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Home , Celtic art, Hilton of Cadboll Stone, Irish art

, Saxons and Celtic metalwork by Lloyd R Laing

PICTISH BEASTS collectioe th n I f theno . National Museu f Antiquitiemo Edinburgn si h ther bronza s ei e buckle from Orkne 157 C 1/1g y(F fi ;, pi lla) bucklee .Th , evewhicn a ns hgreeha n patinas ha , confronted animal heads at each end of the loop, on either side of the strap bar. On the hoop is impresse dt ornament lineado d distinctive ran Th . e typ terminalf eo t oncsa e suggest affinities sit s well-knowe th o t n serie zoomorphif so c buckles from late Roma earld nan y post-, which have been discusse t somda e lengt catalogued han Hawkey db Dunnind san g (1961)e Th . type of buckle to which the example most closely corresponds is Mrs Hawkes' Class IIIA, which she distinguishes as having 'semicircular loops terminating in open-jawed animal heads confronted across the hinge bars' (Hawkes and Dunning 1961, 59). These buckles are rare in Britai n- Hawke Dunnind an s g record only eight examples l apparentlal , y fro e soutmth f o h England and all (with the exception of three chance finds without proper association) from late Roman contexts (1961, 59-60). These, and related buckles, were produced on the Continent in late Roman workshops, and Hawkes suggested that they were brought to Britain by Germanic federate fourte th earl d n si han y fifth centurie werd san e subsequently copie Britainn di , believing them to be evidence for Germanic soldiers and settlers in the late Roman period (Hawkes and Dunning 1961, 40-1). Althoughelw dno thas i t hi t such metalwork enjoye dwida e circulation ni the late Roman period, and was not merely used by Germanic soldiers and their families, the IIIA buckles were without doubt of Continental manufacture, as is attested by the finds from Haillot and elsewhere (cf Evison 1965, fig 4/8). Although the Orkney buckle might at first sight appear to be a Continental product, there are reasons for believing it to be a copy. Without exception, the IIIA buckles have animals with ope ne animalOrknee th jawsth d n o san y, piece have closed mouths. Secondly, the prototypes appear to have had metal attachment plates, while the wear striations on the bar of the Orkney buckle suggests it was attached to a leather belt which caused considerable friction. Thirdly, the shape of the animal heads, with snouts and receding chins, is difficult to parallel anywhere among the prototypes, but can be matched in the later but remark- ably similar chapes t Ninians froS e mth ' Isle treasure (O'Del t ale l 1959, pi XXXII). Whae th t Orkney brooch represents is a Pictish product probably directly inspired by a IIIA brooch. Wer confrontee eth d animal Orknee th f so y buckle uniqu Pictiso et h metalwork similarite th , y betweet Ninian'S e buckle th nth sd Islan e e chapes migh regardee b t fortuitouss da . Ther, eis however, a further series of objects from which have the same device of . These are 'swivel rings' - rings with a perforated expansion or ring at right angles to the hoop, through which originally passe riveda t which allowe rine pivodth o g t t freely through 180°. On these swivel ring swivee sth grippes i l paia confrontef y dro b d animal survivinheadse th f O . g examples one unprovenanced ring differs slightly from the others (FC 128) in that a penannular | PROCEEDING 0 19 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1972-4 ring with animal terminals is threaded through a loop on the top of an openwork polyhedron (pi lla). This polyhedron, which has 20 facets, has projecting knobs or bosses at the angles of the facets e overalth , l effec tf strapworko bein e gon t firsA . t sigh objece th t t closely resemblee sth openwork dodecahedrons from Romano-British contexts, suc thahas t from Fishguard, Pembroke (Collingwoo Richmond dan d 1969, pi XXId). These curious objects have been variously interpreted as candle holders, ornaments and surveyor's instruments, as the opposing pairs of holes are not equaf o proportionalle lar sizt ebu y relate could d an use e db sightins da g instruments (Collingwood and Richmond 1969, 316). This explanation can hardly apply to the Scottish piece, for there is no apparent relationship of this nature between the opposing facets and the object was clearly meant for suspension from its ring in one position only. It is also much smaller than its Roman counterparts. Most probabl harnesa s i t yi s pendanremainine th d an t g swivel rings shoule db

FIG 1 1, bronze buckle from Orkney (FC 157); 2, bronze buckle from Haillot grave XI (after Breuer and Roosens and Evison) (2: 3) interprete horss da e fittings which would enabl echaia leather no r thon swiveo gt l freely without snarin g- suc h coursf o ring e esar usesimilaa n di r fashion today examplr leadsg fo , do .n eo Openwork consistin straa f g o domicap e patterth seee b n no n l nca moun t attache pivoa o dt t ring fro Hile mf Fortrith o l f Balnooneo , Inverkeithing, Banf 127C (F f) (pi lla 2/6)g ,fi . Thers ei ample evidenc Pictisr efo variouf o he horsemanshius se typeth r horsf so fo d e pan harnes s from Pictish - horsemen appear, for example, on the Churchyard cross, on a stone from Invergowrie Hiltoe th n Cadbolf no ,o Meigle somln stono th f d eo e ean crossese Th . Britons of S W Scotland too were horsemen, as is shown by the fragment of a bridle from Mote of Mark, Kirkcudbright (publication pending) poinnote,a e b o tdt since three swivel rings come from Glenluce Sands ,remainin e Wigtownshir fiTh threl e . gal se example2/25) o r e- , gfo 4 ,tw H e(B s come from the Hebrides, one from Vallay, North Uist (FC 267) and one from A Chrois, Tiree (FC 266) (fig 2/3, 1). LAING: PICTS, SAXON CELTID SAN C METALWORK 191 It is noteworthy that the style of the beast on the Luce Sands rings differs from those on the more northerly finds e LucTh .e animal-head e extremelar s y n reasonablstyliseca d an de yb interprete devolves da probabld dan y later versions remaindee th s .A r come from areas whice har either undoubtedly Pictish or probably Pictish in the fifth to seventh centuries (the period during whic swivee hth l rings were most probably made) reasonabls i t ,i assumo et e that the producte yar s of Pictish workshops, and that the Luce examples are British copies.

FIG 2 1, ring from A Chrois, Tiree (FC 266); 2, Luce Sands (BH), Vallay3 ; Uis 267)N , ,anC 4 , Luc(F td;5 e Sands (BH); , rin6 f openworo g k swivel from Fortri f Balnoono e , Banff (FC 127) (2 : 3)

There is no need to evoke a settlement in Pictland of Germanic soldiers of fortune or even wanderinw fe a g late Roman soldier accounswive e o st buckle th th d r l ean ringsfo t . Thee yar products of a general tradition of animal ornamented metalwork current throughout the non- Germanic areas of Britain in the period under review, of which one source of inspiration may have been late Roman metalwork of Vermand type. There are without doubt other sources of inspira- tion and these can now be considered. Within the limits of historical Pictland there were two categories of fifth-sixth century | PROCEEDING 2 19 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1972-4 animal-ornamented metalwork firse tTh . class comprises hanging-bowl escutcheons with animal- head attachments, a class represented by the well-known find from Castle Tioram, Inverness (Kilbride-Jones 1937, 208) (fi gimmediateln 3/1)ca t I . seee yb n tha treatmene th t animae th f o t l head on the Castle Tioram escutcheon is identical to that on certain of the swivel rings - the ears on the Castle Tioram beast are similar in technique to those on the swivel ring from A Chrois. questioe Th whethef no Castle rth e Tioram bow mads lwa takePictlans n i ei t belop nu no r dwo

FI G3 1, escutcheon loop, Castle Tioram, Inverness (after Kilbride-Jones) , ox-hea2 ; d bucket escutcheon, Mount Sorrel, Lines (after Hawkes); 3, cruciform brooch, Malton, Cambs (after Aberg); 4, Anglo-Saxon finger-ring, Guildown, Surrey (after Hawkes) , termina5 ; f braceleto l , Freestone Hillo C , Kilkenny (after Raftery) (various scales)

(Section II) where it is argued that it was, although it is not necessary to argue a Pictish origin bowe foth r suggeso lt t fro mt thai t such hanging-bowl animals were know Pictlandn i sucr fo , h beasts were not peculiar to the Castle Tioram bowl but appear as a recurring feature in the hanging-bowl series as a whole (for a convenient series of illustrations, see Kilbride-Jones 1937, fig 4). The second series of animal heads that were available for Pictish copyists comprises the penannular brooches with zoomorphic terminals, which repea idee f confronteth tao d heads. The most relevant brooches are those of Fowler's Classes E and F (1963, passim), the Scottish LAING: PICTS, SAXONS AND CELTIC METALWORK | 193 examples of which have been conveniently figured by Kilbride-Jones (1936, 124-38). There is no reaso supposo nbroochet F d Pictisf o an ee E tha sar h e originth t , though they almost certainly develope Nortn di h Britain durin Romae gth n period broochesF . d Botan hE , however, occun ri Pictland, though Fortnorte th f ho the seemingle yar y confine Northere th o dt n Isles (see lisn i t Kilbride-Jones 1936). Fowler, seekin e animaorigin th ga r nfo l terminal e zoomorphith f o s c penannulars, drew attentio theio nt r similarit seriee th f 'Caledoniano o syt ' snake braceletf so Culbin type (1963, 103). This is improbable, for two reasons. First, the Culbin type of bracelet is confined to a limited area, only one example being found S of the Forth, the region in which the E and F brooches developed (Stevenson 1966,32), and secondly,pace Fowler, the E and F brooches unlikele ar havo yt e developed befor fourte eth h century, whil Culbie eth n bracelets were almost certainly out of production by the end of the second. The Culbin braclets and other 'Caledonian' metalwork, recently discussed by Simpson (1968), should not however be forgotten in any study of Pictish metalwork origins, for the Caledonians who produced these works were the ancestors of som historicae least eth a f to existence l Pictsth d an ,sucf eo htraditioa animaf no t explainlar s wh Picte yth s were particularly t homa e with animal motif latea t sa r date. animale hanging-bowle Th th f so s almost certainly hav eRomano-Britisa h origin, like eth bowls themselves. Their ancestorsough e seriee b th o t 'buckef n so ti e sar t animals' that seemo t survive from the pre-Roman through Roman Britain into the post-Roman period (Hawkes 1951). Though Fowler suggested that they wer contributinea g elemen develope th n i t - ment of fifth and sixth century metalwork (1968,292), she did not study the direct ancestry of the animals in detail. For the penannular brooches, she has seen as one possible inspiratio 'Vermande nth ' typ f buckleeo salreads thaha t i t y been suggested her behine eli e dth Orkney buckle, and has also seen the buckles of Class I and IIA (i.e. the imported classes) as being a possible source of inspiration for the Pictish S-dragon (Fowler 1963, 131). Ther anothes ei r sourc inspiratiof eo confrontee th r nfo d animal head Latf so e . This is the series of Roman bracelets that were manufactured widely in the northern provinces. They occur at Vermand, and in Britain at sites such as Maiden Castle (Wheeler 1943,286) and Cirencester ( Guide to the Antiquities of Roman Britain, 1951, 14 and fig 7/7). At Maiden Castle they appea belon o fourtrt e th go ht century thed yan , occu similaa n ri r periot da Dinorben, Gwynedd (Gardner and Savory 1964, 139) and more significantly, at Freestone Hill, Kilkenno C y (Raftery 1969, 62)bracelete th , f whero e terminaa s e19s on (E61g fi )ha , 4 . l very reminiscent of a Class F brooch. Such bracelets seem to have remained popular into Anglo-Saxon time Englandn si occud Anglo-Saxon a ,an n ri n cemeter t Saffroya n Walden, Essex (Brown 1915, 17)g fi , 45d whil8an erelatea d finger ring wit hdistinca t horse's hea s beedha n illustratey db Hawkes from Guilsdown (Hawkes S C 1961,49 and fig 10). The occurrence of such bracelets in a native context in shows that they were reaching the Celtic West in the late Roman period. Lastly another source for Pictish beasts may be suggested. This is the series of Prankish S-broches which imitate Lombard prototypes, some of which have recently been studied by Werner (1961). Although actua onlw fe ya l import thesf so e brooche knowe sar n from Englandn ,i Anglo-Saxon contexts, suc thas ha t from Iffley, Oxford (Aberg 1926 apparentl 165)w g fe fi , a , y reache Celtie dth c for e tinneWesta closth f ma o r n i de,fo e bronzcopon f yo e moun amons ti e gth finds fro Earle mth y Christian villag t Ronaldswayea (Neeln , Ma Isl yf e o 1940, pi XIII, 2/2d )an will shortly be published in full by the writer. This mount is in the form of a double headed S-dragon with open jaws, reminiscen opee th ne swivef beaste o tjawth th f n lo o s ring from Inverkeithing S-dragone th r o , s that confront each escutcheo e otheth n hangine ro th f no g bowl from Faversham, Kent (conveniently figured by Leeds 1936, fig 1), and which may itself be a Pictish product (fig 4/2). N 194 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1972-4 Fro foregoinge mth cleas i t i , r tha latn ti e Roman earle th Britai yn i post-Roma d nan n period varieta f traditionyo animaf so l motif beins swa g use metalworkn di thad an ,t som t leasea f o t these sources were available in Pictland. It is to these beasts, rather than to any tradition of Eurasiatic animal art Thomas a , s postulated (1961, 57), tha shoule w t ancestorde looth r kfo f so the Pictish 'swimming elephant' and his other sculptural fellows, as well as to later manifestations of confronted animals in Pictish metalwork.

FIG 4 1, tinned bronze mount from Ronaldsway, (2:3); 2, escutcheon from Faversham, Kent (much reduced)

PICTISH HANGING BOWLS? Among the finds from consolidation work by the then Ministry of Works at Aberdour Castlee Nationath n i , Fifew l Museuno , f Antiquitiemo f Scotlando s a larg s i , e fragment of a circular enamelled mount (FC 298). Its provenance tells us little - the earliest work at Aberdour dates from the fourteenth century and there is no tradition of an early Christian period occupation of the site, though the place-name itself is possibly Pictish and there are well- known finds of Pictish sculpture from the area. The mount itself is 48 mm in diameter and is slightly convex desige Th . n originally consiste fouf do r panels roun dcentraa l roundel containin gcrosa s with armpits and curvilinear nimbus. Only two panels survive, one containing single-strand inter- lace othee th , r containin gmora e complex interlaced pattern, formin crouchinga g animal.e Th background enamel is now cream, with yellow enamel in the panel borders (pi lib). Size and convexity show that it is the base escutcheon from the inside of a bowl and as such it fits into the general series of Late Celtic hanging-bowl escutcheons. It has, however, no precise parallels in the hanging-bowl series, though its use of enamel and puts it into an amorphous group of late bowls with escutcheons displaying this type of ornament. Of these, an escutcheon from Whitby, Yorkshire closels i , y related (Peer Radford san d 1943, pi XXVIn i ) c , technique, whil interlace ecompareth e b n eca d closely bot techniquhn i desigd ee an thath o n t n to bird escutcheon from Ferns Wexforo C , d (Henry 1936, pi XXXVIII; Mahr 1932, pi 40-4; Henry 1965, 104), where the enamel is combined with millefiori. The Ferns piece Henry has grouped, I think correctly, along wit a hserie f objecto s s includin e Clonmacnoith g s escutcheone th , Ashmolean bird mount, and the Ekero crozier which because of their use of both enamel and millefiori should be dated before 880 rather than after it. Also into this general category of miscellaneous piece metalworf so placee b Mikelbostan e dkth ca Hoprekstad dan d t bowla d san the end of the series the Moylough belt shrine and possibly the Oseberg bucket mount (Henry 1965, 104-5). Apart from the Ferns escutcheon, however, there is no single piece of metalwork LAING: PICTS, SAXONS AND CELTIC METALWORK | 195 from Ireland that can be closely compared with the Aberdour escutcheon, and the cross in the centre wit curvilineas hit r nimbu morr fa keepins sn ei i g wit traditione hth Pictisf so h crosses than those from Ireland, though it has no precise counterpart in either case. t cannoi f I matchee b t Irelandn di thers i ,cas y believinr ean efo Aberdoue gth r escutcheon havo t e bee producna Pictlandf o t , apart fro obvioue mth sPictiss it fac f o t h provenance? There is now no obstacle against believing that some hanging bowls were made in Pictland. The find of a mould for a hanging-bowl escutcheon from the Pictish fort at Craig Phadrig, Inverness (Small 1972,49-51) shows that some bowls with openwork escutcheon f double-peltso a type were being produced in Pictland, and there is no reason for not supposing that the Castle Tioram bowl and possibly the Tummel Bridge, Perth, bowl were not of Pictish manufacture. A small base escutcheon is among the unpublished finds from another Pictish fort, at Clatchard Craig, , wher ornamen e triskele eth th f o e s foun e i tlarga typb n o et o de serie f bowlo s s (for illustrations of several, Henry 1936, pis XXXII-III) with enamelled escutcheons. What may thesf o e moulea r on escutcheon r fo lea e de fo th d di e b amons si unpublishee gth d finds froe mth Pictish site at Birsay, Orkney, which I am grateful to Mrs C Curie for allowing me cito t e (see below 301-7)p p , . Pictse Th , then, made hanging bowls. Apart from these certainly Pictish examples, thers ei a group of bowls which are linked by technique. These bowls all have escutcheons in which the enamel is broken up by very thin lines of metal, and into this class fall the escutcheons on the Baginton bowl Lullingstone th , Hildershae e th bow d an l m bowl l threAl . e bowls contrasn i , o t other f similao s r type base us ,e escutcheons insid d underneatean e bowl hth botd e an ,hth Lullingstone and Hildersham bowls have in their decorative repertoire naturalistic animals in the Pictish tradition. This fact has of course long been recognised. Clapham suggested the Lullingstone bowl f mighPictiso e b th inspiration (1934, 43-5), while Fowle s demonstrateha r d thae th t Hildersham bow s similaha l r animal ornament (1968 s pointee similath ,ha t 302d rdou an ) technique used on all three (1968, 294). Although in 1968 it was not possible to prove hanging bowls were made in Pictland, Fowler's arguments for Pictish influence can now be translated as Pictish manufacture. Aberdoue Th r escutcheo executes ni same th en di techniqu three th es e a bowls , very thin lines separating area f enamelo s simple Th . e interlac counterparts it s eha severan o s l ClasI I s Pictish stones examplr border,fo e th n eo Meiglf s o (Crude 5 . eno n 1964, pi 39)secone .Th d panel of ornamen difficuls i t reconstructo t t corrosiono t e du , t woulbu , daniman a appea e b n i l o t r crouched position with open mouth and lolling tongue. Beasts with lolling tongues are by no means unknown in Pictish art, as for instance on the Dunfallandy stone (Cruden 1964, pi 11). or from the back of the Invergowrie stone (Cruden 1964, pi 16). For a far closer parallel, however, ornamene th o t whola s neee a t eon d loo furtheo kn r tha nt Ninian' S frobow4 e . mth no l s Isle treasure which provides a parallel for the interlace and bowl 2 which provides a similar type of animal with extended forepaw, lolling tongue, convoluted hindquarter knotworkd san e th r o , beasts on the pommel (O'Dell et al 1959, fig 6, pi XXVIa, b). The technique of the Aberdour escutcheo simplestyls e ni th related s et i bu , .

THREE PENANNULAR BROOCHES Amon gcollectioa f findno s fro UismN t recently presente Nationae th o dt l Museuf mo Antiquities of Scotland are three penannular brooches. The first (GT 962) is of tinned bronze and has square terminals wit incusn ha e diamon eacn do whic n hi three har ea raises ha dn dotspi e .Th lentoi ddecorates i hea d dan d with hatching (fig 5/1). This brooch belongs well-knowa o t n class, 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1972-4 designated by Fowler as G (1963,107-9). Moulds for brooches of this type are known from Mote of Mark and Dunadd, and they are generally held to belong to the fifth-sixth centuries, though there is a late, example from Trewhiddle, , in a ninth-century hoard of Anglo- Saxon metalwork (Blunt and Wilson 1961, pi XXVIIIb). It is not, however, the first Class G penannular froHebridese mth . Another, very closely comparable Glasgoe th n i s wi , Museum and Art Gallery, among unpublished finds from the Ludovic Mann collection. It is reputed to have

FIG 5 Penannular brooches. 1-3, S Uist; 4, W Scot- land; 5, Balevullin, Tiree (2 : 3) been foun Tireen di t Balevullina , secona d an ,d similar same broocth en i collectiohs i s ha d nan presumably come from Western Scotlan f Scottisd(c h Exhibitio f Nationano l d Historan t yAr Industry Catalogue of Exhibits, Palace of History, (1911), II, 868, no. 9) (fig 5/4, 5). A third Clas penannulasG bees ha rn published from Sky Simpsoy eb n (1953) remainine Th . g clasG s brooche froe sar m Castlehill, Dairy, Ayrshire, Dowalton Loch, Wigtownshire. Fowle suggestes rha d that the brooches with grooving on the ends, into which category the Trewhiddle, Skye and N Uist brooches fall, are late (eighth-ninth centuries) and the others are early, but this is difficult to substantiate, and the use of a lentoid pin with the N Uist brooch, which is a typologically early LAING: PICTS, SAXONS AND CELTIC METALWORK 197 device, might sugges earlien ta r rather tha nlatea r date (Fowler 1963, 109) lentoie .Th raise n dpi s another important question, for the type is that which has been associated with Pictish penannulars, and is used on the St Ninian's Isle brooches. Both a lentoid pin and a panel on the hoop distinguish e seconth UisS d t brooc Pictisa s ha h produc 961)T (G t . This brooch (fig 5/2 s damage)ha d terminals, and all that can be said from the existing flattened portions is that the brooch belongs Claso t tha, sthos, H tis e with expanded, flattened terminals. More informatio provides ni e th y db third brooch fro collectioe mth 960)T n(G , whic Clashala s h i f fo brooc sH h with characteristic terminals whicn o , h therinnen a s ei r panel indicate bordea y db f hatchingo r o . Thertw e ear incised lines on the hoop (fig 5/3), and the pin is of lentoid type. interese Th f theso t e brooche face s th liet n thasi t the fifth-sixte yar h century typesf o l al , which are known to have been in production in SW Scotland at the Mote of Mark, but which in the Hebrides display certain features associated with the Pictish penannular-brooch series. They tangible ar e evidence thastartine th t g poin Pictisr fo t h penannular sixthe foune b th o n -t di s si century metalwor lowlanf ko d Scotland.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS thank e Nationae th ow o I st l Museu Antiquitief mo Scotlanf so allowinr d fo dra o t e wgm and publish material in their care, and for supplying the photographs for this paper. I also owe thanks to Mr J G Scott for allowing me to publish material in Kelvingrove museum, Glasgow, CuriC allowinr s efo refe o Mr t unpublisheo o e t t rg m d an d material fro r excavationmhe t sa Birsay, Orkney. The drawings are by Jennifer Laing.

APPENDIX Pictish beads In view of the scarcity of type fossils for recognising the Picts in an archaeological context, any object establishee whicb n hca distinctiva s da e produc Pictlanf o t particulaf o s di r interest. categore On objecf yo t which hitherto doe t sees no mhavo t e been recognise Pictisa s da h product itypsa glasf eo s bea yellon di blackd w an ornamene th , t comprising yellow spiral blaca n so k ground Pictise Th . h example eithee b y r bun-shapesma triangular do r with rounded anglee th s- only incidence, as far as I am aware, of triangular glass beads in the Early Christian period (fig 6).

FIG 6 Bead from the Culbin Sands, (1 :1)

A typsa e these beads belon commoa o gt n clas cablf so e beads, tha , beadis t s made from on morr eo e cabl glasf eo s twisted together technique Th . commoa s ei n one occurd an , earls sa y as the pre-Roman Iron Age at Meare, (Bulleid 1926, pi XIV, 6) and can be seen in Scotlan Romae th n di n perio t Newsteada d (Curie 1911, pi XCI 20), 5 , . Although they occua n ri wide variet f post-Romayo n Migration period context Europn si e fro fifte mth h centure th o yt nint tenthr ho , the particularle yar y commo Irelann i commono s d - hav o t t facti e n r ,i bee fo , n suggested that Continentamane th f yo lIrisf o find he sar manufactur e (Hencken 1950, 137)e Th . closest parallels in Ireland to the Pictish beads are two among the old finds at Lagore, Co Meath, ] PROCEEDING 8 19 SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1972-4 whic e roundisar h d havan h e yellow spiral a clea n o rs glass ground (Hencken 19504 ,14 and fig 67, A) Apart from their general similarit Lagore th yo t e beads yelloe ,th w spiral beads from Scotland can be dated to the Pictish period because of the association of a fragment of one from the Croy Hoard, Inverness, associated with Pictish-type penannular-brooch fragments, amber beads, a portio bronza f no e Anglo-Saxo o balanctw d ean n pennies, which date depositioe dth e th f no (Blun0 85 finc t o 1950,217)dt otheo .Tw r beads have been founPictise th n di h for f Burgheado t , Moray. distributioe Th beade th particularlf s sni o y interesting t appearsi s concentratee a ,b o t n di the present county of , with a few outliers in adjacent counties. The following list is based on the collection in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, and makes no claims to completion, but I believe is sufficiently complete to reflect accurately the distribution.

FJ 1-4, Cawdor, Nairn; FJ 5-6, Burghead, Moray; FJ 7-8, Coldstone, Aberdeenshire; FJ 9, Blelack, Aberdeenshire , Slains10 J ,F ; Aberdeenshire , Nairnshire11 J F ; , unprovenancedJ F ; 12, Unprovenanced; FJ 13, Clova, Aberdeenshire; FJ 14, Beetloun, Aberdeenshire; FJ 15, Aberdeenshire, unprovenanced; FJ 64, Birse, Aberdeenshire; FJ 65, Tough, Aberdeenshire; FJ 66, Strathdon, Aberdeenshire , Midmar67 J F ; , Aberdeenshire , Ballogie68 J F ; , Aberdeenshire; Kinnord, 69 J F , Aberdeenshire Unprovenanced, 84 J ;F 136J ;F , Buc Carbrachf ko , Aberdeenshire; J 137F , Glenbuchat, Aberdeenshire J 138F ; , Callievar Hill, Cushnie, Aberdeenshire.

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