The Rare Lovebirds... trol flock of Normal Greens when working with the mutations and com­ A Future Focus binations. One of the most commonly asked questions I receive is, "If I mate a Blue bird with a Yellow bird what will I get?" I used to be able to answer that question, however, without knowing the The Peach.-faced Lovebird background of the Blue bird or the Yellow bird, your guess is as good as Agapornis roseicollis and its Mutations mine! So, now let us begin to look at the by Rick Smith evolution of the mutations and combi­ Lakeview Terrace, California nations in the Peach-faced Lovebird. In order to understand this, one must he Peach-faced Lovebird, from brood while I was in Africa, and I had know that there are three methods or T Angola and Southwest Africa is, them boarded with a friend. I was dis­ patterns of inheritance. They are reces­ along with the Budgerigar and the appointed not to have been there to wit­ sive, sex-linked and dominant factor. In Cockatiel, the most common psittacine ness this, however the couple rewarded the simple recessive, a Green Normal species in aviculture. In the wild there me with many more clutches of babies mated with a Blue will produce babies are two distinct races, one having over the years. that are all of a Normal Green col­ brighter coloration and found in an While the Peach-faced Lovebird has oration, however are split or are capa­ isolated limited range. Ironically, the produced many color mutations, some ble when paired with either another Peach-faced was not one of the first say even more than the Budgrigar, the split or a Blue bird of producing a species imported, however with its normal Green is still a beautiful bird. In Blue offspring. willingness to go forth and propagate, this article I have decided to concentrate Let me try to simplify the RECESSIVE its popularity caught on quickly. It has on the mutations and various combi­ in the charts below. produced a myriad of mutations and nations that have evolved. However, fIrst Normal Green mated to or "x" Blue = combinations, and done so in a relatively let me explain the difference between Normal Green split to Blue babies. short period of time. a mutation and a combination. Two of We chart this: My very first bird was a male Peach­ the first mutations produced were the Table One faced, and he lived for 16 years and sired Blue and the American Yellow Normal Green x Blue = Normal many offspring. At 14 (my age when I (Cherryhead). A combination of these Green/Blue got him) they did not often hand- feed two can eventually produce an American Note the first color is the visible baby lovebirds for pets. However, at the White (Silver). A combination is thus color and the "/" mark indicates Palos Verdes Bird Faun, where I acquired defined as a pairing of two or more SPLIT, followed by the color for him, there was a tame baby on a "pure" mutations. In the early days which the bird is split. playpen and I knew that's what I want­ when the new mutations were being Now let's mate two Normal ed. (Actually, I originally wanted a established, the genetics were fairly Green/Blue together and see what hap­ Mynah Bird, but when my mother saw easy to comprehend. However, as more pens. the bottom of a Mynah's cage, she and more combinations were tried, the Table Two said, "no way!") Unfortunately the baby genetic backgrounds of many birds Normal Green/Blue x Normal on the playpen was sold, but the became so diverse it was virtually Green/Blue = employee at the bird farm assured me impossible to predict what some pair­ 25% Normal Green they were easy to tame if acquired ings would produce. In my opinion 50% Normal Green/Blue young, and this proved correct. So this is unfortunate and it is primarily due 25% Blue home I went with a baby bird fresh out to the fact that normal Greens were not In other words if four babies are of the aviary, with some black still on used as a control when breeding. There produced, on the average one will be his beak and his wings clipped. I was is a warning "flag" to this as well. Some a visible Blue and the other three will so excited that I immediately took him of the original mutations such as the be visible Greens, two ofwhich may be to the bathtub with a wooden dowel and American Yellow (or Golden Cherryhead split to Blue. within 15 minutes he was sitting calm­ as it was first called) are not common Now let's try some additional cros­ lyon my fmger. Thus began a love affair now as newer varieties have been ses. that has cost me thousands of dollars to developed. Table Three this day. While I have kept and bred Second, the size of the bird is start­ Normal Green/Blue x Blue = many species of birds, the Agapornids ing to decline, something that would not 50% Normal Green/Blue remain one of my favorites, and I have happen ifthe birds were periodically out­ 50% Blue never been without them in the col­ crossed to Normal Greens. For exam­ In this cross note all the visible green lection. "Tiki," as I named him remained ple, a pairing over successive generations birds will be split to Blue, or out of four quite friendly for his entire life, even of Lutino to Lutino will definitely result babies produced, ON THE AVERAGE when breeding (a trait I attribute more in smaller and probably weaker birds. two will be green colored split to Blue, to the males than females). He and So, as I have stated in other articles, I and two Blue colored. his first mate actually had their first feel it is imperative to maintain a con- Now let's cross two Blue birds.

afa WATCHBIRD 23 Table Four Table Six In order to understand some com­ Blue x Blue = Normal Green (MALE) x Lutino binations and how they are inherited, 100% Blue (FEMALE) = we must realize that more than one All babies produced in this pairing will Normal Green Females method of inheritance may be involved. I be visibly Blue colored. Normal Green/Lutino Males The beautiful Creamino (sometimes In the beginning, with the first reces­ Note all the birds in this pairing are mistakenly called Albino) is produced sive mutations these genetic tables visibly green and no Lutinos are pro­ by mating offspring from a Blue x were an accurate means of predicting duced. Lutino. Thus both sex-linkage and what offspring would be produced recessive tables must be considered. and what pairings would produce the My point in introducing the genetics best results. We did not want "POSSI­ Table Seven ofthe Peach-faced Lovebird is not to con­ fuse you, but to give you a point of ref­ I BLE SPLITS," or the green colored birds Normal Green/Lutino (MALE) x which mayor may not be able to pro­ Lutino (FEMALE) = erence in how the mutations evolved and duce Blues as seen in Table two. Normal Green Females what methods of inheritance were con­ IMPORTANT NOTE: Before we go Normal Green/Lutino Males tributed in the many combinations. any further it is important for the Lutino Females As I introduce some ofthe many color novice to understand that many of the Lutino Males varieties of the Peach-faced Lovebird, visible colored birds we have today Note that in this pairing all four pos­ I will utilize the names given and are not pure mutations. They are COM­ sibilities can be produced including accepted by the African Love Bird BINATIONS and may be split for many Lutino Males. Society. I will try wherever possible to different colors. Thus the confusion If two Lutinos, a male and a female, give commonly used names as well, when a white bird may appear in a nest are crossed, all the babies will be however I advocate sticking with the of a Blue x Blue. If this happened we Lutino, and both sexes will be pro­ ALBS's nomenclature. To our foreign would then know, that the parent birds duced. readers, I apologize in advance, as I while being of a visible Blue color, The third method of inheritance in know that you have your own names were also split to white. There is, to some lovebirds is called a FACTOR. A factor for the mutations and combinations, and degree, no limit to the number of com­ is a dominant mutation and can be they may not coincide with ours. binations that can be produced, and it carried by either sex. The American becomes increasingly difficult to under­ Yellow Pieds are an example of a muta­ stand a bird's genetic background and tion produced by a single factor. When predict the colors of its offspring. birds cany a factor there is no such thing MUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS The next method of inheritance we as a split. They are either Pied or IN PEACH-FACED LOVEBIRDS will examine is what is called SEX­ Normal Green. If a Pied is mated with LINKED. The example we will use a Normal Green, both Pieds and Normal Green Pied Peach-faced here involved the Lutino. In a sex­ Greens can be produced. The first mutation and still one of the linked mutation we can have Lutinos of We also can examine the dark factors, most beautiful to occur was the Green either sex, however ONLY THE MALES both single and double. For example, Pied, also called the American Green can be split. This is a little more com­ a single dark factor green is called a Pied, or previously, Yellow Pied. It plicated, because now we must not Medium Green or sometimes Jade. A was developed in the thirties in an only look at the color of the birds double dark factor green is called a Dark aviary owned by a Mr. Ebert outside of being paired, but the sex as well. Let's Green or sometimes Olive. Thus, with Los Angeles. According to the late look at some pairings. In these tables dark factors we have three Green pos­ David West, Mr. Ebert was quite pos­ the male will be the first bird listed and sibilities. sessive ofthe birds, however, he did fmal­ the female second. Normal Green - no factor ly part with a few to West on the Medium Green - one dark factor condition that none be sold until he Dark Green - two or double dark (Ebert) died. Many ofthe birds eventually Table Five factor ended up in the hands of the late Mrs. Lutino (MALE) x Normal Green Some pairings here may include: TM. Towne of Sunland and she raised (FEMALE) = Normal Green x Medium Green = hundreds until deciding there was no Normal Green Females Normal Green Offspring market for them, and sent them all to Normal Green/Lutino Males Medium Green Offspring Japan. The Pieds are well established Lutino Females Dark Green x Medium Green = today and some gorgeous birds with 9(Jl/o As you can see, in this cross the Medium Green Offspring or more yellow coloration have been females produced will he either Normal Dark Green Offspring produced. One important note with Greens or Lutinos and he males pro­ Dark Green x Normal Green = pieds is that they tend to increase their duced will be split for Lutino. THERE Medium Green Offspring yellow coloration for up to three years. IS NO SUCH THING AS A SPLIT Thus, a baby that may appear disap­ FEMALE. pointing on fledging may acquire addi­ tional "piedness" with subsequent molts. As mentioned previously, Pied is a dominant factor and only one colored bird is necessary to produce Pied off­ spring. 24 July/August 1995 American White

Green Pied

afa WATCHBIRD 25 Blue Peach-faced the American Yellow as it is now known once again it was the late David West David West brought both the first probably originated in Australia. who really assured its establishment Blues and American Yellow Peach­ West did raise offspring from these in aviculture today. As you view these faced to the United States in the mid­ first birds, however we have come full birds today, try to remember that the first sixties from Holland. The Blue is not a circle again with this mutation and it is Lutinos sold in excess of a thousand dol­ true blue as in the Blue Masked Lovebird not as common as it once was. One lars each! The mutation is sex-linked. or the Blue Indian Ringneck Parakeet. would hate to see a bird with such a col­ \. In Europe I believe it is called Par orful past disappear from our aviaries. The Creamino (combination) Blue. The first Blues were produced in This mutation is recessive. Once the Lutino appeared we all Europe in a novice's collection who sup­ were curious to see what would hap­ posedly neither knew or appreciated Japanese Yellow Peach-faced pen ifcrossed to the Blue. In Budgerigars what he had. The "blue" is more "green­ The true Japanese Yellow never and Indian Ringnecks one could produce ish" in color and the scarlet on the became well established in the United a true Albino, however remember the forehead is replaced by a salmon pink. States. Lee Horton received several in Peach-faced Blue is not a true Blue. Thus, Blue is a recessive mutation. It is rela­ the late 70's (all hens) and stated they the bird first produced by Lee Horton tively common today and can be pur­ laid infertile or deformed eggs. It is of Vista, California was not white but a chased in many pet stores. probably still raised in Japan, and very pretty pastel yellow-cream color. reportedly exists in European collections. The eyes in this mutation are red as in The American Yellow Peach-faced the Lutino. In pet shops I still see these The Yellow Peach-faced has been COMBINATIONS birds incorrectly called Albinos, a muta­ known by a number of names, the All the mutations mentioned thus tion we have yet to produce. In pro­ most popular and common in the far were combined and the following ducing Creaminos from Lutinos and United States was "Golden Cherryhead." were produced, some which became Blues one must consider both the sex­ InJapan where the mutation was orig­ prevalent and others are rarely seen any­ linked and recessive methods of inher­ inally thought to have occurred, it was more. itance. This means that when working called "Imperial Cherryhead," although with splits, both sexes must be split blue it is now known that this is not the same American White (Silver) no matter what color, however, if Green mutation we see in this country today. The American White or Silver as it was or Blue, only males can be split to The history of this mutation is real­ initially known was first raised by David Lutino. ly quite interesting. The late Mrs. Towne West. It is produced by first pairing At this point I begin to lose track of claims to have had a dilute yellow bird the Blue with the American Yellow. If some of the chronological order of the appear in her flock of Pieds. However, their "double" split offspring are paired, evolution of the mutations and combi­ she claims no one showed any interest an American White can be produced. nations because a "population explosion" in the bird, and she sent it toJapan with The combination is recessive. was about to occur. the Pieds. Could that bird have been the founder for the Japanese Yellows Pied Crosses Dark Factors (Imperial Cherryheads) produced there? Green Pied x Blue = With the arrival of the dark factors a David West imported the first Yellows Pied Blue number of new combinations would be from Europe at the same time he Green Pied x American Yellow = produced. I believe Lee Horton received received Blues. A dealer named Mr. Pied American Yellow (Cherry the first of these. A single dark factor D'Or assured him that he had birds Pied) Green was first called a Jade, how­ from Japan in quarantine and that West Green Pied x American White = ever is now called Medium Green. A could have first option to them. Of 20 Pied American White (Silver Pied) double dark factor Green was called an birds, only two survived and these At one time the Cherry Pieds and Olive, now called Dark Green. The came to the United States. Admittedly, Silver Pieds were quite popular however, factors were immediately introduced to West was somewhat disappointed when today one seldom sees them. On the the Blue. A single dark factor Blue was the birds arrived, as they did not look other hand, the Pied Blue is quite pop­ initially called a Cobalt and the double like the birds' pictures he had seen ular and many gorgeous specimens a Mauve and later sometimes Slate. To from Japan. Eventually we realized that have been produced. The method of this there was a great deal of dis­ they were not the true Japanese Yellow, inheritance is both a dominant factor and agreement in the Love Bird Society, but a different dilute yellow entirely. In recessive. In other words a Green Pied as the names were the same as those 1981 a Miss Williams from Perth Australia must be split for Blue to produce a Pied used for single and double dark factor visited the collection of Lee Horton in Blue. Blue Budgerigars. However, again the Vista, California and was quite excited Blue Peach-faced is not a true blue, and to prove her theory that the bird we were ADDITIONAL MUTATIONS AND it was felt those names should be held calling Cherryhead at the time was COMBINATIONS for colors produced if and when a true . indeed the same bird she had pur­ Blue Peach-faced was produced. They chased from a Mrs. Davies in Perth. The Lutino are now referred to as Medium Blue and When she returned to Australia she In my opinion the most beautiful Dark Blue. The dark factors were intro­ asked Mrs. Davies where she sold her mutation ever produced in the Peach­ duced to the Pieds as well and even birds and was told she sold some to Mr. faced Lovebird is the Lutino. It originated today there is confusion as one sees ads D'Or in Holland. This proved that in the aviaries of a Mrs. Schertzer in Chula for Cobalt and Slate Pieds. The correct West's birds were not from Japan, and Vista, California in the sixties. However, names recognized by the African Love 26 July/August 1995 Bird Society are: Green ( ormal Green), Medium Green (Jade), Dark Green (Olive), Blue, Medium Blue (Cobalt), Judge us by the company we keep Dark Blue ( late), Pied Green, Pied Medium Green, Pied Dark Green, Pied Blue, Pied Medium Blue, Pied Dark Blue. Dark factors as discussed previous­ ly are dominant. Again for example, a pairing of Dark Blue with Medium Blue will produce both Dark and Medium Blue OffSPling. A pailing of Dark Blue with Blue will produce Medium Blue offspring. Dark factors would be introduced to virtually every mutation and combina­ tion from here forward. USDA • US. Center for Disease Control • Mayo Clinic • Saudi Royal Family Cinnatnons Sloan-Kettering Institute • Walt Disney World • Busch Gardens • Opryland The Cinnamon is a mutation where Six Flags • Lion Country Safari • US. Army • US. Air Force • VA Hospitals the melanin pigments have changed to Countless Zoos • Universities and Game Preserves throughout the Free World brown. Thus, the body color will be lighter and the flight feathers will be a Write for our free catalog! light brown or "cinnamon" color. The rump is mud1 darker. Cinnamons are also hom wid1 plum colored eyes which dark­ The Humidaire Incubator Company en as they mature. The Fallow, which Department W, P.O. Box 9, New Madison, OH 45346-0009 I will discuss later, retains the red eyes. There are currently two different (513) 996-3001 Cinnamon mutations. One is known as • FAX (513) 996-3633 the American Cinnamon and the other Serving the world for 61 years me Australian Cinnamon. The Australian Cinnamon is more yellowish in the Green form. In me Blue combination me birds are not quite as hlue, perhaps described as a little "creamier" in the Australian. All Cinnamons are sex­ linked. In both the American and Australian Cinnamons most of the other muta­ tions have been introduced in combi­ nation and are recognized in shows. Many are beautiful birds including the Pieds. The dark factors as well as the White-faced and Orange-faced which I will discuss later have been introduced as well.

Lacewing I first heard of the existence of the Lacewing in the collection of Dr. Rainer Erhart in the early eighties. Dr. Erhart claims to have produced this in a cross where the male is a CiI1namon split for Lutino and Blue and me hen a Blue. He produced a Yellow and a White Lacewing from d1is pairing. He claimed mat at first glance me Yellow resembled a Lutino, however the feathers are darker wim a slight Cinnamon overcast. The flights are Cinnamon, not white a in the Lutino although the eyes are dark red. The rump is light blue. The

::tfa WATCHBIRD 27 White resembles a Creamino but the body feathers are less yellow and the flight off-white. I do not believe thi mutation wa ever firmly estahli hed.

Graywings Lee Horton reported in an article for the African Love Bird Society mag­ azine in 1983 that a bird sold to him a an American Yellow actually varied greatly. The hird wa much more heav­ ily suffused with gr en and the flight feathers were gray, in tead of near white as in the American Yellow. The bird was placed in a flight with Yellows and it was several seasons before Lee noticed there a variation in the suffusion of green in his Yellows. orne of the Graywings had also been paired off with Blues, and suhsequently two Blue Graywings appeared. It appears this mutation is reces ive a is the American Yellow. bnperial Golden-cherryhead (American Yellow) Whitefaced The Whitefaced actually flfSt appeared in Belgium in the seventies, however it was not until the early eighties that

Pied American Cinnamon Blue

Dark Blue (l€!(t, Blue (rip,htJ

28 July/August 1995 we began to establish them in the United States. This mutation is a dom­ inant factor and occurs as both a single and a double factor. The single factor is known as a Seagreen while the dou­ ble factor is referred to as Whitefaced Blue. A with tuany of the factored birds there is some variation by degree in the body colors of these birds. This factor has been combined with dark fac­ tors to produce both Medium and Dark Seagreen as well as Medium and Dark Whitefaced Blue. It has been introduced in combination as well to the American Silver, Creamino, Pied Blue, and American and Australian Cinnamons. The mature Whitefaced Blue has a completely white face and either white or only faintly pink frontal band. The blue is closer than any other to the "true blue" we have been seeking. It is very pop­ ular and many are being bred today.

Medium Blue (single dark/actor) Orangefaced One of the most exciting things that can happen is to have a new mutation appear in one's aviaries for the first time. Mr. John Biggs Sr. of San Bernardino, California had raised lovebirds for many years, when in the spring of 1980 a fledg­ ling from a pair of normal Green split to Blue Peach-faced caught his attention.

Q) CJ) "Do o o Q) oCJ) Q) CJ "D Cro c o (I)a. E o .c. t- a: Q) o­ ..Q (f) o (5 .c. Cl.

White-faced Blue

Creamino

afa WATCHBIRD 29 This offspring, instead of the normal Red sometimes parents from other pairs salmon pink on the throat, was hright Occasionally one hears ofred coloring will not appreciate young birds in prox­ orange. This new mutation was called particularly on the breast of the Peach­ imity to their nest. The male will feed Orangefaced. The young bird which faced Lovebird and one time they were the fledglings until weaned, and usu­ turned out to he a male was mated out even heing called red Pieds. However, ally the female will return immediate­ and a number of splits were produced while I have seen a couple ofthese birds, ly and lay another clutch. Two or three which in turn in 1982 produced more I have never heard of the color being clutches should be the maximum to Orangefaced. Since the original bird transferred from one generation to the maintain health and stamina in the produced was split Blue, John had next. It appears the color is acquired and adults. Babies are mature at about nine introduced the color to his Blue stock is not a mutation or comhination. months and can be hred at one year. as well and in 1982 the first Yellowfaced The diet for Peach-faced is the same as the Blue form was to he called Other Colors as for the rest ofthe family. A small hook­ appeared. The mutation is recessive. It We can hope to see the development bill mix forms the basis. Some greens, has heen comhined with many other col­ of other color mutations in the Peach­ sprouted seed fruits and vegetables ors and is quite striking. On a visit to Lee faced Lovebird. We eagerly await the like shredded carrot, along with a Horton's I was particularly impressed to "true blue" and suhsequently a pure true vitamin-mineral supplement round it out. see Orangefaced Dark Greens, a very Alhino and possibly a gray Peach­ For those with an interest in Lovebirds, pretty combination. faced. you might consider joining the African Love Bird Society. Its address is PO. Box Yellow Dark-Eyed Clear Breeding and Feeding 142, San Marcos, California 92079-0142. The Yellow Dark-Eyed Clear origi­ There is nothing particularly difficult Dues are $20 annually, and an excellent nated in Australia and was called about breeding Peach-faced Lovebirds, journal is puhlished. Please indicate Australian Pieds. Different from the and they make a great bird for the you heard of the Society through the AFA American Pied, this mutation is reces­ novice. They can be hred in a cage or Watchhird. sive. When comhined with Blues it is an aviary, however 18 in. square would Most important, keep raising those known as White Dark-Eyed Clear. he the smallest cage I would recommend. quality Lovebirds. The next new muta­ The main thing is to get a pair. Peach­ tion could appear in your aviaries ... Violet faced Lovehirds are not sexually dimor­ The Violet factors are prohably attract­ phic, meaning there is no color difference Acknowledgments: ing more attention than any mutation cur­ hetween the sexes. So you must rely on Many people have helped me throughout rently, and in the various combinations either a knowledgeahle experienced the years. David West was a friend, teacher and are producing some very attractive breeder, or one of the several methods a "mentor" in learning about the lovebirds. Lee Horton and Roland Dubuc, co-founders of the birds. Green Violets are primarily'dis­ of sexing available. If hred in a group African Love Bird Society, continue to assure tinguishable hy the deep violet color of the birds will find their own mates of the prevalence of lovebirds in American avi­ the rump. When comhined with the choice, however be careful as extra culture. Dr. Rainer Erhart, Mark Roberts, Blue, one starts to see the more purple birds are not always welcome and seri­ Nancy Polloreno and the staff at the San colored birds which are sought after. ous fighting may occur. Diego lex) have been helpful and supportive. There are certainly degrees of shading A wooden nest box, hudgie size or A big THANK YOU to all. and two hirds of the same combination a little larger is desirahle. I do not rec­ may not look the same. Whitefaced ommend Cockatiel boxes as they are too Author's Note: I want to tell you about a misfortune in my Violets are a pretty combination with large. They need nesting material and collection in the hopes it will not happen to you. striking contrast between the facial the section of the country you live in will This yearin the Nyasa colony 15eggs were laid color and hody. Violet Pieds can he determine what you use. In California in the first round by three pairs and 10 heautiful as well, however as in all we have an ample supply of palm hatched, a ratherpleasing accomplishment. It Pieds, variance occurs. Some Violet fronds. However, willow branches, was not to last however, as the babies began Pieds are so indistinguishable that one honeysuckle or acacia can be offered. dying offconsistently. I sent them inforpost­ ~ ing and the results came back Candida. The must .look very closely to see if they carry One should avoid things like newspa­ vet andI ux>re baffled as to where it camefrom ...J the violet factor. The violet factors have per, string or hurlap as these provide no and then realized theproblem was probably also been introduced to the American humidity in the nest, which is required. in the cooked beans Ifeed, which I have advo­ and Australian Cinnamons. The female will cut the nest material into cated and the birds relished. It was a costly les­ strips and carry them to the hox in son to leant, andI now recommend that ifbeans I Fallow her rump feathers where she will con­ arefed, feed in separate sterile or disposable The Fallow like the Cinnamon has struct a pad and occasionally a semi­ containers, and remove uneaten portions within 30 minutes of offering. The Nyasas a reduction of melanin which give~ it a domed nest. Four to five eggs are "wash" lightening the body color. were medicated and two babies have sur­ average, laid every other day, and incu­ vived sofar. The prognosisfor these birds is still However it retains the albinistic red hated for 21 days. The first egg laid will not very good. Their immune systems are eye. One hreeder told me the eye is even hatch first, and if fertile, the others will weak and apparently they do notfare well in I redder than that of a Lutino. I believe hatch every other day in the order they proximity to other birds. A second round ofeggs the bird first appeared in Germany in were laid. The babies will fledge in about have been laid, and now most ofthem are infer­ two different strains. So far in the seven to eight weeks, with the oldest out tile (most ofthefirst eggs werefertile), a prob­ United States, they have proven difficult first. lem we sawyears ago in Nyasas. Ironically, their to estahlish and few birds have been pro­ nearest rare cousin, the Black-eheeked Lovebird If you choose to breed in a colony, is becoming well established now andtheirfuture I duced. It is recessive. you should watch for fighting because looks secure. ,.. 30 July/August 1995