DOCSLIB.ORG

Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra الكرنك: تطور معبد آمون رع

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra الكرنك: تطور معبد آمون رع KARNAK: DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEMPLE OF AMUN-RA الكرنك: تطور معبد آمون رع Elaine A. Sullivan EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief Area Editor Geography University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Sullivan 2010, Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra. UEE. Full Citation: Sullivan, Elaine A., 2010, Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002564qn 1132 Version 1, September 2010 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002564qn KARNAK: DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEMPLE OF AMUN-RA الكرنك: تطور معبد آمون رع Elaine A. Sullivan Karnak, die Baugeschichte des Amuntempels Karnak, le développement du temple d’Amon-Ra The temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak (Luxor) experienced over 1,500 years of construction, destruction, renovation, and expansion. Here we provide a detailed survey of the current understanding of the temple’s chronological development, based primarily on published excavation reports, as well as interpretive articles and recent discoveries at the site. على مدار أكثر من 1500 عام مر معبد آمون رع بالكرنك بمراحل من البناء، التدمير، التجديد و التوسيع. ھذه المقالة تعطي دراسة تفصيلية عن الفكر الحالي للتطور التاريخي للمعبد طبقاً لما ورد بتقارير الحفائر و أيضاً إستناداً إلى المقاﻻت التفسيرية و اﻹكتشافات ةالجديد . he ancient city of Thebes (or the Aten; north Karnak, the site of the temple Waset as it was known in of the god Montu; and main/central Karnak, T Egyptian) played an important with its temple to the god Amun-Ra. role in Egyptian history, alternately serving as a major political and religious center. The Origins of the Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak city’s tombs, including those in the Valley of The first incontrovertible evidence for the the Kings and the Valley of the Queens, are existence of a temple of Amun-Ra in the area located on the west bank of the Nile, in the of Karnak comes from the reign of Intef II in area’s limestone cliffs. The mortuary temples the First Intermediate Period. However, of many of the New Kingdom kings edge the Egyptologists initially suspected that a temple flood plain of the Nile. The houses and existed at the site as early as the Old workshops of the ancient Thebans were Kingdom. (This early temple would have been primarily located on the river’s east bank. dedicated to the individual god Amun rather Little remains of the ancient settlement, as it is than the syncretized deity “Amun-Ra,” as covered by the modern city of Luxor. A series existing texts refer to Amun-Ra only after the of important temples, composing the religious Old Kingdom.) The “chamber of ancestors” heart of Thebes, constitutes most of what in the Akhmenu “Festival Hall” contained a remains today. To the south, close to the series of reliefs (taken to the Louvre Museum banks of the Nile, lies the Temple of Luxor. in 1843) depicting Thutmose III offering to a To the north, joined to Luxor by a sphinx- select group of kings whom he honored as his lined avenue, stand the temples of Karnak. ancestors. Because the (destroyed) cartouche Karnak can be divided into four sections: of the first king in the series was followed by south Karnak, with its temple of the goddess that of Sneferu, the first king of the 4th Mut; east Karnak, the location of a temple to Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra, Sullivan, UEE 2010 1 Dynasty, and the names of four subsequent inscription dedicated by that king. A stela Old Kingdom kings (Sethe 1961 [Urk. IV]: from the Intef cemetery on the west bank that 608 - 610), some scholars interpreted this mentions the “Temple of Amun” also modified king-list as a record of the rulers provides support for the contention that such who contributed constructions to the temple, a cult place was operating prior to the Middle thus pushing the temple’s existence back Kingdom (Gabolde 1998: 112 - 113; Ullmann substantially to the late 3rd or early 4th Dynasty 2007: 4 - 6). Gabolde’s CFEETK excavations (Lauffray 1979: 45). A statue of the Old since the late 1990s have refocused interest on Kingdom king Niuserra Isi, found in Georges the earliest periods of the Amun-Ra Temple Legrain’s excavations at Karnak in the early at Karnak. A series of small sandstone-block 1900s, seemed to denote a tie between the platforms, no larger than 10 × 10 m, were Old Kingdom and a temple to Amun. examined. These platforms, located along the However, the statue was not necessarily west side of the later “Middle Kingdom dedicated to the god Amun, and whether it court,” lay below the levels of the thresholds originally stood within a temple to this deity is of the Middle Kingdom temple of Senusret I impossible to know (Ullmann 2007: 3 - 4). (discussed below). Gabolde dated one phase Indeed, Luc Gabolde of the Centre Franco- of the reused sandstone in the series of Égyptien d’Étude des Temples de Karnak platforms to the early Dynasty 11 kings based (CFEETK) has recently identified a statue on a number of factors, including the inscribed for Pepy I, “beloved of Amun-Ra, similarity of the stone to other constructions Lord of Thebes,” as a Late Period votive of that period at Thebes. Other reused blocks, offering probably found at Karnak (Gabolde a few with fragments of relief scenes, could be 2008). If the practice of depositing statues of dated to the later 11th and early 12th Dynasties. kings from former times was common, the The platform therefore appeared to be the presence of Old Kingdom statuary in the location of the original temple and portico of Karnak “cachette” would not verify the Intef II, dismantled soon after his reign, and existence of an Old Kingdom temple. replaced or rebuilt by the later 11th Dynasty Gabolde, in his study of the Middle Kingdom kings and subsequently Amenemhat I at the court, noted that Old Kingdom ceramics were same location (Gabolde 1999; Ullmann 2007: completely lacking in that area, as well as in 6 - 7). other areas of the temple investigated down to Senusret I greatly elaborated the temple. the presumed level of the Old Kingdom Gabolde has recreated its form using blocks (1999: 47). Unless new evidence is discovered, excavated at Karnak in the early 1900s and these findings suggest that a temple to Amun, after. At the site of the platforms, Gabolde or to Amun-Ra, did not exist at Karnak visualized a limestone temple, punctuated by before the First Intermediate Period. four doorways with red granite thresholds. He theorized that the new temple was much Precinct of Amun-Ra at Karnak in the First larger than the earlier cult buildings on this Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom location, with the core structure covering With the ascendancy of the Intef family, the approximately 38 × 38 m (fig. 1), fronted by first hard evidence for the presence of a an impressive portico of square pillars with temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak appears. It was statues of the king in the pose of the god during this period of royal ambition and Osiris (a number of these pillars are currently display that Intef II is thought to have erected in the Cairo Museum). The building may have a small mud-brick temple, probably with a had a rectangular, open peristyle court, leading stone-columned portico, on the east bank for to a series of inner chambers via a central axis. the god Amun-Ra. Evidence for this The “holy of holies” (innermost sanctuary) construction comes from a sandstone column would have lain off-axis and could only have found reused at Karnak that includes an been reached by making a ninety-degree turn to the left from the central line of rooms Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra, Sullivan, UEE 2010 2 Senusret I added a number of small shrines to Karnak, probably lining important processional routes of the time. These included a black granite naos, a limestone bark shrine with side windows, and the famous peripteral chapel, known as the “White Chapel,” reconstructed in Karnak’s Open Air Museum (Pillet 1923; Traunecker 1982; Ullmann 2007: 10 - 12). The limestone White Chapel, decorated with scenes of the king interacting with Amun-Ra and other gods, seems to have been a bark shine, constructed to play a part in the king’s Sed Festival Figure 1. 3D visualization of Middle Kingdom celebrations (Lacau and Chevrier 1956). temple with mud-brick enclosure walls and pillared portico. Remains of mud-brick walls of the 11th or 12th Dynasty suggest that at least two (Gabolde 1998: 18 - 21). A calcite altar, reused enclosures encircled the Middle Kingdom and moved in the Ptolemaic Period, stood temple of Senusret I: a thick outer wall and a inside the room and held a shrine for the thinner interior wall with attached magazines statue of Amun-Ra (Gabolde 1995; Ullmann (Charloux 2007: pl. IV). The precinct can be 2007: 9). The later Akhmenu Festival Hall of imagined to have extended west at least to the Thutmose III echoed the layout of this position of the present fourth pylon. structure (Gabolde 1998; 1999: 34 - 35). Limestone doorjambs and lintels adorning the Excavations in the court of the later sixth enclosure wall’s entrances have been pylon have uncovered a series of mud-brick discovered at the site near the Middle walls hypothesized to have served as a large Kingdom court, and remains of the wall itself platform in the area.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canaan Or Gaza?
    Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections Pa-Canaan in the Egyptian New Kingdom: Canaan or Gaza? Michael G. Hasel Institute of Archaeology, Southern Adventist University A&564%'6 e identification of the geographical name “Canaan” continues to be widely debated in the scholarly literature. Cuneiform sources om Mari, Amarna, Ugarit, Aššur, and Hattusha have been discussed, as have Egyptian sources. Renewed excavations in North Sinai along the “Ways of Horus” have, along with recent scholarly reconstructions, refocused attention on the toponyms leading toward and culminating in the arrival to Canaan. is has led to two interpretations of the Egyptian name Pa-Canaan: it is either identified as the territory of Canaan or the city of Gaza. is article offers a renewed analysis of the terms Canaan, Pa-Canaan, and Canaanite in key documents of the New Kingdom, with limited attention to parallels of other geographical names, including Kharu, Retenu, and Djahy. It is suggested that the name Pa-Canaan in Egyptian New Kingdom sources consistently refers to the larger geographical territory occupied by the Egyptians in Asia. y the 1960s, a general consensus had emerged regarding of Canaan varied: that it was a territory in Asia, that its bound - the extent of the land of Canaan, its boundaries and aries were fluid, and that it also referred to Gaza itself. 11 He Bgeographical area. 1 The primary sources for the recon - concludes, “No wonder that Lemche’s review of the evidence struction of this area include: (1) the Mari letters, (2) the uncovered so many difficulties and finally led him to conclude Amarna letters, (3) Ugaritic texts, (4) texts from Aššur and that Canaan was a vague term.” 12 Hattusha, and (5) Egyptian texts and reliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • In Ancient Egypt
    THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Language Was Created by Sumerian Turks
    Advances in Anthropology, 2017, 7, 197-250 http://www.scirp.org/journal/aa ISSN Online: 2163-9361 ISSN Print: 2163-9353 The Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Language Was Created by Sumerian Turks Metin Gündüz Retired Physician, Diplomate ABEM (American Board of Emergency Medicine), Izmir, Turkey How to cite this paper: Gündüz, M. (2017). Abstract The Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Lan- guage Was Created by Sumerian Turks. The “phonetic sound value of each and every hieroglyphic picture’s expressed Advances in Anthropology, 7, 197-250. and intended meaning as a verb or as a noun by the creators of the ancient https://doi.org/10.4236/aa.2017.74013 Egyptian hieroglyphic picture symbols, ‘exactly matches’, the same meaning” Received: August 2, 2017 as well as the “first letter of the corresponding meaning of the Turkish word’s Accepted: October 13, 2017 first syllable” with the currently spoken dialects of the Turkish language. The Published: October 16, 2017 exact intended sound value as well as the meaning of hieroglyphic pictures as Copyright © 2017 by author and nouns or verbs is individually and clearly expressed in the original hierog- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. lyphic pictures. This includes the 30 hieroglyphic pictures of well-known con- This work is licensed under the Creative sonants as well as some vowel sounds-of the language of the ancient Egyp- Commons Attribution International tians. There is no exception to this rule. Statistical and probabilistic certainty License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ beyond any reasonable doubt proves the Turkish language connection. The Open Access hieroglyphic pictures match with 2 variables (the phonetic value and intended meaning).
    [Show full text]
  • The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 by Peter J
    The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project Field Report 2004-2005 By Peter J. Brand Introduction Collation of Facsimile Drawings of the Battle Reliefs of Ramesses II on the South Wall with Our field work was authorized by Egypt’s Su- Palimpsest of the Battle of Kadesh. preme Council of Antiquities and functioned with the cooperation of the Centre Franco-égyptien pour l’étude The main objective of the season was to com- des Temples de Karnak. We extend our thanks to our plete collation of war scenes on the south exterior wall other Egyptian and French colleagues: Dr. Zahi Hawas, of the Hypostyle Hall in order to produce facsimile President of the SCA, along with the entire Perma- drawings of these reliefs. Initial drawings of these war nent Committee which authorized our work. In Luxor, scenes were first made in 1995. We began collation of we are grateful to Mr. Ibrahim Sulliman, the Director the drawings in 1999 under the Project’s late director, of Karnak and Mr. Fawzy (our inspector); along with professor William J. Murnane. Our collation of the in- Nicolas Grimal and Emanuelle Laroche (scientific and scriptions on this wall was made more difficult by their field directors of the Centre). The expedition staff for poor state of preservation and the fact that part of the this season’s work included two epigraphists: the field wall is a palimpsest in stone with two sets of hieroglyph- director, Dr. Peter Brand of the University of Memphis, ic texts superimposed one atop the other. Tennessee and Dr. Suzanne Onstine from the Univer- sity of Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch First 20 Minutes
    Patterns of Evidence: Exodus Lesson 1 – Timeline Watch first 20 minutes on Right Now media Exodus Story – Biblical Summary ◦ Joseph moved his family to Egypt during the 7-year famine ◦ Israelites lived in the land of Goshen ◦ Years after Joseph died, a new pharaoh became fearful of the large numbers of Israelites. ◦ Israelites became slaves ◦ Moses was 80 when God sent him to Egypt to free the Israelites ◦ After Passover, the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years ◦ Israelites conquered the Promised Land An Overview of Egyptian History Problems with Egyptian History ◦ Historians began with multiple lists of Pharaoh’s names carved on temple walls ◦ These lists are incomplete, sometimes skipping Pharaohs ◦ Once a “standard” list had been made, then they looked at other known histories and inserted the list ◦ These dates then became the accepted timeline Evidence for the Late Date – 1250 BC • Genesis 47:11-12 • Exodus 18-14 • Earliest archaeological recording of the Israelites dates to 1210 BC on the Merneptah Stele o Must be before that time o Merneptah was the son of Ramses II • Ten Commandments and Prince of Egypt Movies take the Late Date with Ramses II Evidence for the Early Date – 1440 BC • “From Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology” by Andrew Steinmann • 1 Kings 6:1 – Solomon began building temple 480 years after the Exodus o Solomon’s reign began 971 BC and began building temple in 967 BC o Puts Exodus date at 1447 BC • 1 Chronicles 6 lists 19 generations from Exodus to Solomon o Assume 25 years per generation – Exodus occurred
    [Show full text]
  • Nilotic Livestock Transport in Ancient Egypt
    NILOTIC LIVESTOCK TRANSPORT IN ANCIENT EGYPT A Thesis by MEGAN CHRISTINE HAGSETH Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Kevin Glowacki Head of Department, Cynthia Werner December 2015 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2015 Megan Christine Hagseth ABSTRACT Cattle in ancient Egypt were a measure of wealth and prestige, and as such figured prominently in tomb art, inscriptions, and even literature. Elite titles and roles such as “Overseer of Cattle” were granted to high ranking officials or nobility during the New Kingdom, and large numbers of cattle were collected as tribute throughout the Pharaonic period. The movement of these animals along the Nile, whether for secular or sacred reasons, required the development of specialized vessels. The cattle ferries of ancient Egypt provide a unique opportunity to understand facets of the Egyptian maritime community. A comparison of cattle barges with other Egyptian ship types from these same periods leads to a better understand how these vessels fit into the larger maritime paradigm, and also serves to test the plausibility of aspects such as vessel size and design, composition of crew, and lading strategies. Examples of cargo vessels similar to the cattle barge have been found and excavated, such as ships from Thonis-Heracleion, Ayn Sukhna, Alexandria, and Mersa/Wadi Gawasis. This type of cross analysis allows for the tentative reconstruction of a vessel type which has not been identified previously in the archaeological record.
    [Show full text]
  • CANAANITES READING HIEROGLYPHS* Horus Is Hathor? – the Invention of the Alphabet in Sinai
    CANAANITES READING HIEROGLYPHS* Horus is Hathor? – The Invention of the Alphabet in Sinai By Orly Goldwasser This article is dedicated to the memory of Menakhem Shuval, a student at Tel Aviv University. Shuval wrote a Ph.D. thesis on local scarab production in Middle Bronze Age Canaan under the supervision of the late Pirhia Beck and myself. He concentrated on the definition of the local Canaanite scarab industry and collected hundreds of examples, which he divided into types of “specific Canaanite motifs.”1 His sudden death in December 1995 left behind a very extensive, unfinished manuscript, which comprises hundreds of pages of texts and plates and which has never been published. Many recent publications have confirmed his conclusions. May he rest in peace. PART ONE: HORUS IS HATHOR? to identify by the uninitiated as well, carry full meanings6 such as “the king of Upper and Lower An early, yet very common, combination of signs Egypt,” “life,7” “good,” “stability,” “gold,” “unifica- on Middle Bronze Age scarabs is (Fig. 1). It is tion,” “His Majesty,” “protection,” etc.; all these very frequently attested in Canaan and Byblos, signs may have simultaneously carried the addi- but is rare in Egypt.2 It does not appear in the tional prestige value “Egyptian” for their users. Uronarti collection or any other dated Egyptian One should remember that even in Egypt only a example, and is known from Tell el-Dabca from very small percentage of the population could two surface finds to date.3 This motif was by and read and write: the estimated range is 1–3%.8 Yet large explained by scholars as a combination of probably every Egyptian, and many foreigners the hieroglyph of the Horus falcon and a crudely too, would have recognized these specific icons executed n®r (R8) hieroglyph.4 and would have understood their meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Religion a Handbook
    A HANDBOOK OF EGYPTIAN RELIGION A HANDBOOK OF EGYPTIAN RELIGION BY ADOLF ERMAN WITH 130 ILLUSTRATIONS Published in tile original German edition as r handbook, by the Ge:r*rm/?'~?~~ltunf of the Berlin Imperial Morcums TRANSLATED BY A. S. GRIFFITH LONDON ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO. LTD. '907 Itic~mnoCLAY B 80~8,L~~II'ED BRIIO 6Tllll&I "ILL, E.C., AY" DUN,I*Y, RUFIOLP. ; ,, . ,ill . I., . 1 / / ., l I. - ' PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION THEvolume here translated appeared originally in 1904 as one of the excellent series of handbooks which, in addition to descriptive catalogues, are ~rovidedby the Berlin Museums for the guida,nce of visitors to their great collections. The haud- book of the Egyptian Religion seemed cspecially worthy of a wide circulation. It is a survey by the founder of the modern school of Egyptology in Germany, of perhaps tile most interest- ing of all the departments of this subject. The Egyptian religion appeals to some because of its endless variety of form, and the many phases of superstition and belief that it represents ; to others because of its early recognition of a high moral principle, its elaborate conceptions of a life aftcr death, and its connection with the development of Christianity; to others again no doubt because it explains pretty things dear to the collector of antiquities, and familiar objects in museums. Professor Erman is the first to present the Egyptian religion in historical perspective; and it is surely a merit in his worlc that out of his profound knowledge of the Egyptian texts, he permits them to tell their own tale almost in their own words, either by extracts or by summaries.
    [Show full text]
  • 67 Historical Foundations of Science and Technology in Egypt
    E-ISSN 2281-4612 Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol 2 No 6 ISSN 2281-3993 Published by MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza University of Rome August 2013 Historical Foundations of Science and Technology in Egypt Nagwa Nawar Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt Doi:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n6p67 Abstract This paper represents a brief description of the historical foundations of science and technology in Egypt. Since the ancient Egyptians were masters in metallurgy and were known throughout the ancient world as expert goldsmiths up to the twenty first century. Keywords: historical foundations of science and technology in Egypt. 1. Introduction For millennia, Egypt has made significant contributions to the progress of mankind and to the advancement of society. As a cradle of civilization and a beacon of knowledge, Egypt was a leader in scientific discoveries and innovations that defined the foundations of many fields including astronomy, chemistry, medicine, and of course engineering whose supremacy can still be seen today in the majestic architecture of the Pyramids and Karnak. The ancient Egyptians were enterprising people: they left many impressive monuments such as pyramids and temples; they were among the first nations to develop metallurgy, out of a need for tools; they were the first to extract copper from its ores and to extract gold by melting; they were experts in jewelry and gold working as is seen from the world-famous death mask of Tutankhamun.1 2. Ancient Egyptian Urban Planning and Infrastructure One indication of the Egyptians' advanced civilization is doubtless their knowledge of architecture and engineering (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Reading G Uide
    1 Reading Guide Introduction Pharaonic Lives (most items are on map on page 10) Bodies of Water Major Regions Royal Cities Gulf of Suez Faiyum Oasis Akhetaten Sea The Levant Alexandria Nile River Libya Avaris Nile cataracts* Lower Egypt Giza Nile Delta Nubia Herakleopolis Magna Red Sea Palestine Hierakonpolis Punt Kerma *Cataracts shown as lines Sinai Memphis across Nile River Syria Sais Upper Egypt Tanis Thebes 2 Chapter 1 Pharaonic Kingship: Evolution & Ideology Myths Time Periods Significant Artifacts Predynastic Origins of Kingship: Naqada Naqada I The Narmer Palette Period Naqada II The Scorpion Macehead Writing History of Maqada III Pharaohs Old Kingdom Significant Buildings Ideology & Insignia of Middle Kingdom Kingship New Kingdom Tombs at Abydos King’s Divinity Mythology Royal Insignia Royal Names & Titles The Book of the Heavenly Atef Crown The Birth Name Cow Blue Crown (Khepresh) The Golden Horus Name The Contending of Horus Diadem (Seshed) The Horus Name & Seth Double Crown (Pa- The Nesu-Bity Name Death & Resurrection of Sekhemty) The Two Ladies Name Osiris Nemes Headdress Red Crown (Desheret) Hem Deities White Crown (Hedjet) Per-aa (The Great House) The Son of Re Horus Bull’s tail Isis Crook Osiris False beard Maat Flail Nut Rearing cobra (uraeus) Re Seth Vocabulary Divine Forces demi-god heka (divine magic) Good God (netjer netjer) hu (divine utterance) Great God (netjer aa) isfet (chaos) ka-spirit (divine energy) maat (divine order) Other Topics Ramesses II making sia (Divine knowledge) an offering to Ra Kings’ power
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egyptian Dieties
    Ancient Egyptian Dieties Amun: When Amun’s city, Thebes, rose to power in the New Kingdom (1539-1070 B.C.), Amun became known as the “King of the Gods.” He was worshipped as the high god throughout Egypt. Able to take many shapes, Amun was sometimes shown as a ram or goose, but was usually shown in human form. He is fundamentally a Creator God and his name, Amun, means “The Hidden One.” Amun-Re: Originating in the Middle Kingdom, (2055 - 1650 B.C.), Amun-Re is a fusion of the Gods Amun and Re. He combined the invisible power of creation and the power visible in heat and light. Anubis: Usually represented as a black jackal, or as a human with a canine head, Anubis was a guardian of mummies, tombs, and cemeteries, as well as an escort of the deceased to the afterlife. Atum: According to the most ancient Egyptian creation myths, Atum is the creator of the world. He also brought the first gods Shu (air), Tefnut (water), Geb (earth), and Nut (sky) to Egypt. He is also god of the setting sun. Atum was represented in many forms such as a human, a human with the head of a ram, and a combination of an eel and a cobra. Bastet: Originating as early as Dynasty II (2820-2670 B.C.), Bastet was represented as a cat or a woman with a lioness’s head. She eventually became Egypt’s most important “cat goddess.” If Bastet took the form of a cat she was considered content, but if Bastet was a lioness she was considered an angry goddess.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic Religious Practices
    UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Domestic religious practices Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7s07628w Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Stevens, Anna Publication Date 2009-12-21 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California DOMESTIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES الممارسات الدينية المنزلية Anna Stevens EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor Area Editor Religion University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Stevens 2009, Domestic Religious Practices. UEE. Full Citation: Stevens, Anna, 2009, Domestic Religious Practices. In Willeke Wendrich and Jacco Dieleman (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz001nf63v 1010 Version 1, December 2009 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz001nf63v DOMESTIC RELIGIOUS PRACTICES الممارسات الدينية المنزلية Anna Stevens Religion im Alltag Pratiques religieuses privées Domestic religious practices—that is, religious conduct within a household setting—provided an outlet especially for expressing and addressing the concerns of everyday life. They can be traced throughout Egyptian dynastic history, in textual sources such as spells of healing and protection, offering and dedicatory texts, and private letters, and in cult emplacements and objects from settlement sites. Protective divinities such as Bes, Taweret, and Hathor were favored, along with ancestors who could be deceased kin, local elite, or royalty. State-level deities were also supplicated. Central practices were offering and libation, and conducting rites of protection and healing, while there was also strong recourse to protective imagery.
    [Show full text]