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British Emigration Policy, Irish Violence, and Immigrant Reception in Upper Canada Laura J

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British Emigration Policy, Irish Violence, and Immigrant Reception in Upper Canada Laura J Document generated on 09/26/2021 4 a.m. Ontario History The Ballygiblins British Emigration Policy, Irish Violence, and Immigrant Reception in Upper Canada Laura J. Smith Volume 108, Number 1, Spring 2016 Article abstract Drawing on interpretations and reactions to the violence of the 1824 URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1050609ar Ballygiblin riot in the Bathurst District of Upper Canada, this article examines DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1050609ar the local reception of assisted Irish Catholic immigrants to the region. In their reaction to the new arrivals, Bathurst District residents demonstrated the See table of contents extent to which local priorities for settlement were at odds with that of British emigration policy. The reception of the Irish was conditioned by the legacy of the so-called “old world” in real and expected patterns of violence; by a local Publisher(s) culture that prized loyalty, Protestantism, and pioneer manhood; and by the immediate context of British emigration policy and the process by which that The Ontario Historical Society policy was applied, interpreted, and experienced. ISSN 0030-2953 (print) 2371-4654 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Smith, L. J. (2016). The Ballygiblins: British Emigration Policy, Irish Violence, and Immigrant Reception in Upper Canada. Ontario History, 108(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.7202/1050609ar Copyright © The Ontario Historical Society, 2016 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ the ballygiblins The Ballygiblins British Emigration Policy, Irish Violence, and Immigrant Reception in Upper Canada* by Laura J. Smith n May 1824 sub- scribers of the Mon- Abstract read dis- treal Herald Drawing on interpretations and reactions to the violence of Iturbing reports of riots the 1824 Ballygiblin riot in the Bathurst District of Up- in the Bathurst District per Canada, this article examines the local reception of of eastern Upper Cana- assisted Irish Catholic immigrants to the region. In their da. Recently arrived Irish reaction to the new arrivals, Bathurst District residents demonstrated the extent to which local priorities for settle- immigrants, who called ment were at odds with that of British emigration policy. themselves “The Bally- The reception of the Irish was conditioned by the legacy of giblins,” were reported to the so-called “old world” in real and expected patterns of have viciously and sense- violence; by a local culture that prized loyalty, Protestant- ism, and pioneer manhood; and by the immediate con- lessly attacked a local tav- text of British emigration policy and the process by which ern following the annual that policy was applied, interpreted, and experienced. militia muster and had continued to terrorize Résumé: En se basant sur les réactions à la violence des the peaceable settlers of émeutes de Ballygiblin de 1824, cet article examine la ré- ception des immigrants catholiques irlandais par la popula- the area in the days that tion locale dans le district de Bathurst du Haut-Canada. À followed. The immi- travers leur réaction aux nouveaux arrivés, les résidents du grants were said to meet district de Bathurst ont démontré à quel point les priorités “authority with defi- locales de colonisation allaient à l’encontre des programmes d’émigration britanniques. La réception des Irlandais avait ance.” Only the vigilance été conditionnée par les préjugés du « vieux monde » sur and “judicious zeal” of an la menace imminente des tendances à la violence, par une armed force of local vol- culture locale qui prisait la loyauté, le Protestantisme et unteers was able to sub- la virilité pionnière, aussi bien que par l’interprétation et due the riotous Irish and l’application de la politique d’émigration britannique.. ensure the side of civil- *The author is grateful for the invaluable guidance of Mark McGowan, Jane Errington, and Franca Iacov- etta who each read earlier versions of this work. Brandon Corcoran, Elizabeth Jewett, Julia Rady-Shaw, and Michael Wilcox also provided much needed support and criticism. Ontario History / Volume CVIII, No. 1 / Spring 2016 ONTARIO HISTORY ity and order had ultimately triumphed. Marshall’s sentiments and enclosed dep- A gun-fight at a depot at which the im- ositions from witnesses describing the migrants were known to congregate had senseless violence and intimidation en- resulted in nineteen rioters arrested, two acted by the immigrants. Their evidence injured and one killed. Concluding the indicated the scope and senselessness account, the Herald expressed the wish of the Irish brutality and the extent to that the unhappy events of the Ballygiblin which their presence was a disruption to riot did not represent the transportation the natural orderly progress of the settle- to Upper Canada of those “permanent ment. Magistrates feared for the effect of political feelings incident to a great pro- the Irish-led chaos on the industrious lo- portion of Irish Emigrants” and hoped cal farmer: “the peaceable inhabitant is in that the events had been nothing more terror of his life, and at this busy season of than a “momentary ebullition,” that, fol- the year when the farmer should be pro- lowing the intercession of the authorities, viding for his family, he is compelled to had been “quashed forever.”1 abandon his house and seek for refuge in The reports in the Herald as well as the woods (as an outlaw) for the preser- letters from local authorities to colonial vation of his life.” The Irish would never officials make it clear that the predomi- be reconciled to the orderly workings of nantly British residents of the Bathurst colonial life, they argued, and only a mil- District were united in their disdain for itary force stationed in the vicinity could these Irish immigrants and their behav- restore peace and confidence to the area’s iour. A concerted campaign was mount- industrious farmers.3 ed in the days following the incident to The Irish immigrants in question had represent them as unsuited to the settle- been sponsored by the British govern- ment, counter to prevailing values and ment the previous summer from County codes of order, and tied irrationally and Cork in southern Ireland in an assisted dangerously to patterns of behaviour that emigration experiment superintended by had apparently been transplanted from an Upper Canadian bureaucrat named Pe- Ireland. Local businessman and magis- ter Robinson.4 Conceived as a measure to trate William Marshall complained that relieve the “surplus” population of north the Irish immigrants were “little better County Cork, the scheme saw Robinson than banditti.”2 In letters to the Lieuten- select and transport approximately 550, ant Governor other magistrates echoed primarily Catholic immigrants to the 1 The preceding is drawn from three reports in theMontreal Herald, 5, 12 and 15 May 1824. 2 Library and Archives Canada (hereafter LAC), Manuscript Group (hereafter MG) 11, Colonial Of- fice (hereafter CO) 42/373, microfilm reel B- 153, William Marshall to Lord Dalhousie, 5 May 1824. 3 LAC, MG 11, CO 42/373, reel B- 305, Thom et al to Major Hillier, 4 May 1824; CO 42/200, reel B-153, Sheriff J. Powell et al to Major Hillier, 4 May 1824. 4 Robinson was the brother of Attorney General John Beverley Robinson. The latter had apparently recommended his older brother for the job while in London in the spring of 1823. the ballygiblins Bathurst District in 1823.5 It is perhaps well-assisted Irish immigrants.7 because of the imperial backing of the Drawing on Fitzgibbon’s report, as migration and settlement of the Irish, and well as local, colonial, and imperial inter- plans to repeat the assisted emigration at pretations of the riot and the implicated a larger scale within the year, that colonial immigrants, this article argues that the officials at York were reluctant to accede reception of the assisted Irish immigrants to local requests for a military interven- in the Bathurst District was conditioned tion. Instead of soldiers, Lieutenant-Gov- both by the legacy of the “old world” in ernor Sir Peregrine Maitland dispatched real and expected patterns of violence, Colonel James Fitzgibbon, the Adjunct but also by the immediate context of Brit- General of the Upper Canadian militia to ish emigration policy and the process by the Bathurst District to investigate.6 which that policy was applied, interpret- Colonel Fitzgibbon’s investigation ed, and experienced. In their reaction to produced a series of depositions that de- Irish violence, their petitions for military scribed a settlement split along national assistance, and in the judicial aftermath, and religious lines. As we shall see, the the residents of the Bathurst District “old” settlers of the region were them- demonstrated the extent to which local selves relatively recent arrivals in the priorities for settlement were at odds with Bathurst District. Of predominantly Irish the premises and goals of the British emi- and Scottish Protestant origin, the British gration policy responsible for the new ar- government had also subsidized these set- rivals in their midst. As we shall see, the tlers’ migration and settlement. Fitzgib- events of the so-called “Ballygiblin Riot” bon essentially absolved the Irish settlers were as much about a local community of wrongdoing. He argued that the events expressing its opposition to new arrivals in of the riot were indicative of a breakdown their midst as it was about anti-social be- in local authority that had failed to con- haviour on the part of those immigrants.
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