Women in Computing Tour

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WOMEN IN COMPUTING TOUR REMARKABLE WOMEN AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO COMPUTING REVOLUTION: CALCULATORS REVOLUTION: BIRTH OF THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION: EARLY COMPUTER COMPANIES Women have played a crucial role in the history of computing at many levels, from programming and engineering to marketing, business, and leadership. These pioneers influenced the design and program- Ada, Countess of Lovelace ENIAC Programmers Grace Hopper ming of some of the first Lovelace is known for a remark- The ENIAC was the first large-scale Hopper worked on some of the computers and languages, able paper, “Sketch of the Analytical electronic computer in the United earliest computers and developed ad- and laid the groundwork Engine Invented by Charles Babbage,” States. Its hundreds of cables and vanced software programs. She devel- for women’s expanding published in 1843. It contains vision- switches were programmed by six oped an early compiler, a program to involvement in technology ary insights into the challenges of young women, including Kay Antonelli, help write other programs, and was and business. This tour using computers and their potential Jean Bartik, Betty Holberton, Mariyln involved in the development of the features nine remarkable for inventive and creative work. Meltzer, Frances Spence, and Ruth COBOL programming language. women in the history of Teitelbaum. computing. REVOLUTION: SUPERCOMPUTERS REVOLUTION: MAINFRAMES REVOLUTION: DIGITAL LOGIC Fran Allen Margaret Hamilton Sophie Wilson Allen is a computer software pioneer. NASA software chief Margaret Wilson, along with Steven Furber, de- She developed advanced compilers Hamilton led development of the code signed the ARM 1 microprocessor in for making computers work faster for the Apollo space mission to put a 1985. This design evolved into one of and more efficiently, including for the man on the Moon in 1969. the most successful computer archi- 1961 IBM “Stretch,” one of the first tectures of all time and has become and most complex supercomputers the basis for thousands of electronic ever designed. products. REVOLUTION: INPUT & OUTPUT REVOLUTION: MOBILE COMPUTING REVOLUTION: NETWORKING & THE WEB Adele Goldberg Donna Dubinsky Ginny Strazisar Goldberg contributed to the develop- Dubinsky was the founding CEO of Strazisar co-wrote the first Internet ment of the Smalltalk-80 program- Palm Computing. She was part of the router software for the then-new ming language and other object- team that developed the PalmPilot, the ARPANET network, based upon TCP/ oriented programming systems at first commercially successful handheld IP protocols. These protocols form Xerox PARC in the 1970s. Her work connected organizer. The PalmPilot pio- the basis of today’s Internet. Stra- was in part the basis for graphical neered seamless synchronization with zisar’s work allowed her company, user interfaces, used in most comput- the PC and incorporated a quick writing BBN, to produce the first commercial ers today. system known as “graffiti.” Internet router. computerhistory.org Last Updated: 2018_02 Sophie Wilson Fran Allen Margaret Hamilton Grace Hopper ENIAC Programmers Adele Goldberg Donna Dubinsky Ada, Countess of Lovelace Ginny Strazisar To learn more visit: computerhistory.org.

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Women in Computing History
Women in Computing History Denise Gfirer ACM-W0) Co-Chair EMD Consulting Scotts Valley, California 95066 USA <[email protected]> Introduction Exciting inventions, innovative technology, human interac- tion, and intriguing politics fill computing history. However, the recorded history is mainly composed of male achieve- ments and involvements, even though women have played substantial roles. This situation is not unusual. Most science fields are notorious for excluding, undervaluing, or over- looking the accomplishments of their female scientists [1, 16, 17, 22]. As J.A.N. Lee points out, it is up to the histori- ans and others to remedy this imbalance (see this issue [14]). Some steps have been taken towards this goal through pub- lishing biographies on women in technology [2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24], also see this issue [7], and through honoring the pioneers with various awards such as the GHC'97 Pioneering Awards(z) (Figure 1), the WITI Hall of Fame(3), and the AWC Lovelace Award(n). A few online sites Figure 1: Computer Science Pioneer Celebration, at the Grace Hopper contain biographies of women in technology, shown in Table Celebration of Women in Computing '97. Left to right: (Fran Allen, Ruzena Bajcsy, Adele Mildred Koss, Denise Gtirer, Anita Borg, Jean 1 below. However, even with these resources, many women Jennings Bartik, Judy Levenson Clapp, Thelma Estrin, Joyce Currie Little who have contributed significantly to computer science are (Courtesy Institute for Women in Technology, Palo Alto, California) still to be discovered. preprogrammed software for needed tasks (in particular word processing, email, and database access).
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Computer History – the Pitfalls of Past Futures
Research Collection Working Paper Computer history – The pitfalls of past futures Author(s): Gugerli, David; Zetti, Daniela Publication Date: 2019 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000385896 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library TECHNIKGESCHICHTE DAVID GUGERLI DANIELA ZETTI COMPUTER HISTORY – THE PITFALLS OF PAST FUTURES PREPRINTS ZUR KULTURGESCHICHTE DER TECHNIK // 2019 #33 WWW.TG.ETHZ.CH © BEI DEN AUTOREN Gugerli, Zetti/Computer History Preprints zur Kulturgeschichte der Technik #33 Abstract The historicization of the computer in the second half of the 20th century can be understood as the effect of the inevitable changes in both its technological and narrative development. What interests us is how past futures and therefore history were stabilized. The development, operation, and implementation of machines and programs gave rise to a historicity of the field of computing. Whenever actors have been grouped into communities – for example, into industrial and academic developer communities – new orderings have been constructed historically. Such orderings depend on the ability to refer to archival and published documents and to develop new narratives based on them. Professional historians are particularly at home in these waters – and nevertheless can disappear into the whirlpool of digital prehistory. Toward the end of the 1980s, the first critical review of the literature on the history of computers thus offered several programmatic suggestions. It is one of the peculiar coincidences of history that the future should rear its head again just when the history of computers was flourishing as a result of massive methodological and conceptual input.
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Turing's Influence on Programming — Book Extract from “The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra”
Turing's Influence on Programming | Book extract from \The Dawn of Software Engineering: from Turing to Dijkstra" Edgar G. Daylight∗ Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract Turing's involvement with computer building was popularized in the 1970s and later. Most notable are the books by Brian Randell (1973), Andrew Hodges (1983), and Martin Davis (2000). A central question is whether John von Neumann was influenced by Turing's 1936 paper when he helped build the EDVAC machine, even though he never cited Turing's work. This question remains unsettled up till this day. As remarked by Charles Petzold, one standard history barely mentions Turing, while the other, written by a logician, makes Turing a key player. Contrast these observations then with the fact that Turing's 1936 paper was cited and heavily discussed in 1959 among computer programmers. In 1966, the first Turing award was given to a programmer, not a computer builder, as were several subsequent Turing awards. An historical investigation of Turing's influence on computing, presented here, shows that Turing's 1936 notion of universality became increasingly relevant among programmers during the 1950s. The central thesis of this paper states that Turing's in- fluence was felt more in programming after his death than in computer building during the 1940s. 1 Introduction Many people today are led to believe that Turing is the father of the computer, the father of our digital society, as also the following praise for Martin Davis's bestseller The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing1 suggests: At last, a book about the origin of the computer that goes to the heart of the story: the human struggle for logic and truth.
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Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper
Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper Interviewed by: Angeline Pantages Recorded: December, 1980 Naval Data Automation Command, Maryland CHM Reference number: X5142.2009 © 1980 Computer History Museum Table of Contents BACKGROUND HISTORY ...........................................................................................................3 1943-1949: MARK I, II, AND III COMPUTERS AT HARVARD....................................................6 1949-1964: ECKERT AND MAUCHLY, UNIVAC, AND THE ONE-PASS COMPILER ................7 The Need for User-Friendly Languages ..................................................................................10 DEMANDS FOR THE FUTURE..................................................................................................12 Application Processors, Database Machines, Distributed Processing ....................................12 Demand for Programmers and System Analysts ....................................................................14 The Value and Cost of Information..........................................................................................14 The Navy’s Dilemma: Micros and Software Creation..............................................................15 The Murray Siblings: Brilliant Communicators.........................................................................18 Common Sense and Distributed Computing ...........................................................................19 BACK TO 1943-1949: HOWARD AIKEN....................................................................................21
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A Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Charles Babbage
A Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Charles Babbage Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 08 March 2021 Version 1.24 Abstract -analogs [And99b, And99a]. This bibliography records publications of 0 [Bar96, CK01b]. 0-201-50814-1 [Ano91c]. Charles Babbage. 0-262-01121-2 [Ano91c]. 0-262-12146-8 [Ano91c, Twe91]. 0-262-13278-8 [Twe93]. 0-262-14046-2 [Twe92]. 0-262-16123-0 [Ano91c]. 0-316-64847-7 [Cro04b, CK01b]. Title word cross-reference 0-571-17242-3 [Bar96]. 1 [Bab97, BRG+87, Mar25, Mar86, Rob87a, #3 [Her99]. Rob87b, Tur91]. 1-85196-005-8 [Twe89b]. 100th [Sen71]. 108-bit [Bar00]. 1784 0 [Tee94]. 1 [Bab27d, Bab31c, Bab15]. [MB89]. 1792/1871 [Ynt77]. 17th [Hun96]. 108 000 [Bab31c, Bab15]. 108000 [Bab27d]. 1800s [Mar08]. 1800s-Style [Mar08]. 1828 1791 + 200 = 1991 [Sti91]. $19.95 [Dis91]. [Bab29a]. 1835 [Van83]. 1851 $ $ $21.50 [Mad86]. 25 [O’H82]. 26.50 [Bab51a, CK89d, CK89i, She54, She60]. $ [Enr80a, Enr80b]. $27.95 [L.90]. 28 1852 [Bab69]. 1853 [She54, She60]. 1871 $ [Hun96]. $35.00 [Ano91c]. 37.50 [Ano91c]. [Ano71b, Ano91a]. 1873 [Dod00]. 18th $45.00 [Ano91c]. q [And99a, And99b]. 1 2 [Bab29a]. 1947 [Ano48]. 1961 Adam [O’B93]. Added [Bab16b, Byr38]. [Pan63, Wil64]. 1990 [CW91]. 1991 Addison [Ano91c]. Addison-Wesley [Ano90, GG92a]. 19th [Ano91c]. Addition [Bab43a]. Additions [Gre06, Gre01, GST01].
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Women in Computing
History of Computing CSE P590A (UW) PP190/290-3 (UCB) CSE 290 291 (D00) Women in Computing Katherine Deibel University of Washington [email protected] 1 An Amazing Photo Philadelphia Inquirer, "Your Neighbors" article, 8/13/1957 2 Diversity Crisis in Computer Science Percentage of CS/IS Bachelor Degrees Awarded to Women National Center for Education Statistics, 2001 3 Goals of this talk ! Highlight the many accomplishments made by women in the computing field ! Learn their stories, both good and bad 4 Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace ! Translated and extended Menabrea’s article on Babbage’s Analytical Engine ! Predicted computers could be used for music and graphics ! Wrote the first algorithm— how to compute Bernoulli numbers ! Developed notions of looping and subroutines 5 Garbage In, Garbage Out The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths. — Ada Lovelace, Note G 6 On her genius and insight If you are as fastidious about the acts of your friendship as you are about those of your pen, I much fear I shall equally lose your friendship and your Notes. I am very reluctant to return your admirable & philosophic 'Note A.' Pray do not alter it… All this was impossible for you to know by intuition and the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal.
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Computer Pioneer / Kim Todd
Copyright © 2015 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri, 63501 All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu Cover art: Betty Jean Jennings, ca. 1941; detail of ENIAC, 1946. Cover design: Teresa Wheeler Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Todd, Kim D., author. Jean Jennings Bartik : computer pioneer / Kim Todd. pages cm—(Notable Missourians) Summary: “As a young girl in the 1930s, Jean Bartik dreamed of adventures in the world beyond her family’s farm in northwestern Missouri. After college, she had her chance when she was hired by the U.S. Army to work on a secret project. At a time when many people thought women could not work in technical fields like science and mathematics, Jean became one of the world’s first computer programmers. She helped program the ENIAC, the first successful stored-program computer, and had a long career in the field of computer science. Thanks to computer pioneers like Jean, today we have computers that can do almost anything.”—Provided by publisher. Audience: Ages 10-12. Audience: Grades 4 to 6. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61248-145-6 (library binding : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-61248-146-3 (e-book) 1. Bartik, Jean--Juvenile literature. 2. Women computer scientists—United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 3. Computer scientists— United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 4. Women computer programmers— United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 5. Computer programmers—United States—Biography—Juvenile literature. 6. ENIAC (Computer)—History—Juvenile literature. 7. Computer industry—United States—History—Juvenile literature. I. Title. QA76.2.B27T63 2015 004.092--dc23 2015011360 No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher.
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Working on ENIAC: the Lost Labors of the Information Age
Working on ENIAC: The Lost Labors of the Information Age Thomas Haigh www.tomandmaria.com/tom University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee & Mark Priestley www.MarkPriestley.net This Research Is Sponsored By • Mrs L.D. Rope’s Second Charitable Trust • Mrs L.D. Rope’s Third Charitable Trust Thanks for contributions by my coauthors Mark Priestley & Crispin Rope. And to assistance from others including Ann Graf, Peter Sachs Collopy, and Stephanie Dick. www.EniacInAction.com CONVENTIONAL HISTORY OF COMPUTING www.EniacInAction.com The Battle for “Firsts” www.EniacInAction.com Example: Alan Turing • A lone genius, according to The Imitation Game – “I don’t have time to explain myself as I go along, and I’m afraid these men will only slow me down” • Hand building “Christopher” – In reality hundreds of “bombes” manufactured www.EniacInAction.com Isaacson’s “The Innovators” • Many admirable features – Stress on teamwork – Lively writing – References to scholarly history – Goes back beyond 1970s – Stresses role of liberal arts in tech innovation • But going to disagree with some basic assumptions – Like the subtitle! www.EniacInAction.com Amazon • Isaacson has 7 of the top 10 in “Computer Industry History” – 4 Jobs – 3 Innovators www.EniacInAction.com Groundbreaking for “Pennovation Center” Oct, 2014 “Six women Ph.D. students were tasked with programming the machine, but when the computer was unveiled to the public on Valentine’s Day of 1946, Isaacson said, the women programmers were not invited to the black tie event after the announcement.” www.EniacInAction.com Teams of Superheroes www.EniacInAction.com ENIAC as one of the “Great Machines” www.EniacInAction.com ENIAC Life Story • 1943: Proposed and approved.
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Gender and Technology Looking to the Post
Gender and Technology Looking to the Post by Denise M. Sbortt have made towards technological there is evidence that women have progress and why these accomplish- even lost power with the introduc- Cet am'ck nowpark dcJ aspects qui se ments have often been ignored. This tion of new technologies. For exam- rapportent h litccks aux technologies, information helps us to understand ple, during the manuscript era of the aux occasions, h li'ntdrtt qu 'clles susci- why women are not embracing the Middle Ages, women managed to tenteth leuracceptationpar ksfcmmer current computer culture at the same exercise some degree of knowledge dans I'bistoire et par les femmes modemes. A ship in port is safe, but that is not what ships are for. Sail out to sea and do new things. -Admiral Grace Hopper, computer pioneer. Charting a course into the world of technology can be rough sailing for women. Today's computer culture is largely dominated by men and many women have yet to navigate these largely uncharted waters. New tech- nologies have become increasingly important and arguably necessary in some spheres of modern life. In light of this sea of change, it becomes imperative for women to heed the words ofAdmiral Hopper and set sail - - into new territory (Camp). With this message in mind, I have decided to explore the relationship of Gail Geltner, 'Women and Technologies," 1987 women and technology. My inquiry into this relationship is guided by rate as men and why women's voices and power in their roles as nuns. Dale two fundamental educational ques- have largely been left out of the dia- Spender points out that a fewwomen tions: what is needed to make good logue on the potential future uses of such as St.
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The Early Mathematical Education of Ada Lovelace. Hollings, Martin And
BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics ISSN: 1749-8430 (Print) 1749-8341 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbsh20 The early mathematical education of Ada Lovelace Christopher Hollings, Ursula Martin & Adrian Rice To cite this article: Christopher Hollings, Ursula Martin & Adrian Rice (2017): The early mathematical education of Ada Lovelace, BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics, DOI: 10.1080/17498430.2017.1325297 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17498430.2017.1325297 © 2017 British Society for the History of Mathematics Published online: 01 Jun 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 226 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbsh20 Download by: [the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford] Date: 21 June 2017, At: 06:49 BSHM Bulletin, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/17498430.2017.1325297 The early mathematical education of Ada Lovelace CHRISTOPHER HOLLINGS and URSULA MARTIN University of Oxford, UK ADRIAN RICE Randolph-Macon College, USA Ada, Countess of Lovelace, is remembered for a paper published in 1843, which translated and considerably extended an article about the unbuilt Analytical Engine, a general-purpose computer designed by the mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage. Her substantial appendices, nearly twice the length of the original work, contain an account of the principles of the machine, along with a table often described as ‘the ﬁrst computer program’. In this paper we look at Lovelace’s education before 1840, which encompassed older traditions of practical geometry; newer textbooks inﬂuenced by continental approaches; wide reading; and a fascination with machinery.
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Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 'Notes'
Lovelace & Babbage and the Creation of the 1843 ‘Notes’ John Fuegi and Jo Francis Flare/MITH Augusta Ada Lovelace worked with Charles Babbage to create a description of Babbage’s unbuilt invention, the Analytical Engine, a highly advanced mechanical calculator often considered a forerunner of the electronic calculating computers of the 20th century. Ada Lovelace’s “Notes,” describing the Analytical Engine, published in Taylor’s Scientific Memoirs in 1843, contained a ground-breaking description of the possibilities of programming the machine to go beyond number-crunching to “computing” in the wider sense in which we understand the term today. This article expands on research first presented by the authors in their documentary film, To Dream Tomorrow. What shall we do to get rid of Mr. Babbage and known to have crossed the intellectual thresh- his calculating Machine? Surely if completed it old between conceptualizing computing as would be worthless as far as science is con- only for calculation on the one hand, and on cerned? the other hand, computing as we know it —British Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, 18421 today: with wider applications made possible by symbolic substitution. The Analytical Engine does not occupy common In an early background interview at the ground with mere ‘calculating machines.’ … In Science Museum (London) for the historical enabling mechanism to combine together gen- documentary film about collaboration between eral symbols, in successions of unlimited variety Lovelace and Babbage, To Dream Tomorrow,3 and extent, a uniting link is established between Babbage authority Doron Swade mentioned the operations of matter and the abstract mental that he thought Babbage and Lovelace had processes of the most abstract branch of mathe- “very different qualities of mind.” Swade’s matical science.
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Programming Women: Gender at the Birth of the Computing Age
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