by officials from my Department and provides a comprehensive picture of our children’s lives by presenting key information in areas such as health and education as well as social, emotional, behavioural and self-reported happiness outcomes. It also presents data on supports and services available to children and their families, along with children’s relationships with their parents and peers. Valuable updates since the last report in 2014 have been provided by a number of government departments, agencies and research organisations, without whose ongoing participation this report would not be possible. I would like to thank them for their contribution. This report, together with the forthcoming progress reports under Better Outcomes, Brighter Futures, will help provide us with important evidence on children and young people’s experiences and outcomes. It is encouraging that there have been some improvements since the last report, for example, the number of children smoking and using cannabis continues to decline. However, the report also highlights areas where improvements are needed. It shows that 11% of our children continue to live in consistent poverty. I do not consider this figure acceptable and it is my intention to bring a renewed focus on measures to reduce this. The reduction of child poverty is a political priority for me and is central to Better Outcomes, Brighter Futures, the whole- of-government policy on children and young people. Measures taken in Budget 2017 will hopefully impact positively on the lives of children living in poverty. As Minister, I hope to see us achieve our goal of making Ireland one of the best places in the world in which to be a child. I welcome the publication of this report, which is an important resource that highlights the issues affecting children’s lives, and by so doing, helps us move towards that goal. Dr Katherine Zappone, TD Minister for Children and Youth Affairs iii December 2016 Contents Minister’s Foreword iii Acknowledgements viii List of Tables ix List of Figures xvii Acronyms xix INTRODUCTION 1 Outline of report 2 Key findings 2016 3 PART 1: SOCIODEMOGRAPHICS 9 Child population 10 Child mortality 14 Family structure 19 Parental education level 22 Traveller children 26 Foreign national children 29 Children with a disability 33 Children as carers 35 PART 2: CHILDREN’S RELATIONSHIPS 37 Relationship with mothers 38 Relationship with fathers 42 Talking to parents 46 Parental involvement in schooling 48 Eating a main meal together 50 Friendships 52 Pets and animals 55 Bullying 58 PART 3: CHILDREN’S OUTCOMES 63 EDUCATION OUTCOMES 65 Quality of early childhood care and education 66 Primary school attendance 69 Post-primary school attendance 72 Leaving Certificate retention rates 75 Achievement in reading: OECD-PISA Reading Literacy Scale 79 Achievement in mathematics: OECD-PISA Mathematics Literacy Scale 82 Achievement in science: OECD-PISA Science Literacy Scale 85 HEALTH OUTCOMES 89 Birth weight 90 Breastfeeding 93 Health conditions and hospitalisation 96 Accidents, injuries and hospitalisation 99 Nutritional outcomes 103 Intellectual disability 105 Physical and sensory disability 108 Child welfare and protection 111 SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOMES 115 Participation in decision-making 116 Reading as a leisure activity 120 Smoking cigarettes: weekly smoking 122 Smoking cigarettes: never smoking 126 Alcohol use: drunkenness 130 Alcohol use: never drinking alcohol 134 Cannabis use 138 Sexual health and behaviour: teen births 142 Sexual health and behaviour: sexual activity 145 Self-esteem 149 Self-reported happiness 152 Youth suicide 155 Self-harm 157 Physical activity 159 Nutrition: breakfast consumption 163 Nutrition: soft drinks consumption 167 PART 4: FORMAL AND INFORMAL SUPPORTS 171 Public expenditure on children’s education 172 At risk of poverty 175 Consistent poverty 178 Availability of housing for families with children 180 Community characteristics 182 Environment and places 185 Garda Diversion Programme referrals 188 Antenatal care 193 Public health nurse visit 197 Developmental screening 200 Childhood immunisation 202 Accessibility of basic health services 209 Children and young people in care 211 Mental health referrals 214 APPENDICES 217 Appendix 1: Main data sources, definitions and technical notes 218 Appendix 2: NUTS classifications 239 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank all the people and organisations who provided data for or contributed to this 2016 report, especially: Fiona O’Riordan and Claire Sheehy, Health Service Executive; Michael Keenan and Deirdre Hanratty, Department of Children and Youth Affairs (ECCE database); Anne- Marie Carew, Health Research Board (National Physical and Sensory Disability Database); Antoinette Daly, Health Research Board (National Psychiatric In-Patient Reporting System); Silvia Bel Serrat, National Nutrition Surveillance Centre (European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative); Central Statistics Office (Census of the Population and Population and Migration Estimates); Marian Brattman, Tusla, the Child and Family Agency (Annual School Attendance Data); Helen Maxwell, Department of Education and Skills (Education Statistics); Sheelagh Bonham, Sinéad O’Hara and Deirdre Murphy, Healthcare Pricing Office (Hospital In-Patient Enquiry System, National Perinatal Reporting System); Kevin Byrne and Tara Taheny, Department of Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government (Summary of Social Housing Assessments); Sarah Daly, the National Treatment Purchase Fund (Patient Treatment Register); John Nolan and Ciara Murray, Tusla, the Child and Family Agency (Outturn of Monthly Activity Data Returns and Quarterly Performance Indicator Returns); Patrick Foley, Hilda McCarthy, Central Statistics Office (European Union – Survey on Income and Living Conditions); Eve Griffin, National Suicide Research Foundation (National Self-Harm Registry Ireland); Caroline McKeown, Sylvia Denner, Gerry Sheil, Educational Research Centre (Programme for International Student Assessment); Marie Crowley, Carol Anne Hennessy, Central Statistics Office (Vital Statistics); Saoirse Nic Gabhainn, Aoife Gavin, Eimear Keane and the HBSC Ireland Team, Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway; Sarah Craig and Anne O’Donohoe, Health Research Board (National Intellectual Disability Database and National Physical and Sensory Disability Database); Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Immunisation Uptake Statistics); Paddy Duffy, Department of Justice and Equality. We are also very grateful to all the people who provided feedback on individual indicators and to the children, families and others who provided the data included in this report. viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Number of children under 18, by age and gender (2016) 10 Table 2: Number of children and percentage of population under 18, by gender (selected years 1981–2016) 11 Table 3: Percentage of population under 18 in January in the EU-28, by country (1995, 2005 and 2015) 12 Table 4: Number and rate (per 10,000) of deaths of children, by age (2011–2015) 14 Table 5: Rate (per 10,000) of deaths of children, by gender (2011–2015) 15 Table 6: Number of deaths of children, by age and cause of death (2015) 15 Table 7: Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) in EU-28, by country (1994, 2004 and 2014) 17 Table 8: Rate (per 10,000) of deaths of children aged 0–19 years across selected countries in EU-28, by age and gender (2014) 18 Table 9: Number and percentage of children living in a lone-parent household, by population groups (2011) 19 Table 10: Number and percentage of children living in a lone-parent household, by age and gender (2011) 20 Table 11: Number and percentage of children living in a lone-parent household, by county (2011) 20 Table 12: Percentage of children, by population groups and educational attainment of mother (2011) 22 Table 13: Percentage of children, by age and educational attainment of mother (2011) 23 Table 14: Number of children, by county and educational attainment of mother (2011) 23 Table 15: Number of Traveller children, by age and gender (2011) 26 Table 16: Number and rate (per 1,000) of Traveller children, by county (2011) 28 Table 17: Number of foreign national children, by age and gender (2011) 29 Table 18: Number