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Metapopulation Research Group University of Helsinki Metapopulation Research Group University of Helsinki Annual Report 2001 Metapopulation Research Group Department of Ecology and Systematics University of Helsinki Edited by Tapio Gustafsson E-mail and web sites To contact us via E-mail use [email protected] Metapopulation Research Group (UH), http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ Biodiversity in Boreal Forests (FIBRE), http://www.helsinki.fi/science/biobof/ Survival of Species in Fragmented Landscapes (EC´s TMR-Network), http://www.helsinki.fi/science/fragland/ MRG-logo designed by Gergely Várkonyi 2 Contents Preface 5 Brief history and overview of the MRG 6 Scientific highlights of 2001 9 Structure of the MRG 19 MRG personnel and their research interests 23 Laboratory facilities 48 Helsinki Tvärminne Lammi Field sites 50 Åland Islands Kuhmo Central Finland Lammi Kilpisjärvi Greenland Synopsis of the year 2001 56 Budget Publications Theses External visits Seminars, lectures and talks TV, radio and newspapers Teaching and courses Honors and awards Council memberships Meetings organized by the MRG Visitors to the MRG Prospects for the year 2002 72 3 A mating pair of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in the Åland Islands. Photo Tapio Gustafsson. Occupied (filled) and empty (open) habitat patches suitable for the Glanville fritillary in the Åland Islands in the autumn 2001. 4 Preface The year 2001 was punctuated by bursts of activity in the MRG. In January, we welcomed Toshka as our new technician in the molecular laboratory, Alia in the ranks of graduate students, and Ax and Marc amongst the post docs. Oscar arrived as a senior researcher in July, increasing the current number of nationalities and continents represented in the MRG to 10 and 4, respectively. MRG must be the most international research group in the University of Helsinki! In March-April, many of us attended three meetings in a row, including the annual Fragland meeting in Leeds, the Spring Symposium of the graduate students at our own department (organized this year by Anna-Liisa, Mar and Janne), and the annual MRG meeting, which took us to Saaremaa in Estonia (thanks to Tonu Talvi for helping to organize this meeting). The field season was particularly busy this year, including the new shrew project in eastern Finland (Ax and two amazingly exuberant field assistants, Anna and Kaisa), a butterfly experiment in Lammi (which was largely a failure, mostly because of exceptionally bad weather in June), the usual amount of cinxia work in Åland (p. xx) and two short trips to the steppes and boreal forests in South Urals (p. xx). A busy field season was followed by a busy conference season, with MRG presence in meetings from Hawaii and Australia to North America and closer to home in Europe. The autumn started off with a 3-day working meeting with Paul Ehrlich, Carol Boggs and Jessica Hellmann from Stanford, with whom several of us are writing a book on checkerspot population biology. The plan is to merge our model system Melitaea cinxia in Åland with Ehrlich's model system of Euphydryas editha in California to an even more comprehensive population biological model system of checkerspot butterflies. The MRG is not only bigger today than ever but it also functions better than ever. We still have a deficit of senior researchers even after Oscar joined us in July, which means that not every student and pos doc has received the just amount of attention. But we have identified the problem, we have discussed the problem, some progress has been made towards solving the problem, and we have means of making even more progress on this issue in the coming year. We have an exceptional set of post docs who have brought a huge amount of expertise to benefit the entire MRG. Last year's baby boom (4) was not quite repeated this year, but congratulations go to Tapio and Riitta (boy) and to Ax and Julie (boy). Last but not least, my thanks and the thanks of all of us to Anu and Tapio for yet another year in the MRG. Ilkka Hanski 5 Brief history and overview of the MRG Professor Ilkka Hanski has worked on spatially structured populations since the late 1970's. The early work dealt primarily with small-scale spatial population structure, but since the early 1980's the focus shifted to larger spatial scales and to metapopulation dynamics in the sense of assemblages of discrete local populations connected by migration. In 1989, Hanski organized the first international meeting on metapopulation dynamics together with Professor Michael Gilpin (San Diego, UC), which resulted in the first edited volume on the subject (Gilpin & Hanski, 1991, Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations, Academic Press, London). This meeting furnished impetus for the conception of the MRG. Ongoing collaboration with Professor Mats Gyllenberg (Department of Mathematics, Turku, Finland) started in 1990, the long-term field project on the Glanville fritillary butterfly was started in 1991, and the first post graduate students and post docs were accepted in the MRG in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Oscar Gaggiotti joined the MRG as a senior researcher in 2001, bringing his expertise in theoretical population genetics and his perspective to spatially structured populations. The figure below illustrates the growth of the MRG since 1992: Currently there are 13 post graduate students, 10 post docs and 2 senior researchers in the MRG representing 10 different nationalities from 4 continents. The technical staff includes 5 persons. 6 The MRG consists of three research teams with an experienced post doc as a team leader (Metapopulation Modelling Team [Atte Moilanen], The Glanville fritillary Team [Marko Nieminen] and the Molecular Ecology Team [Jodie Painter]) and three projects of fixed duration (Old-growth forest biodiversity, small mammal population dynamics, and forest canopy insect dynamics). Additionally, the MRG (Hanski) coordinates an European Commission-funded training network (Fragland) in the TMR programme (4th Framework Programme). A more detailed description of the structure of the MRG is presented on page XX. Academic setting The MRG is the largest research group in the Division of Population Biology (DPB), Department of Ecology and Systematics, at the University of Helsinki. The permanent staff of the DPB consists of 3 professors and 9 other academic staff. Despite its small size the DPB with several active research groups and researchers has performed well in recent years. The MRG has had an influence on the general direction of research in the DPB, which is now to a large extent focused on spatial ecology, of which metapopulation ecology represents a key area. The DPB established a joint research programme called Spatial Ecology in 1997 (see www.helsinki.fi/ml/ekol/spatial_ecology.html). Scientific standing The MRG has established a solid reputation as one of the leading research groups internationally in metapopulation ecology. The two most visible achievements of the MRG are the development of effective modelling approaches to the dynamics of metapopulations living in highly fragmented landscapes and a large-scale empirical research project on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). The latter started as an ecological project but has by now expanded to cover metapopulation genetics and evolutionary biology as well. This field project, which is well known internationally, allows us to test many theoretical predictions and it hence functions as an important interface between theory and empirical research. 7 Strategic goals of the Metapopulation Research Group · To strengthen our position as the leading research group in metapopulation biology worldwide · To build up on our current strength in combining modelling with empirical studies · To integrate genetic and evolutionary studies into the existing strong ecological framework and thereby to promote a comprehensive approach to metapopulation biology · To facilitate the application of metapopulation biology in landscape-level environmental planning and management and conservation of populations. Female Melitaea cinxia laying her eggs on Plantago leaf. Photo Tapio Gustafsson. 8 Scientific highlights of 2001 Melitaea cinxia project in Åland Year 2001 was the tenth year of research on Melitaea cinxia in Åland Islands. It was also the eighth year of monitoring the status of all habitat patches known from Åland, and M. cinxia’s occupancy and population sizes in them. The preliminary results from this year’s monitoring from the end of August to mid-September show that M. cinxia has done well in most regions within Åland. In those regions, it has colonised approximately three times as many patches as there were extinctions of local populations this summer. On the other hand, the largest populations were considerably smaller than last year, even though population sizes were larger in general. Of the core areas of existence, only in the westernmost part of Åland (Eckerö) extinctions exceeded colonizations and population sizes decreased on average. The reexamination of the habitat patch network in Åland that was started in 1998 was completed in 2001. In this work, we have critically reviewed the limits of each habitat patch which is in principle suitable for Melitaea cinxia’s reproduction and therefore has to include resources for larvae (host plants). During the process, each of the ca 4000 patches has been mapped by a GPS which records submeter-accurate coordinates of the patch boundary every three seconds. When transformed into a GIS and plotted on basic maps these data can be used for various spatially accurate analyses and modelling. We also performed pilot work on GPS-aided study on movements of butterflies. In this work, we released butterflies in different types of non-habitat and followed them as long as they either disappeared or found a habitat patch. Each stopping point and time were recorded with a GPS. Preliminary results show for example that they can detect a patch that is topographically somewhat higher in the landscape than the non-habitat where the butterflies were released from ca 20- m distance.
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