Fundamental Rights.Indb

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND PRINCIPLES

LIBER AMICORUM PIETER VAN DIJK

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND PRINCIPLES

Liber Amicorum Pieter van Dijk

Marjolein van Roosmalen Ben Vermeulen Fried van Hoof Marten Oosting (eds.)

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Fundamental Rights and Principles. Liber Amicorum Pieter van Dijk Marjolein van Roosmalen, Ben Vermeulen, Fried van Hoof and Marten Oosting (eds.)

Front cover: Composition en longueur (Fernand Léger, 1951, Van Abbe Museum) Portrait photography: Hans Kouwenhoven

ISBN 978-1-78068-108-5 D/2013/7849/13 NUR 828

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfi lm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. PREFACE

Fundamental Rights and Principles. Pieter van Dijk has dedicated his working life to these values. And what an impression he has made on many people by doing so! Th e portraits and essays in this Liber Amicorum speak for themselves.

We are indebted to Herman Tjeenk Willink, former Vice-President of the Council of State, and Erik Visser, Secretary General of the Council of State, for giving us the go-ahead when we fi rst presented our plans for this book in the Summer of 2011. We are equally indebted to Piet Hein Donner, present Vice- President of the Council of State, who has supported this project since taking up offi ce.

Warm words of gratitude we would like to express towards Adriënne Baars- Schuyt and Laura Henderson who oft en worked miracles through revision and translation respectively. It was a real pleasure to work with them. Marjolein Slaaf-Hanssen and Marloes van Loon provided valuable support along the way, which they are cordially thanked for. Finally, we would like to thank Kris Moeremans at Intersentia for the craft smanship with which he has involved himself in this project. On sending the manuscript to him and his staff , we have every faith in the fi nal result.

Our fi nal words are for Pieter van Dijk. We do hope to honour him with the essays in this volume, a hope we share with all contributors, wishing him rich memories of his working life, many hours of interesting reading and every happiness for the future.

25 September 2012

Marjolein van Roosmalen Ben Vermeulen Fried van Hoof Marten Oosting

Intersentia v

CONTENTS

Preface ...... v Biography Pieter van Dijk ...... xxi Bibliography Pieter van Dijk ...... xxiii

I. PIETER VAN DIJK

Pieter van Dijk: the Person Joke van der Meer ...... 3

Pieter van Dijk: the Scholar. Recalling a ‘Wide-ranging Study of Comparative Jurisprudence’ Jos Kapteyn ...... 9

Pieter van Dijk: the State Councillor and Human Rights Lawyer. Preconditions for Safeguarding Fundamental Rights Erik Visser and Annerie Verbeek ...... 17

1. Introduction ...... 17 2. Th e Council of State: Its Tasks and Contexts ...... 18 3. Acting Vice-President and Chair of the Constitutional Law Committee ...... 21 4. President of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division ...... 22 4.1. Reducing Turnaround Times ...... 23 4.2. Accessibility and Predictability of Judgments ...... 26 4.3. Judicial ‘Lawmaking’ ...... 28 4.4. Cooperation with the Joint Court of Justice and Developments in the Area of Mediation and the Right of Complaint within the Administrative Jurisdiction Division ...... 29 5. Conclusion ...... 31

Intersentia vii Contents

II. STRASBOURG

Th e Concurring and Dissenting Opinions of Pieter van Dijk as a Judge of the European Court of Human Rights Fried van Hoof and Leo Zwaak ...... 35

1. Introduction ...... 35 2. Th e Interpretation and Application of Article 6 of the Convention ...... 36 2.1. Anonymous Witnesses ...... 36 2.2. Objective Impartiality ...... 37 2.3. Adequate Time and Facilities for the Preparation of the Defence . . . 38 2.4. Absence of an Oral Hearing ...... 40 3. Article 8 of the Convention ...... 41 3.1. Transsexualism ...... 41 3.2. Expulsion and the Right to Family Life ...... 43 4. Article 9 of the Convention: Freedom of Religion ...... 44 5. Article 10 of the Convention: Freedom of Expression ...... 45 5.1. Freedom of Expression in a Democratic Society ...... 45 5.2. Proportionality ...... 46 6. Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies ...... 47 7. Conclusion ...... 48

Pieter van Dijk and His Favourite Strasbourg Judgment. Some Remarks on Consensus in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights Egbert Myjer ...... 49

1. Introductory Remark ...... 49 2. Th e Christine Goodwin Case ...... 50 3. Th e Notion of Consensus and Margin of Appreciation and the Brighton Declaration ...... 56 4. Interpretation and Application of the Convention ...... 57 5. Th e Interpretation Given by the Court also of Importance for Other High Contracting Parties ...... 59 6. Interpretation Methods Used by the Court ...... 60 7. Consensus in the Case Law of the Court ...... 61 8. How Does the Court Determine Consensus? ...... 69 9. Concluding Remarks ...... 70

Judicial Minimalism and ‘Dependency’. Interpretation of the European Convention in a Pluralist Europe Janneke Gerards ...... 73

1. Introduction ...... 73 2. Autonomous and ‘Dependent’ Interpretation ...... 77 viii Intersentia Contents

2.1. Autonomous Interpretation and Its Risks ...... 77 2.2. ‘Dependent’ Interpretation and the Value of Flexibility ...... 79 Deliberate Choice for a Non-autonomous Approach ...... 80 Dependency, or the ‘in for a Penny, in for a Pound’ Approach ...... 81 Conclusion ...... 82 3. Judicial Minimalism: Shallow, Narrow and Analogical Reasoning ...... 83 3.1. Shallow Reasoning ...... 83 3.3. Narrow Reasoning, Analogical Reasoning and General Principles . . 86 3.4. Disadvantages of Judicial Minimalism ...... 88 3.5. Conclusion ...... 89 4. Conclusion ...... 90

Switzerland before the European Court of Human Rights Giorgio Malinverni ...... 93

Th e Impact of the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights on the Political Debate in the Netherlands concerning the Court Martin Kuijer ...... 99

1. Introductory Comments ...... 99 2. Th e Period of the Sleeping Beauty: 1950 till mid Nineteen Seventies . . . . 101 3. Th e Court’s Awakening: Th e Nineteen Eighties and Nineties ...... 104 4. Th e Rise of a European Immigration Tribunal: Anno 2012? ...... 108 5. Concluding Comments ...... 112

Environmental Protection under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Th ijs Drupsteen ...... 115

1. Some Recent Cases ...... 115 Deés v. Hungary ...... 115 Ivan Atanasov v. Bulgaria ...... 116 2. Criticism of the Strasbourg Court ...... 118 3. Environmental Cases under Article 8 of the Convention ...... 120 Lopez Ostra v. Spain ...... 120 Guerra v. Italy ...... 121 Hatton v. the United Kingdom (the Heathrow case) ...... 122 Kleyn and Others v. the Netherlands (the Betuweroute case) ...... 123 Taskin and Others v. Turkey ...... 124 Moreno Gómez v. Spain ...... 124 Fadeyeva v. Russia ...... 125 Giacomelli v. Italy ...... 125 Tatar v. Romania...... 126

Intersentia ix Contents

Bacila v. Romania ...... 126 Oluic v. Croatia ...... 126 Mileva v. Bulgaria ...... 127 Dubetska and Others v. Ukraine ...... 127 Zammit Maempel v. Malta ...... 127 Di Sarno v. Italy ...... 128 4. Conclusion ...... 128

State Obligations to Adequate Judicial Response in Cases under Article 2 of the Convention. Issues of Admissibility Zdravka Kalaydjieva ...... 131

1. Th e Positive Procedural Obligations of National Authorities under Article 2 of the Convention ...... 131 2. Th e Rights to Eff ective Remedy and Access to Court and the Positive Obligation to Judicial Response ...... 132 3. Admissibility Criteria ...... 134 3.1. Manifestly Ill-founded Complaints ...... 134 3.2. Failure to Exhaust Domestic Remedies ...... 135 3.3. Th e Ex Offi cio Nature of the Investigation and the Requirements of Article 35 ...... 136 3.4. Victim Status in the Convention Proceedings ...... 138

III. LUXEMBOURG

Access to the European Union Courts. Standing in Direct Actions aft er Lisbon Arjen Meij ...... 141

1. Introduction ...... 141 2. From Plaumann to Jego-Quéré, UPA and Lisbon ...... 144 3. First Applications: Inuit and Microban ...... 147 4. Final Observations ...... 152

Th e Role of the European Parliament in the Fundamental Rights Architecture of the European Union Johan van Haersolte and Jan-Kees Wiebenga ...... 153

1. Introduction ...... 153 2. Th e European Parliament from the Nineteen Fift ies to the Nineteen Eighties: an Actor in Search of a Script ...... 154 3. Th e European Parliament from the Nineteen Eighties to the Present: Bringing Fundamental Rights Home ...... 161 4. Th e European Parliament: with a Little Help from Its Friends ...... 164 x Intersentia Contents

5. Th e European Parliament aft er Lisbon: Staying Alert ...... 168 6. Review and Appraisal ...... 170

IV. BETWEEN STRASBOURG, LUXEMBOURG AND THE HAGUE . . . 173

Th e European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union: Back to the Roots Kamiel Mortelmans and Hanna Sevenster ...... 175

1. Sources of Human Rights: Competition and Cooperation ...... 175 1.1. Introduction ...... 175 1.2. Added Value of the Charter Compared to Other Sources of Human Rights ...... 176 1.3. Competition and Cooperation ...... 177 2. Rethinking (the Sources of) Human Rights Within the Council of State ...... 178 3. Human Rights Addressees ...... 180 3.1. Th e Case Law Before the Entry into Force of the Legally Binding Charter ...... 180 3.2. Th e Case Law Aft er the Entry into Force of the Charter ...... 181 3.3. Th e Evolution of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division’s Case Law on Public Authorities Invoking the Convention ...... 182 Th e Place of Article 34 of the Convention (the Right of Individual Petition) ...... 184 Th e Unique Character of the Convention ...... 185 Th e Nature of the ‘Public Authority’ ...... 185 3.4. Th e Administrative Jurisdiction Division’s Case Law Regarding the Charter and Public Authorities ...... 186 Th e Right of Application of Public Authorities within the European Union System ...... 186 Th e Unique Character of the European Union System ...... 187 Th e Character of the ‘Public Authority’ ...... 187 4. Th e Ability to Invoke Certain Provisions (Direct Eff ect) ...... 188 4.1. Direct Eff ect within Union Law ...... 188 4.2. Direct Eff ect and the Constitution of the Netherlands: Convergence? ...... 190 5. Back to the Roots ...... 193 5.1. Pieter van Dijk’s Academic Roots ...... 194 5.2. Back to Pieter van Dijk’s Academic Roots ...... 195

Intersentia xi Contents

Th e Role of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State in Relation to the European Court of Human Rights Jurgen de Poorter ...... 197

1. Introduction ...... 197 2. Th e Constitutional Foundation for the Relation Between the Division and the Strasbourg Court ...... 199 3. Interaction in a Ménage à Trois ...... 201 4. More Room for Joint Responsibility Held by the Division and the Strasbourg Court ...... 202 4.1. Introduction ...... 202 4.2. Th e Strasbourg Court as Injunctive Relief-Granting Judge ...... 203 4.3. Th e European Court of Human Rights as Trial Judge ...... 206 5. Th e Meaning of More Dialogue for National Courts ...... 209 6. Towards a Preliminary Reference Procedure and a Certiorari System at the European Court of Human Rights? ...... 211

Th e European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union: an Imperfect Match? Interaction between both Courts in the Field of Immigration Law Aleidus Woltjer ...... 215

1. Introduction ...... 215 2. Th e Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights on Expulsion ...... 216 3. Th e Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights on Asylum ...... 220 4. Epilogue ...... 223

Fundamental Rights Protection in Europe before and aft er Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights Christiaan Timmermans ...... 225

1. Introductory Remark ...... 225 2. Relationship between both European Courts ...... 226 3. Th e Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ...... 229 4. Accession to the Convention ...... 230 5. Prior Involvement of the Court of Justice and the Co-respondent Mechanism ...... 232 6. Future Relations between the Court of Justice and the Strasbourg Court ...... 236

xii Intersentia Contents

V. VENICE

Th e Venice Commission Twenty Years On. Challenge Met but New Challenges Ahead Gianni Buquicchio and Simona Granata-Menghini ...... 241

1. Th e Original Challenge ...... 241 2. Th e Venice Commission ...... 242 3. Th e Venice Commission’s Advice ...... 246 4. Th e Venice Commission’s Role ...... 249 5. Th e Venice Commission’s Future ...... 252 6. Pieter van Dijk’s Contribution to the Venice Commission ...... 253

Th e Venice Commission and the Protection of Human Rights Finola Flanagan ...... 255

1. Introduction ...... 255 2. Freedom of Assembly...... 257 2.1. Advance Notifi cation ...... 261 2.2. Location ...... 262 2.3. Blanket Restrictions ...... 263 2.4. Guaranteeing Human Rights ...... 263 2.5. Review and Appeal ...... 264

VI. THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS IN EUROPE AND OVERSEAS

Fundamental Rights in the Countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands: Unity or Diversity? Jaime Saleh ...... 269

1. Introduction ...... 269 2. Fundamental Rights: Democracy, Good Governance and Human Rights ...... 269 3. Th e Safeguarding of Fundamental Rights in the Kingdom of the Netherlands ...... 273 4. Unity in Diversity ...... 275

Concordance in Administrative Law and the Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Ton Bijloos, Rob Loeb and Joop Drop ...... 277

1. Introduction ...... 277 2. Th e Principle of Concordance ...... 280

Intersentia xiii Contents

3. Th e Principle of Concordance and the Lar Court ...... 282 3.1. Ne-Bis-In-Idem Principle ...... 284 3.2. Brummen ...... 285 3.3. Compensation Orders ...... 286 3.4. Analogue Application Not Acceptable in Cases Where the General Administrative Law Act and Lar Diff er ...... 287 3.5. Article 20 of Chapter 6 of the General Administrative Law Act . . . 287 3.6. Article 22 of Chapter 6 of the General Administrative Law Act . . . 288 3.7. Articles 18 and 19 of Chapter 6 of the General Administrative Law Act ...... 288 4. Amendment of the Lar Netherlands Antilles ...... 289 5. Administrative Procedure on the BES Islands ...... 291 6. Conclusion ...... 292

Th e Customisation Principle in the Council of State’s Advisory Opinions Rein-Jan Hoekstra and Arnold Weggeman ...... 293

1. Introduction ...... 293 2. Customisation Within One Legal Order ...... 295 3. Customisation in the International Context ...... 299 4. Customisation in European Cooperation ...... 300 5. Customisation in Regard to Cooperation Within One Kingdom Country ...... 303 6. Conclusion ...... 307

VII. ON PRINCIPLES AND RIGHTS FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

Th e Status of General Principles of Law in the Legal Practice of the Netherlands. Some Observations Evert Alkema ...... 311

1. Introduction ...... 311 2. Th e Concept of Legal Principles ...... 312 3. Focus of this Paper ...... 312 4. International Legal Principles or ‘General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations’ ...... 313 5. International Legal Principles in Dutch Constitutional Law and Doctrine ...... 315 6. Domestic Legal Principles in Dutch Constitutional Law ...... 318 7. Th e Court of Cassation’s View on Legal Principles in its 1989 and 2009 Judgments ...... 320 8. Principles in the Legal Practice of some Special Fields of Dutch Law . . . . 322

xiv Intersentia Contents

9. Concluding Remarks ...... 325 9.1. Can Principles Set Aside Acts of Parliament? ...... 325 9.2. Is Constitutional Change Necessary? ...... 326

Th e Development of General Principles of Good Governance in Dutch Administrative Case Law Jaap Polak ...... 329

1. Introduction ...... 329 2. Th e Compensation Idea ...... 330 3. General Principles Before General Administrative Jurisdiction: Emphasis on Substantive Requirements of Decisions ...... 331 4. Review Against General Principles of Good Governance aft er the Arrival of General Administrative Jurisdiction: Dominance of the Principle of Careful Preparation and the Duty to Give Suffi cient Reasons...... 336 5. Th e Juridifi cation Discussion: the Van Kemenade Report (1996) ...... 339 6. Parallels with the Development of Review Against Provisions from the European Convention on Human Rights? ...... 342 7. Finality as Solution? ...... 343

Th e Principle of Legality Revisited Piet Hein Donner ...... 345

1. Introduction ...... 345 2. Th irty Years of Debate ...... 346 3. Regulation and Legislation ...... 347 4. A Self Sustaining Process ...... 349 5. Th e Principle of Legality ...... 350 6. Th e Principle Revisited ...... 353

Fundamental Rights and Principles from an Attorney’s Perspective Arjen van Rijn ...... 359

1. Introduction ...... 359 2. Assistance of an Attorney as Another’s Fundamental Right ...... 360 3. Where the Subjective Rights of the Client and of the Attorney Meet: Attorney-Client Privilege ...... 364 4. Th e Attorney’s Freedom of Expression ...... 367 5. Th e Attorney as a Subject of Fundamental Rights ...... 369 6. Fundamental Rights as a Ground of Dispute ...... 370 7. Do Attorneys Have a Public Function? ...... 371 8. Conclusion ...... 374

Intersentia xv Contents

Th e Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court. New Rules for Individual Communications Cecilia Medina Quiroga ...... 377

1. Introduction ...... 377 2. A Glimpse at History ...... 378 3. Th e Changes in the Rules of Procedure of Court and Commission before 2009 ...... 380 4. Th e 2009 Amendments of the Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court; the Catalysts ...... 382 5. Th e Process of Amending the Rules of Procedure ...... 385 6. Th e Amendments Proper ...... 386 6.1. Th e Amendments of the Commission’s Rules of Procedure ...... 386 6.2. Th e Amendments in the Court’s Rules of Procedure ...... 387 7. New Aid for Victims ...... 391 8. Conclusions ...... 393

Freedom of Religion or Belief is an Asset Bahia Tahzib-Lie ...... 395

Prologue ...... 395 1. Introduction ...... 396 2. Internal Freedom of Religion or Belief and Challenges in Practice ...... 398 2.1. Free and Alterable Choice of the Individual ...... 398 2.2. Coercion Impairing Free Choice and Criticism of Religion and Belief ...... 402 3. External Freedom of Religion or Belief and Challenges in the Public Sphere ...... 405 3.1. Manifestations of Religion or Belief and Permissible Restrictions . 405 3.2. Challenges Related to Diversity in the Workplace and Personal Use of Religious Symbols ...... 408 4. Concluding Remarks ...... 413 Epilogue ...... 415

Freedom of Conscience and Tolerance in the Dutch Cultural Tradition Kees Schuyt ...... 417

1. Freedom of Conscience as a Human Right ...... 417 2. Th e Place of Conscience in the Dutch Cultural Tradition ...... 418 3. Th e Concept of Conscience ...... 421 4. Freedom of Conscience and Contemporary Tolerance ...... 424

xvi Intersentia Contents

Th e Rule of Law and Violations of Law in Police Investigations. Protecting the Embankments around Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights Geert Corstens and Reindert Kuiper ...... 431

1. Landslides in the Area of Law Enforcement ...... 431 2. Shift ing Responsibility ...... 433 3. ‘Van Dijk’s’ Test of the Rule of Law and Violations of Law in Police Investigations ...... 434 4. Development of the Criminal Trial Judge’s Review of Lawfulness ...... 436 5. Th e Convention as a Review Mechanism ...... 439 5.1. Article 6 of the Convention...... 439 5.2. Article 8 of the Convention...... 440 6. A Practical and Eff ective Article 8 of the Convention ...... 441 7. Inspiration from the United States of America ...... 443 8. Conclusion ...... 445

Th e Eff ect of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights on Dutch Family Law Sylvia Wortmann ...... 447

1. Family Law and Child Law: Permeated by Fundamental Rights ...... 447 2. Family Life: Th e Facts Determine the Law ...... 448 2.1. Family Life According to Dutch Law but Not According to European Law ...... 449 2.2. Direct Application of Court’s Case Law Regarding the Existence of Family Life ...... 451 3. Positive Obligations: A Whole Code of Family Law ...... 452 4. Eff ect of (Positive) Obligations of Dutch Family Law ...... 454

Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Proportionality and the Protection of Personal Data Luc Verhey and Mathijs Raijmakers ...... 459

1. Introduction ...... 459 2. Th e Proportionality of Data Processing ...... 462 2.1. Article 8(2) of the Convention: A General Overview ...... 462 2.2. Article 8(2) of the Convention: the Proportionality Test ...... 463 Nature of the Data ...... 465 Status of the Individual Involved ...... 465 Intrusiveness of the Interference ...... 466 Eff ective Control ...... 467 Measures to Prevent Abuse ...... 468 2.3. European Union Law ...... 468

Intersentia xvii Contents

3. Th e Legislature and the Proportionality Test ...... 471 3.1. Introduction ...... 471 3.2. Th e Proportionality Test in the Legislative Process ...... 472 Nature of the Data ...... 473 Intrusiveness of the Interference ...... 474 Eff ective Control and Preventing Abuse ...... 477 3.3. Closing Remark: the Proportionality Test as a General Framework ...... 477 4. Conclusion ...... 478

Reasonable Legislation. A Matter of the Rule of Law and Human Rights Anna Jasiak ...... 481

1. Introduction ...... 481 2. Rationalities in a Legislative Process ...... 482 3. Reasonable Legislation ...... 484 3.1. Substantive Reasonableness ...... 484 European Convention on Human Rights and the Notion of Law . . 485 Legal Certainty: Accessibility and Predictability ...... 485 Legal Certainty: Retrospectivity ...... 486 Legal Certainty: Consistency and Stability of Legislation ...... 488 Equality Principle ...... 489 Generality of Laws ...... 490 3.2. Procedural Reasonableness ...... 491 Proportionality Principle ...... 492 Debate/Weighing of all Interests ...... 493 Hasty Legislation/Timing ...... 495 4. Conclusion ...... 496

Th e Right to Information under the European Convention on Human Rights Eric Daalder ...... 497

1. Introduction ...... 497 2. Article 6 of the Convention: Access to Information in Legal Proceedings ...... 500 3. Article 10 of the Convention: A General Right to Information? ...... 504 4. Conclusion ...... 509

Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Principles and Local Governments Hubert Hennekens ...... 511

1. Introduction ...... 511 2. Th e Phenomenon of Local Government ...... 512 xviii Intersentia Contents

3. Is Th ere a Fundamental Right of Existence for Municipalities? ...... 514 4. Th e Right of Existence of the Municipality and the Municipality’s Signifi cance as a Government ...... 517 5. How Does One Determine and Guard the Interests that Are to Be Pursued? ...... 519 6. Perspectives on the Right of Recourse to a Judicial Authority in Order to Secure Local Autonomy ...... 522

VIII. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW

Th e Priority Constitutional Review and Its Relationship to the Preliminary Reference Procedure Richard Lauwaars ...... 527

Preface ...... 527 1. Introduction ...... 528 1.1. Priority Constitutional Review ...... 528 1.2. Some Numerical Data ...... 528 1.3. Relationship with the Preliminary Reference Procedure...... 529 2. Background ...... 529 2.1. Article 26(4) of the Belgian Special Law for the Constitutional Court ...... 529 2.2. Th e Origin of Priority Constitutional Review ...... 530 2.3. Th e Constitutional Council: Composition and Competencies . . . . . 531 3. Th e Melki Case ...... 532 3.1. Th e Facts ...... 532 3.2. Th e French Court of Cassation...... 533 3.3. Th e French Constitutional Council and the Council of State’s Reactions: the Councils Strike Back ...... 534 3.4. Th e Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union . . . . . 535 Rejection (paragraphs 40–47) ...... 535 Interpretation in Conformity with the Treaty (paragraphs 48–53) . 536 Directives (paragraphs 54–56) ...... 536 Conclusion ...... 537 4. Comments ...... 537 4.1. Main Issue: Th e Relationship Between Priority Constitutional Review and the Preliminary Reference Procedure ...... 537 4.2. Implementation of Directives ...... 539 5. Conclusory Remarks ...... 541 5.1. Th e Final Decision of the Court of Cassation ...... 541 5.2. Lessons for the Netherlands? ...... 541 5.3. Th e French Constitutional Council and the German Federal Constitutional Court ...... 542

Intersentia xix Contents

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? About the Institutional Position of Constitutional Courts Willem Konijnenbelt ...... 543

1. Introduction ...... 543 2. Th e Federal Supreme Court of the United States of America ...... 545 3. Th e Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ...... 548 4. Th e French Constitutional Council ...... 551 5. Th e European Court of Human Rights ...... 556 6. Final Remarks ...... 559

Constitutional Review by the Dutch Courts. A View from Kneuterdijk 22 Marjolein van Roosmalen and Ben Vermeulen ...... 563

1. Introduction ...... 563 2. Dutch Constitutional Law and Fundamental Rights ...... 565 3. Article 120 of the Constitution: No Constitutional Review of Acts of Parliament ...... 567 4. Article 94 of the Constitution: Primacy of Self-executing Treaties over Acts of Parliament ...... 569 5. Th e Dutch Court System: A Diversity of ‘Constitutional Courts’ ...... 574 6. Constitutional Judgments of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division; Some Refl ections on the Council of State’s Constitutional Law Committee and its Chairman ...... 578

List of Contributors ...... 583

xx Intersentia BIOGRAPHY PIETER VAN DIJK

1943 Born in De Lier, South-Holland, Th e Netherlands, on 21 February 1966 Master of Laws (Meester in de Rechten), State University of Utrecht 1967 Internship European Commission of the European Communities 1967–1976 Lecturer of the Law of International Organisations, State University of Utrecht; Senior-Lecturer from 1974 onwards 1970–1971 Fulbright-Hays Scholar for Advanced Research, University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. 1976 Doctor of Laws (cum laude), State University of Leiden 1976–1990 Professor of the Law of International Organisations, State University of Utrecht 1978 Visiting Professor, Wayne State University Law School, Detroit, U.S.A. 1983 Fulbright Visiting Scholar, Columbia University, Harvard University, University of Michigan, U.S.A. 1990–2013 State Councillor, Council of State 1996–1998 Judge, European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg 1999–2011 Member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) 2000–2003 President of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State 2006–2010 President of the Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State 2009–2013 Chair of the Constitutional Law Committee of the Council of State

ADDITIONAL AFFILIATIONS (FORMER AND PRESENT)

Member of the Dutch Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in 1981, 1983 and 1988; Member of the Board of the Netherlands Institute for Peace Issues; President of the Advisory Committee on Human Rights and Foreign Policy (Ministry of Foreign Aff airs); Member of the Advisory Committee on Issues of International Law (Ministry of Foreign Aff airs); Member of the Advisory Committee on Immigration Aff airs (Ministry of Justice);

Intersentia xxi Biography Pieter van Dijk

Deputy Justice at the Court of Appeal Th e Hague; Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Chair of the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM); Vice-President of the Netherlands Helsinki Committee; Member of the Advisory Board of the Netherlands Committee of Jurists for Human Rights; Chair of the Netherlands Institute of Social and Economic Law; Member of the Scientifi c Committee of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies; Member of the Scientifi c Committee of the T.M.C. Asser Institute; Member of the Board of Editors of the Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights; Member of the Board of Editors of the Netherlands Quarterly of Grotiana; Commentator Nederlandse Jurisprudentie [Dutch Case Law]; Staff Member Nederlands Juristenblad [Dutch Lawyers’ Journal]; Member of the Board of Editors of the Netherlands International Law Review; Member of the Advisory Council of the Anne Frank House; Member of the Advisory Council of Humanity in Action; Member of the national group of the Permanent Court of Arbitration; Member of the Dutch group of experts under the OSCE Moscow Mechanism; Member of the board of the Th e Hague Prize for International Law; Member of the jury of the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Human Rights Prize; Member of the Advisory Council of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights; External Member of the Reference Group Policy Analysis Five Years Moscow Summit; Substitute Member of the Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten and of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba; and Vice-President of the Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten

xxii Intersentia BIBLIOGRAPHY PIETER VAN DIJK1

BOOKS AND OTHER SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS as author:

1. Toetsing van Overheidshandelen door de Nationale en Internationale Rechter en het Vereiste van een Procesbelang [Judicial Review of Governmental Action by National and International Courts and the Requirement of an Interest to Sue], Tjeenk Wil link/Sijthoff , Th e Hague, 1976, 529 pp.; 2. De Europese Conventie in Th eorie en Praktijk [Th e European Convention in Th eory and Practice] (in cooperation with G.J.H. van Hoof), Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens deel 2, Utrecht, 1979, 452 pp.; 2nd edition, Utrecht 1982, 587 pp.; 3rd edition, Nijmegen, 1990, 720 pp.; 3. Judicial Review of Governmental Action and the Requirement of an Interest to Sue (translation and revision of the thesis listed under 1), Sijthoff and Noordhoff , Alphen a/d Rijn, 1980, 557 pp.; 4. De Slotakte van Helsinki; Grondslag van een Pan-Europees Stelsel? [Th e Final Act of Helsinki; Basis for a Pan-European Sy stem?] (inaugural lecture at Utrecht University)], Kluwer, Deventer, 1980, 31 pp.; 5. Th e Chilean Constitution in the Light of Chile’s International Legal Obligations in the Field of Human Rights, Report VIII, Foundation for Legal Aid in Chile, Utrecht, 1981, 50 pp.; 6. Vereenvoudiging van de Afdoening van Lichte Verkeersovertredin gen en Artikel 6 van het Europees Verdrag tot Bescherming van de Rech ten van de Mens en de Fundamentele Vrijheden [Summary Procedure in relation to Minor Traffi c Violations and Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms], advice given to the Minister of Justice, Parliamentary Documents (Kamerstukken) II 1981– 1982, 17 478, No. 1, pp. 12–35; 7. Advies Commissie Boukema over het doorgift everbod van bepaalde op Nederland gerichte buitenlandse omroepprogramma’s tegen het licht van grondwettelijke bepalingen en internatio nale verdragen [Report of the Boukema Committee concerning the Prohibition on the Relaying of Certain Foreign Programmes Specifi cally Intended for Dutch Audiences, in the light of the Dutch Constitution and International Treaties], advice to

1 Closing date: 1 January 2012.

Intersentia xxiii Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

the Minister of Culture, Recreation and Social Welfare, in cooperation with P.J. Boukema and E.A. Alkema, Rijswijk, 1982, 38 pp.; 8. De op Nederland rustende internationale verplichtingen ter zake van een behoorlijke rechtspraak [Th e International Obligations incumbent on the Netherlands concerning a Fair Administration of Justice], Paper presented to the Netherlands Lawyers Associati on, Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1983, 148 pp.; 9. Th e Right of the Accused to a Fair Trial under Interna tional Law, SIM Special No. 1, Utrecht, 1983, 76 pp.; 10. Th eory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (in cooperation with G.J.H. van Hoof), Kluwer, Deventer 1984, 512 pp.; 2nd edition, 1990, 657 pp.; 3d edition, 1998, 850 pp.; 11. Integration of human rights in the CSCE Process, Interna tional seminar on violations of the Helsinki Accords, Report to the Stockholm meeting of the International Helsinki Federation, 17 September 1984, pp. 42–51; 12. Mensenrechten, Grondslag van het Nederlands Buitenlands Beleid [Human Rights, Basis for Dutch Foreign Policy], Paper presented at the VITE- Congress, 16 February 1984, pp. 12–18; 13. Aard en Functie van de Billijkheid in het Internationale Economi sche Recht [Nature and Function of Equity in International Economic Law], Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings of the Arts Division, New Series, Vol. 48, No. 3, Amsterdam, 1985, 46 pp.; 14. Normativiteit en Eff ectiviteit van Internationaal Recht [Norma tive Force and Eff ectiveness of International Law], Utrecht Papers on International Social and Economic Law No. 1, Utrecht, 1989, 22 pp.; 15. Th e Social Charter of the Council of Europe and the European Community; A Memorandum, Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assem bly, Document 6138, Annex D, Strasbourg, 1989, pp. 11–31 (also published in French); 16. Avrupa insan hakları sözleşmési ve Türkiye’nin bireysel şikayet hakkini kabul etmesi [Th e European Convention on Human Rights and the Acceptance by Turkey of the Individual Right of Complaint], Bilar, Ankara, 1990, 72 pp.; 17. International Economic Relations and the Rule of Law, Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Rule of Law and Social and Economic Development, Beijing, October 21–25, 1991, 8 pp.; 18. Social Policy and Human Rights in the framework of European Cooperation; a European Triptych; Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Rule of Law and Social and Economic Development, Beijing, October 21–25, 1991, 15 pp.; 19. Rechten van de mens; universaliteit versus waardenrelativisme, [Human Rights; Universalism versus Relativsm], Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Proceedings of the Arts Division, New Series, Vol. 57, No. 2, Amsterdam, 1994, 34 pp.; xxiv Intersentia Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

20. International Organizations and International Law Making, Paper submitted to the seminar on ‘Th e Eff ect and Impact of International Treaties on National Law Making’, Jakarta, 1996, 12 pp.; 21. Judicial Protection of Human Rights in the European Union – Divergence, coordination, integration, Exeter Paper in European Law, No. 1, Centre for European Legal Studies, Exeter, 1996, 62 pp. as editor:

1. Documentatie Internationale Organisaties [Documentation on International Organizations] (in cooperation with O.C. Noë-De Vries), Rijks Bestuursstudie Centrum, Th e Hague, 1969, 282 pp.; 2. Rechten van de Mens in Mundiaal en Europees Perspectief [Human Rights in a Global and European Perspective], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 1, Utrecht, 1978, 230 pp.; 2nd edition, Utrecht 1980, 164 pp.; 3rd edition, Nijmegen, 1986, 199 pp.; 3. Rechten van de Mens in Verdragen, Verklaringen, Resoluties [Human Rights in Treaties, Declarations, Resolutions], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 3, Utrecht, 1978, 251 pp.; 2nd edition, Utrecht, 1979, 254 pp.; 3rd edition, Nijmegen, 1990, 411 pp.; 4. Het Europees Sociaal Handvest; zijn betekenis voor Nederland [Th e European Social Charter; Its Signifi cance for the Netherlands], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 5, Nijmegen, 1982, 139 pp.; 5. Digest of Strasbourg Case-Law relating to the European Conventi on on Human Rights (in cooperation with P. Leuprecht), Carl Heymanns, Vol. I, Cologne etc., 1983, 669 pp.; Vol. II, Cologne etc., 1984, 922 pp.; Vol. III, Cologne, 1984, 601 pp.; Vol. IV, Cologne etc., 1985, 455 pp.; Vol. V, Cologne etc., 1985, 899 pp.; Vol. VI, Cologne etc., 1985, 662 pp.; up-date Arts 1–5, Cologne etc., 1988; up-date Art. 6, Cologne etc., 1988; 6. Supervisory Mechanisms in International Economic Organizations , Kluwer, Deventer, 1984, 808 pp.; 7. Essays on Human Rights in the Helsinki Process (in cooperation with A. Bloed), Nijhoff , Dordrecht etc., 1985, 266 pp.; 8. Bestrijding van rassendiscriminatie; internationale en nationale rechtsmiddelen [Battle against Racial Discrimination; international and national legal remedies], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 6, Nijmegen, 1985, 130 pp.; 9. Internationale Regelingen Mensenrechten [International Human Rights Regulations] (in cooperation with C. Flinterman and P.E.L. Janssen), Vermande, Lelystad, 1987, 303 pp.; 2nd ed. 1993; 3d ed. 1998; 10. Restructuring the Interna tional Economic Order; Th e Role of Law and Lawyers (in cooperation with G.J.H. van Hoof, A.W. Koers en K.J.M. Mortelmans), Kluwer, Deventer, 1987, 270 pp.

Intersentia xxv Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

11. Het internationale verdrag inzake burgerlijke en politieke rechten en zijn betekenis voor Nederland [Th e International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its Signifi cance for the Netherlands], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 8, Nijmegen, 1987, 207 pp.; 12. Forty Years International Court of Justice: Jurisdiction, Equity and Equality (in cooperation with A. Bloed), Europa Institute, Utrecht, 1988, 177 pp.; 13. De relatie tussen wetgever en rechter in een tijd van rechter lijk acti visme [Th e Relation between Legislator and Judiciary in an Era of Judicial Activism], North Holland, Amsterdam, 1989, 120 pp.; 14. Th e Human Dimension of the Helsinki Process; Th e Vienna Follow-up Meeting and its Aft ermath (in cooperation with A. Bloed), Nijhoff , Dordrecht etc., 1991, 334 pp.; 15. Major International Human Rights Instruments (in cooperation with P. Baehr, A. Buyung Nasution and L. Zwaak), SIM, Utrecht, 1992, 103 pp. and addenda; 16. Protection of Minority Rights Th rough Bilateral Treaties; Th e Case of Central and Eastern Europe (in coopeation with A. Bloed), Kluwer Law International, Th e Hague etc. 1999, 451 pp.; 17. Instrumen Internasional Pokok Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia (in cooperation with P. Baehr, A. Buyung Nasution and L. Zwaak), Obor, Jakarta, 1997, 1114 pp.; 18. Th eory and practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (in cooperation with F. van Hoof, A. van Rijn and L. Zwaak), 4th edition, Intersentia, Antwerp-Oxford, 2006, 1190 pp.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS

1. ‘Diritto delle Communità europee e diritto degli stati membri; Paesi Bassi’ [Th e law of the European Communities and the law of the Mem ber States; the Netherlands], in P. van Dijk et al. (eds.), Diritto delle Communità europee e diritto degli stati membri [Th e law of the European Communities and the law of the Member States], Collection Europa Una deel X, Ferro Edizioni, Milano, 1969, pp. 293–338; 2. ‘Belastingharmonisatie’ [Harmonization of Taxes], in De Uitvoering van het Gemeenschapsrecht in de Nederlandse Rechtsorde [Th e implementation of Community Law in the Netherlands], Vol. 1, T.M.C. Asser Institute, Th e Hague, 1972, pp. 91–119; 3. ‘Vrijheid van Kapitaalverkeer’ [Free Movement of Capital] (in cooperation with W.H. Ver meulen), in De Uitvoering van het Gemeen schapsrecht in de Nederlandse Rechtsorde [Th e implementa tion of Community Law in the Netherlands], Vol. 3, T.M.C. Asser Institute, Th e Hague, 1973, pp. 41–56;

xxvi Intersentia Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

4. ‘De Arob-Procedure en de Internationale Rechter’ [Th e Arob-Procedure and International Adjudication], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administratieve Rechtspraak Overheidsbe schikkingen [Judicial Review of Governmental Actions], Samsom, Alphen a/d Rijn, 1976, General Commentary, Chapter 5, 17 pp.; 5. ‘Het Internationale Recht inzake de Rechten van de Mens’ [Th e Interna- tional Law of Human Rights], in P. van Dijk (ed.), Rechten van de Mens in Mundiaal en Europees Perspectief [Human Rights in a Global and a European Perspective], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 1, Utrecht 1978, pp. 1–44; 2nd edition, Utrecht 1980, pp. 1–33; 3rd edition, Nijmegen, 1986, pp. 1–40; 4th edition; 6. ‘Het Inter-Amerikaanse Systeem: Handvest van de OAS, Verdrag van Rio, Pact van Bogotá’ [Th e Inter-American System: Charter of the OAS, Convention of Rio, Pact of Bototá] (in cooperation with C.M. Grossman), in H. Meijers (ed.), Volkenrechtelijke Aspecten van Antilliaanse Onafh ankelijkheid [Interna tional Legal Aspects of Independence for the Netherlands Antilles], H.D. Tjeenk Willink, Alphen a/d Rijn, 1980, pp. 514–547; 7. ‘SELA (Sistema Economico Latinoamericano)’ [SELA (Economic Latin- American System)] (in coopera tion with C.M. Grossman), in H. Meijers (ed.), Volkenrechtelijke Aspecten van Antilliaanse Onafh ankelijkheid [International Legal As pects of Independence for the Netherlands Antilles], H.D. Tjeenk Willink, Alphen a/d Rijn, 1980, pp. 548–557; 8. ‘De Inter-Amerikaanse Ontwikkelingsbank’ [Th e Inter-American Develop- ment Bank] (in cooperation with C.M. Grossman), in H. Meijers (ed.), Volkenrechtelijke Aspecten van Antilliaanse Onafh ankelijkheid [International Legal Aspects of Independence for the Netherlands Antilles], H.D. Tjeenk Willink, Alp hen a/d Rijn, 1980, pp. 558–573; 9. ‘Th e Pinochet Constitution and the so-called plebiscite of Sep tember 11th, 1980’, in Proceedings of the Enlarged Secretariat Meeting of the International Commission of Enquiry into the Crimes of the Military Junta in Chile, Rome, 20–30 November 1980, pp. 40–49; 10. Bestuurlijke Ordening; enige institutionele kanttekeningen [Governmental Order; a few institutional remarks], in Naar een Nieuwe Internationale Orde [Towards a New International Order], World Federalists’ Movement in the Netherlands, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, 1981, pp. 2–9; 11. ‘De Rechtsvergelijking en het Recht der Internationale Organisa ties; enige methodologische notities’ [Comparative Law and the Law of International Organizations; A Few Methodological Obser vations], in In Orde -Liber Amicorum Pieter VerLoren van Th emaat , Kluwer, Deventer, 1982, pp. 77–98; 12. ‘Regional Cooperation and Organization: Western Europe’, in R. Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Interna tional Law, Vol. 6, North Holland, Amster dam etc., 1983, pp. 330–336;

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13. ‘Intervention relating to the Report on “Freedom of Expression and Information: Conditions, Restrictions and Limitations deriving from the Requirements of Democracy”’, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquy about the European Convention on Human Rights, Sevilla, 13–16 November 1983, pp. 454–459; 14. ‘General Introduction’, in P. van Dijk (ed.), Supervisory Mecha nisms in International Economic Organizations, Kluwer, Deventer, 1984, pp. xi-xxii; 15. ‘A Comparative Analysis in the Perspective of Changing Struc tures of the International Economic Order’, in P. van Dijk (ed.), Super visory Mechanisms in International Economic Organizations, Kluwer, Deventer, 1984, pp. 732– 808; 16. ‘Behandeling van vreemdelingen en het volkenrecht’ [Treatment of Aliens and Public Law] (in cooperation with R.M.A. Guldenmund), in Gelijk geregeld; over de rechts positie van duurzaam in Nederland verblijvende vreemde lingen [On equal terms; on the legal status of aliens with permanent residency in the Nether lands], Ars Aequi, Nijmegen, 1984, pp. 156–175; 17. ‘La Constitucion Chilena a la Luz de los Compromisos Legales Inter- nacionales de Chile en el Ambito de los Derechos Humanos’ [Th e Chile an Constitution in the Light of the International Legal Commitments of Chile in the Sphere of Human Rights], in Constitucion de 1980; comentarios de juristas inter nacionales [Constitution of 1980; Comments of International Lawyers], Ediciones Chile y America, Santiago de Chile, 1984, pp. 34–71; 18. ‘Het recht van de Westeuropese samenwerking en integratie’ [Th e Law of Westeuropean Cooperation and Integration], in Van Apeldoorns Inleiding tot de Studie van het Neder landse Recht [Van Apeldoorn’s Introduction to the Study of Dutch Law], Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1985, pp. 373–399; 19. ‘Human Rights and Non-Intervention’ (in cooperation with A. Bloed), in Essays on Human Rights in the Helsinki Pro cess, Nijhoff , Dordrecht etc., 1985, pp. 58–78; 20. ‘De Conventie inzake de uitbanning van alle vormen van rassen dis- criminatie’ [Th e Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination], in P. van Dijk (ed.), Bestrijding van rassen discrimina tie; internationale en nationale rechtsmiddelen [Battle against Racial Discrimi- nation; International and National Legal Remedies], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 6, Nijmegen, 1985, pp. 1–30; 21. ‘Asiel- en vluchtelingenrecht en de rechten van de mens’ [Asylum and Refugee Law and Human Rights], in J.A. Hoeksma et al. (eds.), Asiel- en Vluchtelingen recht [Asylum and Refugee Law], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 7, Nijmegen, 1985, pp. 1–38; 22. ‘Lentezwaluw of dode mus?’ [Hopeful Openings or Dead Ends?] (in cooperation with L. Betten), in J.B.J.M. ten Berge et al. (eds.), Recht als Norm en als Inspiratie [Law as Norm and as Inspiration], Ars Aequi, Nijmegen, 1986, pp. 266–285; xxviii Intersentia Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

23. ‘Function and Eff ectiveness of Supervision in an Economically Interde- pendent World’ (in cooperation with J. Rood), in P. van Dijk et al. (eds.), Restructuring the International Economic Order; the Role of Law and Lawyers, Kluwer, Deventer, 1987, pp. 135–149; 24. ‘Summing-Up; Supervisory Mechanisms as Instruments of Restructuring’, in P. van Dijk et al. (eds.), Restructuring the International Economic Order; Th e Role of Law and Lawyers, Kluwer, Deventer, 1987, pp. 259–260; 25. ‘Comments’, in K. Blankman and W.C.J. Robert (eds.), Het EVRM en het Nederlandse en Belgische perso nen-, familie- en jeugd recht [Th e European Convention on Human Rights and Per son, Family and Juvenile Law in the Netherlands and Belgium], Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1987, pp. 72–74; 26. ‘For Better or For Worse?’, in A. Bloed and P. van Dijk (eds.), Forty Years International Court of Justice: Jurisdiction, Equity and Equality, Europa Institute, Utrecht, 1988, pp. 27–35; 27. ‘Domestic Status of Human-Rights Treaties and the Attitude of the Judiciary; Th e Dutch Case’, in M. Nowak et al. (eds.), Fort schritt im Bewußtsein der Grund- und Menschenrechte [Progress in the Spirit of Human Rights], Festschrift für Felix Ermacora, Engel, Kehl am Rhein etc., 1988, pp. 631–650; 28. ‘Equity; A Recognized Manifestation of International Law?’, in W.P. Heere (ed.), International Law and its Sources; Liber Amicorum Maar ten Bos, Kluwer, Deventer, 1988, pp. 1–22; 29. ‘Het Internationale Verdrag inzake Burgerlijke en Politieke Rechten; Inhoud en Toezichtprocedu res’ [Th e International Treaty on Civil and Political Rights; Substance and Supervisory Proce dures], in P. van Dijk (ed.), Het Internationale Verdrag inzake Burgerlijke en Politieke Rechten en zijn betekenis voor Nederland [Th e Inter national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its Signifi cance for the Netherlands], Ars Aequi Libri – Rechten van de Mens, Vol. 8, Nijmegen, 1988, pp. 7–23; 30. ‘Th e interpretation of “Civil Rights and Obligations” by the European Court of Human Rights; one more step to take’, in F. Matscher and H. Petzold (eds.), Protecting Human Rights: Th e European Dimension, Studies in honour of Gérard J. Wiarda, Carl Heymanns, Cologne etc., 1988, pp. 131–143; 31. ‘De Houding van de Hoge Raad jegens de verdragen inzake de Rechten van de Mens’ [Th e Attitude of the Court of Cassation towards Human Rights Treaties], in De Hoge Raad der Nederlanden; De plaats van de Hoge Raad in het huidige staatsbestel [Th e Court of Cassation in the Nether lands; its position in the Present Constitutional System], Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle, 1988, pp. 173–209; 32. ‘General Report of the Conference: European Triptych’, in L. Betten (ed.), Th e Future of European Social Policy, Kluwer, Deventer, 1989, pp. 173–187;

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33. ‘Identifi cation of the Legal Principles Most Relevant to the NIEO Concept and a Tentative Specifi cation of their Contents’, in S. Hartono, P. van Dijk and G.J.H. van Hoof (eds.), Restructuring the Internati onal Economic Order: Indonesian and Dutch Perspectives, NISER, Utrecht, 1989, pp. 91–122; 34. ‘Het Recht der Internationale Organisaties in de Jaren Negentig’ [Th e Law of International Organizations in the Ninetees], in Op zoek naar juridisch onderzoek in de jaren negentig [In Search of Legal Research in the Ninetees], NISER, Utrecht, 1989, pp. 65–71; 35. ‘Th e Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Its Signifi cance in the year 1988’, in Th e Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Its Signifi cance in 1988, SIM Special No. 9, Utrecht, 1989, pp. 27–33; 36. ‘Dutch Experience with the European Convention in Domestic Law’, in L.A. Rehof and C. Gulman (eds.), Human Rights in Domestic Law and Development Assistance Policies in the Nordic Countries, Dordrecht, 1989, pp. 133–142; 37. ‘Jan Hendrik Verzijl (31 August 1888 – 21 May 1987); Commemorati ve Address’, in A.H.A. Soons (ed.), International Arbitration: Past and Prospects, Dordrecht etc., 1990, pp. 1–7; 38. ‘Non-interventie en mensenrechten; in het spanningsveld tussen afl eidingsmanoeuvre en collectief toezicht’ [Non-intervention and human rights; in the tension area between diversionary tactic and collective supervision], in A.P. van Goudoever and J. Aalbers (eds.), Interventies in de internationale politiek [Interventions in International Politics] (in cooperation with A. Bloed), History Department of Utrecht University, Utrecht, 1990, pp. 215–237; 39. ‘Th e European Triptych; A Synopsis’, in L. Betten (ed.), Th e Future of European Social Policy, Kluwer, Deventer etc., 1991, pp. 191–210; 40. ‘Supervisory Mechanism for the Human Dimension of the CSCE: Its Setting-up in Vienna, its Present Functioning and its Possible Development towards a General Procedure for the Peaceful Settle ment of CSCE Disputes’ (in cooperation with A. Bloed), in A. Bloed and P. van Dijk (eds.), Th e Human Dimension of the Helsinki Process; Th e Vienna Follow-up Meeting and its Aft ermath, Nij hoff , Dordrecht etc., 1991, pp. 74–108; 41. ‘Th e Relation Between the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Human Dimension of the CSCE’, in A. Bloed and W. de Jonge (eds.), Legal Aspects of a New European Infrastructure, Europa Instituut, Utrecht, 1992, pp. 23–33; 42. ‘Human Rights and the Free Movement of Persons in Europe; Th e role of the national judiciary in the Netherlands’ (in cooperati on with M. Schreuder-Vlasblom), in H.G. Schermers et al. (eds.), Free Movement of Persons in Europe, Nijhoff , Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 298–318;

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43. ‘Rechten van de mens; de mens als burger’ [Human Rights; Man as a Citizen], in K. Helling man (ed.), Europa in de steigers: van Gemeenschap tot Unie [Europe under Construction: from Community towards Unity], Kluwer, Deventer, 1993, pp. 79–87; 44. ‘Th e Treatment of Homosexuals under the European Convention on Human Rights’, in K. Waaldijk and A. Clapham (eds.), Homosexuality: A European Community Issue; Essays on Lesbian and Gay Rights in European Law and Policy, Nijhoff , Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 179–206; 45. ‘Article 3 ECHR and Asylum Law and Policy in the Netherlands’, in: R. Lawson and M. de Blois (eds.), Th e Dynamics of the Protection of Human Rights in Europe; Essays in Honour of Henry G. Schermers, Vol. III, Nijhoff , Dordrecht, 1994, pp. 123–153; 46. ‘Rapport des Pays-Bas’ [Dutch Report], in Conseil d’Etat, Les étrangers dans les pays de l’Union Européenne; études des cas – XIVème Colloque des Conseils d’Etat et des juridictions administratives suprêmes de l’Union Européenne [Aliens in the States of the European Union; case studies – XIVth Colloquy of the State Councils and Supreme Administrative Courts in the European Union], Paris, 1994, pp. 223–249; 47. ‘Câteva observatii cu privere la art. 48 din Constitutia României si Legea contenciosului administrativ adoptata în 1990’ [Some Observations concerning Art. 48 of the Romanian Constitution and on the Law on Judicial Review of Administrative Acts, adopted in 1990], in R. Weber (ed.), Legislatia în Tranzitie, Bukarest, 1995, pp. 22–25; 48. ‘Het parlementaire goedkeuringsrecht inzake verdragen (artikel 91)’ [Th e Prerogative of Parliament to Consent to Treaties] in J.B.J.M. ten Berge, P.J.J. van Buuren, H.R.B.M. Kummeling and B.P. Vermeulen (eds.), De Grondwet als voorwerp van aanhoudende zorg [Th e Constitution as a Subject of Continuous Concern], Zwolle, 1995, pp. 349–367; 49. ‘A Common Standard of Achievement. About Universal Validity and Uniform Interpretation of International Human Rights Norms’, in P.R. Baehr, F. van Hoof, Liu Nanlai and Tao Zhenghua (eds.), Human Rights: Chinese and Dutch Perspectives, Th e Hague etc., 1966, pp. 57–75; 50. ‘Th e Universality of Human Rights, Tolerance and Freedom of Religion’, in K. Barnes et al., Law and International Order, London, 1966, pp. 187–204; 51. ‘Th e Only Realistic Option: Further Development ECJ Case Law on Basis ECHR and ESC’, in L. Betten and D. Mac Devitt (eds.), Th e Protection of Fundamental Social Rights in the European Union, Th e Hague etc., 1996, pp. 49–52; 52. ‘General Course on Human Rights: Th e Law of Human Rights in Europe; Instruments and Procedures for a Uniform Implementation’, in Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law, Volume VI, Book 2, Th e Hague, 1997, pp. 11–120;

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53. ‘Mensenrechtelijke aspecten. De Straatsburgse invalshoek en de Nederlandse regelgeving inzake immigatie’ [Human Rights Aspects. Th e Approach adopted in Strasbourg and the Netherlands Regulations concerning Immigration], in Beweging en Beheersing; Immigatierecht in de jaren negentig [Movement and Control; Immigation Law in the 1990s], Th e Hague, 1997, pp. 35–40; 54. ‘Introduction’, in International Association of Refugee Law Judges, Refugee and Asylum Law: Assessing the Scope for Judicial Protection, Nijmegen, 1997, pp. 9–11; 55. ‘Th e Universal Declaration is Legally Non-Binding; So what?’, in B. van der Heijden and B. Tahzib-Lie (eds.), Refl ections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; A Fift ieth Anniversary Anthology, Th e Hague etc., 1998, pp. 108–111; 56. ‘”Positive Obligations” Implied in the European Convention on Human Rights: Are the States Still the ‘Masters’ of the Convention?’, in M. Castermans-Holleman, F. van Hoof and J. Smith (eds.), Th e Role of the Nation-State in the 21st Century: Human Rights, International Organisa tions and Foreign Policy; Essays in Honour of Peter Baehr, Th e Hague, 1998, pp. 17–33; 57. ‘Le caractère juridiquement non contraignant de la Déclaration universelle ne fait pas obstacle à sa force normative’, in Institut des Droits de l’Homme du Barreau de Paris, 50e anniversaire de la Déclaration universelle des Droits de l’hommme, 12 November 1998, pp. 23–26; 58. ‘Uluslararasi Insan Haklari Normlarinin Ülke Uygulamalarindaki Gelisimi: Hollanda Yargisinin Tutumu’ [Th e Development of the Domestic Application of International Human Rights Norms; Attitude of the Dutch Judiciary], in Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Insan Haklarinin Gelisimi, Ankara, 1999, pp. 95–110; 59. ‘Bilateral Treaties: A New Landmark in Minority Protection; An Introduction’, in A. Bloed and P. van Dijk (eds.), Protection of Minority Rights Th rough Bilateral Treaties; Th e Case of Central and Eastern Europe, Kluwer Law International, Th e Hague etc., 1999, pp. 1–15; 60. ‘Voorwaards over de drempel; Enige beschouwingen over het acquis conventionnel bij gelegenheid van de vijft igste verjaardag van het EVRM en de veertigste verjaardag van het Hof’ [Forward across the Th reshold; Some Observations on the Acquis Conventionnel at the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the ECHR and the 40th Anniversary of the Court], in R.A. Lawson and E. Myjer (eds.), 50 Jaar Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens [Fift y Years European Convention on Human Rights], Leiden, 2000, pp. 595–609; 61. ‘Separate opinions in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights during the Martens Era’, in W.E. Haak, G.J.M. Corstens and M.I. Veldt xxxii Intersentia Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

(eds.), Martens Dissenting; Th e separate opinions of a European Human Rights Judge, Zwolle, 2000, pp. 7–12; 62. ‘Door de bomen de boswachter niet meer zien’ [Not Seeing the Forester Anymore for the Trees], in M.L. van Emmerik and C. Smals-van Dijk (eds.), Een nationale mensenrechtencommissie in Nederland? Handhaving van mensenrechten op nationaal niveau [A National Human Rights Commission in the Netherlands? Enforcement of Human Rights at National Level], Stichting NJCM-Boekerij No. 37, Leiden 2000, pp. 55–60; 63. ‘Article 6 §1 of the Convention and the concept of “objective impartiality”’, in P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Petzold and L. Wildhaber (eds.), Protecting Human Rights: Th e European Perspective; Studies in memory of Rolv Ryssdal, Cologne etc., 2000, pp. 1495–1510; 64. ‘Protection of “Integrated” Aliens against Expulsion under the European Convention on Human Rights’, in E. Guild and P. Minderhoud (eds.), Security of Residence and Expulsion; Protection of Aliens in Europe, Th e Hague etc., 2001, pp. 23–39; 65. ‘Th e Venice Commission on the Application of the European Convention on Human Rights Ratione Personae in Case of Peace Keaping and the Fight against Terrorism’, in Th e Rule of Law in Peace Operations, International Society for Military Law and the Law of War, Recueil XVII, Brussels, 2006, pp. 421–428; 66. ‘De belastingrechtspraak en het algemene bestuursprocesrecht’ (Th e Case Law in Taxation Cases and General Administrative Procedural Law; in cooperation with J.C.A. de Poorter), in H.P.A.M. van Arendonk et al. (eds.), Wetgevingskunsten; Vriendenbundel aangeboden aan Jan Kees Bartel [Legislative Arts; Liber Amicorum Jan Kees Bartel], Th e Hague, 2010, pp. 77–88.

ARTICLES

1. ‘Het Optreden van de EEG als Rechtspersoon op het Terrein van de Buitenlandse Betrekkingen’ [Th e EEC as an International Legal Person and its External Relations], Ars Aequi 1966, pp. 217–231; 2. ‘De Europese Commissie en de “théorie de l’acte clair”’ [Th e European Commission and the “théorie de l’acte clair”], Sociaal-Economische Wetgeving 1967, pp. 671–679; 3. ‘Vraagtekens voor Europees Recht; Het Onderzoek- en Onderwijspro- gram ma van Euratom voor 1969’ [Questions of European Law; the 1969 Programme for Research and Education of Euratom], Sociaal-Econo mische Wetgeving 1968, pp. 630–633;

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4. ‘Th e Implementation and Application of the Law of the European Communities within the Legal Order of the Netherlands’, Common Market Law Review 1969, pp. 283–308; 5. ‘De Rechtsgrondslag voor de Oplossing van een Confl ict tussen Gemeen- schapsrecht en Nationaal Recht door de Nationale Rechter’ [Legal Basis for the Solution of Confl icts between Community Law and Do mestic Law by National Courts], Sociaal-Economische Wetge ving 1976, pp. 280–287; 6. ‘De Franse Conseil Constitutionnel over de Grondwettigheid van de Rechtstreekse Verkiezing van het Europese Parlement’ [Th e French Conseil Constitutionnel on the Constitutionality of the Direct Election of the European Parliament], Sociaal-Economische Wetge ving 1977, pp. 186–190; 7. ‘A European Ombudsman for Human Rights; Reopening a Discussion’, Human Rights Journal 1977, pp. 187–211; 8. ‘International Law and the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights’, Wayne Law Review 1978, pp. 1529–1553; 9. ‘Deelneming door Nederland aan UNIFIL; een Volkenrechtelijke Ver- plichting?’ [Netherlands’ Participation in UNIFIL; an Interna tion al Legal Obligation?], Nederlands Juristenblad 1979, pp. 337–340; 10. ‘Plaats en Inhoud van het Mensenrechtenbeleid in de Nederlandse Buitenlandse Politiek’ [Netherlands’ Foreign Policy and Human Rights], Publication by the NIEO-Association 1979, pp. 1–6; 11. ‘De Internationale Bescherming van de Rechten van het Kind’ [Th e International Protection of the Rights of the Child], Familie- en Jeugdrecht 1979, pp. 165–180; 12. ‘Mensenrechten en de Oost-West betrekkingen’ [Human Rights and the East-West Relations], Civis Mundi 1979, pp. 253–256; 13. ‘Rechten van de Mens en Ontwikkelingssamenwerking; enige Rechtsbe gin- selen’ [Human Rights and Development-Cooperation; some legal principles], NJCM-Bulletin 1980, pp. 4–20; 14. ‘Helsinki-Belgrade-Madrid: a Diffi cult Road, Council of Europe’, Forum 1/80; 15. ‘Madrid 1980: Mensenrechten en Niet-Inmenging’ [Madrid 1980: Human Rights and Non-Interference] (in cooperation with A. Bloed), Internationale Spectator 1980, pp. 549–558; 16. ‘Th e Final Act of Helsinki – Basis for a Pan-European System?’ [translation and revision of the inaugural lecture at Utrecht University], Netherlands Yearbook of Interna tional Law 1980, pp. 97–124; 17. ‘Recht op ontwikkeling; een prioriteitsstelling’ [Right to Develop ment; A Matter of Priority], NJCM-Bulletin 1981, pp. 132–146; 18. ‘De mensenrechten in de Slotakte van Helsinki; geen suprematie, geen subordinatie, maar integratie’ [Human Rights in the Final Act of Helsinki; No Supremacy, No Subordination, but Integrati on], Civis Mundi 1981, pp. 76–81; xxxiv Intersentia Bibliography Pieter van Dijk

19. ‘Massaliteit van verkeersovertredingen en het recht op behandeling door de rechter’ [Th e Issue of Massive Traffi c Violations and the Right of Access to Court], Trema 1982, pp. 3–13; also published in Verkeersrecht 1982, pp. 285– 291; 20. ‘Th e Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Human Rights and Non-Intervention’ (in cooperation with A. Bloed), Th e Liverpool Law Review 1983, pp. 117–142; 21. ‘Th e Right to Development and Human Rights – A Matter of Equality and Priority’, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1984, pp. 221–248; 22. ‘Integratie van de mensenrechtenproblematiek in het buitenlandse beleid’ [Integration of Human Rights Problems in Foreign Policy], Idee ‘66, December 1985, pp. 92–97; 23. ‘Asiel in Pretoria’ [Asylum in Pretoria] (in cooperation with T.D. Gill and G.J.H. van Hoof), Neder lands Juristenblad, September 1985, pp. 965–970; 24. ‘Th e New International Economic Order (NIEO) Concept’, Padjad jaran Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1986, pp. 60–67; 26. ‘Het toezichtmechanisme van de ECRM onder druk; Vormt vervanging van Commissie en Hof door een permanent Hof de oplossing?’ [Th e Super- visory Mechanism of the European Convention on Human Rights under Pressure; Solved by Replacing Commission and Court by a Permanent Court?], NJCM-Bulletin 1986, pp. 250–264; 27. ‘Th e Benthem Case and its Aft ermath in the Netherlands’, Netherlands International Law Review 1987, pp. 5–24; 28. ‘Het doolhof van Artikel 6(1) ECRM; nieuwe openingen of doodlopende paden?’ [Th e Maze of Article 6(1) European Convention on Human Rights; New Openings or Dead Ends?], NJCM-Bulletin 1987, pp. 128–138; 29. ‘Intervention on Merger of the European Commission and European Court of Human Rights’, Human Rights Law Journal 1987, pp. 108–110; 30. ‘Normative Force and Eff ectiveness of International Norms’, German Yearbook of International Law 1987, pp. 9–35; 31. ‘Th e Maze of Paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights; New Openings or Dead Ends?’, Hague Yearbook of International Law 1988, pp. 141–151; 32. ‘Th e Implementation of the Final Act of Helsinki; Th e Creation of New Structures or the Involvement of Existing Ones?, In Memorian William W. Bishop Jr.’, Michigan Journal of International Law 1989, pp. 110–126; 33. ‘Is het Europees Sociaal Handvest dan niet Europees?’ [Is the European Social Charter not European?], Nederlands Juristenblad 1989, pp. 1412– 1413; 34. ‘Romania; Again an Eastern European Loner?, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 1990, pp. 20–25; also published in Dutch in Helsinki Monitor 1990, pp. 18–20;

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35. ‘Privé-leven in een Europees huis. Enige kanttekeningen bij het préad vies van J. de Boer’ [Private-Life in a European House. Some Comments to the report by J. de Boer], Nederlands Juristen blad 1990, pp. 812–815; 36. ‘Th e Achilles Heel of the Dutch Human Rights Policy’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 1990, pp. 132–139; 37. ‘Gewogen en te licht bevonden; maar is de weegschaal wel ge ijkt? – Reactie op het NJCM-commentaar op het ACM-advies “Het toezichtsmechanisme met betrekking tot het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens”’ [Tried and Found Wanting; But was the Test a Correct One? – Reply to the NJCM-comments on the Report of the Advosory Committee on Human Rights “Th e Supervisory Mechanism concerning the European Convention on Human Rights”] (in cooperation with R. Herrmann and Y.S. Klerk), NJCM-Bulletin 1990, pp. 630–634; 38. ‘Enige toppen en dalen in het Europese landschap; Kroniek rechten van de mens 1989–1990’ [Some Ups and Downs in the European land scape; Human-Rights Chronicle 1989–1990], Nederlands Juristen blad 1991, pp. 1172–1181; 39. ‘CVSE en de rechten van de mens: de CHD-bijeenkomst in Moskou’ [CSCE and Human Rights: the CHD-meeting in Moscow] (in coopera tion with A. Bloed), Internationale Spectator 1991, pp. 573–578; 40. ‘Th e Relation Between the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Human Dimension of the CSCE’, Helsinki Monitor 1991, pp. 5–14; 41. ‘Free movement of persons: towards European Citizenship’, Sociaal- Economische Wetgeving 1992, pp. 277–307; 42. ‘Parliamentary Participation in the Treaty-Making Process of the Netherlands’ (in cooperation with B.G. Tahzib), Chicago-Kent Law Review 1992, pp. 413–436; 43. ‘Homo ludens Europeus; Spelen met democratie’ [Homo Ludens Europeus; Play Games with Democracy], Nederlands Juristenblad 1992, pp. 551–552; 44. ‘Verdragsgoedkeuringswetten; vreemde vogels’ [Acts concerning the Approval of Treaties; Strange Birds], Nederlands Juristenblad 1992, pp. 1544–1546; 45. ‘Th e Future of Religious Liberty in Russia’ (in cooperation with W.C. Durham, L.B. Homer and J. Witte), Emory International Law Review 1994, pp. 1–66; 46. ‘Az Emberi Jogok Európai Egyezményének alkalmazása Hollandiában’ [Application of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Netherlands], Acta Humana 1994, No. 15–16, pp. 19–31; 47. ‘Bendenoun binnen proporties’ [Th e Bendenoun Judgment within Proportions], Nederlands Juristenblad 1994, pp. 1526–1527;

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48. ‘Universaliteti i te Drejtave te Njeriut kundrejt Relativitetit te Vlerave; Liria e Opinionit dhe e Shprehjes’ [Universality of Human Rights versus the Relativity of Values; Freedom of Opinion and Expression], Revista Skgiptare për të drejtat e njeriut 1995, pp. 10–21; 49. ‘A Common Standard of Achievement. About Universal Validity and Uniform Interpretation of International Human Rights Norms’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 1995, pp. 105–121; 50. ‘Homo ludens en de menselijke maat’ [Homo Ludens and Human Proportion], Nederlands Juristenblad 1996, pp. 1671–1672; 51. ‘Universality of Human Rights and the Principle of Tolerance’, Jurnal Hukum Unsrat, Vol. II, No. 2, January 1997, pp. 5–16; 52. ‘De “objectieve” onpartijdigheid van de rechter’ [Th e ‘Objective’ Impartiality of Judges], Nederlands Juristenblad 1997, pp. 1213–1219; 53. ‘Physician-assisted Suicide under Dutch Law’, Croatian Critical Law Review 1997, pp. 105–118; 54. ‘Protection of “Integrated” Aliens Against Expulsion under the European Convention on Human Rights’, European Journal of Migration and Law 1999, pp. 293–312; 55. ‘Een effi ciënt en eff ectief stelsel van toezicht op de naleving van het EVRM. De rolverdeling bij de rechtsvorming en rechtshandhaving’ [An eff ective and effi cient system of supervision of the implementation of the ECHR. Th e division of functions in the creation and maintenance of the law], NJCM Bulletin 2003, pp. 394–403; 56. ‘De Europese Commissie voor Democratie door Recht (Venetië Commissie); Het stille geweten van de Raad van Europa’, [Th e European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission); Th e Silent Conscience of the Council of Europe], NJCM Bulletin 2006, pp. 83–92; 57. ‘Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens en de Venetië Commissie: een praktijk van wederzijdse bevruchting’ [European Court of Human Rights and Venice Commission: A Practice of Reciprocal Fertilization], NJCM Bulletin 2010, pp. 884–896; 58. ‘Four Legs of a Giant’, Security and Human Rights, Vol. 22, 2011, No. 3, pp. 181–182.

ANNOTATIONS

1. Annotaties bij de arresten van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen in de zaken 146/73 en 166/73 [Comments on the judgments of the Court of Justice of the EC in Case 146/73 and Case 166/73], Sociaal-Economische Wetgeving 1974, pp. 458–466; 2. Annotaties bij de arresten van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen in de zaken 175/73 en 18/74 [Comments on the judgments

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of the Court of Justice of the EC in Case 175/73 and Case 18/74], Sociaal- Economische Wetgeving 1975, pp. 142–153; 3. Annotatie bij de beslissing van het Finanzgericht Berlin van 27 februa ri 1976 [Comments on the decision of the Finanzgericht Berlin of February 27th, 1976], Sociaal-Economische Wetgeving 1976, pp. 672–678; 4. Annotatie bij de arresten van het Hof van Justitie van de Euro pese Gemeenschappen in de zaken 33/76 en 45/76 [Comments on the judgments of the Court of Justice of the EC in Case 33/76 and Case 45/76], Sociaal- Economische Wetgeving 1977, pp. 466–473; 5. Annotatie bij het arrest van het Hof van Justitie van de Europe se Gemeenschappen in de zaak 101/76 [Comments on the judgment of the Court of Justice of the EC in Case 101/76], Sociaal-Economische Wetgeving 1977, pp. 713–718; 6. Annotatie bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 15 juli 1977 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of July 15th, 1977], Sociaal-Economi sche Wetgeving 1978, pp. 70–76; 7. Annotatie bij beslissing 1/78 van het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen ingevolge artikel 103 van het Euratom-Verdrag [Com- ments on Ruling 1/78 of the Court of Justice of the EC under Article 103 of the Euratom Treaty], Sociaal-Economische Wetgeving 1979, pp. 176–192; 8. Annotatie bij het arrest van het Hof van Justitie van de Europe se Gemeenschappen in de zaak 98/79 [Comments on the judgment of the Court of Justice of the EC in Case 98/79], Sociaal-Economi sche Wetge ving 1980, pp. 562–574; 9. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 23 augustus 1978 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of August 23rd, 1978], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 467–477; 10. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 19 juli 1979 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of July 19th, 1979], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Admini stratieve Recht spraak Overheids beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 680–692; 11. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 18 februari 1980 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of February 18th, 1980], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 911–915; 12. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 26 juni 1980 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction

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Division of the Council of State of June 26th, 1980], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Admini stratieve Recht spraak Overheids beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 1086–1090; 13. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 12 augustus 1980 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of August 12th, 1980], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 1112–1125; 14. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 14 augustus 1980 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of August 14th, 1980], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 1126–1136; 15. Aantekening bij beslissingen van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 4 januari 1983 en 31 januari 1983 [Comments on decisions of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of January 4th and 31st, 1983], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administratieve Rechtspraak Overheidsbe schikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 2238–2244 and 2301–2305; 16. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 19 januari 1984 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of January 19th, 1984], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Administra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 2825–2829; 17. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 2 februari 1984 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of February 2nd, 1984], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Ad ministra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 2857–2862; 18. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 3 januari 1985 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of January 3rd, 1985], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Ad ministra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. V, pp. 1512–1516; 19. Aantekening bij een beslissing van de Afdeling Rechtspraak van de Raad van State van 31 januari 1985 [Comments on a decision of the Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State of January 31st, 1985], in J.B.J.M. ten Berge and F.A.M. Stroink (eds.), Ad ministra tieve Recht spraak Overheids- beschikkingen, Vol. III, pp. 3408–3413; 20. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 6 mei 1981, Buchholz zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of May 6th, 1981, Buchholz Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1987, No. 827;

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21. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 10 december 1982, Foti zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of December 10th, 1982, Foti Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1987, No. 828; 22. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 2 augustus 1984, Malone zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of August 2nd, 1984, Malone Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1988, No. 534; 23. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 19 september 1986, Sanchez-Reisse zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of September 19th, 1986, Sanchez-Reisse Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1988, No. 555; 24. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 2 juni 1986, Bönisch zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of June 2nd, 1986, Bönisch Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1989, 385; 25. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 18 december 1982, Bozano zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of December 18th, 1982, Bozano Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1989, No. 409; 26. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 24 mei 1989, Hauschildt zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of May 24, 1989, Hauschildt Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1990, No. 610; 27. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 25 oktober 1989, Bezicheri zaak [Comments on the judgment of October 25, 1989, Bezicheri Case], Nederlandse Jurisprudentie 1990, No. 633; 28. Noot bij het arrest van het Europese Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens van 11 juli 2002, Goodwin zaak [Comments on the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of July 11, 2002, Goodwin Case], NJCM Bulletin 2003, pp. 330–341.

OPINIONS VENICE COMMISSION

1. Comments on the Preliminary Report of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on the Execution of Judgments of the Court and Monitoring the Case-Law of the European Court and commission of Human Rights, Venice Commission, CDL (2000) 16, 12 April 2000, 6 pp.; 2. Opinion on the Croatian Constitutional Law amending the Constitutional Law of 1991 (in cooparation with Franz Matscher and Hanna Suchocka), Venice Commission, CDL-INF (2000) 10, 20 June 2000, 10 pp.;

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3. Consolidated Report containing an Analysis of the Correspondence between the Secretary General of the Council of Europe and the Russian Federation under Article 52 of the European Convention on Human Rights (in cooperation with Tamas Bán and Frédéric Sudre), Council of Europe, SG/INF (2000) 24, 26 June 2000, 11 pp.; 4. Opinion on the Establishmentof a General Judicial Authority (in cooperation with Franz Matscher, Hanna Suchocka and Curil Svoboda), Venice Commission, CDL (2000) 46 rev., 15 December 2000, 9 pp.; 5. Report on Constitutional Issues raised by Ratifi cation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (in cooperation with Jacques Robert, Ergün özbudun, François Luchaire, Lydie Err and Hans-Heinrich Vogel), Venice Commission, CDL (2000) 104 rev., 15 December 2000, 12 pp.; 6. Opinion on the Draft Law on Rights of National Minorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, prepared by the Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in cooperation with M.G. Malinverni), Venice Commission, CDL-INF (2001) 12, 6–7 July 2001, 8 pp.; 7. Opinion on the Draft Law on the Rights of Ethnic and National Communities and Minorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, prepared by Mr. Ibrahim Spahic, Delegate to the House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in cooperation with M.G. Malinverni), Venice Commission, CDL-INF (2001) 13, 6–7 July 2001, 3 pp.; 8. Opinion on the Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities in Croatia (in cooperation with Franz Matscher, Hanna Suchocka and Alain Delcamp), Venice Commission, CDL (2001) 74, 3 July 2001, 8 pp.; 9. Expert opinions on the Draft “Criminal Procedure Act” of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, (in cooperation with Giuseppe Di Gennaro), Council of Europe PCRED/DGI/Exp. (2001) restricted, 29 August 2001, 26 pp.; 10. Consolidated opinion on the Law on Ombudsman in the Republic of Azerbaijan (in cooperati on with M. Serra Lopes), Venice Commission, CDL (2001) 83, 7 September 2001, 5 pp.; 11. Report on the Preferential Treatment of National Minorities by their Kin- State (in cooperation with Franz Matscher, François Luchaire and Giorgio Malinverni), Venice Commission, CDL-INF (2001) 19, 22 October 2001, 25 pp.; 12. Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Law on Regulation of the Implementation of Human Rights and Freedoms of Azerbaïjan (in cooperation with Franz Matscher, Gerard Batliner, Aivars Endzins and James Hamilton), Venice Commission, CDL-INF (2001) 27, 21 December 2001, 11 pp.; 13. Opinion on Possible Groups of Persons to Which the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Could Be Applied in

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Belgium (in coopreation with Franz Matscher, Giorgio Malinverni and Sergio Bartole), Venice Commission, CDL-AD (2002) 1, 12 March 2002, 10 pp.; 14. Consolidated Opinion on the Law on the Election of Members of the Representative Bodies of Local and Regional Self-Government Units of Croatia (in cooperation with Christof Hartmann, Hanna Suchocka and Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD (2002) 3, 12 March 2002, 16 pp.; 15. Opinion on the Luxembourg Draft Law on Freedom of Expression in the Media, Venice Commission, CDL (2002) 59, 7 May 2002, 7 pp.; 16. Opinion on the Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities in Croatia (in cooperation with Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL (2002) 111, 12 September 2002, 8 pp.; 17. Comments on the Draft Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities in Croatia (in cooperation with Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL (2002) 114, 23 September 2002, 6 pp.; 18. Comments on the Constitutional Amendments proposed by the Princely House of Liechtenstein; and on the Constitutional Amendments proposed by the “Citizens’ Initiative for Constitutional Peace”, Venice Commission, CDL (2002) 140, 3 December 2002, 9 pp.; 19. Opinion on the Amendments to the Constitution of Liechtenstein proposed by the Princely House of Liechtenstein (in cooperation with J.-C. Scholsem and H. Zahle), Venice Commission, CDL-AD (2002) 32, 16 December 2002, 12 pp.; 20. Opinion on the Implementation of the Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (in cooperation with Jan Helgesen, Giorgio Malinverni and Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD (2002) 34, 18 December 2002, 26 pp.; 21. Comments on the Response of the Government of the Republic of Croatia to the venice Commission’s Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities, Venice Commission, CDL (2002) 158, 9 December 2002, 3 pp.; 22. Opinion on the Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities in Croatia (in cooperation with Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD (2003), 25 March 2003, 7 pp.; 23. Opinion on the Draft Law on Amendments to the Law on National Minorities in Lithuania (in cooperation with Sergio Bartole), Venice Commisson, CDL (2003), 8 April 2003, 7 pp.; 24. Opinion on the Implications of a Legally-Binding EU Charter of Fundamental Rights on Human Rights Protection in Europe (in cooperation with Giorgio Malinverni and Hans- Heinrich Vogel), Venice Commission, CDL-AD (2003) 92, 18 December 2003, 18 pp.;

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25. Comments on the draft Law on Recognition, Restitution and Compensation of Property of the Republic of Albania, Venice Commission, CDL(2004)011, 2 March 2004, 6 pp.; 26. Opinion on the Draft Law on the Conception of the State Ethnic Policy (in cooperation with Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2004)021, 23 June 2004, 5 pp.; 27. Opinion on the Draft Law concerning the Support to Romanians Living Abroad (in cooperation with Giorgio Malinverni and Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2004)020rev, 26 August 2004, 18 pp.; 28. Opinion on Human Rights in Kosovo: Possible Establishment of Review Mechanisms (in cooperation with Jan Helgesen, Giorgio Malinverni, Georg Nolte and Jean-Clause Scholsem), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2004)033, 11 October 2004, 34 pp.; 29. Opinion on the Draft Law on the Status of Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine (in cooperation with Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2004)036, 12 October 2004, 8 pp.; 30. Opinion on the Draft Law on Restitution of Housing and Property to the Victims of the Georgian-Ossetian Confl ict of the Republic of Georgia (together with Peter Paczolay), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2004)037, 12 October 2004, 14 pp.; 31. Opinion on the Law for the Election of Local Public Administration Authorities in Romania (together with Ugo Mifsud Bonnici), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2004)040, 4 January 2005, 12 pp.; 32. Joint Opinion on the Proposal for a Constitutional Law on Changes and Amendments to the Constitution of Georgia (together with James Hamilton, Gerard Batliner and Dzenana Hadziomerovic), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2005)003, 9 February 2005, 24 pp.; 33. Amicus Curiae Opinion on the Nature of the Proceedings before the Human Rights Chamber and the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (together with Peter Jambrek, Giorgio Malinverni and Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2005), 15 June 2005, 6 pp.; 34. Opinion on a Possible Solution to the Issue of Decertifi cation of Police Offi cers in Bosnia and Herzogovina (in cooperation with Jan Helgesen and Giorgio Malinverni), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2005)024, 24 October 2005, 11 pp.; 35. Opinion on the Draft Law on the Statute of National Minorities Living in Romania (in cooperation with Sergio Bartole), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2005).; 36. Opinion on the International Legal Obligations of the Council of Europe Member States in respect of Secret Detention Facilities and Inter-State Transport of Prisoners (in cooperation with Iain Cameron, Olivier Dutheillet de Lamothe, Jan Helgesen, Giorgio Alinverni and Georg Nolte), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2006)009, 17 March 2006, 38 pp.;

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37. Interim opinion on the Draft Law on Rehabilitation and Restitution of Property of Victims of the Georgian-Ossetian Confl ict of Georgia (in cooperation with B. Aurescu, S. Bartole and J. Hamilton), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2006)007, 20 March 2006, 18 pp.; 38. Opinion on the Protection of Human Rights in Emergency Situations (in cooperation with Finola Flanagan and Jeff rey Jowell), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2006)015, 4 April 2006, 14 pp.; 39. Opinion on the Draft Law of Georgia on Property Restitution and Compensation on the Territory of Georgia for the Victims of Confl icts in the Former Soutrh Ossetia District (in cooperation with B. Aurescu, S. Bartole and J Hamilton), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2006)010, 12 June 2006, 10 pp.; 40. Guidelines on the Holding of Referendums (in cooperation with François Luchaire and Giorgio Malinverni), Venice Commission, CDL- AD(2006)027rev, 8 November 2006, 10 pp.; 41. Study on the Eff ectiveness of National Remedies in respect of Excessive Length of Proceedings (in cooperation with Bogdan Aurescu, Giorgio Malinverni, Elsa Garcia Maltras de Blas and Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2006)036, 22 December 2006, 47 pp.; 42. Report on Non-Citizens and Minority Rights (in cooperation with Gutmundur Alfredsson, Bogdan Aurescu, Sergio Bartole, Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska, Giorgio Malinverni and Franz Matscher), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2007)001, 18 January 2007, 39 pp.; 43. Preliminary Report on the National Legislation in Europe concerning Blasphemy, Religious Insults and Inciting Religious Hatred (in cooperation with Louis-Léon Christians, Finola Flanagan and Hanna Suchocka), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2007)006, 23 March 2007, 9 pp. and two Annexes; 44. Opinion on Video Surveillance in Public Places by Public Authorities and the Protection of Human Rights (in cooperation with Vojin Dimitrijevic and Giovanni Buttarelli), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2007)014, 23 March 2007, 16 pp.; 45. Code of Good Practice on Referendums (in cooperation with François Luchaire and Giorgio Malinverni), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2007), 19 March 2007, 23 pp.; 46 Opinion on the Draft Law on the People’s Advocate of Kosovo, Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2007)024, 7 June 2007, 9 pp.; 47. Opinion on Video Surveillance by Private Operators in the Public and Private Spheres and by the Public Authorities in the Private Sphere and Human Rights Protection (in cooperation with Vojin Dimitrijevic), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2007)027, 8 June 2007, 15 p.;

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48. Opinion on the Constitution of Finland (in cooperation with S.Bartole, I. Cameron, O. Dutheillet de Lamotte, M. Jensen and P. Paczolay), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2008)010, 7 April 2008, 13 pp.; 49. Report on the Relationship between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion: the Issue of Regulation and Prosecution of Blasphemy, Religious Insult and Incitement to Religious Hatred (in cooperation with Louis-Léon Christians, Finola Flanagan and Hanna Suchocka), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2008), 23 October 2008, 19 pp.; 50. Report on the Relationship between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion: the Issue of Regulation and Prosecution of Blasphemy, Religious Insult and Incitement to Religious Hatred (in cooperation with Louis-Léon Christians, Finola Flanagan and Hanna Suchocka), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2008), 23 October 2008, 19 pp.; 51. Opinion on the Constitutional and Legal Provisions relevant to the Prohibition of Political Parties in Turkey (in cooperation with C. Closa Montero, Ch. Grabenwarter, W. Hoff mann-Riem, F. Sejersted, K. Tuori and H.-H. Vogel), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009),006, 13 March 2009, 24 pp.; 52. Interim Opinion on the Draft Law on Amending the Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia (in cooperation with W. Hoff mann-Riem), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009)037, 23 June 2009, 8 pp.; 53. Opinion on the Draft Law on Prohibition of Discrimination of Montenegro (in cooperation with L. Hüseynov), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009)045, 12 October 2009, 15 pp.; 54. Second Interim Opinion on the Draft Amendments to the Civil Code of Armenia (in cooperation with W. Hoff mann-Riem), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009)047, 19 October 2009, 4 pp.; 55. Opinion on the Draft Law on Prohibition of Discrimination of Montenegro (in cooperation with Latif Hüseynov), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009)045, 12 October 2009, 14 pp.; 56. Final Opinion on the Draft Amendment of the Civil Code of Armenia (in cooperation with W. Hoff mann-Riem), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009)056, 14 December 2009, 4 pp.; 57. Interim Opinion on the Draft Constitutional Amendments of Luxembourg (in cooperation with Dominique Chagnollaud, Jean-Claude Colliard, Jeff rey Jowell, Laszlo Trocsanyi and Jan Velaers, Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2009)057, 14 December 2009, 15 pp.; 58. Opinion on the Legal Status of Religious Communities in Turkey and the Right of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Istanbul to Use the Adjective “Ecumenical” (in cooperation with Christoph Grabenwarter and Fredrik Sejersted), Venice Commission, CDL-Ad(2010)005, 15 March 2010, 27 pp.;

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59. Report on Counter-Terrorism Measures and Human Rights (in cooperation with Iain Cameron, Kalliopi Koufa and Guido Neppi Modona), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2010)022, 5 July 2010, 21 pp.; 60. Opinion on the existing mechanisms to review the compatibility with human rights standards of acts by UNMIK and EULEX in Kosovo (in cooperation with Jean-Claude Scholsem and Georg Nolte), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2010)051, 21 December 2010, 16 pp.; 61. Opinion on the Warning addressed to the Belarus Association of Journalists on 13 January 2010 by the Minister of Justice (in cooperation with Christoph Grabenwarter, Peter Paczolay and Herdis Th orgeirsdottir), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2010)053, 22 December 2010, 15 pp.; 62. Report on the Rule of Law (in cooperation with Gret Haller, Jeff rey Jowell and Kaarlo Tuori), Venice Commission, CDL – AD(2011)003rev, 28 March 2011, 16 pp.; 63. Opinion on the Draft Law supplementing the Penitentiary Code of Armenia (in cooperation with Katerina Simackova), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2011)024, 21 June 2011, 7 pp.; 64. Opinion on the Compatibility with Universal Human Rights Standards of an Offi cial Warning addressed by the Ministry of Justice of Belarus to the Belarusian Helsinki Committee (in cooperation with Herdis Th orgeirsdottir), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2011)026, 27 June 2011, 17 pp.; 65. Opinion on the Compatibility with Universal Human Rights Standards of Article 193–1 of the Criminal Code on the Rights of Non-Registered Associations of the Republic of Belarus (in cooperation with Herdis Th orgeirsdottir), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2011)036, 18 October 2011, 19 pp.; 66. Opinion on the Law on the Establishment and Rules of Procedure of the Constitutional Court of Turkey (in cooperation with Christoph Grabenwarter, Wolfgang Hoff mann-Riem and Peter Paczolay), Venice Commission, CDL-AD(2011)040, 18 October 2011, 20 pp.

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