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Geographic Mitigation Assessment Appendix I: Geographic Mitigation Assessment Mariana Islands Training and Testing Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS June 2020 Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/ Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Mariana Islands Training and Testing TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX I GEOGRAPHIC MITIGATION ASSESSMENT .....................................................................I -1 I.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. I-1 I.2 Geographic Mitigation Development Process ............................................................. I-1 I.2.1 Identification by the Navy of Areas to Consider for Potential Geographic Mitigation ................................................................................................................ I-2 I.2.2 Assessing Mitigation Effectiveness ......................................................................... I-4 I.2.3 Assessing Practicality of Implementation ............................................................... I-4 I.3 Geographic Mitigation Assessment – Areas Proposed for Implementation .................. I-4 I.3.1 Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ................................................................. I-5 I.3.1.1 Resources within the Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area .............. I-5 I.3.1.2 Navy Training and Testing Activities – Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ....................................................................................... I-9 I.3.1.3 Mitigation Assessment – Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ...... I-10 I.3.2 Chalan Kanoa Reef Geographic Mitigation Area .................................................. I-12 I.3.2.1 Resources within the Chalan Kanoa Reef Geographic Mitigation Area I-12 I.3.2.2 Navy Training and Testing Activities – Chalan Kanoa Reef ................... I-17 I.3.2.3 Mitigation Assessment – Chalan Kanoa Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ...................................................................................................... I-17 I.3.3 Agat Bay Nearshore Geographic Mitigation Area ................................................. I-20 I.3.3.1 Resources within Agat Bay Nearshore Geographic Mitigation Area .... I-20 I.3.3.2 Navy Training and Testing Activities – Agat Bay Nearshore ................. I-23 I.3.3.3 Mitigation Assessment – Agat Bay Nearshore Geographic Mitigation Area ...................................................................................................... I-23 I.4 Geographic Mitigation Assessment – Areas Not Carried Forward for Implementation . I-25 I.4.1 West Mariana Ridge .............................................................................................. I-25 I.4.2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Landward of the 3,500 Meter Isobath .................................................................................................................. I-27 I.4.3 Earthjustice and on Behalf of Tinian Women Association, Guardians of Gani', PaganWatch, and Center for Biological Diversity ................................................. I-30 I.4.3.1 Minke Whale Habitat ............................................................................ I-31 I.4.3.2 Humpback Whale Calving Grounds ...................................................... I-32 I.4.3.3 Marine Mammal Biologically Sensitive Areas ....................................... I-32 i Table of Contents Mariana Islands Training and Testing Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS June 2020 I.4.3.4 Sea Turtle Biologically Sensitive Areas ................................................. I-32 I.4.4 Seafloor Habitat Less than 700 Meters Deep ....................................................... I-33 I.4.5 Various Areas Recommended by the Natural Resources Defense Council .......... I-33 I.4.5.1 Sperm Whale Calving and Nursery Habitat Offshore of Agat Bay, Guam; and Breeding and Calving Habitat Offshore Apra Harbor, Guam ........ I-34 I.4.5.2 Spinner Dolphin Resting Habitat at Bile Bay, Tumon Bay, Double Reef, and Cocos Island and Lagoon, Guam; and Tanapaq Lagoon, Saipan ... I-34 I.4.5.3 Breeding Habitat for Pygmy Killer Whale Population at Cocos Island and Lagoon, Guam ................................................................................ I-34 I.4.5.4 Short-finned Pilot Whale Core Use Areas, West of Guam and Rota .... I-35 I.4.6 Prohibit Use of Air-Deployed Mid-Frequency Active Sonar Year Round – Proposed for All Three Mitigation Areas .............................................................. I-35 I.4.7 Prohibit Use of Low-Frequency Active Sonar from December through April – Proposed for All Three Mitigation Areas .............................................................. I-35 I.4.8 Implement Vessel Speed Restrictions in the Three Mitigation Areas .................. I-36 I.4.9 Various and Anonymous Commenters – Generalized Geographic Avoidance ..... I-36 I.5 Summary of Geographic Mitigation Areas ................................................................. I-37 List of Figures Figure I-1: Navy-Identified Potential Geographic Mitigation Areas............................................................ I-3 Figure I-2: Updated Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ..................................................................... I-6 Figure I-3: Updated Chalan Kanoa Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ...................................................... I-13 Figure I-4: Updated Agat Bay Nearshore Geographic Mitigation Area..................................................... I-21 Figure I-5: West Mariana Ridge Area Suggested as a Potential Mitigation Area ..................................... I-26 Figure I-6: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Landward of the 3,500 Meter Isobath Suggested as a Potential Mitigation Area ............................................................................ I-28 Figure I-7: Navy Geographic Mitigation Areas .......................................................................................... I-38 List of Tables Table I-1: Navy-Identified Potential Geographic Mitigation Areas ............................................................. I-2 Table I-2: Marine Mammals Documented Within the Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ............... I-7 Table I-3: Mitigation Within the Marpi Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ............................................... I-11 Table I-4: Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Documented Within the Chalan Kanoa Reef Geographic Mitigation Area .................................................................................................................... I-14 Table I-5: Mitigation Within the Chalan Kanoa Reef Geographic Mitigation Area ................................... I-19 Table I-6: Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Documented Within the Agat Bay Nearshore Geographic Mitigation Area .................................................................................................................... I-20 Table I-7: Mitigation Within the Agat Bay Nearshore Geographic Mitigation Area ................................. I-25 Table I-8: Summary of Geographic Mitigation .......................................................................................... I-37 ii Table of Contents Mariana Islands Training and Testing Final Supplemental EIS/OEIS June 2020 Appendix I Geographic Mitigation Assessment I.1 Introduction As described in Chapter 5 (Mitigation), the United States (U.S.) Department of the Navy (Navy) will implement at-sea procedural mitigation, at-sea geographic mitigation, and terrestrial mitigation to avoid or reduce potential impacts on environmental and cultural resources from training and testing activities proposed in the Mariana Islands Training and Testing (MITT) Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS)/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (OEIS) Proposed Action. The purpose of this appendix is to present an assessment of the potential geographic mitigation (i.e., mitigation implemented seasonally or year round within defined at-sea mitigation areas) that the Navy considered to reduce or avoid impacts on marine mammals and sea turtles in the Study Area. The goals of developing geographic mitigation in this appendix are (1) in combination with procedural mitigation, to effect the least practicable adverse impact on marine mammal species or stocks and their habitat, and (2) to ensure that the Proposed Action does not jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species. This appendix includes background information on the areas that the Navy is proposing as geographic mitigation areas, information on the marine mammals and sea turtles known to occur in each area, and an assessment of the effectiveness and practicality of implementing mitigation. A summary of the mitigation areas that the Navy proposes to implement under Alternative 1 or Alternative 2 (Preferred Alternative) of the Proposed Action as a result of the assessments presented in this appendix is also included in Section 5.4 (At-Sea Mitigation Areas to be Implemented). The Navy will work collaboratively with the appropriate regulatory agencies to finalize its mitigation areas through the consultation and permitting processes and will coordinate with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to finalize the geographic mitigation analyzed in this appendix. Final mitigation measures will be documented in the Navy Record of Decision, NMFS Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) Final Rule and Letter of Authorization, and the
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