Appendix: List of Seminar Participants

Below is a list of the participants at the International Seminar on 'Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation in South Asia', in honour of Dr Justice Javid Iqbal, formerly of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, 16-17 November 1990.

Dr Justice Javid Iqbal, Lahore, Pakistan

Professor Nasira Iqbal, Lahore, Pakistan

H.E. Mr Najam-ud-Din Shaikh, Ambassador of Pakistan to the United States

Dr Vyacheslav Ya. Belokrinitsky, Chairman, Department of Middle East Studies, Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow

Fr. Kail C. Ellis, Dean. Arts and Sciences. Villanova University

Maj. Gen. lmtiaz Ali, former Military Secretary to the late Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Mr Mushahid Hussain, Islamabad, Pakistan

Dr Shireen Hunter, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC

Dr Saleem Qureshi and Dr Regula Qureshi. Alberta, Canada

Col. James McWilliams. Freedom Eve House, Fairfax Station, Virginia

Dr Arshad S. Karim, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

Commander Charles J. Dale, US Navy, Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense. for International Security Affairs. Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Country Director. India/Nepal/Sri Lanka/Bhutan, Washington, DC

Michael L. Waldron, Department of the Army

Maj. James W. Hertsch, Jr. Department of the Army

Dr John Schultz, National War College. Washington. DC

311 312 Dilemmas of National Security and Cooperation

Dr Paul Gutland, National War College, Washington, DC

Lt Col. Roger Cunningham, Pentagon

Col. James Corcoran, Director of Asian Studies, US Army War College

Col. Donald Boose, Director, National Secmity Secretary, US Almy War College

Mrs Lil Boose, Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Col. Rich Crites, Pentagon

Lt Col. Lawrence Velte, Pentagon

Dr Thomas P. Thornton, School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, DC

Dr Raju G.C. Thomas, Marquette University

Dr Melvin Goodman, National War College. Washington, DC

Dr Alvin Z. Rubinstein, University of Pennsylvania

Dr Maya Chadda, William Paterson College

Dr Robert Wirsing, University of South Carolina

Dr Sumit Ganguly, Hunter College, New York

Dr Lawrence Ziring, Western Michigan University

Dr Craig Baxter, Juniata College

Dr Riaz Ahmad, Detroit, Michigan

Dr Sakhawat Hussain, Indus Society of North Alnerica

Dr Robert LaPorte, Penn State University

Professor Saroj Khanna, York College, York

Dr Loretta Butler, Mount Saint Mary College, New York

Dr Grace Clark, Baltimore, Maryland List qf Seminar Participants 313

Dr Naseem Sahibzada, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC

Dr Niaz Sahibzada, Greenbelt, Maryland

Dr Rashid-ud-Zaman, Glassboro State College, Glassboro, N.T

Dr Russell Blackwood, Clinton College, New York

Dr Zaheer Chaudhary and Mrs Shahida Chaudhary, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania

Mr Horace L. Kephart and Mrs Dolores Kephart, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania

Mr Magdy Barsoum and Mrs Nadia Barsoum, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania

Mr Haroon Chaudhri and Mrs Fauziyeh Chaudhri, Berwyn, Pennsylvania

Dr Aftab-ud-Din Ahmed and Mrs Naheed Aftab-ud-Din Ahmed, Downingtown, Pennsylvania

Mr Abdul Malik and Mrs Khadija Malik, West Chester, Pennsylvania

DrS. M. Iqbal, New Castle, Delaware

Dr Zia-ur-Khan, Akron, Ohio

Mr Richard Coe and Mrs Patricia Coe, Williamstown, N.T

Dr Arif Malik and Mrs Ghazala Malik, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania

Dr Riaz Malik and Mrs Mahjabeen Malik, Villanova, Pennsylvania

Mr Amin Jan and Dr Rehana Jan, Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania

Mr Lowell Sibole, The West Company, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania

Dr Sanli Khan and Dr Meher Khan, Merion, Pennsylvania

Mr Lawrence Hausman and Mrs Susan Hausman, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania

Dr Helen Lafferty, Associate Dean of Arts and Sciences, Villanova University

Dr Hafeez Malik, Department of Political Science, Villanova University 314 Dilem11Uls of National Security and Cooperation

Dr Lynda Malik, Department of Sociology, Villanova University

Dr Patrick Nolan, Department of English, Villanova University

Dr Robert Langran, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

Dr Priscilla Hopkirk, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

Dr Jack Hopkirk, Widener University

Dr John J. Schrems, Chairperson, Department of Political Science, Villanova University

Dr Donald Dowd, Law SchooL Villanova University

Dr Miriam Vosburgh, Department of Sociology, Villanova University

Dr Thomas Kessinger, President, Haverford College and Mrs Varyam Kessinger

Dr Arshad Mirza. Chairman Elect and Treasurer, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Tariq Khan, Secretary, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr Ghayyur K. Ghori, Joint Secretary, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr H. Wasiullah Khan, Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr M. Jafar Shah Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Dr Shaukat A. Shah, Member. Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Mohammed Zaffar, D.D.S., Member, Advisory Board, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Atta U. Arain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

M. Murtaza Arain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Javed Bangash, Indus Society of North America, Illinois List of Seminar Participants 315

Muhammad M. Haque, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Manzoor Hussain, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Mohammad Toor, Indus Society of North America, Illinois

Kamran Khan, Chicago

Rashid Chaudhary, Washington, DC Index

Abdullah, Dr Farooq, 166 Bovin, Aleksandr, 73 Afghan economic dependence, 91, Brezhnev, Leonid, 78, 79, 93 92,95 British Raj, 212 Afghan Shiites based in Iran, 103, 104 Bu1ganin, Nikolai A., 56 Afghanistan's foreign trade, 95 Burke, S. M., 17 A.ka1i Dal, 220, 223 Ali, Chaudhri Muhammad, 16 Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 301 Ali, Mir Laik, on secret mission to Carter Doctrine, 41, 142 Washington, 9 CENTO, 135, 258, 260 Aliyev, Geydar. 70 Central Asia, 48, 90, 92 Amedkar, B. R., 14, 15 Central Conunand, 36, 142 Amin, Hafizullah, 63 Chadda, Maya, 27, 28 Andrapov, Yuri. 70, 79 Colombo Conference ( 1954 ), 295 Arc of Crises, 41 Conceptual foundations of Pakistan, Asian Relations Conference (1974), 235 274-5 Congress Party's loss of dominant Azad, Abu! Kalam, 13 position, 219 Azeri nationalism, 105 Conventional military balance in South Aziz, Sartaj, 300 Asia, 113

Babari Mosque, 255 Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Baghdad Pact, 55; see also CENTO (ORA), 95 Baquio Conference ( 1950). 275 Deoband, Dar al-Ulam, 12 Baker, James, 148 Diego. Garcia, 141 Balanced imbalance in South Asia 49 Dulles, John Foster, 134 Bandung Conference ( 1955 ), 8. 276 Bangladesh, 3, 136, 242, 273, 277 Economic Cooperation Organization Beg, General Mirza Aslam. 177, 179, (ECO), 270 308 Ellis, Kail C., 18, 24, 25, 131 Belokrenitsky, Vyacheslav Ya.. 18, Ethnic nationalism, I 06 19,20 Ethnic religious confticts in India, Bengali nationalism, 208, 219, 273, 207 294 Bharatiya Janata Party (B.IP), 208, fundamentalist regime, 104-106 226 Bhindranwale, .larnail Singh, 223 Gandhi, Indira, 57. 221, 222, 225, Bhutto, Benazir. 44. 106, 145. 162. 263 167, 173, 175, 179. 180. 186. 221. Gandhi, Mahatma, 10, 15 264,308 Gandhi, Rajiv. 3, 20, 45. 68, 101, Bhutto, Z. A., 25. 57, 135, 136. 137. 125, 168, 173, 180,221 222 225 283 138. 139, 140, 141. 143. 242. 262, 287 294 Ganguly, Sumit, 30 316 Index 317

Gankovsky, Yuri, 86 India-Pakistan nuclear stand-off, 40 Ghazali, a!-, Abu Hamid, 244 Indo-Pakistan relations, 109 Golden Temple of Am1itsar, 223 Indo-Pakistan War (1965): Goodman, Melvin, 21, 22, 62 consequences, 36 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 20, 22, 43, 47; Indo-Soviet threat to Pakistan, 113 in India, 58, 62, 70, 71, 72, 77. 79, Indus Waters Treaty (1960), 170 82, 84, 90, 97, 101 Iqbal, Dr Justice Javid, 29, 30 Gromyko, Andrei, 63, 71 Iqbal, Muhammad, 14, 241, 249 Gulf Cooperative Council, 148 Iranian Revolution (1979), 261 Gulf Region, 41, 46 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 4, 81, 84, Gwadar, 66, 140 145, 146 Iraq's invasion of Iran (1980), 65 Haq, Zia-ul, 25, 66, 75, 98, 106, 143, Islamic bomb, 139 145, 167, 173, 183.242,258,264, Islamic Conference Organization 269, 294, 297 (ICO), 68 Harrison, Selig, 5 Islamic fundamentalism, 106 Harshvardhana, 211.213 Islamic ideology. 235, 245, 246 Hekmatyar. Gulbuddin, 100, 103, 105, 106, 266 Jamiat-i-Islami Party, 100, 106 Hezb-i-Islami Party, 100 Jamiat ulama-i Hind, 12 Hindu fundamentalism. 186 Janata Party, 221. 277 Hindu imperialism, 232 Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa, 295 Hindu Maha Sabha, 14 Jawaharlal Nehru's negative attitude Hindu nationalism. 222. 223 towards India-Pakistan relations, Hindu Rashtra ideology. 222, 223, 4-5; relations with USSR, 20 226 Jayewardene. J. R., 3 Hindu Vishwa Parishad, 226 .linnah, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali, Horn of Africa, 69 12. 233; political articulation. 235, Hunter. Shireen T., 30, 31 240, 241 Hussain, Mushahid, 25, 26 Junagarh's accession to Pakistan, 6 Hussain, Saddam, 225 Junejo, Mohammad Khan, 283

Indian collaboration with USSR, 3 Kahuta nuclear plant, 139 Indian Empire's ideological order, Kautilya' s political ideas, 212 212,214 Karma!, Babrak, 70 Indian Expeditionary force in Sri Kashmir conflict between India and Lanka, 154 Pakistan, ix-x. 3, 5, 36, 40, 45, 55, Indian hegemonial role, x; secularism, 76, 84; Kashmiri rebels, 99, 113; 5, 17, 39, 49, 153,222,224,255 uprising, 158-60, 166; Indian military build-up in 1990s, US-Russian positions, 162; Simla 125-6 Agreement, 165; Siachin glacier Indian military power. 111-12 negotiatiOns, 173-80; elite Indian National Congress, 10, 232 orientations in India and Pakistan, Indian naval exercises. 319 184-6; chronology of bilateral Indian Ocean, 21. 43. 46. 47. 48, 68. negotiations, and mediation efforts, 119, 125. 137, 141. 262, 263, 303 191-7; sale of Kashmir to Dogras, Indian security policy, 109-26 250,302 Indira Doctrine. 139 Khad, Afghan secret police, 99, 100, Indo-Chinese War ( 1962), 56 101. 104 318 Index

Khalis, Yunis, 106 Nehru, .lawaharlal, 20, 170, 171,215, Khalistan, 226 221,275 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, 16 Nepal's blockade by India, 156 Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, 146, 147, 162, New Arab Order, 148 307 New World Order, 148 Khan, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali, Non-alignment as Indian foreign 10, 133 policy, 8; principles of, 8-9 Khan, Muhammad Ayub, 5, 136 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Khan, Muhammad Daud, 91,93 276 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 71, 105, 141, Northern Tier States, 134-260, 261 144 Nuclear balance in South Asia, Khrushchev, Nikita, 5, 56, 91. 93 119-21 Khyber Pass, 67 Nuclear free zone, 21, 292 Kosygin, AlexiN., 56, 74 Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 256, 293 Lahore Resolution (1940), 249 Lamb, Alastair, 17 Obey, David, 299 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LITE). 3 Pakistan's alternating application of Limits of India-Pakistan bilateralism. ideological pragmatic realism, 24 180 Pakistan's · Arabization', 264 Line of Control (LOC) in Kashmir, Pakistan's Arab links, 262 167, 172, 178, 184,252 Pakistan-India ratio of military balance, 117 Majlis-i Ahrar, 12 Pakistan-Iran bilateral relations, Maldives, Indian intervention, 112 263-5 Massood, Ahmad Shah, 100, 102, Pakistan's Islamic ideology 131 103 Pakistani military's anti-Sovietism, Maududi, Sayyid Abu! Ala, 12, 13 83 Maury a, Asoka, 211, 212, 213 Pakistan's military missions abroad, Medina Covenant, 13 143 'Military risk-reduction centre' 80 Pakistan's nuclear option, 131, Missile Technological Regime 138-40 (MTCR), 88 n.40 Pakistan's nuclear reprocessing plant Mitterand, President Franc;ois, 301 agreement with France ( 1976 ), Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 6, 14, 16 138, 141 Movement for Restoration of Pakistan's pragmatic realism, 131, Democracy, 66 132 Mughal Empire, 211, 212; Islamic Pakistan's strategic role, system, 212 Pan-Islamism, 131 Mujahideen Coalition in Peshawar. Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai, 14 96 Pentagon Confabulations (1947, 1950, 1952 and 1954 ), 10 Nadkarni, Admiral.!. G., 26 People's Democratic Party of Najibullah, 22, 90, 94, 97. 98. 101 Afghanistan (PDPA), 22, 95, 97, Narayan, Jay Prakash, 220 101, 106, 107 N a tiona! emergency in India ( 1975 ), Perestroika, 94 220 Petrovsky, Vladimir. 74 NATO. 79 Ponomarev, Boris, 78 Iruiex 319

'Principles of Mutual Relations • for Shah, King Muhanunad Zahir. 98 USA and USSR. 85 Shahi, Agha, 139 Problems of nation-building in Sharif, Nawaz, 186, 264, 295, 305 Pakistan, 236-7. 244-5 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 21, 71, 73, 75, 80, 82, 85,98,162 Qureshi, Saleem M. M., 28 Shia Afghan refugees in Iran, 266 Shia political mobilisation, 264 Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 106 Shiva Sena, 226 Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 6 Siachen glacier, 112, 124, 166-7, Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashmi, 71, 168, 169, 173-80, 183, 188, 190, 72, 83; visit to Moscow, 83 191,221,251,252,256,283 Rahman, Fazlur, 241 Sikh separatism, 186, 295 Rai, Lala Lajpat, 14 Simla Agreement (1972), 165 Rajagopalachri, 15 Simla Conference, 165, 172 Ram Temple in Ayodhya, 223, 226, Singh, V. P., 39, 45, 166, 186, 208, 227 308 Rapid Deployment Force, 142 Sino-Indian thaw, 41 Reagan, Ronald, 298 Sino-Indian War (1962), 41. q5 Regional Cooperation for Sino-Pakistani threat to India. 113, Development Scheme (RC'D). 270 119 Regional impact on Pakistan and Iran. Sino-Soviet relations, 168 265 Sokolov, Marshal Sergei, 67 Regional nationalism in India, 221 Solarz, Stephen, 299, 306 Rehman, General Ziaur. 274. 277. South Asian Association for Regional 278, 282 Cooperation (SAARC), 31,274. 'Risk-reduction centre' 85 282. 283, 284; contentious issues, 'Rodney Dangerfield' syndrome of 285: achievements. 287-8 India, 125 Southwest Asian security system, 258 Rubinstein, Alvin Z., 22. 90 Soviet abandonment of Iraq, 85 Russian interest in India, 54, 84 Soviet-Afghan Treaty ( 1921 ), 106 Russian-Persian Treaty ( 1921 ). 64: Soviet-American relations, 79 abrogation by Iran, 65 Soviet arms agreement with Iraq, 63 Ryzhkov, Prime Minister Nikolai, Soviet-Indian relations, 19-20, 71 54-60; economic ties. 58-9; 62, 66, 67, 76-8; fiiendship of treaty SALT II. US-USSR agreement ( 1979), (1971). 78 78 Soviet-Indian Treaty of Friendship Saudi military preparedness. 149 (1971). 3,20 Saudi-Soviet diplomatic relations Soviet industrialisation of India, 20, established, 82 58 Savarkar, V. D.. 14, 15 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 20, Second Islamic Summit in Lahore, 37. 41. 63, 68, 74, 78, 132, 141. 145. 138 265-6 Secularism, 28-9 Soviet-Iranian relations, 63, 64, 268: Secularism as a nation-building impact of withdrawal from strategy. 23 7--8 Afghanistan. 71-4, credits to Iran, Security complex of South Asia. ll:n 73: 74 Separatist movements in Pakistan, Soviet mediation at Tashkent, 36, 56, 230 74: see also Tashkent Agreement 320 Index

Soviet-Pakistan relations. 57. 68, US-Pakistan Mutual Defence 74-5 Agreement, 135 Soviet sale of weapons to Pakistan, US security policy toward South Asia, 57 35 Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, US strategic interests in South Asia, 70,83,86,90,94, 107,148 34 Spector, Leonard, 301 US suspension of aid to Pakistan, 300 Stalinist orientation toward India, 55 US terminates military and economic Strait of Hormuz, 72 assistance to Pakistan, 2 Suez crisis, 135 US trade sanctions against India and Symington-Glenn Amendment to Russia, 311 Security Assistance Act, 141, 298, USSR's condemnation by Islamic 300,305 states, 69 USSR's submarine lease to India, 81 Tamil nationalism, 220, 225 USSR-US detente collapse ( 1979), Tanai, Lt General Shah Nawaz. 97 78 Tashkent Agreement ( 1966 ), 74, 172 Ustinov, Defense Minister Dmitri, Telingana rebellion (1948-9), 55 67, 70, 76 Thomas, Raju G. C., 18, 23 Thornton, Thomas PeiTy, 18, 20, 22 Verghese, B. J., 252. 255 Turkey-Iran relations, 267, 269 Vorontsov, Yulii M., 98 Two Nation Theory, 10, 11; Muslim opponents, 12; Hindu supporters Warsaw Pact, of, 14, 152, 233, 245 Wirsing, Robert, 26, 27

US arms sales to Pakistan, 67 Ziring, Lawrence, 30