Ara Es L'hora? the Approach of the Catalan Political Scene To

Historia i Polityka No. 16 (23)/2016, pp. 27–41 ISSN 1899-5160, e-ISSN 2391-7652 www.hip.umk.pl DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2016.010 Maria PobÓG-Lenartowicz Opole University, Poland Ara es l’hora? The Approach of the Catalan Political Scene to Independence Issues Ara es l’hora? Katalońska scena polityczna wobec kwestii niepodległości • A bst ra kt • • A bst ract • Sytuacja polityczna w Katalonii w ciągu ostat- The political situation in Catalonia during the nich miesięcy zmienia się jak w kalejdoskopie. last months is changing almost daily. Catalan Katalońskie ruchy narodowe konsekwentnie nationalist movements consistently continue kontynuują starania na rzecz utworzenia nie- their efforts to create an independent state. As podległego państwa, w efekcie czego każde gło- a result, every vote – an unofficial plebiscite, sowanie – czy to nieoficjalne referendum, czy local elections or elections to the Catalan par- wybory lokalne, czy też wybory do kataloń- liament – is treated like a referendum on the skiego parlamentu – urasta do rangi plebiscytu matter of independence. The Catalan actions w sprawie niepodległości. Coraz dalej i szybciej that are ever more faster and further-reaching posuwającym się poczynaniom Katalończy- meet with a growing opposition of the central ków coraz ostrzej sprzeciwia się rząd central- government, threatening the Catalan authori- ny, grożąc władzom Katalonii szeregiem sank- ties with a number of sanctions in case of tak- cji w sytuacji podjęcia dalszych, konkretnych ing further, concrete steps to break away from kroków na rzecz oderwania się od Hiszpanii. Spain. Although, from the outside, the Catalan Choć „na zewnątrz” katalońskie stronnictwa independence parties seem to be a monolith, niepodległościowe zdają się tworzyć monolit, the situation on the regional political scene sytuacja na regionalnej scenie politycznej jest is much more complex. During the past sev- dużo bardziej skomplikowana. W ciągu ostat- eral months, the balance of power of political nich kilkunastu miesięcy układ sił partyjnych parties in Catalonia was completely changed. w Katalonii całkowicie się przeobraził. Rozpa- Ruling for almost thirty years, Convergencia dowi uległa rządząca przez niemal trzydzieści i Unió divided and the results of the election lat Convergencia i Unió, zaś wynik wyborów of 27 September forced Prime Minister Artur z 27 września zmusił dotychczasowego premie- Mas (of the centre-right CiU) and the leaders of ra Artura Masa (wywodzącego się z centropra- the new pro-independence coalition Junts pel wicowego CiU) i przywódców nowej proniepo- Si to seek an ally in the far-left Popular Unity 28 Historia i Polityka • No. 16(23)/2016 Papers dległościowej koalicji Junts pel Si do poszuki- Candidacy. Therefore, this is a time of difficult wania sojusznika w skrajnie lewicowej Candi- choices for Catalonia, not only in relation to the datura Unitat Popular. Przed Katalonią zatem issue of independence, but also when it comes czas trudnych wyborów, nie tylko w odniesie- to alliances on the national political scene. niu do kwestii niepodległości, ale również soju- In this article, I will try to analyze the cur- szy zawieranych na krajowej scenie politycznej. rent political scene in Catalonia and its impact W niniejszym artykule postaram się prze- on the independence aspirations of the Autono- analizować obecny kształt sceny politycznej Ka- mous Community. I will examine the current talonii i jego wpływ na dążenia niepodległościo- balance of power of political parties and the we Wspólnoty Autonomicznej. Przeanalizuję changes that have occurred in 2015. I will look dotychczasowy układ sił partyjnych oraz zmia- at the programmes of the leading – in recent ny, jakie zaszły w nim na przestrzeni 2015 roku. years as well as currently – Catalan political Przyjrzę się programom wiodących – w ostat- factions in terms of their outlook on the issue of nich latach, jak i obecnie, ugrupowań kataloń- independence. Finally, I will consider in what skich pod kątem ich stosunku do kwestii nie- way the complex situation on the Catalan po- podległości. Wreszcie zastanowię się, w jakim litical scene may become a determinant of the stopniu złożona sytuacja na katalońskiej scenie effectiveness of the demands for independence politycznej może stać się determinantą skutecz- made by the authorities of Catalonia. ności postulatów niepodległościowych, podej- mowanych przez władze Katalonii. Słowa kluczowe: Katalonia, niepodległość, Key words: Catalonia, independence, natio- nacjonalizm, system partyjny nalism, party system Ara es l’hora? Introduction “Now is the Time” (Ara es l’hora). Under this slogan marched the supporters of Catalonia’s independence from across the region, united on 11 November, during a national holiday. In recent years, Catalan independence ambitions grew and the question whether Spain will split up is more and more often and more seri- ously posed, not only by international relations analysts, but also by the media in Europe. The Catalans are being convinced that “Now is the Time” not only by national movements but also by political factions which express these demands boldly and openly, including Prime Minister Artur Mas and the ruling party. In their opinion, Catalonia has never been so close to independence. However, a deeper analysis reveals that the situation on the Catalan political scene is much more complex. Divisions (also within the ruling party), corruption scandals, difficult alliances and warnings more and more often directed by the central government at the Autonomous Community make the Catalan road to independence less smooth and peaceful that it might have seemed at first. What is more, a new alignment of political forces that developed in 2015 on the Catalan Ma ria Pobóg-Lenartowicz • Ara es l’hora? The Approach of the Catalan Political Scene... 29 political scene changed the previous shape of the regional party system and its rel- ative balance. Therefore, matters concerning party agreements, forging alliances and forming opposition may soon become one of the main factors determining the success of the Catalan independence process. In this article, I will endeavour to analyse the changes that occurred on the Catalan political scene over the course of the last several months. I shall present the leading – in recent years as well as currently – political factions in the region and examine their programmes in terms of their views on independence. Lastly, I will give some thought to the question to what degree the complexity of the Cat- alan political scene may determine the success of independence demands made by the Catalan government. Due to the topicality of the discussed subject and the fact that the described processes and changes occur every day on the Catalan political scene, I will base my article on the source material – political parties’ programmes, election results, and documents adopted by the Catalan authorities. They will be complemented by Internet sources, especially in the case of the most recent events. In this case, the sources of information shall predominantly include news and announcements made by particular political factions. It needs to be stressed that this paper pertains to the situation in Catalonia in late November 2015 – during the time when the new government was being formed after the election to the Catalan parliament that took place in September 2015. In this case, “we witness history as it happens” – by the time this article is published, some of the described facts and predictions for the future may become outdated. The reader should be aware of this. Catalan Political Scene after September 2015 Election Even though the Catalan political scene has been under scrutiny of political factions, analysts, and the media across Europe for the past several years, it was especially the election to the Catalan parliament held on 27 September 2015 that put the Autonomy in the spotlight. The supporters of separation from Spain dubbed this event a referendum on sovereignty. On 11 November, during a Catalan national holiday, more than one million people (according to organizers, who chose Via Lliure as its watchword, this number exceeded 2 million) took to the streets of Barcelona to create a multicolour mosaic that symbolized the values on which the independent Catalan state is to be based and to shout “Ara es l’hora” – “Now is the Time” (Nadszedł czas, 2015). 30 Historia i Polityka • No. 16(23)/2016 Papers The demonstration organized by Assemblea Nacional Catalana was one of the main events during the election campaign, the main item of which became the attitude towards the issue of independence. Catalan national parties hoped that achieving absolute majority in the parliament by independence parties rallying under the banners of separation from Spain would be the final and decisive ar- gument for starting the process of achieving full sovereignty and showing the world that these demands are supported by the majority of the Catalan society. In contrast, their defeat would be deemed by the supporters of the Autonomous Community remaining within the Spanish borders a proof that the majority of the Catalans are not behind these radical demands. The 2015 election result, instead of finally resolving this issue, created an even more complex situation on the Catalan political scene. Pro-independence parties – centre-right Junts pel Si (Together for Yes) and far-left CUP – Candidatura d’Unitat Popular (The Popular Unity Candidates) won 47.33% of the vote (and thus failed to achieve absolute majority) and the majority of (72 seats – 62 and 10 for Junts pel Si and CUP respectively) seats in the Catalan parliament (Większość absolutna…, 2015). Such an election result allowed both the supporters of independence and factions favouring Catalonia remaining a part of Spain (and being subordinate to the government in Madrid) to proclaim victory and read it as a confirmation of their theses Gorzkie( zwycięstwo…, 2015). Despite the controversies connected to the interpretation of the election results, the new majority in the parliament wasted no time to indicate the Catalan policymakers’ direction.

Load more