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Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik: Titans of Peace and Architects of Post-WWII International Cooperation

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Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik: Titans of Peace and Architects of Post-WWII International Cooperation University at Albany, State University of New York Scholars Archive History Honors College Spring 5-2020 Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik: Titans of Peace and Architects of Post-WWII International Cooperation Ankeith Prince Illiparambil University at Albany, State University of New York, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_history Part of the Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Illiparambil, Ankeith Prince, "Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik: Titans of Peace and Architects of Post- WWII International Cooperation" (2020). History. 14. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_history/14 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at Scholars Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in History by an authorized administrator of Scholars Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik: Titans of Peace and Architects of Post-WWII International Cooperation An honors thesis presented to the Department of History, University at Albany, State University of New York In partial fulfillment of the requirements For graduation with Honors in History and Graduation from The Honors College Ankeith Prince Illiparambil Research Mentor: Richard Fogarty, Ph.D. Second Reader: Christopher Pastore, Ph.D. May 2020 Abstract This thesis examines the impact that the leadership of Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik had on both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the greater trajectory of international cooperation as orchestrated by the United Nations. The study begins by looking at the “Big Three” conferences organized by the Allied Powers near the end of World War II and the hope that American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had for what could be accomplished by international cooperation. From there, we follow the leadership of Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik as members of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Specifically, I highlight the socially progressive imperative championed by Chairwoman Eleanor Roosevelt and the emphasis on the individual over the state that ECOSOC President Charles Malik believed should be the first priority of any future legislation produced by the U.N. Finally, the thesis considers subsequent legislation and court cases that are seen as victories for universal human rights, and that draw on the UDHR as their justification and philosophical predecessor. Drawing on the words of Roosevelt and Malik through their diaries, personal correspondence, and the transcripts of United Nations meetings and debates, this essay refutes the critiques of those who believe the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be a failed attempt at universal legislation, it challenges those who view Roosevelt and Malik as merely figureheads and pawns in a game of compromises among the strongest nations, and it defines the deliberations that produced the UDHR in 1947 and 1948 as a pivotal moment in the course of international cooperation and ‘universal’ legislation. Before December 10, 1948, the balance of power and the terms of peace were dictated by the strongest states. After that day, the United Nations, guided by the UDHR, determined to give every state and every individual an equal voice in the debates and products of international cooperation. ii Acknowledgements Many people have helped me through the process of writing this paper. Without each and every one of them and their continued commitment and support, this endeavor would not have been possible. For the first two years of my college career, I thought that I would never make it to this moment. Time and time again, Dean Chang and my honors advisor, Anita Hanson, pushed me to power forward when the odds were against me. Even when I gave up, they believed in me. When I decided to pursue the honors program, Dr. Michitake Aso went above and beyond to provide me with the resources to succeed in the program. He opened the door for me, welcoming me into what would prove to be an unbelievable experience with the UAlbany History Department. Throughout the past year, my classmates, Hannah Cast, Nicholas Dorthe, John Ginder, Lukas Moller, Chloe Ross, and Shouyue Zhang have been an incredible resource. Each of them has read large portions of this paper, offering substantial advice that has led to significant revisions and improvements. We struggled together and now we have succeeded together. My mentors, Dr. Richard Fogarty and Dr. Christopher Pastore, were pivotal to the substance of this paper. They were each willingly receptive to my chaotic process and time and time again, pushed me to go outside of my comfort zone and pursue the ideas that sparked my interest. They provided direction when I became lost in my words and thoughts. My girlfriend, Morgan Bennett, has been by my side since my first day at UAlbany. Without her, I would not have achieved half of what I have. I cannot begin to explain the gratitude I have for every late night she stayed up with me listening to my barely formed ideas or proofreading my introduction over and over. When I mentioned books that I should consider reading, she purchased a half-dozen for me believing they would be helpful in my research. Whenever I felt like I was hitting a wall, she was my source of encouragement. Every small act of kindness, compassion, and belief pushed me to be the best I could be. Over the past three years, she has been my most vocal advocate, my most ardent supporter, and the shining light in my life at my darkest times. And finally, thank you to my parents, Prince and Deepthi, who have given me everything. For over twenty-one years, they have sacrificed day after day to provide me with access to every opportunity to succeed. My dad left India, the country of his birth when he was only a teenager; my mother arrived here in her early twenties. While I was growing up, they always said to me, “We will never ask you to become a doctor or an engineer or a lawyer. We only ask that whatever you choose to do, you do it with commitment, and the desire to be the best that you can be.” They always encouraged me to follow my dreams and strive for success in everything I did. We might not have always seen eye to eye when I was a kid, but I am thankful for everything that they have done for me. My parents are the reason I am the man that I am today. iii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iii A Consensus Has (Almost) Been Reached .....................................................................................1 The Titan and the Architect ............................................................................................................6 From Yalta to Paris: The Americans and Post-World War II Peace Legislation .........................11 Eleanor Roosevelt Breaks the Mold .............................................................................................17 A Changing of the Guard: The Rise of Charles Malik .................................................................24 A Pivotal Moment: Eleanor Roosevelt and Charles Malik Reject the Old Order ........................33 Body of Proof: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Legislation Since 1948 .............40 A World Made New ......................................................................................................................45 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................54 iv A Consensus Has (Almost) Been Reached On December 10, 1948, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Chairwoman Eleanor Roosevelt and U.N. Economic and Social Council President Charles Malik stood together at the head of the Great Hall of the Palais de Chaillot before fifty-eight national delegations from across the world. There, they presented to the U.N. General Assembly the culmination of nearly two years of negotiations, what Roosevelt had referred to as the ‘Magna Carta to all Mankind,’ the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.1 With the Eiffel Tower less than a kilometer away, a triumph of human determination soaring over the Seine, the world leaders gathered, recognizing the countless hours that had gone into the program and the leadership that had made it possible. The Declaration was a watershed moment in human history; mankind, the document proclaimed, would not make the same mistakes again.2 Hundreds of men and women gathered that cold winter day to say no more to pointless death and destruction, and to do their part in preventing the apocalyptic wars and genocides that had plagued humanity for centuries. Hernán Santa Cruz, a Chilean member of the drafting committee, wrote: “I perceived clearly that I was participating in a truly significant historic event in which a consensus had been reached as to the supreme value of the human person, a value that did not originate in the decision of a worldly power, but rather in the fact of existing—which 1 UN General Assembly. “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 217 (III) A (Paris, 1948). 2 Lynn Avery Hunt, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2007)
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