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FOXE BASIN POLAR BEAR PROJECT 2007-2012 Elizabeth

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FOXE BASIN POLAR BEAR PROJECT 2007-2012 Elizabeth FOXE BASIN POLAR BEAR PROJECT 2007-2012 Elizabeth Peacock1 Anne Orlando1 Vicky Sahanatien2 Seth Stapleton3 Andrew E. Derocher2 David L. Garshelis3 1Wildlife Research Section, Department of Environment, P.O. Box 209, Igloolik, NU X0A 0L0 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB 3Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota 2008 Interim Wildlife Report, No. 16 Peacock, E., A. Orlando, V. Sahanatien, S. Stapleton, A. E. Derocher, and D. L. Garshelis. 200. Foxe Basin polar bear project 2007-2012. Government of Nunavut, Department of Environment, Interim Wildlife Report: 16, Iqaluit, 60 pp. ᓯᑯᓯᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑕ 2008-ᒥ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐅᓇ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᖃᖅᐳᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖑᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᓯᑯᓯᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑕ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᕆᓚᐅᖅᑕᖓᓄᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆ 2007-ᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆ 2008-ᒧᑦ. ᑐᕌᕆᔭᐅᓪᓗᐊᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ 2008-ᒥ ᓯᓚᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᔪᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓕᐅᖅᑲᐃᓇᔭᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᒥᐊᒃᑯᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕕᙵᑖᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᕐᖅᑲᕐᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᒪᒧᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᐅᓗᓂ. ᐱᓕᕆᔭᐅᔪᒪᖅᑳᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᒥ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑦᑎᖅᓯᕙᒡᓗᓂ-ᐱᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅᐸᒡᓗᒋᒡᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓕᕈᒪᒧᑦ ᖃᔅᓯᐸᓘᖕᒪᖔᑕ (ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓕᒫᒥ ᐆᒪᓇᓱᒃᐸᖕᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ, ᐊᖏᓂᖏᑦ, ᖃᓄᐃᓕᓯᒪᓂᕆᔭᖏᓪᓗ) ᓄᖅᑲᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᑲᐃᓐᓇᓚᐅᖅᐳᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓂᒃᑎᑕᐅᕙᖕᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᓯᓚᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖑᓚᐅᖅᐳᖅ ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎ 4-ᒥᑦ ᓯᑎᐱᕆ 5-ᒧᑦ 2008-ᒥ, ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᖢᑎᒃ ᑭᒻᒥᕈᒻᒥ, ᑭᙵᕐᓂ, ᐃᒡᓗᕋᓛᒥᑦ Bray Island-ᒦᑦᑐᒥ, ᐃᒡᓗᓕᖕᒥ ᓇᐅᔮᓂᓗ. ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᐳᑦ ᐃᓪᓕᕆᔭᐅᔪᒪᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅᓯᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᕐᓂ 23 ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᖕᓄᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅᓯᐅᑎᓂᒡᓗ ᓯᐅᑎᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᓂᕕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᑎᓴᒪᓄᑦ ᐊᖑᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓐᓇᕐᓄᑦ. ᑎᒥᖓᓂᙶᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᒐᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᐲᖅᓯᕕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐅᒃᑐᕋᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒡᓗ ᑕᐃᑕ ᓯᓂᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᓇᒧᖔᑎᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ 2008-ᒥ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓂᖃᖅᐳᖅ 2007-ᒥ ᓇᒧᙵᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓐᓂᖓᓄᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᒥ ᑭᒡᒐᖅᑐᐃᓂᖃᑦᑎᐊᖅᑐᒥ ᑕᑯᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᖢᑎᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᖃᔅᓯᐅᓂᖏᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᑕᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᐅᒪᓕᕈᒪᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᒃᑐᖅᑕᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᓯᓚᐅᑉ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑐᕙᖅ ᓄᓇᒋᕙᒃᑕᖓᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᓇᒧᙵᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᕆᕙᒃᑕᖏᑦ. ᐃᓪᓕᕆᓯᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᒍᑦᑕᐅᖅ 33-ᓂᒃ ᓈᓚᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᓵᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᐃᒃᑯᑕᕐᓂᒃ (RFID-ᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᒋᓪᓗᑎᒃ) ᓂᕕᙵᑖᓂᒃ ᓯᐅᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖑᙱᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᓄᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ RFID-ᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓂᕕᙵᑖᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᐊᖅᐳᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔾᔪᑕᐅᕙᒡᓗᑎᒃ ᓇᓕᐊᖑᖕᒪᖓᑕ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᒃᑯᑦ, ᑕᐃᒪᐃᓂᖓᓄᓪᓗ ᒥᑭᒡᓕᒋᐊᖅᑎᑦᑎᓗᓂ ᐱᓇᔪᒃᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᕆᐊᖃᖅᐸᖕᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᒃᓴᑦᑎᓐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ. ᖃᐅᔨᔪᖃᓕᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ ᓇᐅᑦᑎᖅᓱᕐᓂᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᑎᑦᑎᓚᐅᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓇᓕᐊᖑᖕᒪᖔᑕ ᓂᕐᔪᑏᑦ RFID- ᓂᒃ ᓂᕕᙵᑖᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᖕᓂᖃᕋᓗᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ 2 ᑭᓗᒦᑕᓂᒃ. ᖃᖓᑕᕝᕕᒋᓛᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᓯᑯᓯᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑦ ᐅᐱᕐᙶᖑᓕᖅᐸᑦ 2009-ᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᖅᑐᕐᓗᑕ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᖏᑎᒋᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᐅᕙᓃᓐᓂᖃᖅᐸᖕᒪᖔᑕ. ᐱᔭᕇᖅᓯᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᒍᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅᓯᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓕᕈᒪᒧᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᖢᑕ ᖃᔅᓯᐸᓘᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖃᕐᔪᐊᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᓴᓪᓕᕐᒥ, ᖃᖓᑕᕝᕕᒋᓚᐅᖅᑕᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᕐᒥᑦᑎᐊᖅ ᑖᔅᓱᒪ ᕿᑭᖅᑕᐅᑉ ᓯᒡᔭᖓ (ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᖃᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓱᖅᑕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᖃᖓᑕᕝᕕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᖅᑐᓂᒃ) ᖃᔅᓯᑲᓪᓚᖕᓂᒡᓗ ᓄᓇᖅᐸᓯᒃᑐᒥ ᖃᖓᑕᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᓂ ᑕᑯᓚᐅᖅᖢᑕᓗ 264-ᓂᒃ ᓇᓄᕐᓂᒃ, 170-ᐅᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ. ᖃᖓᑕᓪᓗᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓂᓂ ᓯᑯᓯᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᒍᑦ ᑕᑯᔪᖃᓚᐅᕐᒥᔪᖅ 114-ᓂᒃ, ᐃᓚᓕᐅᔾᔭᐅᙱᖦᖢᑎᒃ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᑲᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᕗᑦ ᐃᑲᔫᑎᖃᕐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖅ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᐃᓇᔭᕐᓂᕐᒧᑦ 2009 – 2010-ᖑᓕᖅᐸᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓗᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᐅᓛᖅᑐᓄᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓕᓚᐅᖅᑐᒍᑦ ᑲᑎᑎᑦᑎᓂᖅ ᖃᔅᓯᑲᓪᓚᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐅᖓᓯᒋᒐᓗᐊᖅᖢᒋᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ-ᑕᑯᔭᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ (ᐸᒃᓚᓐᑦ, 2001), ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᖅᐳᖅ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᑦᑎᐊᓗᓂᓗ ᖃᔅᓯᐸᓘᓕᕆᐊᒃᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᑎᑦᑎᓯᒪᓕᖅᐳᖅ ᐊᖏᔪᒻᒪᕆᖕᒥᒃ ᐊᓯᔾᔨᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᕆᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᕙᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᒋᕙᒃᑕᖓᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, ᑎᓯᐱᕆᒧᑦ, ᔭᓄᐊᕆᒧᑦ ᒪᐃᒧᓪᓗ 1979-ᒥᑦ 2004-ᒧᑦ (Sahanatien, in prep). ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᖅᐹᖅᓯᐅᑏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᐅᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᕐᔪᐊᖅᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᑯᓂᖓ, ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᓂᒃ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᖅᓴᕐᕕᖕᓄᑦ ᓯᓚᑦᑐᖅᓴᕐᕕᒡᔪᐊᓄᓪᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒧᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕐᓂᕆᔭᖏᓐᓂ (ᐅᑐᐱᕆ 2007-ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ) ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᕐᒥᐅᑕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᕐᔪᐊᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓᑦ ᓇᓄᕐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖃᕐᐸᖕᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᑎᕙᖕᓂᕐᒧᓪᓗ (ᓄᕕᐱᕆ 2007- ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ). ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᔭᕇᖅᑕᐅᔪᒫᖅᑐᖅ ᐃᓚᓕᐅᔾᔨᔪᖃᕐᓗᓂ 2005-ᒥᑦ-2008-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓱᖅᑕᐅᓂᐊᖅᖢᑎᒡᓗ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᓕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓗᑎᒃ 2009-ᖑᓕᖅᐸᑦ. ᑭᒡᓕᓯᓂᐊᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᔭᕇᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᐳᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᒋᕙᒃᑕᖓᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᖏᑎᒋᕙᖕᒪᖔᑕ, ᖃᓄᖅ ᐅᖓᓯᒃᑎᒋᔪᓄᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᖅᐸᖕᒪᖔᑕ ᓇᒧᙵᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᕙᖕᓂᕆᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᑐᙵᕕᖃᖅᑎᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ 2007-2008-ᒥ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓇᒧᙵᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᔭᖕᒪᖔᑕ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. ᐱᑕᖃᖅᐸᒌᖅᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ (ᐃᒡᓗᓕᖕᒥ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖅᐸᓚᐅᕈᓯᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖑᔪᓂᑦ, ᒥᕐᙳᐃᖅᓯᕐᕕᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖅᐸᓚᐅᕈᓯᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖑᔪᓂ, ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖑᔪᒥ) ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᓐᓄᑦ (IQ-ᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑭᓪᓗᓂ) ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖅᑕᐅᒃᑲᓐᓂᓚᐅᖅᐳᑦ 2006-ᒥ 2007-ᒥᓗ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᒥᑭᒃᑐᒻᒪᕆᑯᓗᖕᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᖅᑕᐅᔪᒃᓴᓂᒃ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓴᒋᕙᒃᑕᖏᓐᓅᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᖅᐸᒃᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᓃᑉᐸᖕᓂᕆᔭᖏᓐᓄᓪᓗ ᓇᓂᓯᔪᖃᓚᐅᖅᑐᖅ. ᓄᑖᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑯᖃᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᖅᓱᐃᔪᖃᓛᖅᑐᖅ 2008-2009- ᖑᓕᖅᐸᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᐅᖅᑐᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ 2009-ᖑᓕᖅᐸᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᑭᖑᕙᓯᒃᑎᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᕗᑦ 2008- ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᖃᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᓇᓕᖅᑲᒥᐅᑕᖅᑎᒍᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᕐᓂᖅᑕᖃᓚᐅᖅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᖃᖅᖢᑎᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᓯᑯᔅᓯᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ ᐱᓕᕆᐊᖑᔪᒥ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᐅᓪᓗᓂ ArcticNet-ᒥ (ᑎᓯᐱᕆ 2006-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ) ACUNS-ᑯᓐᓄᓪᓗ (ᐅᑐᐱᕆ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ). ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 1. ᓯᑯᓰᓚᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑕ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᔅᓯᐅᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 2. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖏᑦ, ᑭᓲᓂᖏᑦ, ᑐᓵᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓪᓗ ᖃᓄᕆᑦᑑᖕᒪᖔᑕ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂᑦ 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 3. ᓇᓂ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᕐᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᐅᒪᐅᖅᑐᒥ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 4. ᐃᓂᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᕝᕕᐅᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᑕᐅᕙᓂ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ ᓇᓄᕐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᖅᑐᖃᖅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓂᖓᓄᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 5. ᓄᓇᙳᐊᖅ ᓄᓇᒋᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐊᖏᑎᒋᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ (minimum convex polygon) ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑕᒪᕐᒥᑦᑎᐊᖅ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓰᑦ ᑲᑕᒃᓯᒪᓕᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓇᙵᑦ ᓇᓄᕐᓂᑦ ᑕᐃᒪᐃᑦᑐᓕᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᓂᑦ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 6. ᐃᓃᑦ ᓇᓄᓖᑦ ᐊᖏᑎᒋᕙᖕᓂᖏᑦ (minimum convex polygon) ᐃᓛᒃᑰᖅᖢᑎᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓐᓇᐃᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᓇᓄᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᕙᑎᓕᕆᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 7. (SD-ᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᒋᓪᓗᓂ) ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᑦ ᑲᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔾᔪᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᒃᑐᒧᐊᖅᐸᖕᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ (ᑭᓗᒦᑕᑎᒍᑦ) ᓇᒧᙵᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ-ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓐᓇᕐᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᖕᓄᑦ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ (n-ᖑᖅᑎᓯᒪᓪᓗᓂ ᖁᓛᓂ ᑐᑭᓕᐊᖓᔪᒥ) ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ 8. ᐃᓂᒥ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᖅᐸᖕᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ ᓯᑯᓰᓚᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᓇᓄᕆᔭᖏᑕ ᐊᑐᖅᖢᑎᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ/Argos ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅᓯᐅᑏᓂᒃ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᕐᓂᒃ (n = 23-ᓄᑦ ᐃᓐᓇᕐᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᕐᓄᑦ) ᓯᐅᑎᕈᑎᓄᓪᓗ (n = 4-ᓄᑦ ᐊᖑᑎᓄᑦ) ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1. ᑎᑎᕋᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓯᑯᓰᓚᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂᑦ 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 2. (SE-ᖑᓂᕋᖅᑕᐅᒋᓪᓗᓂ) ᑭᒃᑯᑐᐃᓐᓇᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᕙᒃᑐᓄᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᖅᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑭᓲᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ (ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᐃᑦ/ᐊᖑᑏᑦ) ᖃᓄᕐᓗ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖃᖅᑎᒋᖕᒪᖔᑕ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂᑦ, 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 3. ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᑐᓵᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᑦ ᐃᓕᐅᖅᑲᖅᑕᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᓇᓄᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᓄᑦ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ, ᓄᓇᕘᒥ, 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 4. ᐅᖓᓯᖕᓂᕆᔭᖏᑦ, ᐃᓂᖏᑦ, ᐃᑲᕐᕋᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓂᕆᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ, ᓇᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᐃᓐᓂ ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᓇᔪᒡᕕᐅᔪᓂ ᑕᒪᑐᒧᖓ ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᑕ ᓇᓄᕆᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᔪᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᑦ, 2008-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 5. ᓄᓇᒋᕙᒃᑕᖏᓐᓂ (minimum convex polygon) ᐊᖏᓂᖏᑦ (km2) ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ, ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ (2007-2008) ᐊᔾᔨᒌᙱᑦᑐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ: ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ – ᐅᑐᐱᕆᒧᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᕙᒃᐳᑦ ᐃᒪᖅ ᓱᓕ ᖁᐊᙱᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ; ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒥᑦ – ᑎᓯᐱᕆᒧᑦ, ᖁᐊᖅᓯᒪᓕᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᔭᓄᐊᕆᒥᑦ – ᐄᐳᕈᒧᑦ, ᐅᑭᐅᖑᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᐃᒥᓪᓗ – ᔪᓚᐃᒧᑦ ᑐᕙᖅ ᓯᖁᑦᑎᖅᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 6. ᐊᑐᖅᑕᐅᒐᔪᒃᐸᒃᑐᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᑉ ᖃᖓᒃᑰᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᒋᔭᐅᕙᒃᑐᑦ ᐊᖏᓂᖏᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᖕᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᐅᓚᐅᖅᑐᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ, ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ (2007-2008-ᒥ). ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 7. ᑕᖅᑭᑕᒫᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᒃᑎᒋᓂᖏᑦ (ᑭᓗᒦᑕᑎᒍᑦ) ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᕙᒃᑕᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ, ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ (2007-2008)¹. ᑭᑉᐹᕆᒃᓯᓕᖅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 8. ᐃᑲᕐᕋᑕᒫᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᕙᒃᑕᖏᑦ (ᑭᓗᒦᑕᓂᒃ/ᐃᑲᕐᕋᒧᑦ) ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖅᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᓂᒃ ᖁᖓᓯᕈᓯᖅᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᓇᓄᐃᑦ, ᓯᑯᓰᓛᕐᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓂ (2007-2008). ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᐃᓕᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A1. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓗᖅ ᓇᓅᑉ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.620-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A2. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᑕᒪᑐᒪᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐅᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.540-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A3. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᑕᒪᑐᒪᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐅᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.650-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A4. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.140-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A5. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.690-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A6. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.550-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A7. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.680-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A8. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.750-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A9. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.700-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A10. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓵᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.630-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A11. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐃᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.760-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A12. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐃᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.770-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A13. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐃᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.590-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A14. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐃᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.580, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A15. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #84563-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A16. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #84564-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A17. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᐃᓅᓂᑰᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.720-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A18. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓵᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.670-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A19. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒡᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓕᖕᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.190-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008- ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A20. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.250-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A21. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓵᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ , ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.310-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A22. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓴᕐᒥᒃ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.330-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A23. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #84561-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A24. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᖑᑕᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #84562-ᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᒡᒎᓯᑎᒥᑦ ᓄᕕᐱᕆᒧᑦ, 2008-ᒥ. ᐊᔾᔨᙳᐊᖅ A25. ᐃᓂᒥᑦ ᐃᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᒃᑕᕐᓂᕆᔭᖓ ᐃᓐᓇᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᓇᓪᓘᓪᓗᓂ ᓇᓅᑉ ᒪᕐᕉᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᓂᓕᓵᖕᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᖅᑕᓛᖃᖅᖢᓂ, ᓈᓚᒃᑕᐅᔪᓐᓇᖅᑐᖃᖅᖢᓂ #165.380-ᒥᒃ,
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  • Atlantic Walrus Odobenus Rosmarus Rosmarus
    COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Atlantic Walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus in Canada SPECIAL CONCERN 2006 COSEWIC COSEPAC COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF COMITÉ SUR LA SITUATION ENDANGERED WILDLIFE DES ESPÈCES EN PÉRIL IN CANADA AU CANADA COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows: COSEWIC 2006. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. ix + 65 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Previous reports: COSEWIC 2000. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (Northwest Atlantic Population and Eastern Arctic Population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 23 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm). Richard, P. 1987. COSEWIC status report on the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (Northwest Atlantic Population and Eastern Arctic Population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-23 pp. Production note: COSEWIC would like to acknowledge D.B. Stewart for writing the status report on the Atlantic Walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus in Canada, prepared under contract with Environment Canada, overseen and edited by Andrew Trites, Co-chair, COSEWIC Marine Mammals Species Specialist Subcommittee. For additional copies contact: COSEWIC Secretariat c/o Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3 Tel.: (819) 997-4991 / (819) 953-3215 Fax: (819) 994-3684 E-mail: COSEWIC/[email protected] http://www.cosewic.gc.ca Également disponible en français sous le titre Évaluation et Rapport de situation du COSEPAC sur la situation du morse de l'Atlantique (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) au Canada – Mise à jour.
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  • Physical and Optical Characteristics of Heavily Melted “Rotten” Arctic Sea Ice
    Physical and optical characteristics of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice C. M. Frantz1,2, B. Light1, S. M. Farley1, S. Carpenter1, R. Lieblappen3,4, Z. Courville4, M. V. Orellana1,5, and K. Junge1 1Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105 USA 2Department of Geosciences, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84403 USA 3Vermont Technical College, Randolph, VT, 05061 USA 4US Army Engineer Research Development Center - Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, 39180 USA 5Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, 98109 USA Correspondence to: Bonnie Light ([email protected]) 1 Abstract. Field investigations of the properties of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice were carried out on shorefast and 2 drifting ice off the coast of Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska during the melt season. While no formal criteria exist to 3 qualify when ice becomes “rotten”, the objective of this study was to sample melting ice at the point where its structural and 4 optical properties are sufficiently advanced beyond the peak of the summer season. Baseline data on the physical 5 (temperature, salinity, density, microstructure) and optical (light scattering) properties of shorefast ice were recorded in May 6 and June 2015. In July of both 2015 and 2017, small boats were used to access drifting “rotten” ice within ~32 km of 7 Utqiaġvik. Measurements showed that pore space increased as ice temperature increased (-8 °C to 0 °C), ice salinity 8 decreased (10 ppt to 0 ppt), and bulk density decreased (0.9 g cm-3 to 0.6 g cm-3).
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  • Arctic Sea Ice
    The Cryosphere, 13, 775–793, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-775-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Physical and optical characteristics of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice Carie M. Frantz1,2, Bonnie Light1, Samuel M. Farley1, Shelly Carpenter1, Ross Lieblappen3,4, Zoe Courville4, Mónica V. Orellana1,5, and Karen Junge1 1Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA 2Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah 84403, USA 3Department of Science, Vermont Technical College, Randolph, VT 05061, USA 4US Army Engineer Research Development Center – Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 39180, USA 5Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA Correspondence: Bonnie Light ([email protected]) Received: 6 July 2018 – Discussion started: 31 July 2018 Revised: 29 November 2018 – Accepted: 19 December 2018 – Published: 5 March 2019 Abstract. Field investigations of the properties of heavily from those of often-studied summertime ice. If such rotten melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice were carried out on shorefast ice were to become more prevalent in a warmer Arctic with and drifting ice off the coast of Utqiagvik˙ (formerly Bar- longer melt seasons, this could have implications for the ex- row), Alaska, during the melt season. While no formal cri- change of fluid and heat at the ocean surface. teria exist to qualify when ice becomes rotten, the objec- tive of this study was to sample melting ice at the point at which its structural and optical properties are sufficiently ad- vanced beyond the peak of the summer season.
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  • Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters
    Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters Published by: Icebreaking Program, Maritime Services Canadian Coast Guard Fisheries and Oceans Canada Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6 Cat. No. Fs154-31/2012E-PDF ISBN 978-1-100-20610-3 Revised August 2012 ©Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2012 Important Notice – For Copyright and Permission to Reproduce, please refer to: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/notices-avis-eng.htm Note : Cette publication est aussi disponible en français. Cover photo: CCGS Henry Larsen in Petermann Fjord, Greenland, by ice island in August 2012. Canadian Coast Guard Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters Record of Amendments RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO ICE NAVIGATION IN CANADIAN WATERS (2012 VERSION) FROM MONTHLY NOTICES TO MARINERS NOTICES TO INSERTED DATE SUBJECT MARINERS # BY Note: Any inquiries as to the contents of this publication or reports of errors or omissions should be directed to [email protected] Revised August 2012 Page i of 153 Canadian Coast Guard Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters Foreword FOREWORD Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters is published by the Canadian Coast Guard in collaboration with Transport Canada Marine Safety, the Canadian Ice Service of Environment Canada and the Canadian Hydrographic Service of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The publication is intended to assist ships operating in ice in all Canadian waters, including the Arctic. This document will provide Masters and watchkeeping crew of vessels transiting Canadian ice-covered waters with the necessary understanding of the regulations, shipping support services, hazards and navigation techniques in ice. Chapter 1, Icebreaking and Shipping Support Services, pertains to operational considerations, such as communications and reporting requirements as well as ice advisories and icebreaker support within Canadian waters.
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  • Arctic Marine Phototrophic Systems: Functions of Sea Ice Stabilization S
    ARCTIC VOL. 38, NO. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1985) P. 167-173 Arctic Marine Phototrophic Systems: Functions of Sea Ice Stabilization S. APOLLONIO’ ABSTRACT. A forgottennineteenth-century report provides evidence thatthere are twofloras, not one,on thebottom of arcticsea ice, distinguishable in time, speciescomposition, and, perhaps,nutrient condition. A halocline flora isalso noted from recent studiesthat is analogous in habitat to the ice floras.Thus at least three separate autotrophicsystems augment phytoplankton production in arcticseas. These augmenting systems seem to be a function of stability provided by sea ice. Key words: sea ice, ice algae, phytoplankton, halocline flora, ecosystem stability RESUME. Un rapport oublid du 19e sibcle fournit la preuve qu’il existe deux flores, et non pas un seule, au-dessous de la glace marine arctique, et que les deux peuvent Stre distinguds quant it leur Pge, leur composition par esp&ceset parfois, leur condition nutritive. Une flore halocline dont I’habitat est analogue it la flore glaciale est aussi signal6eB partir d’dtudes r6centes.Donc, au moins trois systkmes autotrophes distincts augmentent la production de phytoplancton dans les mers arctiques. Ces systkmes en pleine croissance semblent rdsulter de la stabilitd assurde par la glace marine. Mots cl6s: glace marine, algue marine, phytoplancton, flore halocline, stabilitd de 1’6cosystkme Traduit pour le journal par Maurice Guibord. Microalgae in polar sea ice have attracted attention in the last glefield on the Isabel in the summer of 1852, also as part of the 20 years with the publication ofreports by Canadian, Russian, Franklin search efforts. Thus he had much experience with Japanese, and American researchers on algal species composi- arctic phenomena and he was a careful reporter of many of tion, abundance and productivity, adaptations, and trophic them.
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  • State of Circumpolar Walrus Populations Odobenus Rosmarus
    REPORT WWF ARCTIC PROGRAMME State of Circumpolar Walrus Populations Odobenus rosmarus Prepared by Jeff W. Higdon and D. Bruce Stewart Published in May 2018 by the WWF Arctic Programme. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned pub- lisher as copyright holder. Prepared by Jeff W. Higdon1 and D. Bruce Stewart2 3, May 2018 Suggested citation Higdon, J.W., and D.B. Stewart. 2018. State of circumpolar walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) populations. Prepared by Higdon Wildlife Consulting and Arctic Biological Consultants, Winni- peg, MB for WWF Arctic Programme, Ottawa, ON. 100 pp. Acknowledgements Tom Arnbom (WWF Sweden), Mette Frost (WWF Greenland), Kaare Winther Hansen (WWF Denmark), Melanie Lancaster (WWF Canada), Margarita Puhova (WWF Russia), and Clive Tesar (WWF Canada) provided constructive review comments on the manuscript. We thank our external reviewers, Maria Gavrilo (Deputy Director, Russian Arctic National Park), James MacCracken (USFWS) and Mario Acquarone (University of Tromsø) for their many help- ful comments. Helpful information and source material was also provided by Chris Chenier (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources), Chad Jay (United States Geological Survey), Allison McPhee (Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Kenneth Mills (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources), Julie Raymond-Yakoubian (Kawerak Inc.), and Fernando Ugarte (Green- land Institute of Natural Resources). Monique Newton (WWF-Canada) facilitated the work on this report. Rob Stewart (retired - Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada) provided welcome advice, access to his library and permission to use his Foxe Basin haulout photo. Sue Novotny provided layout. Cover image: © Wild Wonders of Europe / Ole Joergen Liodden / WWF Icons: Ed Harrison / Noun Project About WWF Since 1992, WWF’s Arctic Programme has been working with our partners across the Arctic to combat threats to the Arctic and to preserve its rich biodiversity in a sustainable way.
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  • Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivunniuġutiŋit North Slope Iñupiaq to English Dictionary
    Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivunniuġutiŋit North Slope Iñupiaq to English Dictionary Compiled by Edna Ahgeak MacLean Alaska Native Languages Archives University of Alaska Fairbanks 2012 ©2012 Alaska Native Languages Archives, University of Alaska Fairbanks Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data MacLean, Edna Ahgeak, 1944- Iñupiatun Uqaluit Taniktun Sivunniuġutiŋit North Slope Iñupiaq to English Dictionary / compiled by Edna Ahgeak MacLean. Includes bibliographical references and an English wordfinder list. ISBN # 1. Iñupiaq language – Dictionaries – English I. Title Ms., item IN(N)971M2010. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Archive. This work was supported in part jointly by the National Science Foundation (Grant No.?), the President’s Office of the University of Alaska, and the North Slope Borough Assembly through the North Slope Borough History, Language, and Culture Commission. Barrow, Alaska. First Printing 2012?. ? copies. Address correspondence to: Alaska Native Languages Archives University of Alaska PO Box 757680 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 Dedicated To Dr. Michael Krauss In Recognition of his Leadership in the Retention, Maintenance and Preservation of Alaska’s Native Languages Also Dedicated To All Iñupiat For Keeping the Iñupiaq Culture Alive and Vibrant And to my Inspiration and Tutaaluuraq Gwendolyn Sirrouna MacLean APPENDIX 6 Sikukun Taggisit Ice Terms Sixty-five (65) terms for ice are in this list. Sixteen (16) of which are based on the term siku “ice”.
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  • 7,A 10.4 4 7. in the Interest of E-:.,A Wijide Dis- Semination of Eartlh Resources Survey Program Information and Without Liability Jor Any Use Made Thereof."
    rf'Made available yneer ,"AS; sponsorshfp 7,a 10.4 4 7. In the interest of e-:.,a wiJide dis- semination of Eartlh Resources Survey Program information and without liability jor any use made thereof." MAPPING ARCTIC SEA ICE FROM THE EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE by James C. Barnes and Clinton J. Bowley ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 4 TECHNOLOGY, INC. 529 Marrett Road, Lexington, Massachusetts 02173 c(E73-10447) MAPPING ARCTIC SEA ICE FROM N73-20407 THE EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITE (Environmental Research and Technology, {Inc.) 19 p HC $3.00 CSCL 08L Unclas ___ _ _ G3/13 00447 The research described in this paper was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract No. NAS 5-21802. The NASA Scientific Monitor for the contract is Mr. James R. Greaves, of Goddard Space Flight Center. this document may be bttte Studied on mierofife .:.inal phiographyh rBy be purchased lfomm E[i,- '""s.'3 O.ier 0t;i and Dakota Avenue Sioux Fals, SD. 57198 . ABSTRACT This paper surveys the use of the high-resolution, multispectral data from ERTS-1 (Earth Resources Technology Satellite) for mapping Arctic sea ice. Methods for detecting ice and for distinguishing between ice and cloud are discussed, and examples of ERTS data showing ice distributions in northern Hudson Bay, M'Clure Strait, the eastern Beaufort Sea, and the Greenland Sea are presented. The results of the initial analysis of ERTS data indicate that the locations of ice edges and ice concentrations can be accurately mapped, and that considerable information on ice type can be derived through use of the various spectral bands.
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  • Chapter 3. SAR Measurements of Sea Ice
    Chapter 3. SAR Measurements of Sea Ice Robert G. Onstott General Dynamics - Advanced Information Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Robert A. Shuchman Altarum (formerly ERIM), Ann Arbor, MI, USA 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents the fundamentals of active microwave remote sensing of sea ice. It begins with a description of the various sea ice forms and characteristics, explains what type of ice information may be retrieved from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery and concludes by examining a number of typical SAR image examples. Sea ice covers between 11% and 15% of the earth at the Polar Regions. In the Arctic the permanent ice cap exists above 72°N latitude and can extend as far south as the mid-latitudes during the winter. It is important to characterize sea ice because its extent and duration has an effect on the global climate and presents a hazard to shipping. Since the polar regions are dark during at least half the year and are often cloud covered, active microwave sensors including altimeters, scatterometers, real aperture radars (RARs) and synthetic aperture radar (SARs) are the most useful remote sensing instrumentation for these regions. Active microwave sensors are generally unaffected by the atmosphere, solar illumination, or precipitation. When placed on a polar orbiting satellite, these sensors provide reliable and periodic observations of sea ice extent and conditions in the Polar Regions. Since the late 1970s, seasonal investigations in the Arctic during the fall freeze-up, late winter, spring, and summer have been conducted to acquire empirical data that describes the microwave properties of sea ice.
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  • Inuit and Scientific Perspectives on the Relationship Between Sea Ice and Climate Change: the Ideal Complement?
    INUIT AND SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEA ICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE IDEAL COMPLEMENT? GITA J. LAIDLER Department of Geography, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario,L5L 1C6 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Sea ice is influential in regulating energy exchanges between the ocean and the atmosphere, and has figured prominently in scientific studies of climate change and climate feedbacks. However, sea ice is also a vital component of everyday life in Inuit communities of the circumpolar Arctic. Therefore, it is important to understand the links between the potential impacts of climate change on Arctic sea ice extent, distribution, and thickness as well as the related consequences for northern coastal populations. This paper explores the relationship between sea ice and climate change from both scientific and Inuit perspectives. Based on an overview of diverse literature the experiences, methods, and goals which differentiate local and scientific sea ice knowledge are examined. These efforts are considered essential background upon which to develop more accurate assessments of community vulnerability to climate, and resulting sea ice, change. Inuit and scientific perspectives may indeed be the ideal complement when investigating the links between sea ice and climate change, but effective and appropriate conceptual bridges need to be built between the two types of expertise. The complementary nature of these knowledge systems may only be realized, in a practical sense, if significant effort is expended to: (i) understand sea ice from both Inuit and scientific perspectives, along with their underlying differences; (ii) investigate common interests or concerns; (iii) establish meaningful and reciprocal research partnerships with Inuit communities; (iv) engage in, and improve, collaborative research methods; and, (v) maintain ongoing dialogue.
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  • PRECEDIETG PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED Role
    Paper M 14 USE OF ERTS DATA FOR MAPPING ARCTIC SEA ICE James C. Barnes and Clinton J. Bowley, Environmental Research and Technology, Inc., 429 Marrett Road, Lexington, Massachusetts 021 73 ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the application of ERTS data for detecting and mapping Arctic sea ice. The specific objectives are to determine the spectral bands most suitable for detecting ice, to measure the scale and types of ice features that can be detected, and to develop interpretive techniques for differentiating ice from clouds and for mapping ice concentrations. The ERTS data are being analyzed primarily for three Arctic areas, the eastern Beaufort Sea, Baffin Bay, and the Greenland Sea. 1. INTRODUCTION Extensive further study of the Arctic sea ice is essential for both economic and scientific purposes. Of particular national interest is the economic development of Arctic Alaska. Regardless of the course of this development and the eventual decision affecting oil transport, economic exp’loitation will require increased shipping in Arctic waters, demanding increasingly accurate ice-condition forecasts. The increasing scientific interest in sea ice is demonstrated by the recent formation of Project AIDJEX, the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experi- ment, the purpose of which is to gain a quantitative understanding of the interaction between the fields of motion of the atmosphere, the pack ice, and the liquid ocean (Division of Marine Resources, 1970). Several scien- tists have pointed out that because of the critical effect of sea ice on the heat balance of the Arctic, the amount of ice may be an important and possibly a key factor in the climate of the northern hemisphere (Fletcher, 1966; Maykut and Untersteiner, 1969; and Committee on Polar Research, 1970).
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  • Physical and Optical Characteristics of Heavily Melted “Rotten” Arctic Sea Ice
    The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-141 Manuscript under review for journal The Cryosphere Discussion started: 31 July 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Physical and optical characteristics of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice Carie M. Frantz1,2, Bonnie Light1, Samuel M. Farley1, Shelly Carpenter1, Ross Lieblappen3,4, Zoe Courville4, Mónica V. Orellana1,5, and Karen Junge1 1Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105 USA 2Department of Geosciences, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84403 USA 3Vermont Technical College, Randolph, VT, 05061 USA 4US Army Engineer Research Development Center - Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, 39180 USA 5Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, 98109 USA Correspondence to: Bonnie Light ([email protected]) 1 Abstract. Field investigations of the properties of heavily melted “rotten” Arctic sea ice were carried out on shorefast and drifting 2 ice off the coast of Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska during the melt season. While no formal criteria exist to qualify when ice 3 becomes “rotten”, the objective of this study was to sample melting ice at the point where its structural and optical properties are 4 sufficiently advanced beyond the peak of the summer season. Baseline data on the physical (temperature, salinity, density, 5 microstructure) and optical (light scattering) properties of shorefast ice were recorded in May and June 2015. In July of both 2015 6 and 2017, small boats were used to access drifting “rotten” ice within ~32 km of Utqiaġvik. Measurements showed that pore space 7 increased as ice temperature increased (-8 °C to 0 °C), ice salinity decreased (10 ppt to 0 ppt), and bulk density decreased (0.9 g 8 cm-3 to 0.6 g cm-3).
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