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I'm Allergic! the Conundrum of Antibiotic Allergies

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I'm Allergic! the Conundrum of Antibiotic Allergies I’m Allergic! The Conundrum of Antibiotic Allergies Maureen O. Brown MD, MPH June 2, 2017 • American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology • Released March 3, 2014 • Don’t overuse non-beta lactam antibiotics in patients with a history of penicillin allergy, without an appropriate evaluation. Objectives: • classification of allergic reactions • testing for penicillin allergy • what about cephalosporins? Conflicts of Interest: none Impact of Antibiotic Allergy Labelling . Increased inpatient and outpatient treatment costs . Longer hospitalizations, more readmissions . More adverse reactions . Increased antibiotic resistance . Increased incidence of C. difficile colitis, VRE, MRSA Gell and Coombs Classification Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions DRESS: Acute skin rash- maculopapular Internal organ involvement Lymphadenopathy 2 sites Abnl blood count- at least 1: -lymphocytosis/penia≥ -eosinophilia -thrombocytopenia Fever > 38◦ C Toxic epidermal necrolysis Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis • Acute Interstitial Nephritis • Drug-induced Liver Disease Urticaria with angioedema Severe Type II-IV reaction Skin Prick test Reported penicillin or NO PrePen, Pen G, allergy Anaphylaxis <1-6 mo ago controls Read after 15” - + YES Intradermal test (+) test = wheal >3mm + more than saline control No Further Testing - Avoid Penicillins + Oral challenge with Amoxicillin 250-500 mg Observe 1 hour - Safe to receive Penicillin Coming Soon -Stay Tuned! Cephalosporins in PCN-Allergic Patients . Cross-reactivity is uncommon! . Cross-reactivity related to similar/shared R side chains . Amp/amox share R side chains with several 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins Cephalexin Ampicillin Amoxicillin Cefadroxyl Cephalosporins in PCN-Allergic Patients . Skin testing for cephalosporin allergy is unreliable . OK to use 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, cefazolin . Use graded challenge for 1st and 2nd generation with dissimilar R chains . Avoid 1st and 2nd generation with similar R chains . Cross-reactivity with carbapenems rare (<<1%), absent with aztreonam Cephalosporins and Penicillins with Identical Side Chains Amoxicillin Ampicillin Cefadroxil Cefaclor Cefprozil Cephalexin Cefatrizine Cephradine Cephaloglycin Loracarbef What about other antibiotic allergies? . Skin testing for IgE hypersensitivity: only Penicillin . In vitro (blood tests) not reliable for diagnosing drug allergies . Can consider oral challenges after mild-to-moderate skin rash reactions . No safe testing after severe Type II-IV reactions Summary • Falsely labelled antibiotic allergies ➤ significant morbidity, cost, resistance • Take a careful drug allergy history! • Test to rule out IgE-mediated PCN allergy ➤ de-label! • Cephalosporin cross-reactivity with PCN is very uncommon • Limited ability to test for non-penicillin antibiotic allergies References • Trubiano J, Phillips E. Antimicrbial Stewardship’s New Weapon? A Review of Antibiotic Allergy and Pathways to ‘De-labeling’. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013 December;26(6):526-37 • Aberer W, Macy E. Moving Toward Optimizing Testing for Penicillin Allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017; 5(3): 684-685 • Is it Really a Penicillin Allergy? From: https://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/week/downloads/getsmart-penicillin-factsheet.pdf • Chen JR, Tarver SA, Alvarez KS, Tran T, nd Khan DA. A Proactive Approach to Penicillin Allergy Testing in Hospitalized Patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017; 5(3):686-693 • Macy E, Romano A, Khan D. Practical Management of Antibiotic Hypersensitivity in 2017. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017; 5(3):577-586 • Hein I. Testing Penicillin Allergy Cuts Wide=Spectrum Antibiotic Use. Medscape November 13, 2016 • Duong TA, Veleyrie-Allanore L, Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O. Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs. Lancet May 2, 2017 online (DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30378-6) • Pichichero, ME. Cephalosporins can be prescribed safely for penicillin-allergic patients. J Fam Pract. 2006;55(2):106-112.
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