DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Morphological Variations at the Human Ankle and Hip Joints on Their

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Morphological Variations at the Human Ankle and Hip Joints on Their The Effect of Morphological Variations at the Human Ankle and Hip Joints on their Biomechanical Function A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Ramya Namani in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2015 i © Copyright 2015 Ramya Namani. All Rights Reserved. ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Sorin Siegler for his tremendous support throughout my PhD program. His knowledge and passion for Biomechanics motivated me every day to develop my career in Biomechanics. He is one of the kindest and humble persons I have known. I would like to thank other committee members Dr. Jack Zhou, Dr. Sriram Balasubramanian, Dr. Fred Allen and Dr. John Lacontora for their time and their valuable feedback in writing my thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Javad Parvizi from Rothman institute for his guidance and collaboration with the hip project. My sincere gratitude to my academic advisor, Dr. Alan Lau for his tremendous support and pushing me to finish my PhD on time. He is one of the most knowledgeable as well as kind persons I have met at Drexel. I would like to thank International Society of Biomechanics for their support in awarding me a dissertation grant and a travel grant. The dissertation grant supported me to pursue the project and the travel grant gave me an opportunity to attend ISB conference and present my work and get feedback from some experts in Biomechanics field. Lastly, I would thank all the staff of Drexel University for helping me in completing this program smoothly. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Main Goal ........................................................................................................................ 1 Specific Aims .................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2: Background ....................................................................................................... 3 Variations in Morphology ............................................................................................... 3 Variations in Mechanics .................................................................................................. 3 Morphology-Mechanics Relationship ............................................................................. 3 Ankle Joint ...................................................................................................................... 4 Variations in Morphology of Bones in Ankle Joint ........................................................ 7 Variations in Orientation of Ligaments ......................................................................... 22 Variations in Mechanics ................................................................................................ 24 Terminology of the Motion ....................................................................................... 24 Ankle Joint Coordinate System ................................................................................. 27 Hip Joint Morphology ................................................................................................... 31 Variations in Morphology of Hip Joint- Effect on Joint function ................................. 33 iv Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) ...................................................................... 33 Hip Joint Mechanics .................................................................................................. 38 Hip Morphological Parameters .................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................... 46 Methodology part 1: Model Development ........................................................................ 46 Ankle Joint .................................................................................................................... 46 Step 1: Image Processing ........................................................................................... 46 Step 2: Post Processing .............................................................................................. 48 Step 3: Rigid Body Dynamic Model ......................................................................... 48 Hip Joint ....................................................................................................................... 54 Step 1: Image Processing ........................................................................................... 54 Step 2: Post Processing .............................................................................................. 55 Step 3: Rigid Body Dynamic Model ......................................................................... 57 Zone Method to Quantify Interference ...................................................................... 59 Methodology part 2: Effect of Change in Morphology on Joint Mechanical Behavior ... 62 Ankle Joint .................................................................................................................... 63 Step 1: Selecting and Measuring the Morphological Parameters: ............................. 63 Step 2: Changing Morphology of Bone and Ligament Insertion Sites and Comparing the Mechanical Behavior ........................................................................................... 65 Measuring Mechanical Properties ............................................................................. 72 v Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................... 74 Hip Joint ........................................................................................................................ 75 Step 1: Selecting and Measuring Morphological Parameters .................................... 75 Step 2: Changing Morphology of Normal Hips and Comparing the Joint Mechanical Behavior..................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................................. 85 Model Development.......................................................................................................... 85 Ankle Joint .................................................................................................................... 85 Step 1: Image Processing ........................................................................................... 85 Step 2: Post Processing .............................................................................................. 85 Step 3: Rigid Body Dynamic Model ......................................................................... 85 Model Development.......................................................................................................... 88 Hip Joint ........................................................................................................................ 88 Step 1: Image Processing ........................................................................................... 88 Step 2: Post Processing .............................................................................................. 88 Step3: Rigid Body Dynamic Model of Hip Joint ...................................................... 88 Effect of Change in Morphology on Joint Mechanical Behavior ..................................... 89 Ankle Joint .................................................................................................................... 89 Step 1: Selecting and Measuring Morphological parameters .................................... 89 Step 2: Changing the Morphological Parameters ...................................................... 90 vi Effect of Change in Morphology of Sustentaculum Tali on Joint Mechanical Behavior................................................................................................................... 102 Hip Joint ...................................................................................................................... 114 Step 1: Comparing Morphological Parameters between FAI and Normal hips ...... 114 Comparing Interference Pattern between FAI and Normal ..................................... 117 Step 2: Changing the Morphological Parameters .................................................... 123 Chapter 5: Discussion ..................................................................................................... 134 Model development ........................................................................................................ 134 Effect of Change is Morphology on Joint Mechanical Behavior ................................... 135 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................ 139 Significance ................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anterograde Fixation of Inverted Oblique Medial Malleolus Fractures
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.30795/jfootankle.2021.v15.1230 Case Report Anterograde fixation of inverted oblique medial malleolus fractures: case report Sávio Manhães Chami1 , Thiago Lopes Lima1 , Alexandre Bustamante Pallottino1 , Breno Jorge Scorza1 , José Sérgio Franco 1,2, Rogério Carneiro Bitar3 1. Casa de Saúde São José, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 2. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 3.Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Abstract Fractures of the medial malleolus are common, with avulsion being the main trauma mechanism. In simple transverse fractures, re- trograde fixation with interfragmentary screws is the most common means of achieving anatomical reduction and absolute stability. However, greater attention must be paid in cases of inverted oblique fractures, which make traditional fixation difficult. We report a case in which anatomical reduction and stabilization were achieved using a reduction clamp and two headless compression screws placed anteriorly, resulting in a mechanically stable, safe and effective repair. Level of Evidence V, Therapeutic Studies; Expert Opinion. Keywords: Ankle Injuries/surgery; Bone screws; Fracture fixation, internal/methods; Range of motion, articular; Treatment outcome. Introduction In the medial malleolus, variation in the direction of the fracture line is responsible for different bone injury presen- Different mechanisms of trauma to the ankle result in diffe- tations, as well as the involvement of the deltoid ligament, (1-2) rent fracture patterns and associated ligament injuries . The especially its deep portion(6). precise identification of these injuries, as well as defining the Several techniques have been described for the internal fi- direction of the fracture line, is essential for the best surgical xation of medial malleolus fractures, the most common being planning and treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 15, Issue 1, January-April
    Volume 15, Issue 1, January-April Osteochondral lesions of the talus in adults J. Batista, G. Joannas, L. Casola, L. Logioco, G. Arrondo 1A Traumatic lesion with isolated cartilage injury (flap) Tx: arthroscopy, curettage, and microfractures. 1B Traumatic lesion (cartilage and subchondral bone injury) 1B.1 Lesion <10mm in diameter and <5mm of depth (superficial lesion) Tx: arthroscopy, curettage, and microfractures. 1B.2 Lesion >10mm in diameter and >5mm in depth Tx: fragment fixation with osteosynthesis, open surgery, osteochondral graft, or mosaicoplasty. 2A Non-traumatic isolated bone injury, subchondral cyst. Tx: retrograde drilling. 2B Non-traumatic open subchondral bone cyst with articular connection (progression of type 2A). 2B.1 Lesion measuring <10mm in diameter and <5mm in depth (superficial lesion). Tx: arthroscopy, curettage, and microfractures. 2B.2 Lesion measuring >10mm in diameter and >5mm in depth. Tx: open surgery, osteochondral graft, or mosaicoplasty. 3 Type 1 or 2 lesions associated with lateral instability of the ankle Tx: ligament repair. 4 With limb deformities 4A Types 1 or 2 lesions with hindfoot deformity = varus or valgus calcaneus Tx: varus or valgus calcaneal osteotomy. 4B Type 1 or 2 lesion with supramalleolar deformity of distal tibia (varus or valgus) Tx: varus or valgus supramalleolar osteotomy. Tx: treatment. Volume 15, Issue 1, January-April The Journal of the Foot & Ankle (eISSN 2675-2980) is published quarterly in April, August, and December, with the purpose of disseminating papers on themes of Foot and Ankle Medicine and Surgery and related areas. The Journal offers free and open access to your content on our website. All papers are already published with active DOIs.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Efficacy of Extended Modified Posteromedial Approach Versus
    Clinical ecacy of extended modied posteromedial approach versus posterolateral approach for surgical treatment of posterior pilon fracture: a retrospective analysis Qin-Ming Zhang Aliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Hai-Bin Wang Aliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Xiao-Yan Li Aliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Feng-Long Chu Aliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Liang Han Aliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Dong-Mei Li Aliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Bin Wu ( [email protected] ) Alited Hospital of Jining Medical University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3707-0056 Research article Keywords: posterior pilon fracture, approach, fracture xation, buttress plate Posted Date: March 30th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-19392/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/12 Abstract Background: Posterior pilon fracture is a type of ankle fracture associated with poorer treatment results compared to the conventional ankle fracture. This is partly related to the lack of consensus on the classication, approach selection, and internal xation method for this type of fracture. This study aimed to investigate the clinical ecacy of posterolateral approach versus extended modied posteromedial approach for surgical treatment of posterior pilon fracture. Methods: Data of 67 patients with posterior pilon fracture who received xation with a buttress plate between January 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients received steel plate xation through either the posterolateral approach (n = 35, group A) or the extended modied posteromedial approach (n = 32, group B). Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, excellent and good rate of reduction, fracture healing time, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle- Hindfoot Scale score, and Visual Analogue Scale score were compared between groups A and B.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Characteristics of the Lateral Talocalcaneal Ligament: a Large-Scale Anatomical Study
    Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2019) 41:25–28 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2128-8 ANATOMIC VARIATIONS Morphological characteristics of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament: a large-scale anatomical study Mutsuaki Edama1,2 · Ikuo Kageyama2 · Takaniri Kikumoto1 · Tomoya Takabayashi1 · Takuma Inai1 · Ryo Hirabayashi1 · Wataru Ito1 · Emi Nakamura1 · Masahiro Ikezu1 · Fumiya Kaneko1 · Akira Kumazaki3 · Hiromi Inaba4 · Go Omori3 Received: 9 August 2018 / Accepted: 4 September 2018 / Published online: 30 October 2018 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to clarify the morphological characteristics of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTCL). Methods This study examined 100 legs from 54 Japanese cadavers. The LTCL was classified into three types: Type I, the LTCL branches from the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL); Type II, the LTCL is independent of the CFL and runs parallel to the calcaneus; and Type III, the LTCL is absent. The morphological features measured were fiber bundle length, fiber bundle width, and fiber bundle thickness. Results The LTCL was classified as Type I in 18 feet (18%), Type II in 24 feet (24%), and Type III in 58 feet (58%). All LTCLs were associated with the anterior talofibular ligament at the talus. There was no significant difference in morphologi- cal characteristics by Type for each ligament. Conclusions The LTCL was similar to the CFL in terms of fiber bundle width and fiber bundle thickness. Keywords Calcaneofibular · Ligament · Subtalar joint · Gross anatomy Introduction features, as well as complex three-dimensional mobility, making it a challenge to conduct quantitative evaluations. Of patients with chronic ankle instability, 42% [6] present Ligaments that are associated with the stability of the with mechanical instability of the talocrural joint, and 58% subtalar joint include the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), have mechanical instability of the subtalar joint [3], each of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTCL), the interosseous them at high percentages.
    [Show full text]
  • Mcilroy's Ankle Injury Explained
    McIlroy’s Ankle Injury Explained By Eva Nugent MISCP The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is big news this week because of world number 1 golf player Rory McIlroy’s injury sustained while having a football “kick about” with friends. McIlroy reports sustaining a “total rupture of his left ATFL and damage to the associated ankle joint capsule”. This unfortunate injury has put his golf season in doubt with the Open Championship starting just next week the 16th of July. But what exactly is the ATFL? And what does the rehabilitation for this injury involve? The Anterior Talofibular Ligament is one of three ligaments that make of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle joint. It originates at the fibular malleoulus of the lateral shin bone (fibula) and runs forward to and attaches to the Talus (ankle bone). The other two ligaments are the Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) and the Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). The function of these ligaments is to provide stability and support to the ankle joint. The ATFL specifically prevents the anterior translation of the shin in relation to the foot/ankle. The ATFL is the most commonly injured ankle ligament and is most vulnerable when the foot is pointing downwards and inwards as the body’s centre of gravity rolls over the ankle (plantarflexed and inverted position). This is commonly described as “going over on your ankle”. It is commonly injured in sports like football or GAA where unpredictable fast turns or cutting movements are involved. This is referred to as an ankle sprain and results in damage to the fibres of the ligament as they are overstretched.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Open and Arthroscopic Surgical Anatomy of the Ankle
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Anatomy Research International Volume 2013, Article ID 182650, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/182650 Review Article Open and Arthroscopic Surgical Anatomy of the Ankle Rachel M. Frank, Andrew R. Hsu, Christopher E. Gross, David M. Walton, and Simon Lee DivisionofFootandAnkleSurgery,DepartmentofOrthopaedicSurgery,RushUniversityMedicalCenter,Chicago,IL60612,USA Correspondence should be addressed to Rachel M. Frank; [email protected] Received 31 July 2013; Accepted 19 September 2013 Academic Editor: Mustafa F. Sargon Copyright © 2013 Rachel M. Frank et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ankle-related complaints are among the most commonly encountered problems for musculoskeletal clinicians. Ankle pathology is widely variable, including, but not limited to, fractures, deformity, infection, oncologic diseases, neuromuscular conditions, and arthritis. While nonoperative management with activity modification, bracing and/or shoe modifications, and medications is usually indicated as first line of treatment, surgical intervention may become necessary. A thorough understanding of the complex anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle, and in particular, the potential neurovascular structures that may be encountered, is important to reduce complications and obtain good surgical outcomes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the most common open and arthroscopic exposures to the ankle with a focus on surgically relevant anatomy for each approach. 1. Introduction ankle techniques including miniopen approaches and ankle arthroscopyhavebecomemorecommonlyused.Thepurpose Symptoms and complaints regarding the ankle are some of this review is to discuss the most common open and of the most commonly encountered problems seen by arthroscopic exposures used in the surgical treatment of musculoskeletal care providers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Subtalar Joint Sprain Occurs Some- Stabilizing Force to the Subtalar Joint
    CHAPTER 26 THE SUBTAIARJOINT SPRAIN Gerard. V. Yu, D.P.M, Inversion injuries to the lateral ligamentous Rubin and \X/itten are credited as being the first complex of the ankle joint have been studied authors to suggest a clinical significance to subtalar extensively, and are readily recognized by joint instabiliry and propose a method to study the physicians treating disorders of the foot and ankle. instability.' They calculated the tibiocalcaneal angle Subtalar joint sprains, on the other hand, have been using a foot stabilizing device and stress the subject of few studies, and are a little-known tomograms. None of the 27 patients studied, and frequently undiagnosed clinical entity. It is (including 17 with symptoms of "excessive turning only over the last ten years that there has been any over") had obvious subtalar instability. serious interest in instability of the subtalar ioint as Christman and Snook, in a 1969 article a result of the "inversion ankle sprain." Some describing a modified Elmslie procedure for lateral orthopaedic literature has suggested the diagnosis ankle instability, recognized subtalar joint of subtalar joint instability as a distinct clinical instability at the time of surgery in three of their entity only after failure to achieve a "stable ankle" seven patients.'? Morbidity of the Christman-Snook following surgical reconstruction of the Lateral Procedure has been studied critically by Horstman ligamentous complex for ankle instability. Subtalar et al. as well as Snook et alj'a It has led some joint instability is estimated to occur in 1,0o/o to 25Vo authors to seek other procedures which are more percent of all patients exhibiting lateral ankle biomechanically and anatomically sound for instability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Double Fascicular Variations of the Anterior Talofibular Ligament and The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The double fascicular variations of the anterior talofbular ligament and the calcaneofbular ligament correlate with interconnections between lateral ankle structures revealed on magnetic resonance imaging Paweł Szaro 1,2*, Khaldun Ghali Gataa2, Mateusz Polaczek3 & Bogdan Ciszek4 The anterior talofbular ligament and the calcaneofbular ligament are the most commonly injured ankle ligaments. This study aimed to investigate if the double fascicular anterior talofbular ligament and the calcaneofbular ligament are associated with the presence of interconnections between those two ligaments and connections with non-ligamentous structures. A retrospective re-evaluation of 198 magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the ankle joint was conducted. The correlation between the double fascicular anterior talofbular ligament and calcaneofbular ligament and connections with the superior peroneal retinaculum, the peroneal tendon sheath, the tibiofbular ligaments, and the inferior extensor retinaculum was studied. The relationships between the anterior talofbular ligament’s and the calcaneofbular ligament’s diameters with the presence of connections were investigated. Most of the connections were visible in a group of double fascicular ligaments. Most often, one was between the anterior talofbular ligament and calcaneofbular ligament (74.7%). Statistically signifcant diferences between groups of single and double fascicular ligaments were visible in groups of connections between the anterior talofbular ligament
    [Show full text]
  • Finite Element Analysis of Transverse Medial Malleolar Fracture Fixation Ruchi Chande Virginia Commonwealth University
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Finite Element Analysis of Transverse Medial Malleolar Fracture Fixation Ruchi Chande Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons © The Author Downloaded from http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2787 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Ruchi D. Chande, 2012 All Rights Reserved FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TRANSVERSE MEDIAL MALLEOLAR FRACTURE FIXATION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. by RUCHI DILIP CHANDE Bachelor of Science, University of California, Berkeley, 2006 Master of Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Director: Jennifer S. Wayne, Ph.D. Professor, Biomedical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May 2012 Acknowledgements Many people contributed to the success of this work, and all deserve great thanks. First, to my advisor Dr. Jennifer Wayne, I give my sincerest thanks and appreciation for providing me with guidance throughout my graduate career. You provided me with both the freedom to explore various paths during my research, as well as helpful advice to point me in the right direction whenever I came to a fork in the road. You always kept me on track so that the outcome of my work was the best that it could be.
    [Show full text]
  • On Anatomy Case Report and Technique Descrip?
    Introducon Ligamentous stability is paramount in op)mizing func)on of the ankle joint. Although varus ankle malalignment is far more common, valgus ankle alignment involves 8% all end stage- Case Report and TechniQue Descrip)on arthri)c deformi)es.1 Clarke et al found that complete sec)oning of the deltoid resulted in This case we present was part of a staged total ankle. His index procedure included an ankle 15-20% decrease in ankle joint contact area as well as anterior talar translaon.2 arthrotomy with cement spacer and posi)onal screw placement, as well as a deltoid ligment Harper and colleagues demonstrated that injury to the deep deltoid leads to anterior and reconstruc)on. The pa)ent was a 76yo M with end stage ankle arthri)s and 12.1 degrees of lateral talar transla)on and compromise of the superficial deltoid has no effect.3 When preoperave ankle valgus, who failed an adequate trial of conservave care. Following his index encountered, valgus )lt and deltoid insufficiency need to be addressed to allow for long-term procedure as described below, he underwent a total ankle replacement approximately five weeks acer success of a total ankle prosthesis. Recrea)ng ligament balance may expand the limit of ankle this procedure He has been followed for 13 months post-opera)vely and has maintained neutral ankle prosthesis and allow for less early failure due to edge loading of the polyethylene component. alignment, without valgus )lt. Figure 4 Figure 5 It is important to understand ligamentous reconstruc)on is an adjunc)ve repair and proper An anterolateral ankle arthrotomy is u)lized to gain access to the ankle joint.
    [Show full text]
  • Storyboard.Pdf (5.578Mb)
    Project: Deltoid Ligament Animation Sequence: Section 1: Anatomy of the Deltoid Ligament Complex Date: 01//6/14 Client: Thesis Page: 1 Section 1 The Deltoid (Medial Collateral) Anatomy of the Deltoid Ligament Complex Ligament Complex Audio: The Deltoid or Medial Collateral Ligament Audio: Section 1 - Anatomy of the Deltoid Ligament Complex Video: Title fades on Video: Section title fades on Tibia Audio: The ligaments of the ankle consist of many components, all of which Audio: The talocrural joint is formed by the tibia, bula, and talus. work in concert to support the talo-crural joint during everyday and sporting activities. Video: All ligs on model - rotating Video: Highlight Tibia, Fib, Talus Project: Deltoid Ligament Animation Sequence: Section 1: Anatomy of the Deltoid Ligament Complex Date: 01//6/14 Client: Thesis Page: 1 Deltoid Ligament Ankle Mortise Complex Audio: The distal ends of the tibia and bula form the mortise in which the Audio: When studying the ankle ligaments, perhaps the most complicated to superior portion of the talus articulates. visualize is the medial collateral ligament complex also known as the Deltoid ligament due to its delta-shaped appearance. Video: Highlight Ankle mortise and Talus Video: Highlight deltoid ligament Eversion Excursion Rotation Audio: This complex of ligaments is located on the medial aspect of the ankle and provides a Audio: The deltoid ligament is a stabilizer of the talocrural joint and spans great deal of mechanical stability during movement. It acts against eversion, valgus, from the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, navicular and spring ligament via pronation, and rotatory forces as well as anterior and lateral talar excursion.
    [Show full text]
  • Slide 1 Manual Therapy for the Hip and Lower Quarter
    Slide 1 ___________________________________ Manual Therapy for the Hip and Lower Quarter ___________________________________ Techniques and Supporting Evidence ___________________________________ Mitchell Barber Scarlett Morris ___________________________________ PT, MPT, CMT, OCS, FAAOMPT PT, DPT, CMT, OCS ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 ___________________________________ Disclosures: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 ___________________________________ Session 1: The Hip ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 4 ___________________________________ The Hip Hip Anatomy ___________________________________ o Synovial ball-and socket joint o The head of the femur points in an ___________________________________ anterior/medial/superior direction o The acetabulum faces lateral/inferior/anterior ___________________________________ o Anteversion angle of the neck is 10-15 degrees ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 5 ___________________________________ The Hip Hip Anatomy ___________________________________ o Femoral
    [Show full text]