6 th Lab Practical 2021

Fungi can be divided into three kingdoms: of - like organisms

1. Slim moulds 2. Stramenopila 3.True fungi a. Myxomycota a. Oomycota Eumycota b. Plasmodiophoromycota b. Hyphochytridiomycota a. c. Dictyosteliomycota c. Labyrinthulomycota b. d. Acrasiomycota c. d. e. f. Mitosporic Fungi

Main traits of Phylum: Zygomycota

1. Reproduces asexually by the production of a non-motile spore called a sporangiospore . 2. Reproduces sexually by the production of a thick - walled zygospore . 3.They are the most ecologically diverse group of fungi. 4.Common name: Common molds, Pin mold, and Sugar mold. 5.They are molds that grow on meat, cheese and bread. 4. They are terrestrial organisms can be free-living or parasitic. 5.Cell walls comprise chitin and chitosan. Divided into two major classes Class: Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes.

Class: Zygomycetes • Generally divided into 7 orders – – – – Kickxellales – – –

Traits of class: Zygomycetes

- Zygo (meaning zygote) + mycete (meaning fungus) = zygote fungus. - Produce non-septate and coenocytic hyphae. - Their cell walls contain chitin. - Flagellated spores are absent. - Reproduce asexually by sporangiospores within a special sac called the sporangium. - Sexual spores are called zygospore(s) contained within a zygosporangium. 1

6 th Lab Practical Mycology 2021

- Sex hormones are found to facilitate sexual reproduction among some zygomycetes are known to produce trisporic acids which are volatile and diffuse through the air.

Class: Zygomycetes

Order: Mucorales 1. They are mainly saprotrophs. 2. Many or one sporangiospore produced inside a sporangium. : Entomophthorales 1. They are mainly parasitic on arthropods. 2. They produce limited mycelium. 3. One sporangiospore produced inside sporangium.

Order: Mucorales

1. Common genera include Mucor, and Rhizopus. 2. Form a septate hyphae but Some species form rhizoids. 3. Grow and invade quickly and easily on digestible substrates, such as those containing starches, sugars, and hemicelluloses. 4. Group lacks ability to spoil complex carbohydrates like cellulose. 5. Can act as parasites and/or cause diseases in plants (soft rot of fruits and vegetables), animals (predatory on nematodes and some insects and humans (zygomycosis - sometimes referred to as mucormycosis or phycomycosis). 6. Industrial uses of these fungi include production of metabolites (e.g., amylases, rennins, alcohol, and various organic acids - lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid).

Moldy Bread and strawberries covered with Rhizopus mycelium and Mucor Sp

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6 th Lab Practical Mycology 2021

Rhizoids

Mycelia

The fungal mass of hyphae, Sexual reproduction: known as the MYCELIUM The rhizoids meet penetrates the bread and underground and produces the fruiting bodies mating occurs between on top of the stalks hyphae of different molds

Zygospores: thick-walled, usually hyaline in color, but zygosporangium wall often pigmented and ornamented. One zygospore per zygosporangium. Germination by formation of hyphae or sporangium.

Sexually Produced Zygospores in Rhizopus Sp Zygospores in Rhizopus Sp

Microscopic appearance of Rhizopus sp. (Black bread mold) 3

6 th Lab Practical Mycology 2021

Difference between Rhizopus sp. and . Mucor sp.: 1. Rhizoid can be produced in Rhizopus sp. but Hyphae produced in Mucor sp. Sporangium of Mucor sp. is bigger than its Rhizopus sp. 2. Density of mycelium of Rhizopus is much more than Mucor sp. mycelium. 3. Presence of stolon in Rhizopus sp.

Rhizopus s Mucor sp. Microscopic appearance of Mucor sp.

Asexual Reproduction - Large numbers of spores form in each sporangium. - When the sac opens at maturity, the spores are released. - If they land in favourable environments, they will germinate and form a new mycelium.

Sexual Reproduction

- Sexual reproduction occurs through conjugation. - Here, different strains of hyphae touch each other, and form a hardened zygospore, that can survive harsh conditions - Inside, the + and – nuclei will join to form a new diploid nuclei. - If conditions are favourable, the zygospore will germinate. - Upon meiosis, only one haploid nucleus remains, as the other three will degenerate. - The new haploid cell, will then give rise to a sporangiophore, which will go on to reproduce asexually.

Plasmogamy

Karyogamy

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6 th Lab Practical Mycology 2021

Zygomycosis (obsolete name Phycomycosis and mucormycosis )

* In humans, disease is demonstrated in highly stressed or weakened individuals such as metabolic acidosis and immunosuppressant. * Most acute and rapidly fatal fungal disease. * Some patients die within one week after the onset of symptoms. * Death rate was about 90%, but now it is about 50 %. * Etiologic agents include: Rhizopus arrhizus and other species; Absidia sp., Mucor spp., and sp.

Order: Entomophthorales

A. Entomophthora muscae, pathogen of houseflies. B. cicadina, pathogens of periodical . C. Basidiobolus ranarum, a commensal fungus of frogs and a mammal pathogen. D. Conidiobolus coronatus, a saprotrophic fungus of leaf litter and a mammal pathogen. E. Entomophaga maimaiga, a biocontrol agent of gypsy moths.

Massopspora cicadina Entomophthora muscae

Basidiobolus ranarum Conidiobolus coronatus Entomophaga maimaiga

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6 th Lab Practical Mycology 2021

Life cycle of Rhizopus sp.

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