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Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science

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Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science THE POLITICS OF SHARIA IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF KADUNA STATE (1999-2013) BY AHMED BUBA P15SSPS9046 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCINCE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, NIGERIA FEBRUARY, 2018 DECLARATION I, AHMED BUBA, with the Matriculation number P15SSPS9046 do hereby Declare that apart from references to other people‘s intellectual works, which were duly recognized and acknowledged, this dissertation is the ultimate result of my own research efforts and this work has neither in whole nor in part, been presented for another Degree elsewhere. _________________________ _________________________ AHMED BUBA DATE ii APPROVAL AND CERTIFICATION This thesis has been read, approved and certified as having met the requirements, in partial fulfillment, for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PH.D.) in Political Sciense of the Ahmadu Bello University,(A.B.U.), Zaria, _________________________ ______________ Professor Paul .Pindar.Izah Date Chairman Supervisory Committee _________________________ ______________ Professor Yusufu Abdullahi Yakubu Date Member Supervisory Committee _________________________ ______________ Dr.Abubakar Siddique Mohammed Date Member Supervisory Committee _________________________ ______________ Dr.Aliyu Yahaya Date Head of Department _________________________ ______________ Professor Abubakar Siddique Zubairu Date Dean, School of Post Graduate Studies. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Alhaji Buba and Hajiya Hajara Aliyu Buba. AHMED BUBA 2018 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, my heart felt gratitude goes to Almighty Allah for giving me the strength and financial ability to accomplish this work. I am short of words to express my profound appreciation to the chairman of the supervisory committee, Professor P.P. Izah for his patience, positive suggestions, inspirations, encouragement, advice and moral support. The same thing goes to the other members of the supervisory team: Professor Yusufu Abdullahi Yakubu, Dr. Abubakar Siddique Mohammed. May I also use this medium to extend my appretiation to the following people: Professor Hudu Ayuba Abdullahi, Professor R.A. Dunmoye, Professor Kayode Omojuwa, Professor E.A. Unobe, Dr Aliyu Yahaya, Head, Department of Poitical Science, A.B.U. Zaria, Professor Kamilu Faggae, Dr. David Moveh; Departmental P.G. Coordinator, Dr. Mohammed Isah Abbas, Dr. Mohammed Faal, Dr. Nurudeen Mohammed, Dr. Lawal Tafida, Dr. Ismaila Shehu, Mal.Garba Aminu, Mal. Saidu Adamu, Dr.Daiyabu Hassan Muhammad. The same thing goes to Dr. Bappa Yaya, Dr. Edgar Agubamah, Mal. Umar Tanko, Dr. Rahanatu Lawal, Dr. Audu Jacob, Dr. Bello Basiru Gwarzo and other lecturers in the Department of Political Science and international Studies, A.B.U., Zaria. I appreciate my classmates and all the Secretariat Staff of the Department of Political Science, A.B.U. Zaria. My profound gratitude goes to my colleagues especially, Dr. Tukur Abdulkadir, Professor Ntim Gyakari Esew, Mal Alidu Mohammed, Dr.Patrick Peter, Mal. Yakubu Haruna Ja‘e, Mal Ismaila Adamu Suleiman, Dr.Mohammad Aminu Kwasau, Dr.Usman Mohammed, Dr. Yusuf Musa, Mal. Aliyu Yero, Hajiya Barakatu Sani, and others at the Department of Political Science, Kaduna State University. v To my friends also: Dr. Ibrahim Bako G., Mal. Rabiu Idris, Mal. Hassan and Hussaini Ali Garko Kano, Mal. Mohammed Wada, P.G. School A.B.U. Zaria, my research assistants, especially Mal. Abdulwahab Siddique for augmenting the typing and arranging the manuscript of the Thesis. vi ABSTRACT Since 1978 the controversy for Sharia implementation had become a serious issue in Nigerian politics. It continued to be a subject of debate and politicking during the Second Republic, in the nineteen eighties (1980‟s).There was also a revisit of Sharia Law implementation controversy in 1999, with the declaration of Sharia by Senator Ahmed Sani Yeriman Bakura in Zamfara State.Some northen States later followed suit and formed various committees and tasked them with the responsibilities of initiating modalities for the implementation of Sharia Law. This study examines the politics of Sharia implementation in Kaduna State..The complex political, religious and ethnic characters had genered intra and inter religious rivalries and eventual struggle for power and dominance among other things. This is manifested in varius crisis that happened in the State:The inter play of so many factors had by no means transformed into what has become the Sharia frictions,where the protagonists and antagonists of the full Sharia Law implementation agitations were set up against each other. Available evidences proved that the disturbances were framed by some notable political elites.The study utilized both the primary and secondary data for the discriptive analysis. Some of the findings of this study are: the crisis is linked to the persistent southern Kaduna religious and political elites incessant struggle for power and recognition, the crisis was pre-planned and orchestrated by religious and polical elites, the government of Kaduna State had resolved the crisis through dialogue and reform measures that saw to the introduction of tripartite legal system, the creation of more chiefdoms and districts in both northern and southern Kaduna and partiall Sharia Law implementation. Similarly, the crisis created mutual mistrust between Muslims and Christians and segmentation of settlements on the basis of religion in Kaduna metroplolis and its environs.moreso, the 2002 Sharia Law is diversionary and counter productive,the politics of the Sharia Law implementation is part of the larger politics of Kaduna State and Nigeria Religious pluralism affected the chances of implementing full Sharia Law in Kaduna State. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ……………………………………………………………………………..i DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii APPROVAL AND CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem .............................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Objectives ....................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Assumptions .................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study................................................................................ 5 1.7 Justification/Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 6 1.8 Chapterization ............................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................... 8 2. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................. 8 2.2 Power, Conflict and Intergroup Relations ........................................................................ 8 2.2.1. Politics, Globalization, Democracy, Federalism, political decentralization and Sharia Law implementation crisis in Nigeria ................................................................................... 12 2.3 The Concept of Sharia ................................................................................................. 14 2.4 Protagonists perceptions on the enactment and implementation of Sharia Law in Nigeria .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Antagonists Perceptions on the Implementation of full Sharia Legal System in Nigeria .................................................................................................................................. 23 2.6 The Politics of Sharia Implementation in Sudan ......................................................... 36 2.7 Liberal Democracy
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