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El Sector De Automoción Y De Sus Componentes En India

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El Sector De Automoción Y De Sus Componentes En India Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai El mercado de Automoción y riales de sus o componentes en India Notas Notas Sect 1 les El mercado de a Automoción y de sus com- ponentes en India Esta nota ha sido elaborada por David Otero Bea ba- jo la supervisión de la Oficina Económica y Comer- cial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai Enero, 2009 Notas Notas Sectori 2 EL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN Y DE SUS COMPONENTES EN INDIA ÍNDICE I. INTRODUCCIÓN 555 II.II.II. PANORÁMICA DEL SECTSECTOROR DE AUTOMOCIÓN EN INDIA 111111 1. HISTORIA DEL SECTOR EN INDIA 11 2. CONTEXTO INTERNACIONAL 14 III. DELIMITACIÓN Y CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL SECTOR Y SUBSESUBSECTORESCTORES RELACIONADOS. 151515 IV. ESTRUCTURA DEL SSECTORECTOR 202020 1. ESQUEMA GLOBAL DEL SECTOR. 20 2. PRINCIPALES ASOCIACIONES INDIAS DEL SECTOR. 21 3. COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOCIÓN. 22 V.V.V. ANÁLISIS DEL SECTOR 252525 1. INDUSTRIA DEL AUTOMÓVIL. 25 2. INDUSTRIA DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOCIÓN. 30 VI.VI.VI. OFERTA 343434 1. INDUSTRIA DEL AUTOMÓVIL. 34 2. INDUSTRIA DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOCIÓN. 52 3. LOCALIZACIÓN 59 VII. FACTORES DE CRECRECIMIENTOCIMIENTO DEL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN EN ININDIA.DIA. 616161 1. AUMENTO DEL GRADO DE URBANIZACIÓN. 61 2. INCREMENTO DE LA CAPACIDAD ADQUISITIVA DE LAS FAMILIAS. 62 3. FACILIDAD DE ACCESO A FINANCIACIÓN. 63 VIII. ANÁLISIS CUALITATIVCUALITATIVOO DE LA DEMANDADEMANDA.... 646464 1. DEMANDA DE VEHÍCULOs 64 2. DEMANDA DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOCIÓN. 74 IX. ANÁLISIS DE COSTCOSTES.ES. 818181 1. ESTRUCTURA DE COSTES DE LOS FABRICANTES. 81 2. COSTES LABORALES. 82 Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai 3 EL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN Y DE SUS COMPONENTES EN INDIA 3. AUTOMATIZACIÓN. 84 4. REDUCCIÓN DE LOS MÁRGENES DE BENEFICIO. 84 5. PRECIO FINAL DE UN VEHÍCULO. 86 X. ANEXOS. 888888 1. EMPRESAS FABRICANTES DE AUTOMÓVILES. 88 2. EMPRESAS DE COMPONENTES DE AUTOMOCIÓN. 90 3. PUBLICACIONES DEL SECTOR. 97 4. ASOCIACIONES. 98 Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai 4 EL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN Y DE SUS COMPONENTES EN INDIA I. INTRODUCCIÓN El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la situación actual del mercado indio, tanto de fabri- cantes como de componentes de automoción, así como sus perspectivas a corto y medio plazo, con el objetivo de identificar las oportunidades que el sector puede ofrecer a los fabri- cantes españoles. Los últimos años y, especialmente, la actual recesión de la economía a nivel global ha hecho aflorar el problema endémico de sobrecapacidad que presenta la industria automovilística en los mercados maduros. Ante el estancamiento de los mercados europeo y estadounidense, todas las multinacionales del sector han centrado sus esfuerzos en los mercados emergen- tes que tienen mayor potencial. En este sentido, India representa una gran oportunidad para las empresas fabricantes de automóviles, convencidas de que el país no tardará mucho en dar el salto de las dos a las cuatro ruedas. Y lo que es válido para los fabricantes de automóviles lo es también para la industria auxiliar. De hecho, la India es, actualmente, el mercado de mayor crecimiento automovilístico del mundo, con un crecimiento del 100% de ventas de coches en los últimos 5 años. Más de cincuenta nuevos modelos han salido al mercado en los últimos doce meses. Varios factores clave han facilitado este hecho, entre ellos, los más destacados, han sido: -El gran crecimiento del PIB. Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai 5 EL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN Y DE SUS COMPONENTES EN INDIA -La gran extensión del país, que hace susceptible la necesidad de un adecuado sistema de transporte. -El desarrollo de las carreteras, especialmente con el proyecto denominado “cuadrilátero do- rado” por el cual se conectará Delhi, Kolkata (Calcuta), Chennai (Madrás) y Mumbai (Bom- bay). -El aumento de beneficios disponibles provenientes de los sectores de servicios y agricultu- ra. -El acceso a formas de financiación de forma más sencilla y barata (reducción en los tipos de intereses). -La renovación de los vehículos de cuatro ruedas. -El concepto de 2º vehículo en las zonas rurales. La industria automovilística india viene registrando unos excelentes resultados desde el año 2001, con una tasa compuesta de crecimiento anual de en torno al 14%-15% (13,57% en 2006-2007), alcanzando en 2006-2007 las 11.065.000 unidades. Este sector representa un éxito en la transición de un régimen proteccionista a una industria competitiva en un contex- to globalizado. La contribución de la industria del automóvil al PIB del país ha pasado de su- poner el 2,77% en 1992 - 93 a constituir el 5,5% en 2007-08. Los resultados, en términos de exportaciones, están siendo muy positivos. Las exportacio- nes representaron en 2006-2007 alrededor de un 9% de la producción total, representando éstas sólo un 2,9% en 1999-2000, con una tasa de crecimiento del 25,43% en ese año fiscal con respecto al año anterior, hasta sobrepasar la barrera del millón de unidades (alcanzán- dose exactamente la cifra de exportación de 1.011.000 unidades). Este dato de crecimiento de las exportaciones es muy significativo y viene a indicar que el papel que parecía destina- do a China como exportador de coches baratos parece finalmente abocado a estar compar- tido con la India. El sector está dominado por los vehículos de dos ruedas (77,73% de la producción), segui- dos de los vehículos de pasajeros (13,65%), vehículos de tres ruedas (4,00%) y los vehículos industriales (4,63%). Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai 6 EL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN Y DE SUS COMPONENTES EN INDIA Finalmente, destaca también el importante crecimiento de la industria de componentes de automoción, hasta alcanzar la cifra de negocio de 15.000 millones de dólares en 2006-2007, desde 3.100 millones en 1997-1998. Existe un importante potencial como consecuencia de las actividades de outsorcing de los gigantes del sector. Entre las ventajas competitivas que India ofrece destacan los costes. Desde la mano de obra cualificada, un 20%-30% más barata que en Europa o Estados Unidos, hasta los costes de fundición o forjado que suponen ahorros de entre un 25%-30% con respecto a los países desarrollados. Además de estas ventajas competitivas, tanto de costes de producción como de mano de obra, la industria del automóvil india también destaca por contar con una cade- na de producción altamente eficiente y adaptada a los rigurosos criterios de calidad exigidos por los principales fabricantes de automóviles a sus proveedores de componentes. En este sentido, hay que destacar el hecho de que en la última década la mayor parte de las empre- sas de la industria auxiliar han adoptado todos los estándares mundiales de calidad relacio- nados con el sector del automóvil (ISO 9000; TS 16949; QS 9000; ISO 14001; etc). De este modo, India se ha convertido en los últimos años en un centro de outsourcing para grandes fabricantes internacionales como Ford, General Motors, Fiat, Volskwagen o Toyota, entre otras. La India es, actualmente, además, uno de los países del mundo con mayor perspectiva de crecimiento en ventas de automóviles y, por ello, muchos fabricantes no quieren dejar pasar el enorme potencial que presenta. Esto representa una gran oportunidad para la industria auxiliar de automoción española, si bien, por razones de distancia y costes logísticos, difí- cilmente desde las plantas españolas se podrá suministrar al mercado indio por lo que las posibilidades de entrada al mercado pasan principalmente por la implantación productiva. Empresas multinacionales españolas como Ficosa, Grupo Antolín, Kinder Industrial, Miju S.A., Irizar, Walter Pack, Gestamp Servicios y Applus+IDIADA han sabido implantarse en el mercado indio, solos o a través de joint ventures con socios locales y, a día de hoy, están consolidadas como grandes proveedores de Fabricantes de Equipamiento Original, tanto extranjeros como indios. No obstante, el mercado indio sigue ofreciendo grandes oportuni- Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Mumbai 7 EL MERCADO DE AUTOMOCIÓN Y DE SUS COMPONENTES EN INDIA dades de negocio para empresas españolas. Un claro ejemplo es el caso de la reciente ad- quisición parcial de Tata AutoComp Systems (TACO) por parte de la española Corporación Gestamp. Existen, por lo tanto, actualmente, grandes oportunidades de negocio en India, teniendo en cuenta los siguientes factores: India es un país intensivo en manufactura de componentes metálicos: fundición, forja y estampado India es un país intensivo en mano de obra: maquinaria, cableado y componentes eléctricos. Gran demanda de componentes “Hi-Tech”: Ej. Motores de inyección eléctrica. El país posee un potencial de inversión de USD 5000 millones. Es cierto, no obstante, que durante el año 2008 el mercado automovilístico indio está mos- trando un enfriamiento de su industria causado por un descenso de las ventas domésticas; motivadas éstas por diferentes factores, entre ellos, principalmente, la crisis financiera glo- bal que está afectando muy especialmente a los grandes fabricantes de automóviles. En todo caso, el sector del automóvil ha sido identificado por parte del Gobierno indio y las principales fuerzas de la industria 1 como uno de los sectores con mayor potencial para au- mentar la participación del sector secundario en el PIB del país, las exportaciones y el em- pleo por su efecto multiplicador sobre otras industrias tanto primarias (siderurgia, metales, aluminio, cobre, plásticos, pinturas, cristales, electrónica, etc) como de servicios (logística, distribución, marketing, mantenimiento de vehículos, seguro de automóvil, préstamos banca- rios, etc) Las políticas favorables establecidas por el gobierno de India se han convertido en el princi- pal impulsor de esta industria. A través del Ministerio de Industria Pesada y Empresas Públi- 1 Entre otros: el Development Council of Automobile Industries, la Planning Commission, o la National Manufacturing Competitiviness Council and Investment Commission.
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