CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Reog Ponorogo
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8 CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Reog Ponorogo Reog Ponorogo is a traditional art dance, a culture comes from a regency called Ponorogo which is located in East Java, Indonesia since a long time ago. Reog Ponorogo has become the main identity for this regency followed by Tari Remo (Wahyudi, 1990, p.3) 2.1.1 The Origin of Reog Ponorogo A village inside of the regency of Ponorogo called as Kauman was believed to be the origin or the birth place of the culture Reog Ponorogo and its growth (as cited in Nursilah, 2001, p. 39). Reog Ponorogo was believed to be first exist in the era of Bandarangin Empire (Ponorogo) and was led by a son of a king Brawijaya V from Majapahit named Bhatoro Katong in 1389 until 1429. Historical evidence left of Ponorogo was a brick with a size of 60 x 40 cm, kendhi pratolo (an item used for drink and made of clay) and a paidhon (an item made for spitting). These historical items are placed in a village called Sebata near a market called Somorto, Ponorogo. These Reogs has a three different legend version which are: Klono Sewandono, Ktut Suryoalam and Putri Songgolangit (as cited in Nursilah, 2001, p. ii). 9 Figure 2 Kendhi Pratolo. Source: www.bukalapak.com Figure 2.1 Paidhon. Source: www.bukalapak.com However, the researcher emphasizes that there are only 2 famous (well known) legend of reog verses which are the “Klono Sewandono” also known 10 as Panji version and the “Kethut Surya Alam”. These 2 verses bring to a different based of perspective and representation. 2.1.2 “Reog Ponorogo” Definition According to Hartono an interpreter (Wahyudi, 1980, p.83) the term reyog comes from a word rog or erog, yog or hoyog, yod or reyod, yeg or riyeg, yod or reyod, which all means and defined as broken (rusak), not calm, jiggling and shaky. These term is linked to the birth of reyog and purposely created as there was chaos that that each resident/member of citizen wants to be a leader in an anarchy way, so reyog was made to calm the issue down and reyog was expected to be able to unite the resident/member. Furthermore, Hartono stated that the term reyog and reog has the same definition which both can be used to mention the term Reog Ponorogo. 2.1.3 The Uniqueness of “Reog Ponorogo” Hartono (Wahyudi, 1980, p.4) said here are 5 points that describe the Reog Ponorogo dance: 1. “Pakaian daerah” with a headband, black shirt, long pant covering the knee until the ankle, pant’s rope colored black. 2. All the performers must be a male. 3. The dancer of “kuda kepang” also known as jathilan has to be a male who wore make up and act like a female during the dance performance. 11 4. The gamelan (compilation of instrument) consist of ketipung, angklung, kempul, kendang, terompet, and kethuk kenong. 5. The dance consist of the jathil, barongan and the mask dancer According to the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia or known as KBBI the term reog (without the letter y) itself in Javanese described as “tari tradisional” in an open field which function or with a purpose of entertainment, with an element of magic with a dancer of a person with a lion mask and the peacock feathers, plus masked dancers (Klana Sewandana, Ganongan or Pujangga Anom) and the Jathil which all of these performers are played by males. However, in the modern growth nowadays, the Jathil is played by female in purpose of beauty and entertainment. As it is believed that there is a magic aspect playing alongside during the dance performance, however the element of magic is not always used but only in some cases (as cited in Nursilah, 2001, p.84). 2.1.4 The Performers (Characters) There are 5 main characters in Reog Ponorogo performance (Ramadhani, R. n.d.), they are; 1. Klono Sewandono which also known as Prabu (king) Keleno Sewandono is the main character of the Reog Ponorogo show. This character is a king with attributes of bravery and wise. His famous weapon is called “Pecut Samandiman”. 12 Figure 2.2 Prabu Klono Sewandono. Source: id.wikipedia.org 2. Bujang Ganong or also known as Patih Pujangga Anom is a character that is powerful, funny, and has a martial art skill. This character is the character that during the show entertain and loved by the kids. Bujang Ganong is a charater describing a figure of “Patih Muda” (Patih means a title for an old empire in Nusantara) that is strong-willed, deft, powerful and witty. Figure 2.3 Bujang Ganong. Source: Youtube – spiral production (channel) 13 3. Jathil or jathilan is a horse troops is a character that is played by the female to describe a braveness and beauty (before 1900’s Jathil were performed by men who wear make up like a lady instead). The costume used by this character is a white satin shirt as the upper stomach uniform and jarit batik as the below stomach uniform. The character wear a hat that called as Udheng and a fake horse that made of a woven bamboo. Figure 2.4 Jathil (played by male). Source: seleb.tempo.co Figure 2.5 Jathil (played by female). Source: www.rebanas.com 14 4. Warok that came from a term wewerah is a person who has a holy determination (tekad suci), giving guidance and protection without asking anything in return. Warok is a “wong kang sugih wewerah” (a rich authority person). Meaning that the person who become this character has to be able to give guidance teach other a good deed. The appearance of Warok is that this character wear blacks which called as penadhon. Warok also tend to have big body, the penadhon is now become a formal (official) uniform for the people of Ponorogo. Warok itself is divided into two, old warok and young warok. Their difference in appearance is that the older Warok wear and used an extra “item” other than just the penadhon, they used a white shirt inside it and have a stick. While the younger one does not wear any. Figure 2.6 Warok. Source: www.flickr.com 15 5. Barongan (Dadak Merak) is the most dominant character in the Reog Ponorogo dance. This character are described by a man wearing a mask with a size of approximately of 2.25 meter of length and 2.3 meter of height with a mass of the mask itself around 50 kg and held by the jaw and teeth of the performer. This mask appearance has several characteristic such as; a. Head of a lion (caplokan) that is made of framework of wood, bamboo, rattan that is wrapped of a skin of Gembong lion. b. Dadak Merak, is a wood based framework and rattan as a space for the peacock feathers are placed. c. Krakap, is a black berudu fabric that is an accessory used to tell a word and text which become the written identity to describe Reog Ponorogo in word. Figure 2.7 Barongan (Dadak Merak). Source: http://www.lintasbataspasuruan.com 16 2.1.5 The Dance Procedure The dance of Ponorogo is divided into 2 up to 3 sections. This traditional dance is usually performs during the celebration or national days such as wedding and circumcision. The dance go in the flow written below; 1. There are 6-8 brave man with black uniform and red painted face (Warok) enter the field and start the dance, this character symbolize bravery. Then followed by the female (Jathil) with a total of 6-8. In the traditional time these dance was performed by a cute male instead of female. And this dance is called “jaran kepang” (jaran means horse in Javanese), and also ‘kuda lumping’ is not the same as this dance. 2. After the opening dance is done, then the main action dance which is conditional in this case based on the type of event that is held such as wedding, then the dance flow will be related with some romance action type of dance and if it is an event to celebrate circumcision the story will be about a knight based narrative. 3. The last session is a performance of Singa Barong, the character who wear a mask of lion which also called as Dadak Merak with a weight of approximately around 50 – 60 kg. This performer use to train and do spesiffic practice in order to held the mask using their teeth such as fasting and “tapa” (meditate) (Tari Reog Ponorogo – Sejarah – Alur Pertunjukan, 2012). 17 2.2 Medium In this particular project or assignment, the author’s hypothesis assume that an illustration book for children will be the final outcome. Although, explaining a deeper information will be needed as the author does. 2.2.1 Illustration book The term can be simply define as image, but according to Bilyana (2016) “an illustration is a drawing, painting or printed work of art which explains, clarifies illuminate, casually represents, or merely decorates a written text, which may be of a literary or commercial nature”. From this definition, the author conclude that an illustration book has to have a meaning as the source to be the term that this will be represented as a book. Thus the concept and the background is necessary to be clear before making an illustration book. Book illustration today may differ in term of graphic and illustration compare to the earlier children’s books for several reason. One of them is that technology is more-well developed compare to the early era (Children and Literature, 1980, p.40) 2.2.2 Illustration Book for Children It is a must and a requirement for a picture book to have written text and illustration in it.