American Chemical Society Division of the History of Chemistry
Newsletter, Program, and Abstracts
232nd ACS National Meeting San Francisco, CA September 10-14, 2006
J. S. Jeffers, Program Chair
DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
Chair: Jeffrey I. Seeman SaddlePoint Frontiers Bulletin Editor: Paul R. Jones 12001 Bollingbrook Place University of Michigan Richmond, VA 23236-3218 Department of Chemistry Phone: (804) 794-1218 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 Email: [email protected] Fax: (734) 647-4865 Email: [email protected] Chair Elect: Roger A. Egolf Pennsylvania State University - Councilor: Mary Virginia Orna Lehigh Valley Campus Department of Chemistry 8380 Mohr Lane College of New Rochelle Fogelsville, PA 18051-9999 New Rochelle, NY 10805 Phone: (610) 285-5110 Phone: (914) 654-5302 Fax: (610) 285-5220 Fax: (914) 654-5387 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Past Chair: David Lewis Councilor: Ben B. Chastain Department of Chemistry 538 Hampton Drive University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire Birmingham, AL 35209 Eau Claire, WI 54702 Phone: (205) 871-3859 Phone: (715) 836-4744 Email: [email protected] Fax: (715) 836-4979 Email: [email protected] Alternate Councilor: Carmen Giunta Le Moyne College Secretary-Treasurer: Vera V. Mainz 1419 Salt Springs Rd. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Syracuse, NY 13214-1399 School of Chemical Sciences Phone: (315) 445-4128 142B RAL, Box 34 Noyes Lab Fax: (315) 445-4540 600 S. Mathews Ave. Email: [email protected] Urbana, IL 61801 Phone: (217) 244-0564 Archivist/Historian: James J. Bohning Fax: (217) 244-8068 Dept. of Chemistry, Lehigh University Email: [email protected] 6 E. Packer Ave. Bethlehem, PA 18015 Program Chair: Joe Jeffers Phone: (610) 758-3582 Ouachita Baptist University Fax: (610) 758-6536 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3786 Email: [email protected] Arkadelphia, AR 71998-0001 Phone: (870) 245-5216 Fax: (870) 245-5241 Email: [email protected]
2 Mission Statement The Division of the History of Chemistry (HIST) of the American Chemical Society (ACS) seeks to advance knowledge and appreciation of the history of the chemical sciences among chemists, students, historians of science, and the broader public by
• Encouraging research and scholarship in history of the chemical sciences; • Providing a welcoming environment for the discussion of history of chemistry in a variety of venues, particularly in symposia at national ACS meetings; • Serving as a resource for chemical scientists in general, and members of the ACS in particular, who seek to understand the roots of their discipline, sub- discipline, or interdisciplinary subject; • Recognizing major achievements from the past in the chemical sciences and the individuals who made those achievements; • Publishing a scholarly journal in history of chemistry; • Interacting with other organizations interested in the history of science; and • Adding value to the ACS by helping it achieve its vision and missions.
Message from Jeff Seeman, HIST Division Chair
HIST is a vibrant, active and diverse organization! We are excited about our achievements and proud that you are joining us in our history-of-chemistry adventures. Your HIST leadership team as focused on a number of themes this past few years, all with a focus on enhanced value to our membership and to the American Chemical Society: enhanced professional activities; expanded programming; increased celebratory activities; and fiduciary responsibility. HIST has formulated its first Mission Statement, found above and on HIST’s home page at http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/! Carmen Giunta spearheaded the team effort on the Mission Statement. Paul Jones and his associate editors continue to publish a superb Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. It is on-time, and full of spectacular articles. Thank you to our authors! And, congratulations to Lyman Caswell for winning the 2006 Outstanding Paper Award for his paper on “The Twice- Discovered Element”. HIST’s website is expanded with information about upcoming symposia, HIST’s awards and recognition programs, and HIST’s own history. You can find HIST’s website by typing into Google or even into the Windows Explorer address line: HIST ACS. More and more information is now on this site, thanks to Vera Mainz (our webmaster) and Jim Bohning (our Historian). For the third year in a row, I have contacted the candidates for ACS President Elect, asking for their message specifically to our membership. This interaction has led to a number of Presidential symposia at ACS National meetings (including one in Atlanta and one in San Francisco, both organized by Mary Virginia Orna, and we are planning more for 2007). Elsewhere in this newsletter is a listing of the upcoming symposia. 2006 marks the 50th Anniversary of the Dexter Award and its successor, the Sidney M.
3 Edelstein Award. Sidney M. Edelstein was Secretary/Treasurer of HIST from 1948- 1965; he originated and sponsored the Dexter Award. The Sidney M. Edelstein Award is now sponsored by the Ruth and Sam Barish family (Ruth is Sidney’s daughter) and by the Chemical Heritage Foundation. HIST will celebrate this 50th anniversary at the ACS National meeting in September 2006. A symposium, panel discussions, and celebratory dinner are planned. Tony Travis is spearheading these festivities. Other symposia of note are also taking place. The 2nd Annual Fall National ACS meeting Music Concert – Chemists Making Music – will be held at the SF meeting. Vicki Bragin, a winner of the prestigious Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, will once again perform and direct the concert. Caltech student-chemists, all members of the Caltech chamber music program, will also perform. Bragin will play an innovative composition – featuring visual effects – by biochemist-composer Elaine Bearer of Brown University. HIST’s very active award program continues with gusto! HIST is proud that the inaugural year of the Citations for Chemical Breakthrough awards has begun so successfully. As reported in the July 3, 2006, C&EN, the first presentations to Harvard University and to the University of Chicago were highly successful. HIST recognizes the need for and validity of this award being internationally-based, and Roger Egolf has volunteered to begin an outreach effort to broaden HIST’s reach. HIST honored two of its own officers last spring with its Certificate of Appreciation award: Paul Jones, Bulletin editor, and Vera Mainz, Secretary-Treasurer- Webmaster. Each of them had over a decade of leadership service to HIST. Recently, after discussions with Madeleine Jacobs and negotiations with the Chemical Heritage Foundation, HIST gave its archives to the CHF. This gift, which must be retained in full by the CHF or returned in total to HIST, was negotiated by the entire HIST Executive Committee with the benefit of strong leadership from Jim Bohning, HIST’s archivist. A plan is in place to develop the archives into a fully searchable resource, available to all interested scholars. I have mentioned the Chemical Heritage Foundation a few times in this message. Together with Arnold Thackray, John Van Ness, Rob Lopata and others, the CHF and HIST have formalized what has been an on-going long term partnership. HIST is very pleased to partner with the CHF in so many mutually- beneficial ways. I congratulate the eminent British historian of chemistry Peter Morris (Science Museum, London) for being selected as the 2006 Sidney M. Edelstein Awardee. Peter has made enormous contributions to the field. We are proud to have such scholars amongst us! I thank the many awards committee members for their hard work and judicious selections!
All the best, Jeff
Report of Councilors, Division of the History of Chemistry ACS National Meeting, Atlanta, GA, March 29, 2006 The first order of business was the selection of nominees for President-Elect of the Society for 2007. The four nominees presented to Council by the Committee on
4 Nominations and Elections were Bruce E. Bursten, Richard Eisenberg, Bassam Z. Shakhashiri and Matthew V. Tirrell. By paper ballot, the Council selected Drs. Bursten and Shakhashiri to run in the Society election in the fall. The winners of the District I election to the Board of Directors were announced: Thomas R. Gilbert and Anne T. O’Brien. The winners in the District V election were John E. Adams and Judith L. Benham. The slate for Directors-at-Large was also announced: William H. Breazeale, Jr., Dennis Chamot, Peter K. Dorhout, Paul R. Jones, Valerie J. Kuck, and Dorothy J. Phillips. Since the present Chair of the Board, James D. Burke, will resign from the Board effective December 31, 2006, the two candidates receiving the highest number of votes will be elected to full three-year terms; the candidate receiving the third-highest number of votes will be elected to fill out Dr. Burke’s term.
Reports from the Presidential Succession President E. Ann Nalley repeated her theme of “Ensuring the Future,” using three focal points: (1) To develop more effective ways of communicating the value of basic research and its relationship to applied research; (2) To recognize the value of volunteer service in the society; (3) To seek more effective ways of ensuring that we have good science and mathematics education at all levels in order to ensure the future. And within an ongoing study of the ACS’s present governance system, she scheduled (later in the Council meeting) a special discussion on the issue of ACS membership requirements. President-Elect Catherine Hunt saw as ACS’s way to strengthen its commitment to science and technology the following pathways: (1) Education of legislators, the public and the next generation; (2) Collaboration to build a strong, vibrant and vocal technical community, and (3) Innovation to recreate our companies, universities and ourselves. In line with this, she outlined her programming goals for the two 2007 national meetings in Chicago and Boston: the chemistry of communication; sustainability in energy, food, water and beyond; scientific literacy through lifelong education; frontiers of materials science; and looking at diverse and multidisciplinary careers in chemistry. Immediate Past President William F. Carroll reported that during his presidential year he was visible, credible, and accessible. He claimed success in launching the Chemical Enterprise 2015, in promoting the Chemistry-Teacher Connection in secondary schools, and in promoting overall the public’s perception of chemistry.
Registration Report As of March 28, 2006, the ACS spring national meeting had attracted 12,546 registrants as follows: Regular attendees 6,323; Students 4,158; Exhibitors 1,288; Exposition only 413; and Guests 364.
Society Initiatives Many ACS committees and councilor caucuses discussed and/or provided input into three key Society initiatives: 1. The Society’s new vision statement: “Improving people’s lives through the transforming power of chemistry,” which resulted from the input of several thousand ACS members, was unveiled and discussed at this meeting. 2. The Board-Council Policy Committee Governance Review Task Force was charged with reviewing the Society’s governance, and Constitution and Bylaws, to ensure that
5 the Society has a governing framework to enable it to best fulfill its mission, meet member needs, and remain a world-class organization. The task force developed a framework that emphasized five key elements of the Society’s governance, which are membership, geographical organization, disciplinary organization, governance structure, and governance operations. 3. A Program Review Advisory Group (PRAG) has been established to assist the Committee on Budget and Finance in reviewing all programs of the Society (with some exemptions) on a periodic and regular basis. The PRAG consists of councilors, members of the Board of Directors, members of the Committee on Budget and Finance, and representatives from the committees with oversight over the programs under review in a given year.
Member Statistics ACS closed 2005 with 158,422 members, reversing a 4-year downward trend in Society membership. Of the 15,532 applications processed in 2005, nearly 900 came from the Member-Get-A-Member campaign, in which many councilors participated. The membership retention number remained stable at 92.4%.
Special Discussion A special discussion item was put on the Council agenda for this meeting. The discussion focused on membership – specifically, the requirements for ACS membership, and whether they should be made more or less restrictive, or kept the same. ACS President E. Ann Nalley invited the co-chairs of the Board-Council Policy Committee Governance Review Task Force, James D. Burke and William F. Carroll, to help frame the discussion by presenting the results of a councilor survey on ACS membership requirements.
2006 Member Dues The Council VOTED to set the member dues for 2007 at the fully escalated rate of $132.
Future National Meetings The Council VOTED to recommend to the Board of Directors that the spring meeting for 2015 be held in Denver, March 22-26, and that the fall meeting be held in Boston, August 16-20. The Council also voted to recommend locations and dates for the 2016 meeting as follows: the spring meeting to be held on March 13-17, in San Diego; and the fall meeting to be held in Philadelphia, August 21-25.
Councilor Activities 1. Mary Virginia Orna continues to serve her second term as a member of the Committee on Committees (ConC). She is also continuing to serve as ConC liaison to the Joint Board-Council Committee on Publications (JBCCP) and the Committee on Technician Affairs (CTA). 2. Ben Chastain continues to serve on the Divisional Activities Committee (DAC), where he is co-chair of the Divisional Enhancement Sub-committee (ChemLuminary Awards and Innovative Project Grants). He is a liaison to the Biological Chemistry Division (BIOL) for DAC and to the Committee on Public Relations and Communication (CPRC) for HIST.
6 Ben B. Chastain, Mary Virginia Orna, Councilors Outstanding Paper Award The HIST Outstanding Paper Award, to recognize and encourage outstanding scholarship in the history of chemistry, is awarded this year to Lyman R. Caswell, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Texas Woman’s University, for “Andrés del Río, Alexander von Humboldt, and the Twice-Discovered Element,” Bull. Hist. Chem., 2003, 28 (1), 35-41. The award is presented to the author of the best paper published in The Bulletin for the History of Chemistry during the previous three years. Professor Lyman lives in Seattle, Washington, where he divides his time among history of science, philately, and science fiction.
HIST Citations for Chemical Breakthroughs The Division of the History of Chemistry (HIST) of the American Chemical Society recently announced the ten recipients of its new award program, the Citations for Chemical Breakthroughs. The award, which recognizes breakthrough publications and patents worldwide in the field of science embraced by the ACS, are presented to the institutions at which the work was performed. One book, three patents and six scientific publications will be honored in 2006, the earliest being Moses Gomberg’s 1900 classic paper on free radicals. The term “breakthrough” refers to advances in chemistry that have been revolutionary in concept, broad in scope, and long-term in impact. Plaques, to be placed in the hallways outside the office or laboratory where the breakthroughs were achieved, will be presented to the departments and institutions at which these breakthroughs occurred. Jeffrey Seeman, Chair of HIST and originator of the award, said that the award is intended to “celebrate great scientific accomplishments and motivate, through shared pride of achievement, all who walk by and see the plaques. We hope they’ll say, ‘Wow! That was done here!’” M. Gomberg, An Instance of Trivalent Carbon: Triphenylmethyl, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1900, 22, 757-771. (University of Michigan) G. N. Lewis, The Atom and the Molecule, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 762-785. (University of California, Berkeley) E. O. Lawrence, Method and Apparatus for the Acceleration of Ions, U.S. Patent 1,948,384 (20 February 1934), assigner to Research Corporation, New York, NY. (University of California, Berkeley) A. O. Beckman and Henry E. Fracker, Apparatus for Testing Acidity, U.S. Patent 2,058,761 (27 October 1936), assignors to National Technical Laboratories, Pasadena, CA. (Beckman Coulter) L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, 1939. (Caltech) Roy J. Plunkett, Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers, U.S. Patent 2,230,654 (4 February 1941), assignor to Kinetic Chemicals, Inc. of Wilmington, DE. (DuPont) H. F. Fisher, E. C. Conn, B. Vennesland, F. H. Westheimer The Enzymatic Transfer of Hydrogen. I. The Reaction Catalyzed by Alcohol Dehydrogenase J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 202, 687–697. (University of Chicago) B. Merrifield, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. I. The Synthesis of a Tetrapeptide, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 2149-2154. (Rockefeller University)
7 R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, Stereochemistry of Electrocyclic Reactions J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 395-397. (Harvard University) M. J. Molina and F. S. Rowland, Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone, Nature 1974, 249, 810-812. (University of California, Irvine)
HIST Fall Elections HIST will be holding elections for the following positions: • Chair-Elect (the winner will succeed to the Chair in two years) • Secretary/Treasurer • Councilor and Alternate Councilor The nominating committee urges members to send suggestions of candidates for the positions. In addition to the names put forward by the nominating committee, the ballot will contain spaces for members to write in the names of other candidates. Elections not only allow us to choose members who will carry on the current work of the Division, they also allow us to identify those of our colleagues who may be available to assume those responsibilities in the future. Thus the Nominating Committee urges all HIST members to vote and help determine the future of the Division. Later this fall, you will be receiving a ballot along with biographical statements by the candidates. Steve Weininger ([email protected]), Chair, Mary Virginia Orna ([email protected]), Joe Jeffers ([email protected]), Nominating Committee
General Papers Sessions Need Presenters HIST symposia at recent ACS meetings have been numerous and excellent. The San Francisco meeting is similarly well stocked; Chicago and Boston in 2007 are shaping up nicely. Kudos to the organizers. They have done a magnificent job. The one place where we are really slipping is the General Papers session. We had only three papers in Atlanta and only two are scheduled for San Francisco. Please consider presenting at Chicago (March 2007) or Boston (August 2007). We really need five or more papers to have a worthwhile General Session. Joe Jeffers, HIST Program Chair
HIST Symposia, 232nd ACS Meeting in San Francisco, CA September 10-14, 2006 Schedules and abstracts are listed at the end of this Newsletter.
Health Materials and Techniques: Research and Development over the Past 25 Years: Investment in Basic Research Leading to Benefits for Society HIST is presenting the second of two cutting-edge symposia reviewing industrial and academic R&D progress over the past 25 years in conjunction with the Presidential- succession goals of ACS President Ann Nalley. This Presidential Symposium, sponsored by HIST on Sunday morning, September 10, will trace the development of chemical techniques and synthetic materials that have enabled the medical profession to enhance the overall health of humankind in ways heretofore unimaginable. The history of in vitro
8 diagnostic testing will be traced. Other papers will examine the development of “smart” polymers that respond to external stimuli, new electro-spun nanostructured materials, and biomimetic and biofunctional materials that permit the building of biocompatible scaffolds with many biomedical and industrial applications. Featured speakers include Helen Free (1993 ACS President), Anna Gutowska, Benjamin Chu, Benjamin Hsiao, and Jennifer West (Howard Hughes Scholar). [co-sponsors: PRES, CHED, MEDI, POLY, PMSE] Mary Virginia Orna, Organizer
Classic Chemistry Books of the Twentieth Century II: Organic Chemistry This symposium, scheduled for Sunday afternoon, September 10, is the second in a series of Classic Chemistry Books symposia, this time focusing on organic chemistry. Featured speakers include John Roberts, Marjorie Caserio, Jay Siegel, Roy Olofson, Kenneth Williamson, Gary Patterson, and Peter Morris. [co-sponsors: Bolton Society, CHED] Ned Heindel, organizer
Celebrating a Legacy: Fifty Years of the Dexter and Edelstein Awards Join us all day Monday, September 11, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Sidney M. Edelstein Award (formerly the Dexter Award), the most prestigious award in History of Chemistry. This symposium will review progress in various sectors of the history of chemistry over the past half century and will describe recent advances in areas that were of interest to and encouraged by Dr. Edelstein. Following the presentations, a panel of experts will discuss the present and future of the history of chemistry. Featured speakers include Kenneth Knoespel, John Kenly Smith, Ute Deichmann, Zvi Koren, Anthony Travis, Peter Morris, George Kauffman, Alan Rocke, Mary Jo Nye, and Jeffrey Seeman. In addition, a panel discussion on the Future of the History of Chemistry will include Jeffrey Seeman (moderator), Catherine Hunt (ACS President-Elect) , Ernst Homburg, William Jensen, Seymour Mauskopf, Arnold Thackray, and Anthony Travis. Anthony Travis and Jeffrey Seeman, Organizers
Edelstein Award Symposium Honoring Peter Morris We will honor the 2006 recipient of the Edelstein award, Peter J. T. Morris, Manager of Research and Principal Curator-Science at the Science Museum, London, for his extraordinary record of research publication in history of chemical industry in three countries and his exceptional achievement as editor of Ambix during the past five years. The Tuesday morning, September 12 symposium will feature Seymour Mauskopf, Alan Rocke, Arthur Molella, Anthony Travis, and Peter Morris. Morris’ research publications include several books about the development of chemical industry in Germany, in Great Britain, and in the United States. These books, some coauthored with other scholars in Great Britain and the United States, have focused on rubber and other polymer industries, on twentieth century instrumentation for chemistry, and on biography. His entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, on British chemist Archer J. P. Martin, was designated Editor’s Choice for January 2006. During his five years as editor of Ambix, the journal has been expanded by 50 percent and has appeared in an on-line edition. Martin Saltzman, Organizer
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History of the FDA in Its Hundredth Year For the past 100 years, the health of Americans and their confidence in the quality of their food and medicines have been protected by a sophisticated public health system that ensures the quality of food, drugs, vaccines, and medical equipment. The development of these protections goes back to 1906, when Congress entrusted the Bureau of Chemistry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture with the implementation of the Food and Drugs Act, the first federal law to regulate food and drugs in interstate commerce. The bureau later became the Food and Drug Administration, an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. Since then, Congress has expanded the FDA's regulatory role over products that represent more than 20 percent of U.S. consumer spending and that are used daily by most Americans. The FDA is responsible for ensuring that human and animal medications, blood products, tissues for transplantation, and medical devices are safe and effective; that food and dietary supplements are safe and truthfully labeled; and that animal feed, cosmetics, and radiation-emitting equipment do no harm. To fulfill its mission, the FDA has created a science-based system of product standards and requirements that is recognized worldwide as second to none. The Tuesday afternoon, September 12 symposium will highlight some of the past history of the FDA and its current role in the safety of Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics. Featured speakers include Suzanne Junod, Ned Heindel (1994 ACS President), Beth Myers, Christopher Middendorf, and Barry Poole. [co-sponsor: Chemical Society of Washington] Kim Morehouse, Organizer
Chemists Making Music
The Second Annual Fall ACS National Meeting Concert (Tuesday evening, 5:30- 7:00) will feature the student chamber music ensembles from the California Institute of Technology. Most of the ensemble performers are chemistry majors, both undergraduates and graduates. Vicki Bragin, a chemist and the winner of the prestigious Van Cliburn International Piano Competition in 2002, will also perform her piano magic. [co-sponsor: Chemical Heritage Foundation] Victoria Bragin and Jeffrey Seeman, Organizers
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HIST Co-Sponsored Events Dr. Percy L. Julian: Scientist, Humanist, Educator, Entrepreneur, and Inspirational Trailblazer (A Presidential Event Co-sponsored with CMA) Dr. Percy Julian was one of the 75 eminent chemists chosen to be honored in the 75th anniversary issue of Chemical & Engineering News. An ACS National Meeting Symposium celebrating Dr. Percy Julian's 100th birthday in 1999 led NOVA-WGBH to begin production of a two-hour film biography on his life – as part of a series honoring Galileo, Einstein, and Marie Curie. ACS gave funds for the initial interviews for the film, which was also supported by the Dreyfus Foundation, NEH, NSF, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The film, entitled "Forgotten Genius," is now complete and is scheduled to be broadcast nationally by NOVA/PBS on February 6, 2007, during Black History month. ACS has been invited by NOVA- WGBH to host a preliminary showing of a 30-minute excerpt from the film during the ACS Meeting. Monday, September 11 a.m, p.m. James P. Shoffner, Organizer
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories (Co-sponsored with PHYS) Exactly fifty years ago, the first paper that led to the development of electron transfer theory was published by Rudy Marcus in the Journal of Chemical Physics. Not long before that, a series of papers providing a quantitative theory, later known as RRKM for unimolecular dissociation of polyatomic molecules, had appeared. That was the beginning of a truly amazing era of developments in physical chemistry. This symposium will review the past and present of electron transfer and unimolecular dynamics fields. Monday p.m. , September 11 – Thursday p.m., September 14. Alexei Stuchebrukhov, Stephen Klippenstein, Robert Cave, Organizers
Great Technicians in History (Co-sponsored with TECH) Technicians throughout history have contributed to the advancement of the chemical enterprise by hard work and dedicated application of the scientific method, sometimes with little or no recognition. However, the technicians of today are considered integral members of the scientific team and their contributions are publicly recognized and rewarded. Speakers will address the qualities of great technicians, as well as the contributions of specific individuals. Some of these technicians are historically significant while others are modern day representatives of the very best of the profession. Wednesday a.m., September 13 Daphne Eggers, Organizer
Lives in Science as Illustrations of Scientific Practice (Co-sponsored with CHED) Science is carried out by individuals in various institutional contexts. One way of making chemistry accessible to students and the wider public is to tie chemical progress to the life experiences of the chemical practitioners that helped bring it about. This symposium will explore the varying ways that lives in science can illustrate chemical practice and the nature of science and generate a greater interest in chemistry and the molecular sciences. Wednesday p.m., September 13 John Theibault, Organizer
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UPCOMING NATIONAL MEETING AND HIST DEADLINE Offerings are subject to change. Check the HIST website (http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/) for updates.
Chicago, March 25-29, 2007 Submit your abstract via the ACS Electronic Submission System (OASYS - http://oasys.acs.org/oasys.htm) by November 24, 2006. If you do not have access to a computer for use in the submission, contact the program chair by November 15, 2006. Check the call for papers in Chemical and Engineering News (http://pubs.acs.org/cen/) or the ACS website (http://chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/home.html) for changes in the abstract deadlines.
General Papers. (Seeking contributors) Joe Jeffers, Ouachita Baptist University, 410 Ouachita Street, Box 3786, Arkadelphia, AR 71998-0001, Phone: (870) 245-5216, Fax: (870) 245-5241, Email: [email protected]
Going with the Flow: Water Sustainability: Past, Present, Future. (Invited) Mary Virginia Orna, Department of Chemistry, College of New Rochelle, New Rochelle, NY 10805, Phone: (914) 654-5302, Fax: (914) 654-5387, Email: [email protected].
HIST at 85: Looking Back and Looking Ahead. (Invited) James J. Bohning, Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave, Bethlehem, PA 18015, Phone: (610) 758- 3582, Fax: (610) 758-6536, Email: [email protected]; Jeffrey I. Seeman, SaddlePoint Frontiers, 12001 Bollingbrook Place, Richmond, VA 23236, Phone: (804) 794-1218, Email: [email protected]
Landmark Stable Free Radicals of the 20th Century. (Invited) E. Thomas Strom, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, P. O. Box 19065, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, Phone: (817) 272-5441, Fax: 817-272-3808, Email: [email protected].
The Landmarks Program: Celebrating the History of Chemistry. (Invited) Judah Ginsberg, American Chemical Society, 115 16th Street, Washington, DC 20036, Phone: (202) 872-6274, Fax: (202) 872-4370, Email: [email protected].
Hog Butchers, Tool Makers, and Stackers of Wheat: Chicago-Area Chemical Industry. (Seeking contributors) K. P. Fivizzani, Nalco Company, 1601 West Diehl Road, Naperville, IL 60563, Phone: (630) 305-2032, Fax: (630) 305-2982, Email: [email protected]
Educating the Laughing, Stormy, Husky Youth of the Midwest: Chicago-Area Colleges and Universities. (Seeking contributors) K. P. Fivizzani, Nalco Company, 1601 West Diehl Road, Naperville, IL 60563, Phone: (630) 305-2032, Fax: (630) 305-2982, Email: [email protected]
12 Science for the People: Chicago-Area Government-Sponsored Laboratories. (Seeking contributors) K. P. Fivizzani, Nalco Company, 1601 West Diehl Road, Naperville, IL 60563, Phone: (630) 305-2032, Fax: (630) 305-2982, Email: [email protected]
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE HISTORICAL GROUP OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY The Historical Group exists to encourage an interest in the history of chemistry and chemical industry among members of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and others. Membership is open to non-members of the RSC and embraces a wide range from those whose interest in the history of chemistry is a hobby to teachers of chemistry at all levels and professional historians. The Group holds twice-yearly meetings when academic papers are read and discussed. Summaries of papers read at these meetings are included in the Historical Group Newsletter along with reviews of recent books in the subject and news of other meetings and forthcoming events. The Newsletter is published twice yearly. Contributions of not more than 500 words on topics of current interest in the history of chemistry are invited for inclusion at the discretion of the Editor. For more information, go to http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/. For membership forms, contact Dr. John Hudson, membership secretary, [email protected].
From the Incoming Editor I am honoured to have been invited to succeed Dr Katherine Watson, who over the past five years has done an excellent job of editing the Newsletter. My interests lie in the history of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and in the relationship of chemistry and other sciences to medicine in the twentieth century. I enjoy reading and learning about the history of chemistry more broadly, therefore I see this invitation as a great opportunity. I will follow the trend Cassie has set by inviting contributions, rather than writing the Newsletter myself. As before, I will welcome short essays from Members of the Historical Group, summaries of papers presented at meetings of the Historical Group and related societies, and book reviews. In addition, I would like to propose a new rubric, “News and Views”. This will enable Members to send in opinion pieces, or other brief communications of interest to the Group. Submissions to the Newsletter should be made by e-mail ([email protected]) as an attachment in Word or rich text format, or on CD-rom (post to 16 Drayton Road, Dorchester-on-Thames, OXON, OX10 7PJ). The deadlines are 15 July for the August issue and 15 January for the February issue. I look forward to receiving your contributions and hearing your views. Viviane Quirke
Notes and Updates Graham Rees, the Francis Bacon scholar, has been elected a Fellow of the British Academy. Professor Rees, who is a professor of English at Queen Mary College, London, is a member of the editorial board of Ambix and was a member of the Council of SHAC from 1978 until 2004. The winner of the 2005 Liebig-Wöhler-Freundschaft-Preis, funded by the Wilhelm- Lewicki-Stiftung and awarded annually by the Göttinger Chemischer Gesellschaft, is Dr Susanne Poth, a pharmacist and medical journalist of Wiesbaden. The prize was
13 awarded for her research on Liebig’s pupil Carl Remigius Fresenius (1818-97), who is best known for his textbooks on qualitative and quantitative analysis. Faraday Society Membership Lists: In connection with the Open University’s ongoing project on the British chemical community in the 20th century (http://www.open.ac.uk/ou5/Arts/chemists/), Dr Gerrylynn Roberts is trying to locate Faraday Society membership lists. She has found archival evidence that lists were published in 1926, 1938, and 1962 and that there may also have been a list in 1954. However, these lists have not been bound with any sets of Transactions of the Faraday Society that she has been able to consult in London, while the Royal Society of Chemistry's online Journal Archive does not include any list published after 1919. Furthermore, the RSC itself does not have a copy at either Burlington House in London or Thomas Graham House in Cambridge. If anyone has a copy of any of the missing lists or knows where they might be located, please could you contact Dr Gerrylynn Roberts on [email protected] or at Department of History of Science, Technology and Medicine, Faculty of Arts, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA. A report on the activities (2001-05) of the Commission on the History of Modern Chemistry (CHMC), written by CHMC’s president (Professor Christoph Meinel), is available at (http://www.euchems.org/Divisions/History/AnnualReports.asp. The CHMC is a Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science / Division of History of Science. Its aim is to focus interest on, and to create a framework for, research on the history of modern chemistry with particular emphasis on twentieth- century chemistry in its relationship to the biomedical sciences, physics, instrumentation, and technology. The CHMC website is at http://www-wissenschaftsgeschichte.uni- regensburg.de/CHMC.htm The Working Party on History of Chemistry (WP) was founded in Budapest in 1977. Since September 2003 it has been chaired by Professor Ernst Homburg (Maastricht). The aims of the WP are - to promote and, when necessary, coordinate activities on the history of chemistry in Europe; especially those activities which involve more than one country; - to exchange information on the activities of national history of chemistry groups; - to stimulate interest in the history of their discipline among European chemists, especially among members of the societies which participate in the EuCheMS; - to inform the public at large on the social role of chemistry, via historical narratives. During the last few years, the main activity has been the organisation of bi-annual conferences. But, since 2003, small task forces have also been formed for specific activities: history of chemical education; history of analytical chemistry; chemical heritage. Information on the activities of the WP can be found on its website, http://www.euchems.org/Divisions/History/index.asp The Brewery History Society presents A Century of British Brewers plus – 1890 to 2004. For many years the flagship publication of the Brewery History Society has been Norman Barber’s A Century of British Brewers, formerly Where Have All the Breweries Gone? The Society has now completely revised and rewritten their standard work on the brewers of Britain and the new edition is now available. It brings things up to date with details of all the new small brewers, as well as significant revisions to the historical entries. This is the result of over 15 years of continued research by the Society and its members. The format will be familiar to those who have consulted previous editions. Each
14 town that boasted a brewery in the last 114 years is listed in alphabetical order within that county. Where details are known, a brief history of the site is given, even indicating the state of any remains. A comprehensive locations index lists over 2100 towns and the index by brewer and brewery runs to over 9500 entries. The book costs £13.95 plus £2.00 p&p. All enquiries to Ken Smith, Publications Editor, 102 Ayelands, New Ash Green, Longfield, Kent DA3 8JW; [email protected] The theme of the Peninsula Arts Spring Season 2006 is Alchemy. An exhibition in the Cube3 Gallery, ‘Alchemy: the Art and Science of Transformation’, will visualise and contextualise the diverse cultural backgrounds from the ancient to the contemporary, and will include an accompanying lecture programme. In April there will be a colloquium on the work of Robert Lenkiewicz; amongst the speakers will be Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke from the Centre for the Study of Western Esotericism at Exeter University. For further information go to http://www.peninsula-arts.com or email Mike Hope, Director of Arts and Exhibitions, [email protected]. Katherine D. Watson
News from the Chemical Heritage Foundation Lawrence M. Principe, professor of the history of science, medicine and technology and of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, received the History of Science Society’s Pfizer Prize for outstanding scholarly publication. His award-winning book, Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry, was co-written with William R. Newman, professor of the history and philosophy of science at Indiana University. The book is a model for the further extension of laboratory studies in history of science, and at the same time sets an example of how much we still can learn about science from close study of intellectual-historical sources. Based on extraordinary research in difficult primary sources, brilliantly analyzed and gracefully written, Alchemy Tried in the Fire is a landmark of contemporary scholarship in the history of science. The Pfizer Prize was established in 1958 through the generosity of Pfizer. The award consists of a medal and $2,500. In a typical year, over 60 books are considered for the Pfizer Prize. Winning books are chosen primarily for unsurpassed research and breadth of learning. The History of Science Society, custodian of the prize, is the world’s largest and oldest society devoted to the study of the history of science. Neville Bibliography to be published in September 2006: The bibliography of CHF’s Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library is slated for publication in September 2006. The two-volume, approximately 1,500-page collection will be richly bound and illustrated – including a 16-page colour insert in each volume with important images from Neville’s extraordinary collection. The Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, a collection in the Othmer Library of Chemical History, represents one of the richest single deposits of books on the history of chemistry in the world. Roughly 6,000 titles in all, the Neville collection dates from the late 15th century to the early 20th century, and includes many of the most important works in the history of science and technology. The bibliography is the most complete guide to this unique collection of the history of science. CHF has launched a new version of its Chemical Achievers Website. The site contains images and biographical sketches for 81 significant figures in the history of the chemical and molecular sciences. Chemical Achievers began as a book, written by CHF historian Mary Ellen Bowden and published in 1997 as a tool for teachers. The book was
15 first adapted for the Web in 2000; the site is now easier to navigate and contains several new features, including name and image indexes. Go to: www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/index.html. The Beckman Center is the historical unit of the Chemical Heritage Foundation, which is located next to Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia. The Center supports independent research aimed at preserving and publishing the history of the chemical and molecular sciences and industries for diverse audiences. For information about the variety of research and travel fellowships available, please visit the CHF website (www.chemheritage.org) or email [email protected]. Closing dates for applications usually fall in January or February each year.
Fifth International Conference on the History of Chemistry: Chemistry, Technology and Society From 6 to 10 September 2005, Estoril and Lisbon played host to the Fifth International Conference on the History of Chemistry. Organised by the Working Party on the History of Chemistry of the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS), the conference’s objective was to facilitate communication between historically-interested chemists and historians of chemistry from all over Europe and further afield. Under the broad theme “Chemistry, Technology and Society”, the conference focused on three topics which have all attracted public and scholarly attention in recent years. By discussing the cultural and material influences on chemistry, as well as the practical and cultural impacts of this discipline, the conference aimed to improve our understanding of the place of chemistry in its technological and social environments. Additionally, some special sessions were devoted to the development of Portuguese chemistry. Abstracts of the papers presented, in addition to full text of many of the papers, can be found at the conference’s website http://5ichc-portugal.ulusofona.pt/ .
The Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry The Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry caters for all those who are interested in the history of the chemical sciences or alchemy. It publishes a learned journal, Ambix, three times per year, and holds two one-day conferences each year, usually in London. See http://www.ambix.org. For details of how to join the Society, please see the on-line form (follow the links from the main page), or contact the Treasurer and Membership Secretary: Dr Noel Coley, 24 Kayemoor Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5HT [[email protected]].
RSC National Historical Chemical Landmarks The RSC Historical Chemical Landmark Scheme was introduced to commemorate, highlight and awaken public interest in historic developments within the chemical sciences. A maximum of four sites are awarded landmark status each year. For details go to http://www.rsc.org/ConferencesAndEvents/RSCEvents/Landmarks/index.asp. Members of the Historical Group who have an interest in any of these events or who have any information that would be of use in the planning of the activities are welcome to contact Pauline Meakins, External Promotion Manager, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK ([email protected]).
16
DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
Final Program, 232nd ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, September 10-14, 2006 J. S. Jeffers, Program Chair SOCIAL EVENTS: Edelstein Dinner, Far East Cafe, 7:00 pm, $35: Mon Chemists Making Music, 2nd Annual Concert, 5:30-7:00: Tue
SUNDAY MORNING Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
Health Materials and Techniques: Research and Development over the Past 25 Years: Investment in Basic Research Leading to Benefits for Society Cosponsored with PRES, CHED, MEDI, PMSE, POLY, and PRES M. V. Orna, Organizer, Presiding
9:00 — Introductory Remarks. M. V. Orna. 9:10 — Welcome from the President. E. A. Nalley. 9:20 —1. History of the in vitro diagnostic industry. H. M. Free, R. M. Savol 9:50 —2. Medical applications of stimuli-responsive polymers. A. Gutowska 10:20 — Intermission. 10:30 —3. Nanofiber technology for health: Challenges and opportunities. B. Chu, B. S. Hsiao 11:00 —4. Nanofibrous materials for biomedical and environmental applications. B. S. Hsiao, B. Chu 11:30 —5. Biofunctional biomaterials. J. L. West
SUNDAY AFTERNOON Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
Classic Chemistry Books of the Twentieth Century: Organic Chemistry Cosponsored with Bolton Society, and CHED N. D. Heindel, Organizer, Presiding
1:25 — Introductory Remarks. N. D. Heindel. 1:30 —6. Genesis of Roberts Nuclear Magnetic Resonance . J. D. Roberts 1:55 —7. Genesis of a textbook, Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry . M. C. Caserio, J. D. Roberts 2:20 —8. Paul Karrer as patriarch of Zurich. J. S. Siegel 2:45 —9. Whitmore's Organic Chemistry: Book, man, and time. R. A. Olofson
17 3:10 — Intermission. 3:25 —10. Textbooks of Louis and Mary Fieser. K. L. Williamson 3:50 —11. Les Atomes: A landmark book in chemistry. G. D. Patterson 4:15 —12. Organic chemistry textbooks in Britain from 1950 to 1990. P. J. T. Morris
MONDAY MORNING
Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
Celebrating a Legacy: Fifty Years of the Dexter and Edelstein Awards J. I. Seeman, Organizer, A. S. Travis, Organizer, Presiding
9:00 — Introductory Remarks. J. I. Seeman. 9:10 —13. Newton's alchemical work and the creation of economic value. K. J. Knoespel 9:40 —14. History of alcohol as a motor fuel. J. K. Smith 10:10 —15. History of the colloid- macromolecular/polymer debate in biochemistry during the first half of the 20th century. U. Deichmann 10:40 — Intermission. 10:55 —16. Purple: The dye of dyes. Z. C. Koren 11:25 —17. 150th Anniversary of the synthetic dye industry. A. S. Travis
San Francisco Hilton –Yosemite A, http://www.sanfranciscohiltonhotel.com/?cid=goo
Dr. Percy L. Julian - Scientist, Humanist, Educator, Entrepreneur, and Inspirational Trailblazer Sponsored by CMA, Cosponsored with PRES, Committee on Public Relations and Communications, Committee on Patents and Related Matters, Committee on National Historic Chemical Landmarks, Board Task Force on Percy Julian, ANYL, CHED, HIST, COMSCI, CPS, CPT, WCC, YCC, SOCED, and MEDI
MONDAY AFTERNOON
Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
Celebrating a Legacy: Fifty Years of the Dexter and Edelstein Awards J. I. Seeman, Organizer; A. S. Travis, Organizer, Presiding
1:30 —18. History of the chemical industry since 1956. P. J. T. Morris 2:00 —19. History of chemistry: A Dexter awardee's reminiscences on the 50th anniversary of the DexterWITHDRAWN and Edelstein awards. G. B. Kauffman 2:30 —20. Imagining the molecular world. A. J. Rocke 3:00 — Intermission. 3:15 —21. Scientific biography and history of chemistry in the last 50 years. M. J. Nye 3:45 —22. Role of experts in scientific consensus: Woodward-Doering/Rabe-Kindler total synthesis of quinine. J. I. Seeman 4:15 — Panel Discussion: Future of the history of chemistry. J. I. Seeman C. Hunt, E.
18 Homburg, W. B. Jensen, S. Mauskopf, A. Thackray, A. S. Travis . 4:55 — Concluding Remarks. A. S. Travis.
San Francisco Hilton –Yosemite A, http://www.sanfranciscohiltonhotel.com/?cid=goo
Dr. Percy L. Julian - Scientist, Humanist, Educator, Entrepreneur, and Inspirational Trailblazer
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: Ideas of Electron Transfer in Physical Chemistry Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
MONDAY EVENING
Far East Café, http://www.fareastcafesf.com/
Edelstein Dinner J. I. Seeman, Organizer; Presiding
7:00— by ticket, $35
TUESDAY MORNING
Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
Edelstein Award Symposium Honoring Peter Morris M. D. Saltzman, Organizer, Presiding
8:30 — Introductory Remarks. E. Holmberg. 8:35 —23. Dynamite vs. guncotton. S. H. Mauskopf 9:15 —24. Imagining the molecular world in the nineteenth century. A. J. Rocke 9:55 —25. Torviscosa: Mussolini's chemical city. A. Molella 10:35 — Intermission. 10:50 —26. Unintended technology transfer: I.G. Farben's dyes, photographic products and Reppe chemistry in the United States. A. S. Travis 11:30 —27. Writing the history of modern chemistry. P. J. T. Morris
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: Interaction with Experiment: Biological Electron Transfer Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
19 TUESDAY AFTERNOON Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
History of the FDA in its Hundredth Year Cosponsored with Chemical Society of Washington K. Morehouse, Organizer, Presiding
1:30 — Introductory Remarks. 1:40 —28. Celebrating 100 years of food and drug regulation. S. Junod 2:05 —29. Munyon's home remedy company: A test case for the original version of the food and drugs act. N. D. Heindel 2:30 —30. Developments in cosmetics regulation: A historical overview. B. R. Meyers 2:55 —31. Science and regulation of biological products. C. T. Middendorf 3:20 —32. History of the drug approval process. B. W. Poole, M. E. Kremzner
Marriott – Pacific Room H, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
General Papers J. S. Jeffers, Organizer, Presiding
4:10 —33. St. Elmo Brady (1884-1966): Pioneering black academic chemist. D. F. Martin, B. B. Martin 4:35 —34. Patriots, immigrants and chemical patentees in the National Inventors Hall of Fame. H. M. Peters, S. B. Peters
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: RRKM Theory and Experiment Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
TUESDAY EVENING
Palace – Ralston Room, http://www.sfpalace.com/main/location.htm
5:30-7:00 — Chemists making Music, Victoria Bragin and Cal Tech Chamber Music Ensembles, 2nd Annual Concert, sponsored by HIST and Chemical Heritage Foundation J. I. Seeman, V. M. Bragin, Organizers, Presiding
WEDNESDAY MORNING
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
20 Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: Applications and Extensions of Electron Transfer Theory Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
San Francisco Marriott Courtyard–Soma 3, http://www.courtyardsanfrancisco.com/
Great Technicians in History Sponsored by TECH, Cosponsored with HIST
WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: Foundations of RRKM Theory Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
Marriott – Salon 11, http://marriott.com/property/propertypage/SFODT
Lives in Science as Illustrations of Scientific Practice Sponsored by CHED, Cosponsored with HIST
THURSDAY MORNING
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: Interaction with Experiment: Molecular Electronics/Nanoscience Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
THURSDAY AFTERNOON
Grand Hyatt-Union Square Room, http://grandsanfrancisco.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels/index.jsp
Fifty Years of Electron Transfer and RRKM Theories: Theory of Reaction Dynamics Sponsored by PHYS, Cosponsored with HIST
21 Abstracts
HIST 1 History of the in vitro diagnostic industry Helen M. Free, Diabetes Care Division, Bayer HealthCare, 1884 Miles Ave., Elkhart, IN 46514, [email protected], and Rosanne M. Savol, Rosebud Consulting
Clinical laboratory science evolved into an important part of the practice of medicine during the first part of the 20th century. General analytical methods to identify and quantify clinically significant components in blood, urine and spinal fluid were refined over the decades. By 1930, the medical laboratory, directed by professional clinical chemists or pathologists, was a recognized partner in the delivery of modern healthcare. The first successful commercially available, ready-to-use reagent was produced by Walter Ames Compton, M.D., and chemist Maurice Treneer at Miles Laboratories. About 1940, they created a self-heating effervescent copper sulfate tablet to perform the Benedict's test for urine sugar. Ten years later, Leonard Skeggs devised an instrument - the "autoanalyzer" - to automatically process and test serum specimens. The in vitro diagnostic (IVD) industry is now a multi-billion dollar global high technology industry offering testing products for home use, physician offices, hospitals and genetic testing laboratories.
HIST 2 Medical applications of stimuli-responsive polymers Anna Gutowska, Advanced Imaging Technologies, 2400 Stevens Drive, Suite B, Richland, WA 99354, [email protected]
Response to stimulus is a basic process of living systems. Based on the lessons from nature, scientists have been designing polymeric materials that respond to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, electric field, chemicals, and ionic strength. Applications of these stimuli-responsive, or “smart”, polymers in delivery of therapeutics, tissue engineering, bio-separations, sensors/actuators were studied extensively, and numerous papers and patents are evidence of a rapid progress in this area. Understanding of the structure-property relationship is essential for rational design of new functional smart materials that in turn enable further development of new technologies. A specific sub- class of the stimuli-responsive polymers, i.e., thermally-reversible gels, will be discussed. Aqueous solutions of these polymers form gels at physiological conditions (body temperature, pH and ionic strength), but are free flowing solutions at room temperature. These interesting properties make the gels useful for delivery of therapeutics and tissue engineering.
HIST 3 Nanofiber technology for health: Challenges and opportunities Benjamin Chu and Benjamin S. Hsiao, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794- 3400, Fax: 631-632-6518, [email protected]
In recent years, there has been an explosive growth of research activities to explore the development of electro- spinning technology and its applications. Over 600 scientific papers and 70 patents have been published. The majority of current electro-spinning related studies are concerned with the generation of new nano-structured materials and their applications, e.g., biological and clothing membranes, aerosol filters, optical and chemical sensors. Recently, advances in electro-spinning and related technologies have been made. The non-woven structure has unique features, including interconnected pores, very large surface-to-volume ratio, and ease of surface modifications, which enable such scaffolds to have many biomedical and industrial applications. In this lecture, we will provide an overview of the challenges and the opportunities of this unique technology, including one example in biomedical applications.
HIST 4 Nanofibrous materials for biomedical and environmental applications Benjamin S. Hsiao and Benjamin Chu, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Book, NY 11794- 3400, Fax: 631-632-6518, [email protected]
The present lecture aims to provide two novel technologies based on nanofibrous materials. The first application involves the development of a unique class of electrospun non-woven nanofibrous membranes that can combine the advantages of controlled degradation profile, pre-designed drug loading capacity and tailored release rate, for clinical applications after abdominal, cardiac or thoracic surgery. The membrane can also be changed into protein-philic, suitable for cardiac tissue regeneration. The second application involves the development of novel high flux ultrafiltration (UF) media, consisting of a three-tier composite structure for oil/water emulsion separations. This unique type of nanofibrous UF media exhibited a high flux rate (over 10 times that of commercial UF media) and an excellent total organic solute rejection rate (99.8%) without appreciable fouling.
HIST 5 Biofunctional biomaterials Jennifer L. West, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, [email protected]
22
Synthetic biomaterials are presently used in a wide variety of medical devices, but failures related to biocompatibility still plague many applications. Designing synthetic materials to be biomimetic or biofunctional may help to overcome some of these complications. This may enable development of functional devices such as small diameter vascular grafts that resist thrombosis and restenosis. Development of biofunctional biomaterials may also allow one to provide appropriate cues to guide tissue formation processes. Patterning technologies are also utilized to create complex architectures for presentation of bioactive signals.
HIST 6 Genesis of Roberts Nuclear Magnetic Resonance John D. Roberts, Gates and Crellin Laboratories, California Institute of technology, 1201 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125
Concrete realization of NMR in condensed phases was achieved by physicists E. M. Purcell and F. Bloch, earning them a joint Nobel Prize in 1952. These events did not impinge much on the consciousness of many organic chemists, although my encounters with Francis Bitter and Richard Ogg did suggest that something I could not understand would revolutionize structural analysis of organic compounds. Still the idea remained fallow, while others recognized the significance of a NMR of ethanol disclosed by Arnold, Dharmati and Packard in 1951, with three chemical shifts in the 1:2:3 intensity ratio. Then, an exposure in 1954 to the pioneering NMR work of W. D. Phillips at DuPont CRD demonstrated that even with no understanding how NMR worked, it was obvious what it could do and I absolutely had to get involved. Hands-on operation of the temperamental Varian HR-40 instrument was a rewarding, but time- consuming experience. Early NMR users were occasionally asked by non-users what NMR was all about, preferably from someone not knowing enough to overwhelm with details. A scary, modestly successful first lecture at snowy Rochester in 1956 was followed by a primitive but nonetheless smash presentation at a Reaction Mechanisms Conference. Repeated some forty times around the country, this lecture morphed into Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.
HIST 7 Genesis of a textbook, Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry Marjorie C. Caserio, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, Fax: 858-534-5383, [email protected], and John D. Roberts, Gates and Crellin Laboratories, California Institute of technology
An initial effort to write a different kind of textbook for beginning organic chemistry was generated by the triumvirate of Arthur C. Cope, John C. Sheehan and John D. Roberts at MIT about 1950. The effort collapsed after one chapter was written, primarily because it was not clear who was going to write what and how much emphasis on physical organic the text was going to have. The junior author had been inspired by the radical organic text published by Howard J. Lucas of Caltech about 1935 and, after transferring from MIT to a professorship at Caltech (as successor to Lucas) and developing an elementary course with a large physical organic component, this ideal became much more realizable. The effort began with encouragement by Caltech's Edward R. Buchman to prepare a syllabus and was strongly pushed by W.A. Benjamin, which was starting a publishing company and wanted an organic text to be its first major work in chemistry. How this subsequently panned out to give a published text will be revealed in some detail.
HIST 8 Paul Karrer as patriarch of Zurich Jay S. Siegel, Organisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland, Fax: +41 (0)44 635 6888, [email protected]
Paul Karrer was Ordinarius Professor and Director of the Chemistry Institute at the University of Zurich from 1919 to his retirement in 1959. He wrote the first edition of his Organic textbook in 1927; a total of 13 editions appeared as well as translations in several languages. In addition, he produced a monograph on carotenoids, and over 1000 research publications. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1937. His numerous research and teaching accomplishments made him a patriarch over the Zurich school, which influenced the course of organic chemistry for four decades.
HIST 9 Whitmore's Organic Chemistry: Book, man, and time Roy A. Olofson, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry, University Park, PA 16802, [email protected]
Heralded as the first advanced organic chemistry text written in English and characterized as a “one-volume ‘Beilstein',” Penn State Dean Frank C. Whitmore's 1937 Organic Chemistry was published to critical acclaim. At the time, Whitmore already ranked among America's most famous chemists. He had written the classic monograph on organomercurials and introduced the carbocation as a reaction intermediate to explain whole classes of rearrangements (“Whitmore 1,2- shifts”). As 1938 ACS President, he would address 72 of the 102 local sections (better than a book tour!). He became chemistry's de facto public spokesman and a leader in organizing and directing critical WWII war research. With the aid of original notes and documents from the Penn State collection, the eight-year process Whitmore followed in writing his
23 opus is outlined. After ten reprintings, a second edition was completed and published in 1951 after Whitmore's death. The saga of this endeavor also is recounted.
HIST 10 Textbooks of Louis and Mary Fieser Kenneth L. Williamson, Chemistry Department, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, Fax: 413 538 2327, [email protected]
Fieser and Fieser. Louis Frederick Fieser and Mary Fieser of Harvard University. Are there any two names more synonymous with organic chemistry textbooks and lab manuals during the 1940's and 1950's? Have there ever been two more prolific authors of valuable reference books, monographs, and instruction books in organic chemistry? Experiments in Organic Chemistry by Louis Fieser (Mary was never a coauthor of this text) was first published in 1935. In 1975 Ken Williamson became coauthor of the text, now with the title Organic Experiments. It is still in print almost three-quarters of a century and twelve editions later and includes at least one classic experiment from that first edition. The textbook, Organic Chemistry, by Louis and Mary Fieser was first published in 1944. This introduced the era of the gigantic undergraduate textbook that, at over 1000 pages, tries to cover the entire field. The 3rd edition of 1956 introduced stereochemistry but was devoid of mechanisms. Shortly thereafter Louis introduced the Fieser molecular models, made of plastic and aluminum tubes. To accompany these models, patterned after Dreiding molecular models, he published Chemistry in Three Dimensions. In addition to these textbooks the Fiesers published more than a score of other books, the most renowned of which is the series Reagents for Organic Synthesis.
HIST 11 Les Atomes: A landmark book in chemistry Gary D. Patterson, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Fax: 412-268-6897, [email protected]
Jean Perrin changed the terms of discussion in all physical chemistry texts with the publication of Les Atomes in 1913. Although Dalton had proposed the atomic hypothesis as the basis for a rational philosophy of chemistry, few physical chemists in the late 19th century actually believed in the physical reality of such microscopic entities. They were far too small to be imaged directly and were relegated to the realm of natural philosophy. Although atoms and molecules are small, colloidal particles give rise to light scattering and the ultramicroscope reveals points of light at the location of the optical inhomogeneities. The phenomenon of Brownian motion demonstrated that colloidal particles undergo highly irregular trajectories in solution. With the publications of Einstein on the microscopic basis of Brownian motion and the invention of the ultramicroscope, the stage was set for the Nobel Prize winning researches of Jean Perrin. He observed both the diffusion coefficient of colloidal particles in solution and the distribution of concentration of colloidal particles in a tall vessel. Both experimental results confirmed the predictions of Einstein. Perrin then produced a definitive treatise containing all the known evidence for the physical existence of atoms and molecules. The book produced immediate capitulation of virtually all resistance and most of the extant physical chemistry texts were modified accordingly. Even Ostwald, the father of physical chemistry and one of the chief opponents of the notion of physical atoms and molecules, rapidly changed his views and textbooks. A discussion of the contents of the English translation of the book by Perrin and a presentation of typical physical chemistry texts from that period will also be given.
HIST 12 Organic chemistry textbooks in Britain from 1950 to 1990 Peter J. T. Morris, Science Museum, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom, [email protected]
The main textbooks used for undergraduate organic chemistry courses in Britain in this period were American: Fieser & Fieser in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by March in the 1970s and 1980s, and by McMurry in the 1980s. The major home-grown competitor was by Ivor Finar, a chemist at North London Polytechnic. The first edition was published in 1951. Finar only made passing use of organic reaction mechanisms and no use of physical methods at all. Not until the publication of the sixth edition (1973) did physical methods appear in the text. This gap was filled by Peter Sykes's A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry (1961), and Peter Schwartz's Physical Methods in Organic Chemistry (1964). Despite its conversion to mechanistic chemistry, Finar's book was now on its last legs, although it was reprinted until at least 1986. However, it was not replaced by a British textbook. The only attempt in the UK to publish a mechanism-based textbook, Basic Organic Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach (1966) by John Tedder and Anthony Nechvatal, was not a success. Who used Finar? Why did he largely ignore organic reaction mechanisms and physical methods? And why did Britain fail to produce a textbook to match its American counterparts?
HIST 13 Newton's alchemical work and the creation of economic value Kenneth J. Knoespel, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30033-0165, [email protected]
Newton's alchemical practice functions as a translation code for a new language of economics in which an investigation of material-spiritual value truly becomes transformed into a systematic structure of social value understood through economics. After noting the forms of material valorization in Keynes Newton manuscripts at Cambridge, this paper surveys the Yahuda Newton manuscripts in Jerusalem and shows that Newton's extensive work on universal history
24 provides an essential setting for linking his work on alchemy and his work at the mint. Indeed, it is not at all farfetched to think of history as a kind of alchemical process that looks to the creation of value and wealth. Research on Newton's manuscripts dealing with universal history in the Yahuda collection at the Hebrew University emphasizes the importance of integrating Newton's unpublished manuscripts and provides an opportunity to celebrate the fundamental contributions of the Edelstein Center to Newton scholarship.
HIST 14 History of alcohol as a motor fuel John Kenly Smith, Lehigh Univerity, Bethlehem, PA 18015, [email protected]
Alcohol has been used as a motor fuel or additive to motor fuel since the early part of the 20th century. My paper traces the history of the use of alcohol as a motor fuel and the controversies surrounding its use.
HIST 15 History of the colloid- macromolecular/polymer debate in biochemistry during the first half of the 20th century Ute Deichmann, Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, 50674 Koeln, Germany, [email protected]
This paper will review developments in colloid chemistry and macromolecular chemistry as related to biochemistry. It includes major controversies in Europe and the United States during the first half of the 20th century. Among them are polemics over the applicability of the ionic theory, postulated by Arrhenius, Ostwald, and van't Hoff, as an explanation for the behaviour of proteins, in particular enzymes, and the far-reaching claims of colloid chemists regarding the constitutions and properties of biologically relevant macromolecules. This paper will also focus on the important historical contributions of Dexter Award winner Joseph Fruton, a distinguished biochemist at Yale University, who also published widely on the history of biochemistry.
HIST 16 Purple: The dye of dyes Zvi C. Koren, The Edelstein Center for the Analysis of Ancient Textiles and Related Artifacts, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Department of Chemical Technologies, 12 Anna Frank St., 52526 Ramat-Gan, Israel, [email protected]
Phoenician Purples and Biblical Blues were the most royal and sacred of textile dyeings, produced in one of the most complex of biochemical technologies practiced at least three and a half millennia ago. The purple and violet pigments used were produced from the hypobranchial glandular extracts of certain species of Levantine mollusks, such as Murex trunculus. Until recently, scientists were mystified as to how the amazing empirical biochemists of the hoary past were able to perform completely natural chemical dyeings with these water-insoluble pigments. This field of research was particularly close to the late Dr. Sidney Edelstein, who, nearly 20 years ago, sponsored the publication of Rabbi Dr. Isaac Halevy Herzog's 1913 doctoral dissertation on "Hebrew Porphyrology", which spurred tremendous interest in this area. This talk will include a number of recent archaeological and chemical discoveries made by the author regarding this purple pigment – truly The Dye of Dyes.
HIST 17 150th Anniversary of the synthetic dye industry Anthony S. Travis, Edelstein Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Levy Building, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel, [email protected]
The year 2006 marks the sesquicentennial of the discovery by teenaged chemical inventor William Henry Perkin of the first aniline dye, later known as mauve. The anilines and other aromatics revolutionized the study of chemistry, led to the inauguration of industrial research laboratories, and helped forge academic-industrial collaborations. The colorants, as agents of modernity, forced changes in patent law, fostered technology transfer, stimulated the emergence of the modern chemical industry, and decimated cultivation of dye-yielding plants. They contributed to the growth of Germany as a major economic power, and, after the dye industry was adopted by the United States, from 1915, its mode of applied research led to the discovery of synthetic polymers and new agrochemicals. Apart from the intrinsic chemical interest in the early story of the dye industry, these few facts make a compelling reason for a historical review of the first high-tech science based industry.
HIST 18 History of the chemical industry since 1956 Peter J. T. Morris, Science Museum, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom, [email protected]
There are several different ways of writing the history of the chemical industry, ranging from a focus on the chemical processes to an econometric analysis. Some of these methods, for instance looking at the development of the chemical industry from the environmental viewpoint, are of recent origin. What do these different approaches tell us about the
25 history of the chemical industry and the historiography of the chemical industry? What new lines of analysis are needed?
HIST 19 History of chemistry: A Dexter awardee's reminiscences on the 50th anniversary of the Dexter and Edelstein awards George B. Kauffman, Department of Chemistry, California State University, 2555 E. San Ramon Ave., Fresno, CA 93740-8034, Fax: 559-278-4402, [email protected]
Since my first historical paper-presentedWITHDRAWN at the 124th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, IL, September 8, 1953, I have consistently devoted a large portion of my research endeavors to the history of chemistry, many with student coauthors and my wife, Laurie. I shall review these contributions to the literature and to the ACS Division of the History of Chemistry through the perspective of more than a half-century.
HIST 20 Imagining the molecular world Alan J. Rocke, Department of History, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, [email protected]
The characteristic mental vision of chemists to the molecular world is so intuitive and so second-nature that it becomes instinctual. But how exactly were molecular representations used, and what was the historical process of developing these methods in the nineteenth century—especially in the crucial period of 1850-70? What mental processes and habits were developed side by side with what empirical evidence? What were the reactions of contemporaries to this ontological turn—i.e., when the actual reality of these tiny creatures began to be seriously considered and then even forthrightly asserted by at least a few centrally-situated chemists? This paper will address some of these questions.
HIST 21 Scientific biography and history of chemistry in the last 50 years Mary Jo Nye, Department of History, Oregon State University, Milam Hall 306, Corvallis, OR 97331-5104, [email protected]
Biography is one of the most popular categories of books, and scientific biographies are no exception. This paper examines approaches typical of different genres of scientific biography and the ways in which historians of chemistry have used biography as a means of writing about chemical practices and chemical theories in different historical periods and national settings. Antoine Lavoisier has been the most popular subject of biographical study for Dexter Award and Edelstein Award recipients, along with notable chemists of the nineteenth century such as Humphry Davy and Hermann Kolbe. Discussion of approaches to writing biographies of more contemporary chemists, such as Michael Polanyi and Linus Pauling, also is the subject of this paper.
HIST 22 Role of experts in scientific consensus: Woodward-Doering/Rabe-Kindler total synthesis of quinine Jeffrey I. Seeman, SaddlePoint Frontiers, 12001 Bollingbrook Place, Richmond, VA 23236, [email protected]
In 1918, Paul Rabe and Karl Kindler reported the conversion of d-quinotoxine into quinine. In 1944, Robert B. Woodward and William Doering reported “The Total Synthesis of Quinine.” In fact, Woodward and Doering never synthesized any quinine. Rather, they prepared d-quinotoxine. As stated by Woodward and Doering, “In view of the established conversion of quinotoxine to quinine, with the synthesis of quinotoxine the total synthesis of quinine was complete.” In 2000 and 2001, Gilbert Stork opined that the Woodward and Doering assertion of a total synthesis was a “myth.” In 2001, Stork and co-workers published “The First Stereoselective Synthesis of Quinine” stating that “the basis of their [RBW and WD's] characterization of Rabe's claim as ‘established' is unclear.” I shall review the experimental data and demonstrate that Rabe and Kindler did, in fact, convert d-quinotoxine into quinine, and that Woodward and Doering did complete a formal total synthesis of quinine.
HIST 23 Dynamite vs. guncotton Seymour H. Mauskopf, Department of History, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, Fax: 919-681-7670, [email protected]
In the mid 1860s, Frederick Abel and Alfred Nobel succeeded in "taming" two hitherto highly dangerous organic explosives for use as blasting agents. They were guncotton (tamed as "patent safety guncotton") and nitroglycerin (tamed as dynamite).These products-and their progenitors-were soon locked in intense competition in Great Britain. Abel's advice as a government expert in explosives and munitions facilitated the passage of the Nitroglycerine Act of 1869, in which production and transportation of all nitroglycerine products (including dynamite) were severely constrained. For his part, Nobel personally remonstrated against the Act and may have been a guiding force behind an anti-guncotton, pro-dynamite "mineral interest", which mounted a campaign to repeal the Act in the press and in parliament, especially after a severe and lethal explosion in the factory that produced "patent safety guncotton" in 1871. In this paper, I shall use the narrative of the Abel-Nobel competition between 1868 and 1874 to explore a number of important issues regarding science and technology of explosives, the state and society. These include: the
26 determination and management of risk and safety, the debate over the appropriateness of government scientists holding profitable patents and serving as expert advisors regarding products competitive to their own patents, and the activities of special interest lobbies.
HIST 24 Imagining the molecular world in the nineteenth century Alan J. Rocke, Department of History, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, [email protected]
In 1996 Joachim Schummer pointed out that the characteristic mental vision of chemists to the molecular world is for them so intuitive and so second nature "that they are often no longer consciously aware of the category-leap between the perspective of substances on the one hand, and that [molecular] structures on the other, which is required for the molecular modeling of compounds." But how exactly were molecular representations used, and what was the historic process of developing these methods in the nineteenth century, especially in the crucial period of 1850-70? What mental process of developing and habits developed side by side with what empirical evidence? Was it psychologically necessary for an individual scientist to take an ontological turn before Schummer's "category-leap" from macroscopic substances to sub-microscopic modeling and images could be attempted? This paper will address these and other questions.
HIST 25 Torviscosa: Mussolini's chemical city Arthur Molella, Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20036, Fax: 202-357-4517, [email protected]
During the 1930's, Mussolini was seeking economic and technological independence from a world that feared his rising power and threatened him with embargoes. One of his signature strategies was to develop autonomous industries in a dozen new towns, citta-nouve, scattered around Italy. Between Venice and Trieste arose the techno-city of Torviscosa, dedicated to the production of rayon from a newly introduced "sweet cane." Advertised as the "Italian Cellulose," Torviscoa not only produced synthetics for Italian industry but also served as a potent propaganda symbol for Il Duce's program to revive Italy, its industries, and its people.
HIST 26 Unintended technology transfer: I.G. Farben's dyes, photographic products and Reppe chemistry in the United States Anthony S Travis, Sidney Edelstein Center for the History and Philosophy of Science,Technology, and Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Levy Building, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram 91904, Israel, Fax: 97226586709, [email protected]
During the 1930s the German behemoth I. G. Farbenindustrie was a leading manufacturer and supplier of chemicals, particularly synthetic dyes, novel detergents, and photoproducts, in the United States. Knowledge of the most complex processes was generally in the hands of trusted employees sent over from Ludwigshafen and Leverkusen. At the end of the decade the corporation's U.S. patent portfolio included several examples of the then new acetylene, or Reppe, chemistry. In 1942, after the United States entered the war, the I.G.'s American factories, those of General Aniline and Film, and patents were sequestered by the government. The German employees, according to political affiliations or ethnic origins, were imprisoned, discharged, assigned to research posts distant from factories, or encouraged to develop new manufacturing processes based on I.G. patents. This had a significant impact on technologies adopted by General Aniline and Film and on the careers of German industrial chemists in the United States after 1945.
HIST 27 Writing the history of modern chemistry Peter J. T. Morris, Science Museum, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom, [email protected]
Modern chemistry is a vast and important enterprise. There are probably more chemists alive now than in the whole of preceding history. More chemistry-however it is defined-was done in the 20th century then ever before. Since 1900, chemistry has changed out of recognition and may even be on the brink of not being chemistry at all. Outside academia, the chemical industry and industrial chemists have had a profound influence on the development of our way of life. Yet there are very few professional historians of chemistry actively studying the period after 1900 and even fewer the post-1945 era. Why is this and what are the barriers to studying the history of modern chemistry? As one of the rare historians of modern chemistry, I will illustrate the attractions of studying this period and the resources needed to build up its history.
HIST 28 Celebrating 100 years of food and drug regulation Suzanne Junod, Food and Drug Administration, PKLN RM 1269 HFC-24, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, Rockville, MD 20857, Fax: 301-443-3759, [email protected]
The Centennial of the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act is being commemorated by FDA as well as other organizations during 2006. This federal law was never considered as important as banking regulation or railroad
27 regulation at the time it was enacted, but today, even though the law has long been superseded by the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its amendments (which as still the foundation for federal food and drug regulation), this Act is recognized as a milestone in American history – a cornerstone of the Progressive movement in American history, and a tribute to regulation based upon and grounded in science. This presentation, using artifacts and articles from the 1906 era as well as from the collection of the FDA's History Office, reviews the major milestones in the first 100 years of federal food and drug regulation.
HIST 29 Munyon's home remedy company: A test case for the original version of the food and drugs act Ned D. Heindel, Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Seeley G. Mudd Lab, Bethlehem, PA 18015, Fax: 610- 758-3461, [email protected]
The Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 derived its legal power from its infamous “misbranding” clause. Unfortunately the misbranding section of the law did not specifically speak to the wild advertising claims by manufacturers promising spectacular cures for everything from migraines to malignancies. The mere threat of the law was enough to cause many manufacturers to tone down their claims, but a few, like Munyon's Home Remedy Company and Johnson's Cancerine, had to be hauled into court. In U.S. v. Munyon (Eastern District Court of Pennsylvania, 14 December 1910), after government chemists presented chemical analyses showing the “Special Blood Cure” was lactose, the company pled guilty. However, a parallel case for a guaranteed cancer cure was appealed all the way to the Supreme Court, where the justices unexpectedly ruled in the company's favor. This prompted a rapid Congressional rewriting of the law (the Sherley Amendment). The colorful history of the Munyon Company, modern analyses of its patent medicines, and the firm's role in triggering the first revision of the Pure Food and Drugs Act will be presented.
HIST 30 Developments in cosmetics regulation: A historical overview Beth R. Meyers, Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Food and Drug Administration, CPK2 RM 1032 HFS-125, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, Fax: 301-436-2975, [email protected]
When the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 superseded the Food and Drugs Act of 1906, the new law's name announced a significant advance: For the first time, cosmetics became subject to Federal authority. How did we go from cosmetics being completely unregulated—and the use of makeup even morally suspect—to establishing legal requirements for their safety? The new law marked the culmination of years of consumer activism and shifting perceptions, as the use of cosmetics such as makeup and hair dyes became not only socially acceptable but commonplace. These developments paralleled other social changes, such as the entrance of women into the workplace, the growth of the entertainment industry with its attendant glamour, and the wider availability of commercially marketed products. Consumer injuries, most notoriously cases of blindness resulting from “Lash Lure” eyelash dye, also helped propel cosmetic safety requirements into the new law. Since 1938, FDA's regulatory responses have included requiring warning statements, prohibiting or restricting certain ingredients, and pursuing enforcement actions (e.g., warning letters, seizures, injunctions, and import refusals). The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966 authorized FDA to issue regulations requiring ingredient declarations for cosmetics sold at retail to consumers. In 1972, FDA established the Voluntary Cosmetic Registration Program. FDA's Cosmetics website became available in the 1990s and immediately became an important communications tool. Today FDA continues to monitor emerging cosmetics issues and to inform the public of our findings and conclusions on cosmetic safety.
HIST 31 Science and regulation of biological products Christopher T. Middendorf, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, RKWL RM601 HFM-40, 11400 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20857, Fax: 301-827-3843, [email protected]
The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) is responsible for ensuring the safety, purity, potency, and efficacy of biological and related products (biologics) intended for use in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases in humans, and for ensuring the safety of the nation's supply of blood and blood products. Biologics are substances either derived from living organisms—including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms—or produced by biotechnology. In addition, they can be combinations of these substances. Biologics include vaccines, blood and blood products, antitoxins, allergenic products such as patch tests and extracts, certain tissues and diagnostic devices for HIV and hepatitis. The number of biologics regulated by CBER is expanding rapidly because of the remarkable growth of research in biotechnology and scientific advances such as completion of the Human Genome Project.
HIST 32 History of the drug approval process Barry W. Poole and Mary E. Kremzner, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Drug Information, HFD-240, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, Fax: 301-827-4577, [email protected]
28 Abstract text not available.
HIST 33 St. Elmo Brady (1884-1966): Pioneering black academic chemist Dean F. Martin, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, SCA 400, Tampa, FL 33620, Fax: 813-974-8756, [email protected], and Barbara B. Martin, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida
St. Elmo Brady was the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States, and he had a considerable influence on the development of chemistry at Fisk University and on the training of young African- American students at four historically black colleges or universities (HBCUs). The amount of information about him seems to be fairly diffuse, and he deserves much more attention – the degrees he earned, how he got to graduate school, the postdoctoral years, the retirement years, and his contributions.
HIST 34 Patriots, immigrants and chemical patentees in the National Inventors Hall of Fame Howard M. Peters, Peters, Verny, Jones & Schmitt, LLP, 425 Sherman Avenue, Suite 230, Palo Alto, CA 94306, Fax: 650- 324-1678, [email protected], and Sally B. Peters, PARC Inc., 3333 Cayote Hill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Fax: 650-812-4028, [email protected], Phone: 650-812-4994
The U.S. patent system is over 200 years old (www.uspto.gov). The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) in Akron, Ohio is over 30 years old (www.invent.org). Using available resources including immigration records, genealogy records, the Sons of the American Revolution (www.sar.org) and the Daughters of the American Revolution (www.dar.org), this paper continues an examination of the NIHF inductees for chemical innovation for their and/or their families' origins. Different NIHF inductees are examined for immigrant family or long-term US family history. Archival information in this series is found at the first author's web site (www.howardpeters.net).
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