DOCSLIB.ORG

Historia Del Parque Central De La Ciudad De León, Nicaragua En La

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historia Del Parque Central De La Ciudad De León, Nicaragua En La UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE NICARAGUA UNAN-LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y HUMANIDADES DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Título: “HISTORIA DEL PARQUE CENTRAL DE LA CIUDAD DE LEÓN- NICARAGUA, (1892-2013), EN LA MEMORIA DE LA POBLACIÓN”. Monografía para optar al título de Licenciadas en Ciencias de la Educación y Humanidades con mención en Ciencias Sociales. AUTORAS: BRA. ELIZABETH DE JESÚS CORNEJO CHAVARRÍA. BRA. IZAYANA DE LOS MILAGROS CORRALES. BRA. ENMA CAROLINA FAJARDO MONCADA. TUTORA: MSc. MARÍA ELENA MEDINA SALINAS. León, Nicaragua. Marzo, 2014 HISTORIA DEL PARQUE CENTRAL DE LA CIUDAD DE LEÓN-NICARAGUA, (1892-2013) EN LA MEMORIA DE LA POBLACIÓN. Fotografía. Plaza Máximo Jerez. León 1927. Cortesia de la Alcaldía M unicipal de León. 1927. AGRADECIMIENTO Al finalizar nuestro trabajo monográfico para optar al título de Licenciadas en Ciencias de la Educación, con mención en Ciencias Sociales, agradecemos a: Dios y nuestra Madre Santísima por el don de la vida, fortaleza, salud y deseos de seguir profesionalizándonos en el campo de la educación. Nuestros padres, quienes con sacrificio y paciencia nos han apoyado en el proceso de nuestros estudios y han comprendido nuestra ausencia en ocasiones muy importantes. A todos las personas entrevistadas por haber colaborado con nosotras en el proceso investigativo, brindándonos espacio de su tiempo para participar en todas las actividades planificadas y ejecutadas. A todos los docentes del Dpto. de Ciencias Sociales y de otros departamentos de la UNAN-León, quienes aportaron un granito de arena en nuestros conocimientos profesionales durante los cinco años de estudio, formándonos en profesionales de calidad para el servicio de la sociedad y de nuestra patria. Y a nuestra querida tutora MSc. María Elena Medinas Salinas, quien con esmero, dedicación y paciencia nos apoyó a lo largo de todo nuestro trabajo investigativo. A todos ellos bendiciones. Dedicatoria A Dios por darnos el don de sabiduría, entendimiento e inteligencia necesaria para la finalización de nuestros estudios universitarios. A nuestros queridos padres por estar cerca de nosotras cuando más los necesitábamos. Gracias por su amor, apoyo incondicional sin reclamos, explicación y sin exigencias sólo apoyándonos para cumplir un sueño y culminar un peldaño más en nuestras vidas. A maestros y maestras de la UNAN –León que nos apoyaron en el proceso de Enseñanza–Aprendizaje. A nuestra tutora, una mujer disponible, servicial y acogedora que en todo momento de nuestro trabajo investigativo nos orientó y aconsejo; por su tiempo, amor y esfuerzo. ¡GRACIAS PROFESORA MARIA ELENA MEDINAS SALINAS! A todos ellos: INFINITAS GRACIAS, QUE DIOS LES BENDIGA POR SIEMPRE. ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTO DEDICATORIA INDICE CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1 PRESENTACIÓN..................................................................................................2 1.2 ANTECEDENTES INVESTIGATIVOS..................................................................4 1.3 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA...................................................................5 1.4 CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ..............................................................6 1.5 JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ……..........…………………………………….7 CAPÍTULO II: OBJETIVOS E HIPÓTESIS 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL..........................................................................................9 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÌFICOS.................................................................................9 2.3 HIPÓTESIS.........................................................................................................10 CAPÍTULO III: MARCO TEÓRICO. 3.1 MARCO CONCEPTUAL ....................................................................................12 3.2 MARCO CONTEXTUAL .....................................................................................16 3.2.1 Reseña Histórica de la Ciudad de León.….......….………………………..........16 3.2.2 Antecedentes Históricos de los Parques……..……………........….……….......24 3.2.3 Reseña Histórica del Parque Central...............................................................28 CAPÍTULO IV: METODOLOGÍA. 4.1 METODOLOGÍA.................................................................................................43 4.1 NECESIDADES DE LA INFORMACIÓN............................................................44 4.2 INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOPILACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN............................45 CAPÍTULO V: RESULTADOS. 5.1 RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................47 CAPÍTULO VI: ANÁLISIS DE ENCUESTAS Y ENTREVISTAS. 6.1 ANÁLISIS DE ENCUESTA.................................................................................51 6.2 ANÁLISIS DE ENTREVISTAS............................................................................51 6.3 ANÁLISIS GENERAL DE ENTREVISTAS..........................................................54 6.4 ANÁLISIS DE ENCUESTAS Y ENTREVISTAS..................................................55 CAPÍTULO VII: CONCLUSIONES. 7.1 CONCLUSIONES ..............................................................................................58 CAPITULO VIII: RECOMENDACIONES. 8.1 RECOMENDACIONES.......................................................................................61 BIBLIOGRAFÍA. BIBLIOGRAFÍA Y OTRAS FUENTES......................................................................63 ANEXOS GRÁFICOS...............................................................................................................67 FOTOGRAFÍAS........................................................................................................69 INSTRUMENTOS DE RECOLECIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN......................................75 Historia del Parque Central de la Ciudad de León- Nicaragua, (1892-2013) en La Memoria De La Población. CAPÌTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN. Ciencias Sociales UNAN-León Página 1 Historia del Parque Central de la Ciudad de León- Nicaragua, (1892-2013) en La Memoria De La Población. 1.1 PRESENTACIÓN. La información inmersa en la memoria de los pobladores de la ciudad universitaria,1 es una de las principales fuentes de las cuales se dispone en este trabajo, con el respaldo de otras fuentes que en conjunto fortalecerán la construcción de los contenidos históricos de la ciudad. El Parque Central junto a la ciudad de León se ubican en un mismo contexto histórico. Con el traslado de la ciudad al actual asentamiento nace este espacio, con el nombre de plaza de la independencia, ejerciendo funciones diferentes a las actuales. Tomando en cuenta el lugar que ocupa el Parque Central en la vida de sus habitantes y turistas que le visitan, se realiza un estudio para incluir en los contenidos de la historia aspectos meritorios. Considerada ésta acción una labor de vital importancia para que las nuevas generaciones tengan acceso y conozcan cada uno de los acontecimientos y hechos historicos recopilados de la memoria de la poblacion leonesa. El Capítulo I hace referencia a trabajos investigativos relacionados con el tema en estudio, así mismo el planteamiento del problema y una explicación general del objetivo que se pretende alcanzar con la elaboración de este trabajo investigativo. Además los beneficios que se destilen de la misma. El Capitulo II plantea los objetivos a desarrollar durante el trabajo monográfico, así como la posible respuesta al problema planteado. En el capítulo III se explica los diferentes términos relacionados con el tema en estudio y se refleja el contenido de la información. El capítulo IV contiene la metodología a seguir en la investigación y los instrumentos utilizados, para la recopilación de información. En el capítulo V se presentan los resultados obtenidos de los instrumentos aplicados en la recopilación de datos. Sede intelectual de la nación, donde se funda la primera universidad de Nicaragua, en el año 1812 e instalada en 1816. siendo ésta, la segunda de Centroamérica y última de América. Erigida durante los últimos días de la colonia española. Ciencias Sociales UNAN-León Página 2 Historia del Parque Central de la Ciudad de León- Nicaragua, (1892-2013) en La Memoria De La Población. El capítulo VI refleja las conclusiones alcanzadas durante el proceso de investigación. Y en el capítulo VII se sugieren las recomendaciones a las que se llegó después de culminar con la investigación. Estas son necesarias para inducir a mejorar las condiciones del Parque Central. En la parte final del trabajo se presentan las diferentes fuentes utilizadas como las fuentes bibliográficas, hemerográficas, archivísticas y electrónicas. Además las fuentes orales que fueron de gran ayuda en el proceso investigativo. También se incluyen los anexos que contienen diferentes gráficos, fotografías, instrumentos de recolección de información, realizadas a personas claves, con conocimiento de dicho tema. Todo esto es muy importante para fundamentar y validar el estudio. Ciencias Sociales UNAN-León Página 3 Historia del Parque Central de la Ciudad de León- Nicaragua, (1892-2013) en La Memoria De La Población. 1.2 ANTECEDENTES INVESTIGATIVOS. Para definir el propósito de la investigación y a la vez tener una visión más amplia sobre el trabajo a desarrollar, se realizó la consulta de bibliografías y otras fuentes que nos permitieran sustentar el tema. Sin encontrar evidencias de trabajos anteriores relacionados con el tema de investigación. Considerando el mismo uno de los temas no tomados en cuenta en las diferentes investigaciones que se realizan, para fortalecer los contenidos
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Louisiana Purchase
    The Louisiana Purchase In 1803, the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France, which was in dire straits following their revolution. On the Lewis and Clark site, there is this map of the Louisiana Purchase. As you can see, there was a great deal more of what is now the United States that was not settled. Look at Spanish Florida, New Spain, Oregon Country and British North America. The North West had been the habitat of fur traders, mostly from the British Isles, for many years. Meanwhile, in the South, there was the desire to expel the Spanish from Florida. As American expansionism moved the boundaries further west and south, the British pushed back. Greatness of the Port of New Orleans dates back to the Revolution when the Ohio River Valley was settled, and the settlers had no other way to market their produce then down the river to New Orleans – then a Spanish Port. First they came on rafts then flatboats, and, finally keelboats which could be poled back up the river. (Rafts and flatboats were broken up and the timber sold.) In the early years of this river traffic, tough American boatmen had many a argument with Spanish troops of New Orleans. Here we see Governor Milo halting once such argument. Miro hoped to persuade Tennessee and Kentucky to secede from the United States and join Spanish Louisiana. Instead, the valleyfolks brought such pressure on President Thomas Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase resulted. An indication of the volume of this early trade between the Americans and the Spaniards at New Orleans is the American dollar.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebellion in Spanish Louisiana During the Ulloa, O
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 The poisonous wine from Catalonia: rebellion in Spanish Louisiana during the Ulloa, O'Reilly, and Carondelet administrations Timothy Paul Achee Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Achee, Timothy Paul, "The poisonous wine from Catalonia: rebellion in Spanish Louisiana during the Ulloa, O'Reilly, and Carondelet administrations" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 399. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/399 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POISONOUS WINE FROM CATALONIA: REBELLION IN SPANISH LOUISIANA DURING THE ULLOA, O’REILLY, AND CARONDELET ADMINISTRATIONS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of History By Timothy Paul Achee, Jr. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2006 B.A. (art history), Louisiana State University, 2006 MLIS, Louisiana State University, 2008 May, 2010 For my father- I wish you were here ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been written without the support and patience of several people. I would like to take a moment to acknowledge some of them. Dr. Paul Hoffman provided invaluable guidance, encouragement and advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture of the Cabildo
    Architecture of the Cabildo The Cabildo in New Orleans is one of the most historically significant buildings in Louisiana. It was the seat of Spanish colonial government, the site of the Louisiana Purchase transfer ceremony, and home of the Louisiana Supreme Court. It is now part of the Louisiana State Museum. Learn more about the architectural features of this iconic building! Architecture The Cabildo was built 1794-1799 under Spanish rule. It was designed by Gilberto Guillemard in the classical style, which is modelled on the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. This style was common for eighteenth-century Spanish government buildings and has been used throughout history to convey power and wealth. The wrought-iron balcony railings were created by Marcelino Hernandez, an immigrant from the Canary Islands. The Spanish coat of arms in the pediment was replaced with a patriotic sculpture of an American bald eagle in 1821, a few years after Louisiana became a state, sculpted by Italian artist Pietro Cardelli. In 1847, a third floor with a mansard roof and cupola replaced the original flat roof. This popular French roof style was added in part to match the planned scale of the Pontalba apartment buildings on Jackson Square, which were begun in 1849. These features form an impressive façade that reflect changing influences in New Orleans over time. Architectural terms1 – Use this list of terms to label the drawing of the Cabildo on the next page. • arcade – a series of arches supported by columns • arch – a curved structural element spanning
    [Show full text]
  • A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution
    A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution edited by Hilary Francis INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution edited by Hilary Francis Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2020 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/. This book is also available online at http://humanities-digital-library.org. ISBN: 978-1-908857-57-6 (paperback edition) 978-1-908857-78-1 (.epub edition) 978-1-908857-79-8 (.mobi edition) 978-1-908857-77-4 (PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/220.9781908857774 (PDF edition) Institute of Latin American Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House London WC1E 7HU Telephone: 020 7862 8844 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ilas.sas.ac.uk Typesetting by Thomas Bohm, User Design, Illustration and Typesetting. Cover image © Franklin Villavicencio. Contents List of illustrations v Notes on contributors vii Introduction: exceptionalism and agency in Nicaragua’s revolutionary heritage 1 Hilary Francis 1. ‘We didn’t want to be like Somoza’s Guardia’: policing, crime and Nicaraguan exceptionalism 21 Robert Sierakowski 2. ‘The revolution was so many things’ 45 Fernanda Soto 3. Nicaraguan food policy: between self-sufficiency and dependency 61 Christiane Berth 4. On Sandinista ideas of past connections to the Soviet Union and Nicaraguan exceptionalism 87 Johannes Wilm 5.
    [Show full text]
  • A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History at the Cabildo
    A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History at the Cabildo Chapter 1 Introduction This book is the result of research conducted for an exhibition on Louisiana history prepared by the Louisiana State Museum and presented within the walls of the historic Spanish Cabildo, constructed in the 1790s. All the words written for the exhibition script would not fit on those walls, however, so these pages augment that text. The exhibition presents a chronological and thematic view of Louisiana history from early contact between American Indians and Europeans through the era of Reconstruction. One of the main themes is the long history of ethnic and racial diversity that shaped Louisiana. Thus, the exhibition—and this book—are heavily social and economic, rather than political, in their subject matter. They incorporate the findings of the "new" social history to examine the everyday lives of "common folk" rather than concentrate solely upon the historical markers of "great white men." In this work I chose a topical, rather than a chronological, approach to Louisiana's history. Each chapter focuses on a particular subject such as recreation and leisure, disease and death, ethnicity and race, or education. In addition, individual chapters look at three major events in Louisiana history: the Battle of New Orleans, the Civil War, and Reconstruction. Organization by topic allows the reader to peruse the entire work or look in depth only at subjects of special interest. For readers interested in learning even more about a particular topic, a list of additional readings follows each chapter. Before we journey into the social and economic past of Louisiana, let us look briefly at the state's political history.
    [Show full text]
  • Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776. Julia Carpenter Frederick Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Frederick, Julia Carpenter, "Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7355. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7355 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • La Escribanía Del Cabildo De Cuzco (1534-1699) 67 Hid 38 (2011)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by idUS. Depósito de Investigación Universidad de Sevilla La escribanía del cabildo de Cuzco (1534-1699) 67 HID 38 (2011) LA ESCRIBANÍA DEL CABILDO DE CUZCO (1534-1699) Mª LUISA DO M ÍNGUEZ GUERRERO Universidad de Sevilla Desde el siglo XIII comenzó a producirse en Castilla un proceso de elitización del sistema político municipal, que tuvo como resultado el paso del cabildo abier- to, en el que participaban todos los vecinos de la villa, al concejo de regidores, del que sólo formaba parte una minoría privilegiada1. Con el tiempo, las funciones y capacidades de estos concejos fueron aumentando, lo que provocó que se erigie- sen como importantes centros de producción y acumulación de material escrito, y que, por tanto, el documento municipal se convirtiese en uno de los instrumentos empleados por las clases dirigentes para ejercer su poder sobre la sociedad urba- na2. Este mismo sistema político local fue el que se trasplantó a las Indias tras su descubrimiento, con la implantación de los cabildos, de los que formaban parte las oligarquías socioeconómicas de cada municipio3. En el caso americano, la impor- tancia que el documento escrito cobró dentro de la institución municipal fue aún mayor, debido a las enormes distancias que separaban a las colonias de la Metró- poli, que fomentaron el recurso a la escritura como único medio para relacionarse con las instancias del gobierno, al mismo tiempo que permitieron a los cabildos alcanzar unas cuotas de poder que habrían sido inconcebibles en la Península4.
    [Show full text]
  • Governor Cuervo and the Beginnings of Albuquerque: Another Look
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 55 Number 3 Article 2 7-1-1980 Governor Cuervo and the Beginnings of Albuquerque: Another Look Marc Simmons Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Simmons, Marc. "Governor Cuervo and the Beginnings of Albuquerque: Another Look." New Mexico Historical Review 55, 3 (2021). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol55/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Repostero of the eighth Duke of Alburquerque, Don Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva, twenty-second Viceroy of Mexico, 1653-1660. Courtesy of T. M. Pearce. GOVERNOR CUERVO AND THE BEGINNINGS OF ALBUQUERQUE: ANOTHER LOOK MARC SIMMONS ON APRIL 23, 1706, some seventy years before the American Revolution, Governor Francisco Cuervo y Valdes of New Mexico sat at a writing table in the dimly lit halls of his mud palace on the Santa Fe plaza, He was composing a formal document to his sovereign in Spain and to the viceroy in Mexico City, attesting to the creation of a new town. Deftly he wrote, "I certify to the king, " .' our lord, and to the most excellent senor viceroy ... That I founded a villa on the banks and in the valley of the Rio del Norte in a good place as regards land, water, pasture, and firewood. .. I gave it as patron titular saint the glorious apostle of the Indies, Senor Francisco Xavier, and called and named it the villa of Alburquerque." I With a hint of pride in his words, Governor Cuervo went on to relate the progress that had been made to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Architecture in the French Quarter of New Orleans
    From The Cabildo to the Creole Cottage Historic Architecture in the French Quarter of New Orleans Justin C. Oakley Dr. Perky Beisel Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop. This structure is an excellent example of the Creole Cottage style of building that took root in New Orleans after a wave of immigrants from Saint Domingue (present day Haiti) arrived in the city during the late eighteenth century. Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop was Photo by Justin Oakley constructed in 1795, and as its name suggests, claims at least A view of the lower Pontalba building in a mythical connection to the famous pirate. The symmetrical design of the structure and its surrounding doors which open Jackson Square. The upper and lower the interior to the exterior, are very much influenced by the Pontalba buildings which flank either sort of structures that were found on Saint Domingue and side of Jackson Square, were built by other Caribbean islands, the idea being to maximize the amount of exposure to breeze and to minimize the sweltering Micaela Almonester, the Baroness de heat of the climate. Pontalba. The Baroness inherited much Photograph by Teemu008 on Flickr. of the property from her father Andres Almonester y Roxas, the wealthy http://www.kunstkopie.nl/a/legrand-de-saint-aubin-am/portrait-of-baroness-pont.html Spaniard whose money financed the St. Micaela Louis Cathedral, and made it her priority Almonester, to beautify the area. Baroness de Pontalba (1795- 1874) The Baroness is greatly responsible for the way that Jackson Square appears today. Benjamin Henry Latrobe by Filippo Costaggini.jpg Benjamin Henry Latrobe (1764- 1820) Latrobe as a renowned British- born architect whose most notable works include the United States Plan, sections, and elevation of the church to be built at New Orleans.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.An Early Drawing of Solar Granulation?
    Revista Mexicana de Física ISSN: 0035-001X [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de Física A.C. México Vaquero, J.M. An early drawing of solar granulation? Revista Mexicana de Física, vol. 57, núm. 2, diciembre, 2011, pp. 156-157 Sociedad Mexicana de Física A.C. Distrito Federal, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57048155006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative HISTORIA Y FILOSOFIA´ DE LA FISICA´ Revista Mexicana de F´ısica E 57 156–157 DICIEMBRE 2011 An early drawing of solar granulation? J.M. Vaquero Departamento de F´ısica, Centro Universitario de Merida,´ Universidad de Extremadura, Merida,´ Spain. Recibido el 5 de septiembre de 2011; aceptado el 3 de octubre de 2011 The discovery of solar granulation was announced by Nasmyth in 1861. However, an early solar engraving that could contain the first graphic description of solar granulation is showed in this short contribution. This solar drawing was made by the Mexican astronomers Jose´ Ignacio Bartolache and Jose´ Antonio Alzate to describe the Venus transit of 1769. Keywords: Solar granulation; solar drawing; Venus transit; history of astronomy. PACS: 01.65+g; 96.60.-j 1. Introduction 2. Venus transit J.A. Alzate and J.I. Bartolache were two important 18th cen- The grainy appearance of the solar photosphere is called tury Mexican scientists [10-12]. They carried out observa- granulation [1-3].
    [Show full text]
  • People and Power at the Cabildo
    People and Power at the Cabildo The Cabildo: A History of People and Power in Louisiana – Post-video Activity Watch the video at: https://youtu.be/3ul_PT0lcho Readings, Research Prompt, and Discussion Questions Objective: Students will learn the different ways that groups and individuals attempted to challenge laws or government power at the Cabildo in New Orleans. Through research and discussion, students will discover how people participate in similar types of civic engagement and social action today and will consider which methods they might use to engage with issues of importance to them. Louisiana Student Standard for Social Studies: 7.1.1, 7.4.3, 7.10.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.6, 8.8.1, 8.8.2, C.5.2, C.5.3 Introduction A government building has stood on the site of the Cabildo for nearly three hundred years. In the past, it was a place where the local government made and enforced laws. It was also a place where residents challenged those laws. Many types of civic engagement, activism, and public demonstrations took place at the Cabildo or in the Place d’Armes, now known as Jackson Square. Residents used different methods to make their voices heard in the political process. For example, they wrote letters to the French Superior Council or Cabildo (Spanish town council), voted for city council members, or brought cases to court. Other times, residents gathered in protest, practiced civil disobedience, or used violence in attempts to influence the government. Groups often combined many different strategies to express their desires and beliefs to government officials.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Persistence: Marriage, Social Structure, Political Leadership, and Intertribal Relations at Mission Dolores, 1777–1800
    Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 35, No. 1 (2015) | pp. 133–149 Native Persistence: Marriage, Social Structure, Political Leadership, and Intertribal Relations at Mission Dolores, 1777–1800 JONATHAN F. CORDERO Department of Sociology, California Lutheran University, 60 West Olsen Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 Scholarship on California Indians prior to and during the Spanish colonial period suffers from a lack of understanding of the social structure of California Indians, especially in regards to social status. In this systematic analysis of the social structure of California Indians, I examine the relationships among marriage, social status, political leadership, and intertribal alliances during colonization. After incorporation into Mission Dolores, Spanish alterations to native life, such as Catholic marriage restrictions and the Spanish caste system, had only a minor impact upon native social structure. Indian elites continued to marry other elites and thereby preserved traditional status distinctions, political authority, and intertribal alliances after incorporation into Mission Dolores. As a result, California Indians at Mission Dolores maintained social and political continuity during Spanish colonization. n 27 December 1778, Felipe de Neve, by arranged marriages between children of tribal elites.4 Othe Governor of Alta California, wrote to the Positions of political leadership and influence in tribal missionaries at the first five missions and requested matters derived from the social status of the male that they proceed with the process of electing Indian head of the family, which was then conferred to family officials in accordance with the Laws of the Indies members. Marriages among children from high status (Geiger 1959:244).1 The request coincided with the families preserved intertribal alliances and thereby ongoing establishment of Indian pueblos,2 an integral fostered political solidarity.
    [Show full text]