January / February 2016 UPDATE

IN THIS ISSUE

> Designing difficult problems 2 > Anomalous economics 2 > Online health data 3 > School for sustainability 3 > First complexity school in India 3 > Science of city skylines 3 > Two new SFI trustees 4 > Artist Joerael Elliott 4 > Upcoming SFI events 4

RESEARCH NEWS Mapping the movements of birds and beasts

Be they creatures of land, sea, or air, most animal species migrate. Whales, salmon, songbirds, and butterflies, for example, all travel thousands of kilome- ters to and from breeding and feeding Partial map of the Internet. Nodes represent IP addresses. Edge (line) lengths indicate delay duration between two nodes. Node colors: dark blue .net, .ca, .us; green grounds every year. .com, .org; red .mil, .gov, .edu; yellow .jp, .cn, .tw, .au, .de; magenta .uk, .it, .pl, .fr; gold .br, .kr, .nl; white unknown. (Image: Matt Britt, Wikimedia Commons) Theory and lab experiments suggest mi- grating en masse can help animals find Workshop: An overdue overhaul for network theory their way. Creatures traveling together are thought to pool the many direction- Networks are everywhere – from social are too simple,” says Moore, who dwells at SFI workshop, Inference on Networks: al estimates of the members of a group, interactions to species feeding relationships the intersection of physics, mathematics, and Algorithms, Phase Transitions, New Models, in essence tapping into the “wisdom of to the algorithms that pull information from computer science. “They don’t capture the and New Data. Moore co-organized the the crowd.” large datasets. Because of its broad utility in rich structure of real networks like power meeting with computer scientist Aaron So goes the hypothesis, anyway. Testing quantifying interacting systems, network grids or food webs.” Clauset (University of Colorado Boulder) and it is not easy. The challenge of actually theory now finds application in many physicist Mark Newman (University of Networks should be approached not as static tracing the individual trajectories of disciplines. But network science, like any Michigan), both SFI external professors. emerging field, needs to keep up with the objects, but as dynamic systems that change group-traveling animals in the wild has times. in time, he says. Similarly, nodes and edges The workshop’s second goal, Moore says, kept the available data sparse. aren’t flat and anonymous – they often have was to assemble researchers from disparate “Technology is about to change this,” A network is traditionally regarded as a static rich metadata, like location for nodes or fields to forge novel insights. The last array of nodes connected by links, but an duration for edges, that should be incorpo- explains SFI Omidyar Fellow Andrew decade, he says, brought an “exciting flow overhaul of that view is long overdue, says rated into new models. Berdahl. He has been awarded a Na- of ideas” among physicists, mathematicians, SFI Professor Cristopher Moore. tional Science Foundation grant to use and computer scientists who create algo- Moving beyond the antiquated view of airborne drones to study a caribou herd “Many of the models we’ve had in the past networks was one goal of a mid-December > more on page 4 as it travels from its summer territory on Victoria Island above the Arctic Circle to its winter grounds on main- RESEARCH NEWS land Canada.

The Dolphin-Union herd, a migratory Semantically speaking: Does meaning structure unite languages? population of barren-ground caribou in northern Canada, “is an excellent We create words to label people, places, semantic nearness between concepts,” linguistic history qualitatively. (He and test case for collective navigation be- actions, thoughts, and more so we can says co-author and SFI Professor Tanmoy collaborators had previously developed cause they face a unique navigational express ourselves meaningfully to others. Bhattacharya. “For example, are the this quantitative method to study changes challenge annually as they traverse Do our shared cognitive abilities and de- concepts of sun and moon close to each in sounds of words as languages evolve.) treacherous ice bridges,” says Berdahl, pendence on languages naturally provide other, as they are both bright blobs in the referring to autumn, when the herd a universal means of organizing certain sky? How about sand and sea, as they “Translation uncovers a disagreement congregates on shore and ventures concepts? Or do environment and culture occur close by? Which of these pairs is the between two languages on how concepts out on newly frozen ice to cross the influence each language uniquely? closer? How do we know?” are grouped under a single word,” says co-author and SFI researcher Hyejin Youn. 30-plus-kilometer-wide Dolphin and Using a new methodology that mea- Translation, the mapping of relative word “Spanish, for example, groups ‘fire’ and Union Strait. sures how closely words’ meanings are meanings across languages, would provide ‘passion’ under ‘incendio,’ whereas “The idea is to use unmanned aerial related within and between languages, clues. But examining the problem with sci- Swahili groups ‘fire’ with ‘anger’ (but an international team of researchers has entific rigor called for an empirical means not ‘passion’).” vehicles – drones – to film animals revealed that for many universal concepts, to denote the degree of semantic related- from above, then use computer vision the world’s languages feature a common ness between concepts. To quantify the problem, the researchers software to track individuals,” he says. structure of semantic relatedness. chose a few basic concepts that we see Once he has the trajectory of each To get reliable answers, Bhattacharya in nature (sun, moon, mountain, fire, and animal in a group, he can work out in- “Before this work, little was known about needed to fully quantify a comparative so on). Each concept was translated from teraction rules between individuals and how to measure [a culture’s sense of] the method that is commonly used to infer > more on page 2 > more on page 4 SFI IN THE NEWS

The Wall Street Journal on December 11, Dunne and Postdoctoral Fellow Marcus Science magazine highlighted a proposed article in the leadership publication in an interactive piece on sustainability and Hamilton on December 23. new approach to identifying cell types Strategy+Business that recounts the histo- urbanization, highlighted SFI’s finding that based on gene expression patterns that ry of this research, beginning with insights human interaction and innovation seem to Articles in Quanta and Wired quote SFI reveal which parts of a cell’s genome are in the late 1990s by SFI Professor Geoffrey accelerate as a city’s population grows. Omidyar Fellow Josh Grochow in articles active, rather than on traditional methods West and collaborators that organisms and describing an algorithm that many compu- of typing a cell based on its structure, cities share some intriguing mathematical SFI’s year-long complexity series in the tational complexity theorists believe might function, or location within an organism. similarities. CS Monitor launched November 3 with be a major breakthrough in the historically The approach was the subject of a recent “Complexity: Worlds hidden in plain vexing “graph isomorphism problem.” working group at SFI. A lengthy September 15 article in sight,” by SFI President David Krakauer. Sueddeutsche Zeitung, the largest-circula- His introductory essay was followed by “A MIT Technology Review on December 14 A provocative November 27 radio inter- tion daily newspaper in Germany, covered planet of cities” by SFI Professors Luis Bet- covered a recent paper by Markus Schläpfer, view on PRI’s To the Best of Our Knowl- the August 5 event in Santa Fe featuring tencourt and Geoffrey West on November Luís Bettencourt, and colleague Joey edge with SFI President David Krakauer SFI President David Krakauer, visual artist 17, “Time for new economic models” by Lee that finds that city building shapes explores the dangers of abdicating our James Drake, passages from SFI Trustee George Mason University’s Rob Axtell can be predicted as a function of popu- free will to the almighty app. Cormac McCarthy’s forthcoming novel and SFI External Professor Doyne Farmer lation size, with potentially important The Passenger, and music by McCarthy’s on December 1, and “Are humans truly implications for carbon emissions and SFI’s cities and urbanization research son John Francis McCarthy. n unique?” by SFI VP for Science Jennifer sustainability. is featured in a lengthy November 9

Nonlinearities From the editor RESEARCH NEWS RESEARCH NEWS Art and science are colliding a lot here lately. This fall we were treated to Ice Designing difficult problems Anomalous Station Quellette, an exhibition of digital collages by Santa Fe artist Lauren The traveling salesman problem is easy to de- A common approach to difficult optimization economists to Oliver. ISQ tells the story of a “tiny scribe and hard to solve with certainty. It goes problems is a reverse-engineering process outpost on a doomed planet,” narrated like this: A salesman – or a UPS driver, or the called “planting solutions,” in which re- convene at SFI from the distant future but set in the Tooth Fairy – must visit a number of cities and searchers start with a dataset and devise a past, present, and near-future Arctic end where she or he began. What’s the most problem that describes the data. Circle. From the perspective of artificial Last year, at Her Majesty’s Treasury in efficient route? With more cities, the problem hindsight, the warning signs of plan- “Imagine you measured some experimental London, a global team of economists becomes vastly more complex. etary change are, well, glaring. A beauti- result, and you know it could be under- calling themselves Curriculum Open- ful, moving work. More at http://isq.io. access Resources for Economics, or CORE, Computer scientists study optimization prob- stood with a mathematical model,” says launched an ambitious, unconventional In November, we hosted a unique lems like the traveling salesman not because SFI External Professor Helmut Katzgraber project. display of currency objects, in part fea- they want solutions, but because they want (Texas A&M). “The question is, can you build turing African metal pieces collected by to find algorithms that can do such heavy a model out of the results that shows the This February, CORE will meet at SFI to Santa Fe ironwork sculptor Tom Joyce. computational lifting. The ideal algorithm underlying physics?” discuss how to make sure their anomalous The exhibition complemented the Insti- identifies the best strategy and proves that tute’s November symposium. Katzgraber organized a two-day working efforts have a lasting impact on how stu- no others are better. Ordinary computers group in December, The Inverse Ising prob- dents learn economics – and the way they Joerael Elliott, a graffiti and public-space balk at the task, but quantum computers lem and Planted Solutions, to talk strategies. think about science. artist who recently moved to Santa Fe might do better. Invitees included experts in the inverse Ising from Los Angeles, can be seen in SFI’s problem, machine learning algorithms, and “CORE is teaching economics as if the last open spaces this winter interpreting the Benchmark problems are needed to test new quantum annealing. 30 years had happened,” says SFI Professor Institute’s research in his own language. algorithms and computer architectures like Samuel Bowles, one of the group’s found- See an example drawing on page 4. quantum machines. Quantum annealers – “These people have worked on related ers, referring both to the financial crisis devices that can identify the optimal solution projects from different angles, and my hope Irene Lee has taken a research scientist of 2008, which took many economists by to a problem – increase in power every year, is that by combining these angles we find position with MIT’s Scheller Teacher Ed- surprise, and the growing acknowledg- which means testing their efficiencies will get something that successfully advances our ucation Program and Education Arcade. ment among economists that not everyone increasingly difficult. understanding,” he says. n Under Lee’s leadership, the Institute’s is entirely selfish as traditional economic K-12 education programs had grown theory asserts. so rapidly and been so successful, they took on a scale and focus that were be- > Language filth CORE’s interactive ebook, The Economy, hole yond SFI’s research mission. Rather than bottom continued from page 1 homeland is not your usual Econ 101 fare. First, it limit its scope and direction, Lee chose field flavor EARTH/SOIL debris dust_storm charm emphasizes identifying and modeling to move her research to MIT, where she floor liquid long_period_of_time electricity pollen heavenly_body fl ame season empirical regularities rather than develop- fate winter hearth celebrity ground birthday burning_object lodestar is part of an accomplished community DUST passion cloud_of_dust burning meteor fever

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SFI colleagues, especially our hard- fl ood working finance office. This achieve- current ment is not just for our trophy case. It A network inferred from translated word meaning data. Concepts are linked when polysemous words cover As striking as the book’s content is the both concepts. Swadesh words (the starting concepts) are capitalized. The size of a node and the width of a reminds our donors and prospective link to another node are proportional to the number of polysemous words associated with the concept and price. Competing textbooks sell for up- supporters that we are worthy of their with the two connected concepts, respectively. Three distinct clusters — red, blue, and yellow — are identi- wards of $200, but The Economy is free investment. In a world of choices, that’s fied, reflecting a possible human conceptual structure. and available to anyone with an internet- important. n connected device at www.core-econ.org. English into 81 diverse languages, then – and what is not – about how we group back into English. Based on these transla- clusters of meanings teaches us a lot about “Meeting at SFI is a natural for CORE,” tions, a weighted network was created. psycholinguistics, the conceptual structures CREDITS says Bowles. “We are teaching first-year The structure of the network was used to that underlie language use.” students to think about the economy as a Editor: John German compare languages’ ways of partitioning complex, dynamical system and to beware Contributors: Stephen Ornes, Katie Mast, concepts. The researchers hope to expand this Jenna Marshall, Nathan Collins, of static metaphors and disciplinary study’s domain, adding more concepts, Krista Zala The team found that the translated con- parochialism.” then investigating how the universal struc- Design & production: Michael Vittitow cepts consistently formed three theme VP for Science: Jennifer Dunne ture they reveal underlies meaning shift. clusters in a network, densely connected The question now, Bowles says, is how to ensure that CORE continues to grow and The SFI Update is published bimonthly within themselves and weakly to one Their research was published recently in mobilize the diverse inputs from teachers, by the Institute to keep its community another: water, solid natural materials, and PNAS. Among the paper’s eight co-authors informed. Please send comments or ques- earth and sky. students, and other users. are five SFI-affiliated researchers: SFI Pro- tions to John German at [email protected]. “For the first time, we now have a method fessor Cris Moore; External Professors D. Others contributing to CORE are SFI Follow SFI online at to quantify how universal these relations Eric Smith and Jon Wilkins, and Youn and External Professors Rajiv Sethi and Simon www.santafe.edu are,” says Bhattacharya. “What is universal Bhattacharya. n DeDeo. n ACHIEVEMENTS

Simon Levin, a member disease epidemics. Levin and eight other undergraduate institution. He will give the during the Joint 2016 Mathematics Meeting of SFI’s Science Board, awardees will receive their medals during a first lecture at the March meeting of the in Seattle. has been selected to White House ceremony in 2016. American Physical Society in Baltimore; he receive the U.S. National plans to give a preview of that talk during a SFI Professor David Medal of Science – the SFI’s David Pines is to re- March 8 colloquium at SFI. Wolpert has been named nation’s highest honor ceive the American Physi- a fellow of the Institute for achievement and cal Society’s 2016 Julius SFI Professor Cristopher of Electrical and Electron- leadership in science. Edgar Lilienfeld Prize for Moore has been elected ics Engineers (IEEE) for his Levin’s research focuses his contributions to phys- to the 2016 class of contributions to optimi- on connecting macroscopic patterns at the ics over his 65-year career fellows of the American zation, machine learning, level of ecosystems and the biosphere to and for his “effective- Mathematical Society distributed control, and behaviors and evolutionary mechanisms that ness in communicating for “contributions to game theory. The eleva- operate at the level of individual organisms. these discoveries and a randomized algorithms tion of an IEEE member to fellowship rec- Though he primarily focuses on biological new ‘emergent’ paradigm to the broader and quantum computing, ognizes that scientist’s extraordinary record and ecological systems, he has applied his scientific community.” As the prize recipi- bridging mathematics, of accomplishments. The number of fellows insights into structure and organization to ent, Pines is called on by the APS to deliver statistical physics, and theoretical computer selected in any one year represents less than the study of other complex systems, such three lectures: at a society meeting, at a science.” Moore and other fellows were one-tenth of one percent of the IEEE voting as socioeconomic systems and infectious research university, and at a predominantly honored as part of a January 8 reception membership. n

RESEARCH NEWS EDUCATION NEWS Can online data GSSS 2016: Cities as crucibles of sustainability solutions really enhance The best places to address issues of global sustainability are cities, which today are public health home to the majority of earth’s people and which produce some 70 percent of the surveillance? world’s carbon emissions.

Health-related data submitted by patients For two weeks in Santa Fe this summer, online and via social networks are in- participants in the 2016 Global Sustainability creasingly plentiful. A recent paper in Summer School – including scientists, policy EPJ Data Science reported the findings of makers, and business leaders from around a 2014 meeting at SFI, during which scien- the world – will examine the environmental tists and public health officials evaluated and socioeconomic challenges associated the state of so-called Novel Data Streams with urban areas, drawing on examples of (NDS) and outlined a conceptual frame- how today’s cities are using science, innova- 64 scholars participate in first work for integrating such data into current tive policies, data, and technology to address public health surveillance systems. these challenges. SFI complexity school in India

“Novel Data Streams encompass a broad Treating cities and neighborhoods as complex systems, participants will explore SFI and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research set of sources from internet search data hosted the first India Complex Systems Winter School in Mohail, systemic solutions to the interrelated issues to social media posts to Wikipedia access India in December. More than five dozen grad students and post- logs, even restaurant reservations and of energy and transportation, economic docs in the sciences and social sciences participated in an inten- reviews,” says the study’s co-author, SFI growth, health, crime, and environmental sive two-week introduction to complex behavior in mathematical, quality. physical, living, and social systems, with many of the lessons Omidyar Fellow alum Ben Althouse. taught by SFI faculty. Above: Donepudi Ravi Teja (University of “This school will focus on cutting-edge work Hyderabad) and Aaron Sebastian Taudt (University Medical Center A well-known example of an NDS surveil- Groningen) discuss their research on a bridge at the Chandigarh that is being done now to understand and lance system is Google Flu Trends, devel- Rock Garden. Left: Sagar Chakraborty (Indian Institute of Technol- address these issues,” says SFI Professor Luis ogy Kanpur) gives a tutorial on fractals. (Photo by Prateek Verma) oped in 2008, which translated Google Bettencourt, the school’s director. “And not search queries into an estimate of the just solutions, but how to create a process number of individuals with influenza-like RESEARCH NEWS BRIEFS that can lead to a solution. That’s the nature illnesses (ILI) visiting primary healthcare of problems of sustainability; you have to providers. make continuous progress toward making things better, and that takes the kind of in- While the system initially performed well, terdisciplinary strategic thinking we promote it fell into criticism due to prediction at the Santa Fe Institute.” failures across influenza seasons and un- certainty about whether prediction of ILI The school, which runs July 25-August 5, rates two weeks before predictions from 2016, is open to scientists at all stages of the CDC adds value to the existing surveil- their careers, business and technology lead- lance systems available to public health ers, and policy makers at the national and authorities. local levels. Applications may be submitted through February 23, 2016. n Nonetheless, “novel data streams have a bright future,” says SFI Omidyar Fellow alum and co-author Sam Scarpino. “Soon, surveillance systems could be nearly NDS might also extend surveillance to Image: istockphoto.com instantaneous and deliver on very fine places with no existing systems and geographic scales.” improve the dissemination of data, and could potentially measure unanticipated events, Paper’s findings suggest a science of city skylines such as syndromes associated A city’s skyline is more than a silhouette, according to new research by SFI’s Markus Schläpfer with a new pathogen not cur- and Luís Bettencourt and their colleague Joey Lee published December 3 on arxiv.org. The rently under surveillance. researchers analyzed dimensions of almost five million buildings across North America and in 12 cities of varying sizes. They found that building shapes could be characterized as a “We have to be rigorous in our function of population. As a city’s population rises, so do its buildings, which become more evaluation and validation of energy efficient – up to a point. Buildings diffuse less heat as they move from flat to cube- these systems before they’re like, but then they lose efficiency again as tall, needle-like skyscrapers proliferate, as in New implemented,” Althouse cau- York and downtown Boston. An article in MIT Technology Review points to the potential for tions. “These systems show a “science of skylines” that might help plan sustainable cities. tremendous potential, so we need to make sure we get Exploring virtuous cycles of renewable energy development them right.” n A report by SFI External Professor Jessika Trancik’s lab at MIT, issued just before the Paris climate talks in December, called for more realistic energy policies that employ complex systems approaches. The report analyzes development and cost profiles for various wind Seasonal changes in Google search and solar technologies over the past four decades, identifying nonlinear dynamics, such queries for anxiety (top) and de- as positive feedback loops, that rapidly drive down the costs of low-carbon technology as pression (bottom) in the U.S. (blue) technologies improve and as production increases. “Commitments made in international and Australia (red). Searches were climate negotiations offer an opportunity to support the technological innovation needed wavelet transformed to isolate the seasonal component. Searches for a to achieve a self-sustaining, virtuous cycle of emissions reductions and low-carbon technol- majority of mental illnesses peak in ogy development by 2030,” they wrote. Trancik presented the report at the White House the winter. (Image: Ben Althouse) on November 13. n Two electedto www.santafe.edu/news. www.santafe.edu/news. 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January / February 2016 continued from page1 UPDATE

Upcoming communityevents sion live on Twitter on live at @SFIlive. sion YouTube SFI’s is limited. To visit happens, it as watch alecture discus in the page; participate seating but to public, the open and are free Lectures Lensic. The and Management Investment of Thornburg support generous the through 2016SFI’s possible are made Lectures Community Extinction. a Mass Survive Will Humans How Scatter, Remember: and Adapt, is recent book Berkeley. Studies UC from most in English Her American PhD and of culture and editor technology is the Newitz for acivilization. us as might it mean what and may in have motion, set people that modern upheaval evolutionary the explores Newitz as aguide, Using humans. history first creating the changes, “domesticated” technological and biological, social, massive prompted shift That communities. in sedentary living began humans first ago, when years 9,000 roughly period to Neolithic that of the phenomenon today’s compares urbanization Newitz Annalee journalist and Author scale. unprecedented Evolved. Humans How Domesticated (211 Species: Urban W. —The St.) Francisco San Theater Lensic The 29, 7:30 p.m., Monday, February Lecture, Community SFI of epigenetics. way found to study she her how the revealed talk TEDx 2014 her ahalf-million over views, code. With genetic the that implements machine lecular mo the studying Laboratory National Alamos at Los investigator is aprincipal Sanbonmatsu phenomena. many epigenetic key the be to understanding (DNA’s cousins) molecules molecular may RNA revealing long research, how latest her discuss love. even and will Alzheimer’s, She depression, for autism, addiction, implications its and epigenetics explores Dr. this talk, Sanbonmatsu In Karissa DNA. alter interactions, social some including environment, the how explain that helps science the “something” is epigenetics, That different. altogether something nature but nurture, nor are neither behavior, traits some (211 Gender. Love, and W. —DNA, St.) Francisco San Theater Tuesday, Lensic 19, The Lecture, 7:30 p.m., January Community SFI > different social interactions on and off the off and on interactions social different animals have the rate,cess whether and suc and speed crossing sizegroup affects in how in differences is interested He functioning. to up group scale rules these how explore tures that the algorithms we’ve found algorithms really thattures the conjec physicists’ prove the cases in some “Computer can perform,” says. he scientists they well how and algorithms about guesses key. the was make can good “Physicists

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