Abstract.-Twenty-seven abandoned mine drifts Utilization Of Abandoned and four fracture caves constitute one of the most Mine Drifts and Fracture unique in and adjacent to the Ouachita National Forest, an area devoid of solutional caves, Caves By Bats and Six species of and nine species of bats Salamanders: were found to utilize these areas. Subterranean Ouachita Mountains1

David A. Sa~gey,~Gary A. HeidtS3Darrell R.

Caves and mines play an important rush. During the period of greatest METHODS role in the ecology of many species, activity, 1885 to 1888, over a dozen serving as permanent or temporary gold mines were in operation, rang- During the past six years, 27 aban- habitats. Culver (1986) stated, "the ing from shallow test holes to exten- doned mines in Garland (S), variety of species that depends on sive linear and L-shaped drifts ex- Montgomery (31, Pike (4) and Polk caves during some critical time in tending up to 150 meters into the (12) counties, Arkansas (fig. 1) were their life cycle, such as hibernation in surrounding mountains (Harrington located and visited a minimum of bats, is impressive and usually 1986, Hudgins 197'1, U.S. Army eight times (at least once each sea- underestimated ." To this statement, Corps of Engineers 1980). The "gold son). In several cases, where endemic we add mines. and silver boom" effectively ended or Category I1 (U.S. Federal Register Bear Den Caves are located in with the issuance of a report which 1985) species occurred or breeding Winding Stair Mountain, LeFlore in effect stated there were no pre- populations were found, mines were County, in southeastern Oklahoma. cious metals in paying quantities to visited much more often. Mist net- These four caves occur in an outcrop be found in the area (Branner 1888). ting of entrances for bats was con- belt of a massive sandstone unit and Soon thereafter, many mines were ducted in spring, summer, and fall. were formed by a number of factors, abandoned as prospectors moved Bear Den Caves came to our atten- the most important being gravita- West (Harrington 1986, Hudgins tion during 1987 and were visited tional sliding and slumpage of sand- 1971).Through the years, other min- several times. Collections were mini- stone. These four caves have more erals, such as manganese and mer- mal (mines only) and voucher speci- than 365 meters of mapped passage- cury, have been mined from the Ou- way and represent the only known achitas resulting in the excavation of caves in the Ouachita National Forest numerous additional drifts; but for a (Puckette 1974-75). variety of reasons, most have been Additional subterranean abandoned (Clardy and Bush 1976, was formed from 1870 to 1890, when Stone and Bush 1984).The legacy of the area extending west from Hot these mining activities has not been Springs to Mena, Arkansas was the riches and new-found wealth, but the scene of a gold, lead, silver and zinc creation of unusual and unique wild- life habitat. 'Paper presented at symposium, Man- agement of , Reptiles, and The objectives of this study were Small Mammals in North America. [Flag- to review, compile, and consolidate staff, AZ,July 19-2 1, 1988). existing literature concerning utiliza- David A. Saugey is a Wildlife Biologist, tion of caves and mine drifts by bats US. Forest Service, Ouachita National For- and salamanders in the Ouachita est, Hot Springs, AR. 7 1902. Mountains. In addition, we provide 3GaryA. Heidt is Professor of Biology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, A R. new data and propose recommenda- 72204. tions concerning management of caves and mines in the Ouachita Na- 4Danell R. Heath is an Undergraduate Figure 1 .-Location of Ouachita National Student University of Arkansas at Little tional Forest and on other public and Forest (backslashed area) and study area Rock, AR. 72204. private lands. (crosshatched area). mens are located in the Vertebrate given by Means (1974) and Trauth tional mine contained larvae of this Collections at the University of Ar- (1988) provided descriptions of species. A seepage stream in this kansas at Little Rock and Arkansas deposition sites in seepage areas dur- mine was approximately five centi- State University. ing the severe summer drought in meters wide, one centimeter deep, Following McDaniel and Smith 1980. Heath et al. (1986) reported the and extended a distance of sixty (1976), we include the probable eco- occurrence of this endemic salaman- centimeters before dropping into a logical position of the species in the der in four drifts, with egg clutches large pool at the entrance. The pool cave and mine environments. This is deposited on the underside of rocks connected directly to an epigean followed by comments concerning in one mine and the presence of lar- stream. the status or life history of each spe- vae in two others. In those mines cies. Following Barr (1963) and with larvae, pools contained abun- McDaniel and Smith (1976) the terms dant leaf litter and isopods. On one Plefhodon caddoensis Pope and "troglophile" (commonly found in occasion, larvae were observed feed- Pope. Troglophile. caves), "trogloxene" (may be com- ing on isopods. Since these observa- mon in caves but must leave to com- tions were made, numerous addi- Large aggregations of the endemic plete their life history), and "acciden- tional visits to these four mines re- Caddo Mountain using tal" (unable to survive long in the vealed the presence of Dmnognathus drifts as refugia to escape heat and cave environment) have been em- when epigean conditions would be dryness during summer and fall ployed in the species accounts. considered ideal. The pools within were first reported by Saugey et al. these and other drifts are the result (1985). Over 100 individuals were of seepage through walls which, in discovered in each of two drifts, RESULTS some instances, provided sufficient from June through September 1983. volumes of water to have small Subsequent visits to these and other Nine species of bats and six species streams flowing from their entrances. drifts revealed limited use of three of salamanders were found to utilize However, unlike the preferred, additional drifts and use of one of caves and abandoned mine drifts gravel-bottomed stream habitat, the original aggregation sites for egg during some portion of their annual pools typically exhibited silted sub- deposition and breeding (Heath et al. cycles. strates with very little rubble and 1986). Since these observations were few rocks large enough for egg at- made, summer aggregations of this tachment. salamander have numbered as high Annotated List of Bats and as 383 individuals and additional egg Salamanders Utilizing Caves and clutches have been observed and Abandoned Mine Drifts Eurycea mulfiplicafa (Cope). monitored. Known only from the Troglophile. Novaculite Uplift area of the Ou- CLASS AMPHIBIA achita Mountains in Howard, The many-ribbed salamander is pri- Montgomery, and Polk counties in Order Urodela marily an aquatic species endemic to Arkansas (Blair and Lindsey 1965, the Interior Highland region and ad- Robison and Smith 1982), this sala- Family jacent areas that contain suitable mander and its habitat are of special habitat. It may be found under concern to the Arkansas Natural Desmognafhus brimle yorum stones, logs, and other debris in Heritage Commission (ANHC) (Stejneger). Troglophile. clear, rock or gravel-bottomed (Smith 1984). In 1985, the U.S. Fish streams (Bishop 1943, Ireland 1971, and Wildlife Service (USFWS) desig- Means (1974) stated the Ouachita Reagan 1974). It inhabits essentially nated it a Category I1 species. In dusky salamander was confined to the same habitat as Desmognafhus 1986, the U.S. Forest Service (Ou- rocky, gravelly, streams in the Ou- brimleyorum (Strecker 1908). Hurter achita National Forest) began infor- achita Mountains. Rock falls along and Strecker (1909) noted mal consultation with the USFWS the upper portions of streams repre- Desrnogrlathus eating Eu ycea indi- (Jackson, Mississippi, Endangered sented particularly good adult habi- viduals with which they were con- Species Field Station) and requested tat. This species was most abundant fined. Heath et al. (1986) reported field assistance from the ANHC con- where water percolated through both larvae and adults in two mines cerning preservation of critical mine rocky substrate in streambeds and and in one, larvae shared the same aggregation sites and protection of along stream sides. Description of pools with Desmognathus larvae. Both their vulnerable populations. Place- egg clutch characteristics and mines contained shallow streams ment of a gate at one sensitive site is stream/streamside deposition were with a gravel substrate. One addi- planned in 1988 (fig. 2). glutinosus glutinosus ened" in Oklahoma. Sievert (1986) Plethodon serratus Grobrnan. (Green). Troglophile. proposed it as a species of "special Troglophile. concern," conditional on his recom- The slimy salamander, a woodland mendations concerning silvicultural The endemic Ouachita Red-backed species, is widely distributed, ex- practices on National Forest lands. salamander is commonly found be- ploiting virtually every available ter- Black (1974) reported this salaman- neath rocks, logs, and in leaf litter at restrial habitat. This species is com- der in Bear Den Caves where they all elevations throughout the Ou- monly found under rocks, in and were found throughout, but most achita Mountains. This species has under well rotted logs and stumps, commonly within the first 19 meters been observed in one mine on two and buried deep in moist layers of or twilight zone. A small juvenile separate occasions. In both cases, it leaf litter. During hotter and drier with a snout-vent length (SVL) of < 7 has been in association with large portions of the year, they usually re- mm was found in an entrance and aggregations of the Caddo Mountain treat deeper into the substrate. Al- the presence of numerous juveniles salamander during extremely dry though primarily epigean, this sala- with SVLs of > 30mm may indicate epigean conditions. Reagan (1974) mander has been reported to use egg deposition and brooding ac tivi- frequently found this species in asso- caves for aggregation sites, egg depo- ties. One of the authors (DAS) visited ciation with the Caddo Mountain sition and brooding, and escape from these caves in December, 1987 and and Rich Mountain salamanders. inhospitable surface environmental observed one adult Rich Mountain conditions (Barnett 1970, Noble and salamander near the entrance of one Marshall 1929).Heath et al. (1986) cave. An additional visit in June' 1988 CLASS MAMMALIA reported this salamander from five resulted in the observation of 30+ mines; two contained breeding popu- salamanders of various size classes. Order Chiroptera lations and brooding behavior has Considerable human refuse and a been observed several times. Subse- well worn path indicated substantial Family Vespertilionidae quent observations have confirmed numbers of visitors. Considering the another of the five mines as an egg uniqueness of this area and the Cate- deposition and brooding site. One of gory I1 status of this salamander, Myotis.austroriparius (Rhoads). the mines reported with a breeding steps are being taken to exclude ex- Trogloxene. population (Heath et al. 1986) is the cessive visitation and protect this site of an annual aggregation of slimy population from vandalism and The first Arkansas specimens of the salamanders exceeding 600 individu- overcollection. These caves are util- southeastern bat were collected from als. A gate (fig. 2) has been con- ized by the small-footed bat, Myotis one of several drifts located 12 miles structed by the U.S. Army Corps of leibii, (Caire 1985) also a Category I1 northwest of Hot Springs, Garland Engineers to protect this population. species. County, Arkansas (Davis et al. 1955). Continuing studies to determine the effect of gating will allow compari- son of pre- and post-gating data.

Plethodon ouachitae Dunn and Heinze. Troglophile.

Endemic to the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma, the Rich Mountain salamander may be found living beneath rotting logs and stumps. However, it lives primarily under pieces of sandstone on heavily overgrown talus north slopes (Black 1974, Dunn and Heinze 1933, Pope and Pope 1951, Sievert 1986).Reagan (1974) listed this species as "endan- gered and vulnerable" in Arkansas. Ashton (1976) and Black (1980) both Figure 2.-Example of gate constructed by the Ouachita National Forest and the U.S. Army considered this salamander "threat- Corps of Engineers at the entrance of an abandoned mine (using USFWS specifications). At the time of collection (November males with a few postlactating fe- this bat. Caire (1985) indicated this 1952) and during a subsequent visit, males. Heath et al. (1986) found this species is probably restricted to cave this species was found in association bat in 12 drifts. The largest hibernat- areas. Thus, the few caves in south- with the little brown bat, Myotis luci- ing aggregation consisted of 12 bats, eastern Oklahoma are critical to the fugus, and Keen's bat, Myotis keenii. including both males and females. species survival and are in need of This particular drift was inundated Normally, from one to three indi- protection. The small-footed bat is a by the filling of Lake Ouachita in viduals (usually males) were found Category I1 species (U.S. Federal 1955 and, since that time, no addi- hibernating in small cracks and crev- Register 1985). tional specimens have been observed ices near entrances. On occasion, two in nearby drifts. The second occur- have been found together in drill rence of this species in the Ouachita holes in ceilings and walls and, less Myofis lucifugus (LeConte). Mountain area was from abandoned frequently, individuals were ob- Trogloxene. Cinnabar mines located on an penin- served hanging in the open. The larg- sula in Lake Greeson, Pike County, est non-hibernating cluster was 57 The little brown bat appears to be Arkansas (Heath et al. 1986). During females found in the spring of 1985. extremely rare in the Ouachita a winter visit (January 1984) over 150 Three were collected and found to be Mountains. It had been reported individuals of both red and gray pregnant (drifts were not used as from one drift by Sealander and color phases were observed in deep maternity roosts). Although utilized Young (1955), but an additional torpor. A subsequent early spring more frequently during winter specimen was reported by Heath et visit (March 1986), revealed 15 indi- months, these drifts contained from al. (1986) from a drift in Arkansas. In viduals. During December, 1986, one to several Keen's bats through- Oklahoma, the little brown bat has only a few scattered individuals were out most of the year. been collected only from Beavers found. According to personnel famil- Bend State Park in the southeastern iar with the drift, considerable hu- part of the state (Glass and Ward man visitation and disturbance may Myofis leibii (Audubon and 1959). have been the cause of sharp decline Bac hman). Trogloxene. in use of this excavation. Mumford and Whitaker (1982) suggested the The small-footed bat is very common Myofis sodalis Miller and Allen. southeastern bat does not tolerate and widespread in the western Trogloxene. disturbance and is likely to change its United States where it readily uses roosting and hibernation sites quite caves and mines for hibernation. In Sealander and Young (1955) reported readily. Caire (1985) did not report the eastern United States it is consid- a misidentified Indiana bat from a this species, but records exist for the ered to be rare (Barbour and Davis now inundated drift northwest of Little River drainage in southeastern 1969, Smith 1984). Caire (1985) re- Hot Springs. There is a confirmed Oklahoma (Glass and Ward 1959). ported mist-netting four males, three record of the species from a south- The southeastern bat is listed as a adults and one subadult, at Bear Den eastern Oklahoma cave (Glass and Category TI species in the U.S. Fed- Caves. Specimens collected in Sep- Ward 1959). Neither Caire (1985) nor eral Register (1985). tember had descended testes. Heath Heath et al. (1986) found this species et al. (1986) did not record this bat inhabiting mines or caves in the Ou- from drifts in Arkansas. According achi tas. Myofis keenii (Merriam). to Barbour and Davis (1969), the only Trogloxene. known winter habitats for this spe- cies are caves and mines. Preferred Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier) . Utilization of caves and mines by hibernation sites are near entrances Trogloxene. Keen's bat has been well documented where temperatures drop below (Barbour and Davis 1969, Heath e t al. freezing and humidity is relatively The eastern pipistrelle was described 1986, McDaniel and Gardner 1977). low. Abandoned drifts in the Ou- as fairly abundant in southeastern Sealander and Young (1955) first re- achitas generally have one, small, Oklahoma (Caire 1985) and as wide- ported the occurrence of Keen's bat par tially collapsed entrance which spread and abundant in the Arkansas from the Ouachita Mountain area ensures relatively warm interiors (18 portion of the Ouachitas (Heath et al. when three specimens were collected C) with high humidities, which is un- 1986). Barbour and Davis (1969) de- from the drift located 12 miles north- suitable hibernating habitat. Mist- scribed it as the most abundant bat west of Hot Springs. Caire (1985) netting of creeks and drift entrances over much of the eastern United mist-netted a number of specimens at and subsequent winter visits to drifts States. Caves and mines appear to be Bear Den Caves; the majority were have been unsuccessful in locating important habitats for winter hiber- nation sites and for summer night drift near Lake Greeson; the ambient 1986). Where caves are scarse, aban- roosts (Barbour and Davis 1969, temperature was 2 C. doned mineshaf ts occasionally pro- McDaniel and Gardner 1977). Caire The three following species of La- vide the same specialized habitat as (1985) reported capturing many indi- siurus, normally considered tree bats, do natural caves (Barbour and Davis viduals at Bear Den Caves during have been captured during swarm- 1969). summer months. Heath et al. (1986) ing activities at the entrances of, but Abandoned mine drifts and fsac- reported this species had been ob- not inside drifts (Heath et al. 1983, ture caves represent important habi- served in every drift at all times of 1986). Similar behavior in tree bats tat features in the Ouachita Moun- the year and that, over a three year has been observed at caves (Barbour tains. Six species of salamanders and period, one drift had an annual and Davis 1969, Harvey et al. 1981). nine species of bats utilize these population of between 600-800 hiber- structures for some purpose. In addi- nating individuals. Visits to this tion, four of the six salamanders are hibernaculum over the past three Lasiurus borealis (Muller). endemic to the Ouachita Mountains, years have revealed the number of Accidental. and a fifth is endemic to the Interior individuals to be fairly constant. Pre- Highlands. Two of these liminary observations of a drift that The red bat was captured at the en- salamanders, Plethodon caddoensis has had a gate in its entrance for two trances of three drifts. Caire (1985) and P. auachitae, are Category I1 spe- years have indicated an increase in reported capturing this species at cies. For all of these salamanders, numbers of hibernating pipistrelles. Bear Den Caves. Red bats were re- caves and mines may only represent ported from inside two Ozark caves larger versions of existing subterra- by McDaniel and Gardner (1977). nean microhabitats, complimenting Epfesicus fuscus (Palisot de Saugey et al. (1978) discovered the existing situations and not replacing Beauvois). Trogloxene. remains of 140 red bats in one Ozark them. However, caves and mines do cave. provide "natural laboratories" where Heath et al. (1986) reported that, al- insights into life histories and species though common in the Ouachita interactions, otherwise unobservable, Mountain area, the big brown bat Lasiurus seminolus (Rhoads). may be studied with the knowledge was rarely found hibernating in Accidental. gained applied to management of drifts. The four drifts used during surface populations. hibernation had larger, less re- Heath et al. (1983) reported the cap- Six of the nine species of bats stricted, openings that created a vari- ture of a female Seminole bat at the regularly frequent caves or mines able temperature zone. Rarely were entrance to a drift in Polk County, during some portion of their annual more than two or three observed in Arkansas, during September. cycles and two of these are listed as any drift. This species characteristi- Category I1 species (Myotis austrori- cally chose hibernating sites near the parius and M leibii). Mines provide a en trance where temperature and Lasiurus cinereus (Palisot de key habitat component for bats humidity levels were lower. Similar Beauvois). Accidental. where natural subterranean hiber- hibernating behavior has been docu- nacula are scarce. Hibernacula can be mented in other caves and mines Previously unreported, a male hoary viewed as islands of different sizes (Barbour and Davis 1969, Lacki and bat was captured simultaneously and complexities in an ocean of habi- Bookhout 1983).Caire (1985) re- with the above mentioned Seminole tat inhospitable for hibernation ported this species from Bear Den bat. The occurrence of this species in (Gates et al. 1984). Most caves and Caves. mines and caves has been well docu- mines in the Ouachitas are small and mented (Barbour and Davis 1969, marginal as hibernacula when com- Saugey et al. 1978). pared with extensive and complex Lasionycferis noctivagans cave systems of other regions. How- (LeConte). Trogloxene. ever, minor hibernacula may become DISCUSSION major ones (depending on their size, Typically considered a tree bat, the configuration, and microclimate), if silver-haired bat has been found in Caves are common and widely dis- the latter are destroyed. Further, they numerous caves and mines (Barbour tributed in the United States. Caves may function to promote range ex- and Davis 1969, Saugey et al. 1978, are known in every state and, in pansions (Gates et al. 1984).In addi- Whitaker and Winter 1977). Heath et. some, are very common. It has been tion, small populations become in- al. (1986) discovered a single speci- found that most caves contain a bio- creasingly important in species man- men hibernating in a breezeway of a logically interesting fauna (Culver agement when large populations are continually threatened (Humphrey considerations concerning manage- abandoned mine drifts and 1978). ment, inventory and evaluation of coordination with other re- Fifty-three vertebrate taxa use caves. Caire (1985) made recommen- sources. Ozark caves (McDaniel and Gardner dations about habitat management 1977). Heath et al. (1986) reported the for bats, including Bear Den Caves in 5. Use full seasonal or partial occurrence of 27 vertebrate taxa util- southeastern Oklahoma, and Sievert closures to protect species of izing abandoned mine drifts in the (1986) proposed guidelines for pres- special concern during criti- Ouachita Mountains. Caire (1985) ervation of habitat for the endemic cal periods of the year. and Black (1974) reported two spe- Rich Mountain salamander. cies from Bear Den Caves. We report Because management of cave re- 6. Acquire lands within agency two additional species from aban- sources are adequately addressed in administrative authority that doned mines (Lnsiurus cinereus and these references, the following rec- contain caves and aban- Plethodon serratus). Of the 31 re- ommendations address issues con- doned mine drifts. corded species that use caves and cerning needed management of aban- mines in the Ouachita Mountains, 22 doned mine drifts whose importance 7. Prohibit extraction of miner- are common to both the Ouachitas to bats and other vertebrates has als and other materials from and Ozarks. been demonstrated by Heath et al. abandoned mine drifts. These data further support Maser (1986), Lacki and Bookhout (19831, et a1 (1979) when they stated, Saugey et al. (1985), Whitaker and 8. Identify and designate aban- "Unique habitats occupy a very Winter (1977) and this study. doned kine drifts, caves, small percent of the total forest land In line with these studies, we rec- and associated above ground base, yet they are disproportionately ommend the following actions be habitat as "key areas" for important as wildlife habitats." From taken on National Forests, other pub- wildlife during the silvicultu- our measurement, the total area of all lic lands, and private lands: ral prescription process. known and inventoried caves and 1. Address abandoned mine drifts in the Ouachita Mountains is 9. Set aside and preserve travel drifts and shafts as "unique approximately one acre in a forest corridors to prevent isolation subterranean habitat" in the with nearly 1.6 million surface acres. and loss of use by terrestrial Cave Management sec tion of For these reasons, resource managers vertebrates. the Forest Service Manual. should not overlook opportunities to Most of the language in this protect and conserve what may ap- 10. Establish monitoring activi- chapter is directly applicable pear to be marginal sites, especially ties to assess changes in the to these excavations. in areas where these unique habitats drift environment and asso- may be a limiting factor. ciated wildlife utilization. 2. Incorporate management prescriptions for abandoned 11. Continue inventory of spe- mine drifts into Forest Land MANAGEMENT cies utilizing drifts and de- Management Plans and other RECOMMENDATIONS termine how and what they resource management plan- are using them for. ning documents, where ap- While the National Forest Manage- plicable. ment Act (1976) and Endangered Cooperate, consult, and coor- Species Act (1973) specify objectives dinate with state and federal 3. Develop specific supple- and set policy, the Forest Service resource management agen- ments, for individual Na- Manual provides guidance and di- cies, universities and col- tional Forests, to the Forest rection to realize these objectives re- leges, public and private con- Service Manual concerning lating to species of special concern servation organizations, and the inventory, evaluation, and their habitats. These documents other interested publics to and management of these mandate consideration of these promote conservation, edu- excavations. unique and valuable resources in all cation, and research. phases of planning and project im- 4. Prepare a chapter in the Ou- "Ultimately, the survival of most plemen tation. a.chita National Forest Wild- species depends more on Nieland and Thornton (1985), Nie- life Handbook providing di- habitat protection than on direct land (19851, Hathorn and Thornton rection and guidance con- shielding of the creatures them- (19861, and Chaney (1984) provide cerning management of selves" (Smith 1984). additional information, guidance and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Black, Jeffery H. 1980. Amphibians of Arkansas. p. 381427. In: Let us Oklahoma-a checklist. Bulletin build us a city. Harcourt Brace We thank District Rangers John M. Oklahoma Herpetological Society Jovanovich, Publishers, New York. Archer and Rex B. Mann, Resource 4:78-80. Harvey, Michael J., John J. Cassidy, Assistant Clifford F. Hunt, and Wild- Blair, Albert P., and Hague L. Lind- and Gary G. O'Hagan. 1981. En- life Staff Officer Dr. David F. Urb- say, Jr. 1965. Color pattern vari- dangered bats of Arkansas: Distri- ston, all of the Ouachita National ation and distribution of two large bution, status, ecology and man- Forest, for their support and encour- Plethodon salamanders endemic to agement. Final Report to Arkansas agement during this study. Special the Ouachita Mountains of Okla- Game and Fish Commission, US. appreciation is extended to Clark homa and Arkansas. Copeia 3:331- Forest Service (Ozark National Efaw, Belinda Jonak, Stan Neal, Di- 335. Forest) and National Park Service anne Saugey, and Derrick Sugg for Branner, John C. 1888. Annual report (Buffalo National River). Memphis valuable assistance in the field. Le- of the Geological Survey of Arkan- State University, 80 pp. onard Aleshire and David Heath sas. Volume 1. Little Rock. 103pp. Hathorn, Jim, and Jer Thornton. were most helpful in locating aban- Caire, William. 1985. Summer ecol- 1986. The common sense guide to doned mines in the Polk County ogy of the bats in southeastern cave gates. American Cave Con- area. The Arkansas Geological Com- Oklahoma. Final Report. Okla- servation Association 1:23-44. mission provided useful information homa Department Wildlife Con- Heath, Darrell R., Gary A. Heidt, concerning the location of mines. servation, Oklahoma City. 22 pp. David A. Saugey and V. Rick This study was supported, in part, by Chaney, Steve W. 1984. Cave Man- McDaniel. 1983. Arkansas range the U.S. Forest Service (Ouachita Na- agement Plan. USDI, National extensions of the seminole bat (La- tional Forest), a University of Arkan- Park Service, Buffalo National siurus sminolus) and eastern big- sas Faculty Research Grant and the River, Arkansas. 24 pp. eared bat (Plecotus rafinesquii) and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Clardy, Benjamin F., and William V. additional county records for the College of Science's Office of Re- Bush. 1976. Mercury District of hoary bat (Lnsiurus cinereus), sil- search, Science and Technology. southwest Arkansas. Information ver-haired bat (Lasionycteris nocti- Circular 23. Arkansas Geological vagans) and evening bat (Nycficeius Commission, 57 pp. hurneralis). Proceedings Arkansas LITERATURE CITED Culver, David C. 1986. Cave Faunas. Academy Science 37:90-91. Pp. 427-443. In Conservation Biol- Heath, Darrell R., David A. Saugey, Ashton, Ray E. 1976. Endangered ogy: The science of scarcity and and Gary A. Heidt. 1986. Aban- and threatened amphibians and diversity. Michael E. Soule, editor. doned mine fauna of the Ouachita reptiles in the United States. Soci- Sinaeur Assoc. Inc., Publishers, Mountains, Arkansas: Vertebrate ety Study Amphibians Reptiles, Sunderland, MA. 584 pp. taxa. Proceedings Arkansas Acad- Herpetological Circular 5,65 pp. Davis, Wayne H., William Z. Lid- emy Science 4O(in press). Barbour, Roger W., and Wayne H. icker, Jr., and John A. Sealander. Hudgins, Mary D. 1971. Gold and Davis. 1969. Bats of America. Uni- 1955. Myotis austroriparius in Ar- silver boom town of Bear thrived versity Press of Kentucky, Lexing- kansas. Journal of Mammalogy for a decade. The Record: Hot ton. 286 pp. 36:288. Springs-Garland County Histori- Barnett, Douglas Eldon. 1970. An Dunn, Emmett R., and Albert A. cal Society 12:98-102. ecological investigation of cavemi- Heinze. 1933. A new salamander Humphrey, Stephen R. 1978. Status, cole populations in Mansell Cave, from the Ouachita Mountains. winter habitat, and management Randolph County, Arkansas. M.S. Copeia 3:121-122. of the endangered Indiana bat, Thesis, Northwestern State Uni- Gates, J. Edward, George A. Feld- Myutis sodalis. Florida Science versity, Natchitoches, LA. 51 pp. hamer, Lizabe th A. Griffith, and 41:65-76. Barr, Thomas C. 1963. Ecological Richard L. Raesly. 1984. Status of Hurter, J. and J.K. Strecker, Jr. 1909. classification of cavernicoles. Cave cave-dwelling bats in Maryland: Amphibians and reptiles of Ar- Notes 5:9-12. Importance of marginal habitats. kansas. Transactions Academy Bishop, Sherman C. 1943. Handbook Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:162- Science St. Louis 18:ll-27. of Salamanders. Comstock Pub- 169. Ireland, Patick H. 1971. Systematics, lishing Company, Ithaca. 555 pp. Glass, Byron P., and Claud M. Ward. reproduction and demography of Black, Jeffery H. 1974. Notes on Ple- 1959. Bats of the genus Myotis the salamander Euycea mu1tipli- thodon ouachitae in Oklahoma. Pro- from Oklahoma. Journal of Mam- cata. Ph.D. Dissertation. 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