An Aranda, German, Loritja and Dieri to English Dictionary with Introductory Essays

CARL STREHLOW’S 1909 COMPARATIVE HERITAGE DICTIONARY AN ARANDA, GERMAN, LORITJA AND DIERI TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY WITH INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS

Transcribed and translated from the German by Anna Kenny Translated from Aranda and Loritja to English by the Inkamala families and members of the Western Aranda community

MONOGRAPHS IN ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760462062 ISBN (online): 9781760462079 WorldCat (print): 1047957658 WorldCat (online): 1047957556 DOI: 10.22459/CSCHD.08.2018 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).

CENTRAL LAND COUNCIL Contents

Disclaimer...... vii Abbreviations...... ix Foreword...... xi Nicolas Peterson Preface and acknowledgements...... xiii Contributors...... xix 1 . A heritage dictionary...... 1 Anna Kenny 2 . Working on the dictionary...... 15 Rhonda Inkamala 3 . Rella nunaka inguia—our old people...... 23 Mark Inkamala 4 . The unpublished manuscript ...... 35 Anna Kenny 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description: Present value and future potential...... 63 John Henderson 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary...... 101 David Moore References...... 131

Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary 141

Select index...... 371

Disclaimer

This dictionary is a listing of words that the old people of the former Hermannsburg mission put down on paper at the turn of the twentieth century. For cultural reasons, the descendants of these old Aranda and Loritja [Luritja] people have taken out culturally sensitive words so that any Aboriginal people can read it. The handwritten manuscript of this dictionary is held at the Strehlow Research Centre in Alice Springs. Researchers who would like to access it for research purposes can make an application to the Strehlow Research Centre. While every effort has been made to transcribe the handwritten dictionary manuscript accurately, some errors may have occurred, because in some instances the handwriting in German Kurrentschrift and in Stolze stenography is not clear enough to be completely certain about the transcription. In these instances, the note [unclear] has been added. Another obstacle to the editing of this resource was Carl Strehlow’s spelling, because it did not always provide an accurate pronunciation and made some words unrecognisable. Thus, there is a small possibility that a very few sensitive terms have been included by accident.

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Abbreviations

CS Carl Strehlow FRM Finke River Mission IAD Institute for Aboriginal Development IPA International Phonetic Alphabet LAA Lutheran Archives in Adelaide SRC Strehlow Research Centre

Foreword Nicolas Peterson

An excellent heritage dictionary is a cultural foundation stone for any people. This translation of Lutheran missionary Carl Strehlow’s previously unpublished comparative Aranda–Luritja dictionary from German into English is one such dictionary. Building on the work of A.H. Kempe, his predecessor at the Hermannsburg mission, Carl Strehlow had over 7,600 entries at the time of his death in 1922, making it by far the largest dictionary for any Aboriginal language up until the present. It was a comparative dictionary because he wanted to show that Aranda and Luritja were two distinct languages, although the people were neighbours. The enormously painstaking work of transcribing the original manuscript handwritten in four languages, Aranda, Luritja, German and some Dieri, as well as sections in an old form of German shorthand, has been carried out by Dr Anna Kenny. As a native German speaker, she has also translated Carl Strehlow’s German glosses into English, checking many of the translations in close collaboration with people whose mother tongue is Aranda and/or Luritja, in particular Rhonda Inkamala and her parents the late Davie Inkamala and Trudy Inkamala. To introduce the dictionary, Anna Kenny has included six preliminary chapters. She provides an introductory background to the dictionary, and a separate detailed account of the manuscript’s complex history. Rhonda Inkamala writes about working on the dictionary and Mark Inkamala provides short biographical sketches of the men who helped Carl Strehlow with learning the language and about Aranda culture. Two further chapters by Dr John Henderson and David Moore, both linguists, spell out in an accessible way many of the complexities involved in any dictionary making, as illustrated by this dictionary. John Henderson shows what important grammatical and other information can be provided by

xi Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

analysing the organisation of the dictionary, the placement of words, and the many choices that Carl Strehlow made in compiling it, while David Moore sets out the fascinating challenges involved in settling on an orthography to represent the sounds in the Aranda language. Dictionaries are consulted, not read. One reason for consulting this dictionary is as a baseline against which language and linguistic change can be explored. Because it is available electronically, as well as in hard copy, it opens the way to easy comparison with present day Aranda and Luritja as well as other kinds of work. An ideal heritage dictionary, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, is one based on historical principles— that is, besides showing the spelling and meaning of words, it provides their history or biography. Uniquely, this dictionary opens the way for such a historical Aranda–Luritja dictionary. Carl Strehlow collected many and lengthy texts, which when combined with those collected by his son, T.G.H. Strehlow, make it possible for a future Aranda and/or Luritja scholar to quarry this corpus and expand this heritage dictionary to provide exemplary sentences that illustrate usage at known periods in time. It may be many years before this happens but I have no doubt it will. When this dictionary is added to the seven volumes of Carl Strehlow’s ethnography, the work of Sir Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen, of T.G.H. Strehlow, of Olive Pink, of Diane Austin-Broos, of John Morton, and other work by Anna Kenny, not to mention the fund of historical information from the mission post-1877, Aranda people have a uniquely rich written record of aspects of their cultural heritage for future generations.

xii Preface and acknowledgements

I came to the idea of transcribing, translating and publishing Carl Strehlow’s handwritten Aranda, Loritja [Luritja], German and Dieri dictionary manuscript into English during my PhD research. But having started on what I thought was a straightforward task I realised that some of my translations from German to English required the original Aranda and Loritja to German translation to be checked by Aranda and Luritja speakers and so I approached members of the Aranda/Luritja community to work at points where there appeared to be some doubt about the original translation into German. Without the enthusiastic support of Western Aranda people, the publication of this unique document would not have been possible. I thank the members of the Inkamala, Malbunka, Rontji, Katakarinja, Williams, Kenny, Lechleitner, Kantawarra, Ratara, Armstrong, Raggett, Ebatarinja, Pareroultja, Impu, Rubuntja, Renkeraka, Wheeler, Ungwanaka, Mack, McCormack, Pepperill, Kentilja, Moketarintja and Abbott families for their involvement in this project over the years. Davie Inkamala (1 January 1935 – 11 September 2013) was one of the main contributors to the discussion about my translations of the German glosses into English. He, his wife Trudi Inkamala and his daughters Rhonda and Jennifer Inkamala, who live at Kwale Kwale on the Iwupataka Land Trust in central Australia, have always believed that it is of paramount importance for Aranda and Luritja people to maintain their languages, and to keep their cultures strong, and have dedicated much of their time to doing so.

xiii Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Figure 1: Davie Inkamala, Trudy Inkamala, Rhonda Inkamala and Anna Kenny at Kwale Kwale, 2013. Source: Shane Mulcahy .

The research supporting the translation of this dictionary and checking it with Aranda and Luritja speakers has been funded by Australian Research Council Linkage grant (LP110200803) ‘Rescuing Carl Strehlow’s Indigenous cultural heritage legacy: The neglected German tradition of Arandic ethnography’. This grant was a collaborative project between the Central Land Council and the Strehlow Research Centre, both in Alice Springs, and the providers of generous industry partner funding, the University of Western Australia and The Australian National University. The project had several aims. The principal aim was to transcribe, translate and publish the 7,600 word Aranda and Luritja dictionary compiled between 1894 and 1922 by Lutheran missionary Carl Strehlow at Hermannsburg Mission west of Alice Springs. The grant provided a postdoctoral fellowship for me to work on transcribing and translating the 7,600-word dictionary from the original handwritten manuscript, which is in three Aboriginal languages, Aranda, Luritja and Dieri, as well as German, of which only sections have been available in the past. I received careful guidance and advice on dictionary construction from Dr John Henderson of the University of Western Australia, who has also contributed in two chapters of this publication on the linguistic aspects of the dictionary, and also formatted the dictionary. A further chapter on the complexities surrounding the Mission Orthography has been provided by David Moore.

xiv Preface and acknowledgements

A second objective was to make better known the unpublished seven- volume ethnography on the Aranda by Carl Strehlow that has not been published in English because of the amount of restricted information it contains. This has been achieved by the publication of The Aranda’s Pepa: An Introduction to Carl Strehlow’s masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907–1920) (Kenny 2013) which discusses the distinctive and interesting findings of Carl Strehlow. Part of this investigation of his ethnography has involved Mr Michael Cawthorn, formerly the director of the Strehlow Research Centre, and Ms Helen Wilmot of the Central Land Council working on T.G.H. Strehlow’s genealogical material. The third aim was to bring together scholars to explore the significance of German ethnography in Australia, particularly, but not only, in relation to native title claims. A volume called German Ethnography in Australia (2017), edited by Nicolas Peterson and Anna Kenny, has been published, based on a conference held on this theme in June 2015. The Central Land Council under Director David Ross has been enormously supportive of the project, and without Brian Connelly’s day-to-day support, and the help received from him and Helen Wilmot in working through issues of orthography, the project could not have been realised. Thanks go also to Marieke Kijne and Sue Ellison for organising meetings in April 2017 and Hugh Round at the Central Land Council for mapping Carl Strehlow’s sites. Michael Cawthorn initiated the involvement of the Strehlow Research Centre, and Adam Macfie, Felicity Green and Graham Shaughnessy continued their support at the Strehlow Research Centre by facilitating access to archival materials, sourcing and dating historical photographs and organising meetings with Aranda people at the Strehlow Research Centre. Thanks to Shane Mulcahy for supplying photographs and manipulations of images and to Roisin Mulcahy for her assistance with the initial transcription. I am also very grateful to Geoff Hunt who meticulously checked the scientific names of flora and fauna, which has allowed an update of some of the Latin names of important plants and animals of central Australia. At the Finke River Mission, thanks are due to Garry Stoll who years ago expressed the need for the dictionary’s publication, and Robert Borgas who provided source materials. I thank Anthony Bell and Edward Rontji at the Hermannsburg Office of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet for facilitating meeting with the Wurla Nyinta Local Reference Group; Frau Rosemarie Hänsel of the Stenographic Collection in Dresden and Frau Kathrin Schmiedel of

xv Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

the Nationalbibliothek in Leipzig for providing access to rare and unique manuscripts. I also thank Gavan Breen, John Morton, Margaret Carew, David Price, Jenny Green and Myfany Turpin for their ongoing support of this project, as well as the anonymous reviewers of the draft manuscript of this publication. I thank the Wurla Nyinta Local Reference Group and Craig DeRossignol and the Tjuwanpa Rangers at Hermannsburg for their assistance in organising meetings.

Figure 2: Western Aranda people who attended discussions about the dictionary at Hermannsburg on Thursday 6 April 2017. Back row: Wayne Armstrong, Voight Ratara, Trudy Raggett, Beth Inkamala, Hayley Coulthard and Lewis Campbell . Front row: Noel Pareroultja, Ivy Pareroultja, June Campbell, Anita Ratara, Galvin Raggett, Hubert Pareroultja, Graham Ebatarinja and Mark Inkamala . Source: Anna Kenny, Alice Springs .

Special thanks go to the Aranda people who attended and discussed the dictionary and accompanying map at the many Hermannsburg and Alice Springs community meetings between 2012 and 2017. Thanks to Baydon Kantjira, Edward Rontji, Conrad Ratara, Nicholas Williams, Lionel Inkamala, Sonya Braybon, Graham Ebatarinja, Patrick Oliver, Mervin Raggett, Renita Kantawarra, Que Kenny, Helen Stuart, Marion Swift, Pastor Markus Wheeler, Betty Wheeler, Craig Ebatarinja, Trudi Inkamala, Rhonda Inkamala, Jennifer Inkamala, Brenda Inkamala, Anita Ratara, Mark Inkamala, Mildred Inkamala, Carl Inkamala, Edward Rontji, Lily Roennfeldt, Kim Malbunka, Mona Kantawarra, Rex Pareroultja, Chistobelle Swan, Auriel Swan, Beth Inkamala, Regina Inkamala, Clara xvi Preface and acknowledgements

Inkamala, Noreen Hudson, Lenie Namatjira, Vanessa Inkamala, Kathleen Inkamala, Hetti Meneri, Gloria McCormack, Elfrieda Ungwanaka, Fabian Raggett, Christopher Ungwanaka, August Ebatarinja, Daryl Kantawarra (junior), Henry Impu, Ellis Malbunka, Benice Meneri, Bronwyn Lankin, Tanya Malbunka, Diane Ebatarinja, Mervin Raggatt, Malcolm Kenny, Ada Lechleitner, Mavis Malbunka, Serena Williams, Mark Malbunka, Bronwyn Lankin, Tania Malbunka, Dianne Ebatarinja, Augustine Malbunka, Malcolm Kenny, Jean Mack, June Campbell, Rosa Pareroultja, Trudy Raggett, Ivy Pareroultja, Drusilla Pareroultja, Rosa Moketarinja, Hubert Pareroultja, Wayne Armstrong, Hayley Coulthard, Noel Pareroultja and Raymond Ebatarinja. Anna Kenny 27 July 2018

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Contributors

Dr John Henderson is a researcher in Linguistics at the University of Western Australia. His research focuses on Australian Indigenous languages, and in addition to the present project he has conducted research on Eastern and Central Arrernte, Pertame (Southern Arrernte), dialects of the Western Desert language, Ngatju and Mirning, Noongar, and Pilbara languages. He has a special interest in lexicography, and is a co-compiler (with Veronica Dobson) of the Eastern and Central Arrernte to English Dictionary (1994). He also has interests in Indigenous language education, interpreting and translation, and language in native title. Mark Inkamala is a senior Western Aranda man. He grew up on Western Aranda country where he still lives and is active with cultural heritage projects. He has a real passion for preserving the language as well as traditions and customs of his people. He has worked as a research officer at the Strehlow Research Centre and is often employed as a cultural adviser to the Central Land Council and other organisations in central Australia. Rhonda Inkamala is a senior Western Aranda woman. She is a speaker of Western Aranda, Luritja and Pitjantjatjara and understands other Arandic and Western Desert dialects. She also reads and writes in these languages and is proficient in the Institute for Aboriginal Development and Finke River Mission orthographies as well as familiar with the orthographies of the Strehlows. She was a teacher and the cultural principal at the Yipirinya School in Alice Springs for many years and is regularly employed as a cultural adviser to Parks and Wildlife and the Central Land Council. Currently, she is working as a freelance translator, Aranda teacher and cultural facilitator and guide. Dr Anna Kenny is a consultant anthropologist who has been based in Alice Springs for over 24 years and was between 2012 and 2016 an Australian Research Council postdoctoral fellow in the School of Archaeology and

xix Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Anthropology at The Australian National University. She has conducted field research with Indigenous people in the Northern Territory since 1991 as well as in Queensland and Western Australia. She has written 12 Connection Reports for Native Title claims and is the author of a book on Carl Strehlow’s ethnography, titled The Aranda’s Pepa: An Introduction to Carl Strehlow’s Masterpiece Die Aranda-und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral- Australien (1907–1920) (2013) and the coeditor of German Ethnography in Australia (2017). Currently she is working on a book about T.G.H. Strehlow and Arandic ethnography called Shadows of a Father. David Moore supports the teaching of Arrernte and translation studies as the linguist at the Alice Springs Language Centre of the Northern Territory Education Department. He is an interpreter in the Alyawarr language and a Bible translator. As a doctoral candidate in linguistics at the University of Western Australia in Perth, he is currently researching the linguistic work and translation practice of the Hermannsburg Mission between 1890 and 1910.

xx Figure 3: Carl Strehlow’s study area in central Australia showing some place names in his spelling system. Source: ANU CartogGIS CAP, 2017 .

1 A heritage dictionary Anna Kenny

Carl Strehlow’s comparative dictionary manuscript is a unique item of Australian cultural heritage: it is a large collection of circa 7,600 Aranda, 6,800 Loritja [Luritja]1 and 1,200 Dieri to German entries compiled at the beginning of the twentieth century at the Hermannsburg mission in central Australia. It is an integral part of Strehlow’s ethnographic work on Aboriginal cultures that his editor Baron Moritz von Leonhardi, a German armchair anthropologist, published as Die Aranda- und Loritja- Stämme in Zentral-Australien (Strehlow 1907–20) in Frankfurt. Strehlow and his editor had planned to publish a language study that consisted of a comparative dictionary and grammar of the languages, both for their linguistic significance and to facilitate more sophisticated readings of the many Aranda and Loritja texts they had published.

1 ‘Loritja’ is Carl Strehlow’s rendering of this language name and ‘Luritja’ is the preferred contemporary spelling. The spelling ‘Loritja’ is used in the context of Strehlow’s heritage dictionary and ‘Luritja’ when referring to this Western Desert language in a contemporary context.

1 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

2 1 . A heritage dictionary

Figure 4: Page 71 of Carl Strehlow’s handwritten Aranda, German, Loritja and Dieri Dictionary, 1906–09. Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

3 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

At the turn of the twentieth century it was common for German scholars who were interested in philology, such as Carl Strehlow and his editor, to collect original texts and compile grammars and dictionaries for the comprehensive documentation and description of languages. Strehlow’s comparative Aranda, Loritja and Dieri to German dictionary is the only vocabulary among many attributed to him that has a clearly identifiable purpose. Its primary functions were to describe the Aranda and Loritja languages and to interpret the Indigenous textual materials he had elicited from his Aboriginal informants. Its comparative component was to illustrate theoretical points made by the emerging Kulturkreislehre (culture circle theory), and to demonstrate that Aranda and Luritja were two different languages and as complex as any other languages in the world (see Chapter 4). The Aranda and Luritja terms and derivatives relate to mythology, flora and fauna, kinship, ceremonial proceedings, material culture and social life. Although Aranda was the core language, the body of Luritja terms reaches circa 90 per cent coverage of the Aranda terms, while the circa 1,200 Dieri words seem simply to have been added on, because he knew the Dieri language from his previous posting at Lake Killalpaninna in South Australia. The dictionary contains a substantial amount of vocabulary, but it does not encompass all the words collected by Carl Strehlow. Not included are hundreds of place names, personal names and some specialist ceremonial terms that he recorded in his ethnography, held at the Strehlow Research Centre in Alice Springs, and, it appears, some terms that he recorded after the completion of the dictionary manuscript.2 Strehlow’s linguistic work is of great significance for the conservation of language as well as historically and anthropologically, because it probably represents the largest and most comprehensive wordlist compiled in Australia during the early stages of contact. It is a unique documentary record and an important primary source for Luritja and Aranda speakers of whom there are several thousand today. Both languages are spoken in homes and taught in schools in central Australia, but they are nevertheless quite vulnerable.

2 Carl Strehlow’s materials are held at the Strehlow Research Centre in Alice Springs, as well as in the Lutheran Archives and Barr Smith Library in Adelaide.

4 1 . A heritage dictionary

The reasons for presenting this work as a heritage dictionary—that is, as an exact transcription of the original form of the handwritten manuscript—are to follow the Western Aranda people’s wishes and to maintain its historical authenticity (Kenny 2017b: 278). There is a history of reworking parts of this dictionary, extracting from it and updating its orthography without indicating who made these changes and why. Some of these versions, in particular the attempts by P.A. Scherer (1940s or 1950s) and G.O. Liebchen3 (1980s), have fed into contemporary work without being referenced. To clarify these previous uses and make this early work available as a reliable resource that can be reworked transparently, the original form is likely to prove indispensable for future projects. Thus, this transcription has been kept as close as is possible to the original handwritten manuscript—no amendments have been made to spellings, stresses or diacritics, even if they seemed inconsistent. The only additions to this dictionary are English glosses for the Aranda, Loritja and Dieri entries. Most words in Kempe’s first collection of Aranda words with circa 1,750 words (Kempe 1891a), the Western Arrarnta Analytical Dictionary with circa 2,000 entries (Oberscheidt 1991), the Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte (Breen et al. 2000)4 with circa 2,000 words and the Western Arrarnta Picture Dictionary (Roennfeldt 2006)5 with circa 580 words have been crosschecked with Carl Strehlow’s information, because the words in these dictionaries are in the public domain and have been confirmed and illustrated by contemporary speakers. This process of crosschecking also contributed to making sure that restricted words have been excluded. However, the most important factor to be able to bring this work into the present was the detailed collaboration with senior Aranda and Luritja people, to both inform them about their heritage and to include

3 G.O. Liebchen was a prisoner of the H.M. Prison in Brisbane. He grew up in Germany and offered to translate Carl Strehlow’s work, because he was a German speaker and had gone to a ‘Gymnasium’ (a demanding German secondary school). He wrote to T.G.H. Strehlow that he had been a ‘proprietor of an Artefact Shop in Surfers Paradise Qld., dealing in aboriginal and Papua New Guinean artefacts. On the 26. Sept. 1977 I was sentenced to 4 ½ years imprisonment for burglary which gives me the time necessary to undertake the translation’ (Letter from G.O. Liebchen to T.G.H. Strehlow, 26 November 1977). After T.G.H. Strehlow’s death, his widow took the offer up. 4 Among Breen’s main informants were Pastor Eli Rubuntja (now deceased) and Gregory Armstrong Senior as well as Sylvester Renkeraka (now deceased); Breen generally worked with senior Western Arrernte people from the Iwupataka Aboriginal Land Trust and Alice Springs town camps. 5 Roennfeldt worked with members of the communities of Ntaria, Ipolera, Gilbert Springs, Kulpitarra, Undarana, Red Sand Hill, Old Station and other outstations.

5 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

their knowledge to at least some degree. After I had transcribed and to some degree translated most of the German glosses in the handwritten manuscript, I worked with a small group of speakers who are fluent in both Aranda and Luritja on the translation into English. We worked through the list discussing approximations for the meanings of both the Aranda and Luritja terms that they recognised. People working with me on Carl Strehlow’s unpublished dictionary manuscript (1909) call its content ankatja6 inguia ‘old language’,7 ankatja ekarlta ‘strong language’ that has ‘heavy’ words and ankatja ekarlta ‘hard language’—meaning the language of the ‘old people’, their ancestors. This ‘real old language’ is distinguished from ‘church language’ and ‘modern language’, which is sometimes called angkatja lyartinya ‘today’s language’. It was often difficult to find an English gloss, because some words were not known, others seemed familiar or similar to known words but the specific form of the word was unclear or the spelling did not provide an accurate pronunciation guide due to under- or over-differentiation of sounds that made words unrecognisable. Although Strehlow tried to systematically and consistently employ an orthography that he called ‘continental’8 (Kenny 2013: 98), unsurprisingly, he was unable to capture all sound distinctions adequately. It takes quite some work to interpret this resource, as Rhonda Inkamala remarks, but at the same time the very process of working through this type of material can enrich people’s understanding of their culture and heritage. On those occasions when no meaning could be worked out, I was asked what the German gloss meant; often it was decided to use the direct translation from the German as the English gloss or it was slightly altered. The German glosses provide sometimes only part of the semantic range of a word that may be specific and/or metaphorical in the context it is used in Strehlow’s publications (Strehlow 1907–20). Some of the English glosses are therefore also incomplete, while others are more extensive than the German glosses. It is a difficult task to find a one-to-one translation from one language to the other, and even more so when the underlying cultures are very different, such as are Arandic and English cultures. During the

6 See in this dictionary ankatja (Wort [word], Sprache [language]; auch ‘Märchen, Fabel, Mythe’ [fairytale, fable, myth]). 7 Ngketye (language, word, speech), ingkweye (old), ikerlte (strong, hard) in common Arandic Institute for Aboriginal Development (IAD) orthography (Breen et al. 2000). 8 Carl Strehlow to von Leonhardi, 13 December 1906 (SH-SP-7-1).

6 1 . A heritage dictionary search for English glosses, the risk of publishing words that might have been gender restricted and what the old people might have meant were often discussed, and consequently some words have been taken out. The orthography of Western Aranda was discussed at length, indeed it was more often discussed than aspects of meaning during group consultations. The spelling system of Western Aranda has undergone more changes than any other Arandic language variety and is highly politicised (see Kenny 2017b). This is, for example, reflected in the many spellings of the name of this Arandic dialect that became known as Aranda and more specifically today as ‘Western Aranda’ or ‘Tjoritja Aranda’. Over the past 130 years of the Western Aranda’s contact history the spelling systems of their Arandic dialect that were developed by the Lutheran missionaries and T.G.H. Strehlow have been taught in at least seven different variations due to frequent revisions and additionally by the Institute for Aboriginal Development (IAD) in a phonemic system called the common Arandic orthography. In the contact history of the Aranda, the Lutheran missionaries played a significant role. Their colonial involvement included, among other changes, a Lutheran inscription on the Aranda language that they achieved by (i) codifying this language in multiple orthographies, (ii) semantic changes to key terms (e.g. altjira, kutungulu) and (iii) the reduction of vocabulary (also partly the result of the sedentarisation at the mission due to the pastoral encroachment) by discouraging and limiting many cultural practices. For example, while Strehlow recorded over 40 terms for different types of spirits, nearly all of them are not used and instead these spirits are referred to with the general term pmara kutata,9 meaning spirit of the land (Kenny 2004a, 2004b). The early Lutheran missionaries at Hermannsburg A.H. Kempe (between 1879 and 1891) and then Carl Strehlow (between 1894 and 1922) used a fairly uniform orthography and interpreted the sound system of the Aranda language, which resulted in some spelling inconsistencies caused by over- and under-differentiations of sounds; also, later orthographies for this Arandic language variety tried to capture these sounds accurately. Despite its limitations, Carl Strehlow’s orthography was used into the 1970s, as is evidenced in letters and postcards written by Aranda people that have survived. They are read by Aranda speakers today although some older words are not recognised, but these can be looked up in this dictionary.

9 This term may also be spelled tmara kutata or pmere kwetethe.

7 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Figure 5: Letter written by Jakobus to Carl Strehlow using the phonetic Mission Orthography for the Aranda language, 20 August 1911. Source: ARA 1911-21-1, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

8 1 . A heritage dictionary

There are a number of Arandic orthographies in use currently. The development of the orthography of Western Aranda is atypical within those of other Australian languages, because it is the result of its unique historical circumstances. Most languages that were documented in the early contact period are not spoken or written anymore, and most of those that are spoken and written today were codified when modern phonemic systems had become the standard. The Western Aranda people, unlike many other groups, have continued to speak and write their language since contact and have been exposed to three quite different orthographies within this short time period that are associated with different ideologies.

Figure 6: Aranda children and Carl Strehlow at the Hermannsburg mission school, circa 1902/03. Source: SRC 07791, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

Initially it was proposed to include two of the commonly used modern phonemic orthographies in this dictionary. The use of modern Arandic orthographies by some young Western Aranda who were and are taught the common Arandic orthography at the Yipirinya School in Alice Springs and others who are exposed to Roennfeldt’s recent version of the Finke River Mission Orthography at Hermannsburg suggested an inclusive approach. Such an approach would have allowed people who are familiar with one of the modern phonemic orthographies to move between the

9 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

different spelling systems. However, after many discussions since 2012 with the Western Aranda, they decided that they wanted a heritage dictionary with only Carl Strehlow’s spellings that reflects their history and identity, rather than converting to or adding spellings in the modern orthographies. This avoids the issues that communities face when having to devise modern spellings for the many words of Aranda and Luritja in the dictionary that are not recognised today, and the exact pronunciation of which cannot be accurately determined from Strehlow’s spelling. It also avoids having to tackle the fraught politics of orthography, which are mainly the result of the colonial involvement of the Lutheran mission at Hermannsburg and that cause some conflict in the community. The present volume is both a valuable heritage item and a linguistic resource for the Aboriginal community as well as for those involved with teaching and developing dictionary projects. Comprehensive dictionaries for Western Aranda and some Luritja language-varieties are yet to be produced—and this document can be of great assistance in their development. At the same time, it is of considerable interest to linguists, particularly those interested in language change. Strehlow often makes remarks about words in footnotes of his published work indicating that already in his time his informants considered some terms as ‘old’. Often when words were not recognised during consultations and the German translation was considered, I was offered alternative ways of how people express that particular concept. Some words are still used, but in different contexts or have made semantic shifts (Austin-Broos 2010; Green 2012; Kenny 2013). There are also further sets of vocabularies (e.g. Kempe 1891a; T.G.H. Strehlow n.d.) that were collected before and after Strehlow senior’s time that can be compared with this collection of words and allow the development of an extensive Western Aranda dictionary. To assist communities, and other readers, in the ongoing task of interpreting the document, this volume includes a brief guide to finding pronunciations from Strehlow’s spelling and a more extensive discussion in David Moore’s chapter. Following the essays that contextualise this comparative work ethnohistorically and linguistically are the user guides to the pronunciation of the Arandic and Luritja words in Carl Strehlow’s orthography and the dictionary entries. In Chapters 2 and 3, Rhonda Inkamala and Mark Inkamala write about the contemporary significance of this dictionary for Western Aranda people. In Chapter 4, I outline

10 1 . A heritage dictionary the contact history of the Aranda and Luritja, Carl Strehlow’s life in central Australia, and the content of his ethnographic manuscripts, their philosophical and theoretical setting and some of their linguistic aspects. John Henderson’s linguistic analysis in Chapter 5 shows the linguistic work and thought that went into this comparative dictionary and what potential it offers for the study of these languages today, including more wide-ranging historical dictionaries for both Arandic and Western Desert languages. He discusses the lexicographical achievement in Strehlow’s work outlining the coverage, the balance of detail, the morphology (i.e. derivation, compounding, inflection) and semantics of this compilation, and discusses some of the limitations of Strehlow’s dictionary. David Moore addresses in Chapter 6 the difficulties of developing writing systems for Arandic languages and Carl Strehlow’s use of what he has coined the ‘Mission Orthography’ that was first used by A.H. Kempe. Moore explores how the early Lutheran missionaries at Hermannsburg mission interpreted the sound systems of the Indigenous languages and produced a practical orthography for community use. He shows that the missionaries took a considered approach, which was informed by the best practices of that time, but which by modern standards resulted in spelling inconsistencies. Finally, he shows how the modern orthographies of these languages emerged to capture sounds in a more sophisticated way and discusses the phoneme in detail. A phoneme expresses the sound differences in a given language that are significant because they differentiate the words of the language, abstracting away from minor sound differences that do not. In an ideal phonemic orthography, there would be a one-to- one correspondence between the graphemes and phonemes. The dictionary manuscript has remained unpublished until now due to a number of complicated historical and personal circumstances of the main characters involved with the dictionary.

11 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

12 1 . A heritage dictionary

Figure 7: Last page of handwritten dictionary manuscript, ‘Beendet am 23. Aug. 1906’ (Completed on 23 August 1906) and ‘Korrectur beendet am 15. Dec. 1909’ (Corrections completed on 15 December 1909). Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

2 Working on the dictionary Rhonda Inkamala

Aranda1 Imanka kngarriparta ntjarra purta urrkapumala ngkitja Aranda nurnaka kngartiwuka pa intalhilaka. Ngkitja intalhilakala nhanha nama marra, rilha ntjarrala, artwala, arrkutjala, kitjia itna kaltjirramala ngkitja nurnakanha ritamilatjika, intalhilatjika, kitjia ntjarranha ikarltala kuta kaltjanthitjika. Kuka yatinya ntjarraka pmara ntilatjika, ngkitja Arandala pmara rritnya ilatjika, marna pa tnuntha rilhakanha ingkarraka ntyarra nthitjika. Kaltjala ntama ngkitja nurnakanha ikarlta kuta tnyinatjinanga. Pipa Dictionary nhanhala ngkitja nurnakanha Luritja pa Aranda lhangkarama, nthakanha intalhilatja, ritamilatjika ngkitja nurnakanha ikarlta kuta tnyinatjika. Kwaiya kngarra nuka ‘Nangalanha’ Clara Ngala Inkamala ira imangka urrkaputjarta CAAMA2 Radio Imparja Television—Nganampa Anwernekenhe Language and Culture Programme. Nhanha ntama ngkitja kuka irala ngkama: ‘Ngkitja nurnakanha ilkarlta kuta tnyinatjika’.

1 I choose to use this spelling of our language, because it is phonetic and reflects our history. 2 Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association.

15 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Figure 8: Rhonda Inkamala working at the Strehlow Research Centre, 2017. Source: Adam Macfie, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs.

Luritja Irriti Anangu nganampa tjuta tjungungkuya wangka Luritja kampa kutjupa nguru walkatjunu. Wangka nganampa kwarri palya ngaranyi, uwankarrangku ritamilanytjaku walkatjunkunytjaku. Nganampa waltja tjutaya irriti ngurra nyanga tjanala nyinapayi, Ungkungka-la wilurarra, Warumpi-la, ulparirra Meerinee-la, alinytjara Kularata-la. Anangu winkingku wangka nyangatja kantilya wangkapayi. Kwarri Anangu mankurrpa wangka Luritja nyangatja wangkanyi, ka Dictionary nyangatja wiru ngaranyi Anangungku, watingku, minymangku, tjitjingku nyakula ritamilanytjaku, walkatjunkunytjaku. Ngayuku kangkuru pulka Lorna Wilsonalu paluru wangkangu: ‘Wangka nganampa kantilya kutu kanyintyjaku’.

16 2 . Working on the dictionary

English Many of my people and I were involved in the translation of this dictionary into English from Aranda and Luritja. Some of the men, including my father, have taken out the old, restricted words so that I and other Aboriginal people can read it without any problems. It was an enriching experience to work on this dictionary because our language is our culture. Before I say more about working on this dictionary, I will introduce myself. It will help you understand what language and culture means to us. I am an Aboriginal Australian woman of central Australia. I am multilingual and so a fluent speaker of Western Aranda, Luritja and Pitjantjatjara. I also read and write in these languages and understand other Arandic and Western Desert dialects. My language connections are through my parents and grandparents. My mia (mother) speaks Western Aranda and Luritja. My mia kanha pmara nama (mother’s country), tjamia kanha pmara nama (mother’s father’s country) and my lyurra kanha pmara nama (mother’s mother’s country) are on Tjoritja (also known as West MacDonnell National Park). My karta (father) spoke Western Aranda and Pitjantjatjara. My mamaku ngurra (father’s country) and tjamuku ngurra (father’s father’s country) lies on Pitjantjatjara territory in the south-west Petermann Ranges. My father spoke Western Aranda because he was adopted by the Inkamalas who grew him up as an Aranda and as their own. There are many central Australian Aboriginal languages that consist of a variation of dialects. Arandic dialects may have some common words such as kwatja (water) in Western Aranda and kwatye (water) in Central/ Eastern Arrernte; marra (good) in Western Aranda and mwerre (good) in Central/Eastern Arrernte. Western Desert dialects also have some common words, kapi (water), malu (kangaroo) or palya (good) in Luritja and Pitjantjatjara. At the same time all these dialects of a language are also very different from each other.

17 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

18 2 . Working on the dictionary

Figure 9: Page 1 of Carl Strehlow’s unpublished dictionary manuscript. Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

19 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

20 2 . Working on the dictionary

Figure 10: Family tree of Rhonda Inkamala’s mother’s mother’s father Altingka collated by Carl Strehlow circa 1906. Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

21 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Languages are an important part of our cultural heritage. A language is a complex of cultural knowledge, identity and spiritual connection through dreamings of our land and ancestors as well as our flora and fauna. Language is empowering, it enables speakers such as myself to communicate with others by expressing thoughts and ideas about subjects such as significant cultural sites and land marks on country. As a vernacular teacher and cultural principal at the Yipirinya School, I believe teaching and learning our languages is a study of cultural knowledge and their systematic structure and orthographies, which utilise selected letters of the Latin alphabet. Translating the words of the dictionary that my ancestors and Carl Strehlow put down was very difficult as the Aranda words were written down in an old spelling system. Working very closely with both my parents, my mother Trudy Inkamala and my father the late Ingkarta (Pastor) Davie Inkamala, was tremendously helpful as the words were old Aranda words that were used by our great ancestors, and I learnt a lot and gained so much new vocabulary and understanding.

22 3 Rella nunaka inguia1— our old people Mark Inkamala2

It is important to remember the old people (rella nunaka inguia, erilknabata), our ancestors, who taught Carl Strehlow our languages and provided the information to him for this dictionary. Among his main informants were people such as senior Aranda men Loatjira, Pmala (Tmala), Moses Tjalkabota, Hezekiel Malbunka, Nathanael Rauwiraka, Abel Renkeraka and Luritja man Talku. He had many more informants. He practised Aranda every day with our ancestors who helped him to learn it properly.

Loatjira (circa 1849–1924) Loatjira was a very important Western Aranda man from Mbultjigata and the chief of Ntarea, the waterhole that gives the contemporary community of Hermannsburg its name. We call Hermannsburg Ntaria now. Loatjira was born about 1849, he belonged to the rameia (yellow goanna) dreaming. He was a great inkata (ceremonial chief) and nankara (healer, doctor). Most of the time he did not live at the mission.

1 I use here the spellings of Carl Strehlow, because this is the spelling system that our ancestors used. 2 With contributions by Anna Kenny and Adam Macfie.

23 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Carl Strehlow’s son T.G.H. Strehlow wrote that his father and Loatjira respected each other and were friends, but later their relationship cooled. In his book Journey to Horseshoe Bend T.G.H. Strehlow says:

Loatjira had always been greeted like a loved ruler returning from exile by everyone at Hermannsburg whenever he had come back on his infrequent visits. Strehlow and Loatjira had always met on such occasions. (Strehlow 1969)

Loatjira chose to live outside of Hermannsburg near the Ellery Creek and only came to live at the mission after Strehlow’s death. Loatjira was nevertheless Carl Strehlow’s main informant about Aranda culture, as he kept Aranda Law strong. He rarely came to Hermannsburg after Strehlow had finished his work on sacred stories and the dictionary. Loatjira was baptised when he was very old. On 4 November 1923, he was christened Abraham. He died not long after his conversion, on 4 October 1924 from the Spanish influenza. Loatjira was baptised because he wanted to be buried on his country—his father’s and father’s father’s country. On Sunday 10 April 1932, T.G.H. Strehlow wrote into his first field diary:3

After Aranda service today Moses, Jacobus, Able, Josef, and Martin came to the veranda and revived some reminisces of olden times. … This was interesting to me, … The four natives in the picture … are Loatjira, Silas, Lartjinaka, and Moses. Lo[atjira] was, perhaps, the last of the old nankara or witchdoctors of the Western Aranda, and a man of first importance in the tribe. He steadfastly used all his influence in the interests of the vanishing beliefs of the knaribata or old men til the death of my father. Furthermore, he was before then not a station native, but preferred to live the old ways of tradition. (Strehlow 1932: 1–2)

3 T.G.H. Strehlow, Field Diary I, 1932, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs.

24 3 . Rella Nunaka Inguia – our old people

Figure 11: Loatjira, Pmala (Tmala), Moses Tjalkabota and Luritja man Talku at Hermannsburg, 1906. Source: SRC 06196, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

25 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Silas Tmala Ulakararinja Mbitjana (circa 1860–1923) Silas was a Western Aranda man from Ndata, not far north-west of Jabulpa (Glen Helen Gorge) and belonged to aranga (euro) dreaming. He was born in about 1860 (Strehlow 1971: xxi, 599, 760) and married Annie Toa in 1890 (see Carl Strehlow 1913: Stammbaum 4; T.G.H. Strehlow family tree FT I. 28, p. 8). Silas was baptised on 16 April 1900 by Carl Strehlow (T.G.H. Strehlow 1969–70: 157) and was one of the main informants about Aranda stories and language. He appears on Carl Strehlow’s genealogy as Ulakararinja (Carl Strehlow 1913). He was later known as Silas (Mbitjana). Although he been blind from youth (T.G.H. Strehlow 1969–70: 211), he often chopped firewood for the Strehlow home, and normally brought down on his head the large bread-setting dish with the fat and innards from the killing pen (T.G.H. Strehlow 1969–70: 125). He died on 24 June 1923 suddenly of heart failure.

Moses Tjalkabota (circa 1870–1954) Moses Tjalkabota was the son of Tjita and Aranaljika. He was born around 1870 at Laburapuntja on the Ellery Creek and baptised on 26 December 1890 by A.H. Kempe, one of the first Lutheran missionaries on Aranda country. The children were taught Bible stories, reading and writing as well as some arithmetic. Moses also worked in the mission garden and as a shepherd. Not long after his baptism, his parents told him to leave the mission. He was told:

Boy, if you continue here, your head will implode, and you will dry up. Then the wind will blow you away to the sand hills like a dried-up cicada, and we will be unable to find you.

However, Moses did not return with his parents to Laburapuntja, he stayed at the mission, where he married Sofia Inkamala on 25 January 1903.

26 3 . Rella Nunaka Inguia – our old people

Between 1905 and 1910 Tjalkabota made major contributions to Carl Strehlow’s work about traditional stories, family trees and the dictionary. He was blind. Moses also helped Carl Strehlow with the translation of the Bible into Western Aranda between 1913 and 1919, and in the 1950s he helped T.G.H. Strehlow retranslate the Bible.

Figure 12: T.G.H. Strehlow (Carl Strehlow’s youngest son), Conrad Raberaba and Moses, Zacharia, Nathanael and Jakobus. Source: SRC 06050, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

After Carl Strehlow’s death, Moses Tjalkabota became a Lutheran Evangelist preaching at Deep Well, Horseshoe Bend, Idracowra, Jay Creek, Alice Springs, Undoolya, Arltunga and other places. He travelled by donkey, camel, buggy, on foot and on trucks. Moses died on 6 July 1954 at Hermannsburg.4

4 For more detail on Moses see T.G.H. Strehlow (1971: 357, 416, 627), P.G.E. Albrecht (2002: 237–300), P. Latz (2014).

27 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Talku (circa 1867–1941) Talku was Carl Strehlow’s main Luritja informant, but Strehlow was not able to finish Talku’s family tree and said (Strehlow 1913: 85, and note 2):

Unfortunately, I could not gather sufficient data to complete [the family tree], for my informant, Talku, who supplied most of the Loritja myths and songs. He has left our station again, and his tribal companions residing here have married local women and have been included in the family trees of the Aranda.

The man sitting at the end of the row on the right is Talku [see Figure 11]. It was his mission in life to spear the cattle belonging to the whites. During an attempt to escape arrest he was shot through the abdomen. He was subsequently brought to the Mission station and remained here until he left one day to enjoy his golden freedom.

Talku was also an important informant for T.G.H. Strehlow (1970: 137; 1971: xxi, 768). Strehlow wrote that Wapiti was Talku’s name in old age. ‘Wapiti’ means yam in Kukatja-Luritja. He too made some biographical notes on Talku, aka Wapiti:

Talku, like Loatjira, was not a resident of Hermannsburg. He was the ceremonial chief of the Kukatja yam centre of Merini. Born about 1867, he organised raids upon cattle belonging to Tempe Downs Station at the beginning of the century. A police party surprised these raiders one day south of Ltalatuma, and fired upon them when they sought to evade capture. Talku was hit by a bullet from a police tracker’s rifle which passed through his body and emerged again without apparently injuring any vital organs. His upper thigh bone was, however, shattered. He was carried on the backs of his friends across the ranges to Hermannsburg, a distance of some twenty-five miles. His tough constitution and unconquerable courage carried him through this ordeal. After being nursed back to health at Hermannsburg, he showed his gratitude to my father by providing him with detailed information on Loritja totemic rites, sacred songs, and social organization. And then he disappeared again one day into the free wild life of his own country. (Strehlow 1971: xxi)

Talku must have left the station at the very latest in 1909. By 1929 he was back at the mission. On his research trip to Hermannsburg, Norman Tindale made a data card of Wapiti. He died on 14 January 1941.

28 3 . Rella Nunaka Inguia – our old people

Hezekiel Malbunka (1889–1965) Hezekiel Malbunka Knuraia was the son of Petrus Paltara and Rebecka. He was born in the vicinity of Hermannsburg on 28 March 1889 at Ellery Creek (Cawthorn and Malbunka 2005: 71) and baptised nearly one year later on 23 March 1890. He married in 1908 (Strehlow 1969: 129, 153). Although Hezekiel’s family was early on connected to the mission, he and others of their father’s and father’s father’s country that was centred on the tjilpa dreaming of Ltalatuma, Gilbert Springs, learnt the tjilpa’s songs which have been transmitted to his descendants and are still known. Hezekiel was a friend of Carl Strehlow. When Carl got sick in 1922, Hezekiel took a telegram to the Alice Springs telegraph station in a record time and returned even faster. The telegram contained a plea to the Finke River mission board in Adelaide to send help. It was a remarkable feat, according to Carl’s son, T.G.H. Strehlow, who wrote that to walk the 130 kilometres distance to Alice Springs in one and a half days was faster than any of their horses would have been capable of. The return trip on foot was even faster once Hezekiel had the reply from the south. It took him one day. In 1960, he told Carl’s son:

I got the paper and I went right through. I didn’t sleep somewhere in the middle. I travelled right back to Ntaria [Hermannsburg]. … I didn’t camp on the way. … I drank water at Untukuntuka. Then I had another drink of water at Ntjuikarra. … From that soakage. Having drunk there, I headed back home. In the afternoon, around 5 o’clock, I arrived at the Mission. I didn’t sleep on the way. (Cawthorn and Malbunka 2005: 73)

Abel (1888–1950) Abel was also an informant of Carl Strehlow. He was documented on one of Carl’s family trees (Strehlow 1913: Stammbaum 4) as well as on one of his son’s, T.G.H. Strehlow (family tree I, 22, p. 6). Abel Mbitjana was born on 20 June 1888 at Hermannsburg, his conception site was Nguamina associated with ereakura dreaming. In 1906, he married Ruby Raggatt later called Rosa.

29 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Nathanael Rauwiraka (circa 1871–1950s) Nathanael Rauwiraka was often mentioned by Carl Strehlow in connection with the bible translation and he also mentions him in his letters. Rauwiraka was another important man like Loatjira, he was Kantjara’s grandson, and the main man for Ellery Creek country that is in walking distance (about 20 to 30 km) from the Hermannsburg mission; it lies adjacent to Ntaria country. Nathanael Rauwiraka documented with T.G.H. Strehlow in his own words (to be found in T.G.H.’s unpublished diaries) how he acquired his conception site and dreaming in Anmatyerr country, his initiation in Luritja country, his traditional marriage arrangements and how he became a nankara, a healer with powers. Although he was baptised and ‘Christian’, he was a traditional man. Like many Aranda ‘Christians’ he also kept his Aranda beliefs. He was a true friend and mate of Carl Strehlow, they were the same age. He wrote letters in Aranda to Carl Strehlow when he was on holiday in South Australia and Germany (many have survived at the Strehlow Research Centre). These letters are generally about what is happening at the mission, that is, how he and his wife are going, men building their own shelters, births and deaths, and that they are missing him. On another day, he sent Carl Strehlow a card written in Aranda that was stamped at Charlotte Waters on 28 August 1911:

Tjina nuka kankinjai Nona lata pipa kalainaka unkwangana pipa nanakata ngana dankilama wa nuna Nala narirama ltarkna mara etata tota jinga tota lata mara ltarkna nana Nuna etja endura knuerama unkwa ngebera ta kuta etalerama ngana unta pipa nunaka lata lantamanga nuna lata argana narirama jinga tjina unkwanga Nathanael5

Nathanael spoke German, although it was not taught at the mission, apart from German hymns, otherwise Aranda and English was taught. Nathanael must have spent much time with the Strehlow family, which would have been the only place to learn German. He spoke Anmatyerr, Luritja and English beside his own language, Aranda.

5 Free translation: My dear friend. Today we received your letter and thank you. We are well, and I am well. We will not forget you and I always think of you. Your letter made us happy today. Your friend, Nathanael.

30 3 . Rella Nunaka Inguia – our old people

Figure 13: Letter written by Nathanael Rauwiraka to Carl Strehlow in Germany, 1911. Source: ARA-1911-22-1, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

Nathanael taught Carl Strehlow alongside Moses the Aranda language when he arrived in 1894. He helped collating traditional stories, teaching children to write Aranda, worked on the cattle run and participated in the bible translation into Aranda.

31 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Nathanael’s father was Lutiaka Penangka whose country was the Ellery Creek region, where also Loatjira, the main chief of Ntarea, was living. His mother was Nungalka. Nathanael spent his time between the Ellery Creek and Hermannsburg, but after Carl Strehlow had left the mission, he stayed most of the time outside of the mission supervising the shepherds. Nathanael Rauwiraka Pengarta was the ceremonial chief of Ellery Creek from his father’s father’s side. His conception site was in the Iloara (Lake Lewis) area on Anmatyerr country, north of his Ellery Creek country and the Western MacDonnell Ranges. He married his promised wife Maria in traditional ceremony that had been arranged many years earlier. They had one daughter Sara Penangka. She wrote, at the age of 10, to Carl Strehlow when he was on holiday in South Australia in 1903:

Mr: Strelow

Tjina nukai ennkatanukai jurgo knarra etnika jinga nal nama unta eamaga airama la junga Sara6

Figure 14: Note written in circa 1903/04 by Sara, Nathanael Rauwiraka’s 10-year-old daughter. Source: ARA-c1903-2-1, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

6 Free translation: Mr Strehlow, My friend, I cried very much when I saw you leaving, Sara.

32 3 . Rella Nunaka Inguia – our old people

Figure 15: Nathanael Rauwiraka, his wife Maria and daughter Sara at Hermannsburg, circa 1903. Source: SRC 05810, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

33 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

In 1932 T.G.H. Strehlow (1932: 132) commented on Nathanael whom he had not seen for 10 years:

Nathanael is the chief overseer over the shepherds, and is also camped permanently at Long Water Hole [Thata] or on the No 4 Block. He is the only ‘gentleman’ amongst the natives at the Mission, a good-natured, jovial, open-hearted fellow, who, one feels, is superior by birth: one almost feels in him a sort of class-mate and school mate of my father’s—indeed, his handshake and his hearty ‘Guten Tag’ …

These are only a few short biographies of our ancestors, there are many more. I found some of the information at the Strehlow Research Centre, where all papers of father and son are held, but I also know many details about my people that were handed down to me from my ancestors. We do not want to forget them and I hope that we will be able to write in time all of their stories down.

Figure 16: Mark Inkamala working with T.G.H. Strehlow’s materials out on his country, 2014. Source: Trevor Frost .

34 4 The unpublished manuscript Anna Kenny

Carl Strehlow’s comparative dictionary and language description work probably began taking shape in 1905, although he had already been collecting vocabularies for over 10 years mainly for teaching and theological purposes.1 The impetus for the compilation of the dictionary came from his editor, Baron Moritz von Leonhardi, who played an important role in the formation of Strehlow’s ethnolinguistic work. On 9 September 1905, von Leonhardi wrote to Strehlow:

Myths in the Aranda language with interlinear translations would be of great value; and a dictionary and a grammar would provide the key to them. A dictionary outlining the meaning of words as well as short explanations of the meaning of individual objects, characters in the myths etc., is highly valued in science.2

This request indicates that the ‘key’ he had in mind would go beyond being only an assistance to translating texts, but would also contribute to an understanding of Aranda culture and an analysis and description of their language. He made similar statements about the importance of documenting the Loritja language and provided continuous

1 Carl Strehlow wrote, for instance, a ‘Deutsch–Aranda Wörterbuch’ (German–Aranda dictionary), which was possibly compiled when he arrived in 1894 at Hermannsburg. The Strehlow Research Centre also holds a manuscript of a Dieri wordlist (circa 1893/94) as well as other wordlists that are likely to have been compiled for theological purposes between 1913 and 1919. 2 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 9 September 1905. All German to English translations of letters by the author.

35 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

encouragement for collecting mythological texts in both languages. Together this data would make it possible to ascertain whether Loritja and Aranda were distinct languages.3 Alongside the comparative dictionary, Strehlow also compiled a comparative Aranda and Loritja grammar that he had completed by 18 April 1910.4 The interests behind this linguistic work were of practical, philological, theoretical and philosophical nature. Such interest was in this German anthropological context not unusual. It at once described the Aranda and Loritja languages, illustrated theoretical points made by the emerging Kulturkreislehre or culture circle theory (see Kenny 2013) and demonstrated that Aranda and Loritja were two different languages and as complex as any other languages in the world.

Figure 17: First page of Carl Strehlow’s unpublished comparative Aranda and Loritja grammar, 1910. Source: SH-SP-48-47, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

3 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 3 April 1909. 4 Held at the Strehlow Research Centre: Call number SP-46-47.

36 4 . The unpublished manuscript

Prior to his collaboration with von Leonhardi, Strehlow’s interests were predominantly theological, with the goal of producing translations of Christian texts. This focus took second place to the ethnographic and linguistic work during Strehlow’s five-year period of close collaboration with von Leonhardi between 1904 and 1909. Once he had completed his ethnographic work, Strehlow’s interests returned to translation for his missionary work. The focus on the comparative study of language was certainly reminiscent of von Humboldt’s paradigm, as well as of Max Mueller’s philology, that original texts along with a grammar and dictionary was the way forward in comprehensively documenting a people’s language. Due to the nature of this emerging modern comparative and linguistic approach to the documentation of the complexity and richness of central Australian languages and cultures, Strehlow’s work now provides an opportunity to chart change and continuity across a century. Von Leonhardi repeatedly emphasised the importance of a publication of a comparative grammar and dictionary as an essential part of their ethnographic publications on the Aranda and Loritja cultures. Indeed, he thought that the language study would be the culmination of Strehlow’s ethnolinguistic work and remarked to him:

To complete your work you must finally write a language study [Sprachlehre] of Aranda and Loritja—that will be its zenith.5

As things turned out, the death of Baron von Leonhardi6 in 1910 meant that neither the dictionary nor the comparative grammar were ever published.

Aranda and Loritja Strehlow’s study area (see his 1910 map, Figure 18) lies in a transitional zone where Aranda and Loritja speakers meet. Many people who belong to this border area are still fluent speakers of Aranda and Luritja and may switch seamlessly from one language into the other. A.H. Kempe, the first language worker (to borrow a modern term) in this region, had observed that the local language had incorporated words and phrases from the neighbouring language (i.e. Luritja) to the immediate west (Kempe 1891a: 1). This region is not only linguistically complex, but also

5 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 23 December 1908. 6 For more details on Baron von Leonhardi see Völker (2001).

37 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

culturally, as different Arandic subgroups as well as Western Desert people meet here. In this area the section and subsection systems converged, for example, and two land tenure systems met (Strehlow 1965; Kenny 2010). The Arandic language variety or dialect documented by Carl Strehlow belongs to the upper Finke River, mainly from the north-western and Hermannsburg areas of the Western Aranda people and the western portion of the MacDonnell Ranges (see T.G.H. Strehlow 1971: xx), though it also includes words that belong to surrounding Arandic varieties. Carl Strehlow often distinguished between the Western, North-Western, Eastern and Southern Aranda in his writings, but without defining exactly where their territories lie. On his map of 1910 he placed the Western Arandic dialect, Aranda Ulbma, on the upper Finke River, roughly between the MacDonnell and James Ranges (including Hermannsburg mission), the Aranda Roara as the dialect for the area between the eastern part of the MacDonnell Ranges and James Ranges including Alice Springs, the Aranda Lada from approximately Henbury along the Finke River and the Aranda Tanka between Charlotte Waters and Oodnadatta along the lower Finke River (see Figure 18). It is impossible to judge what these names and ‘language’ regions really indicate. Generally, language boundaries are diffuse and may even fluctuate with the movements of their speakers; it also may depend from whose point of view a language variety is described. The Arandic group Carl Strehlow identified as Aranda Ulbma today identifies as Western Aranda, referring to their dialect as Western or Tjoritja (the name of the West MacDonnell Ranges) Aranda.7 Strehlow’s Aranda informants lived in an area bounded roughly in the north by the West MacDonnell Ranges (Strehlow 1907: 32, 42; T.G.H. Strehlow 1971: 670, note 19) that separates them from the Anmatyerr and Northern Arrernte peoples. In the south, their country stretches along the Finke River past the James Range, to the countries of Southern Arrernte or Pertame and Matuntara (Luritja) peoples. To the west, it extends to The Derwent, the western Aranda–Luritja language border area, and to the east it abuts the territory of today’s Central Arrernte people (see also T.G.H. Strehlow 1947: 59).

7 According to Kempe (1891a: 1–2), ‘The vocabulary is that of the tribe inhabiting the River Finke, and is also, with only slight variations in the dialect, that of the tribes in the MacDonnell Ranges eastward to Alice Springs, but not far westward of the River Finke, and extending southward to the Peake.’ Breen (2001: 64–65) speculates that the dialect now known as Western Arrernte (Western Aranda) arose from mixing of a West MacDonnell Ranges dialect he calls Tyurretye Arrernte ([Tjoritja Aranda) with Southern Arrernte (Pertame) at the Hermannsburg mission in the early contact period. My edits in brackets.

38 4 . The unpublished manuscript

Figure 18: Map of schematic language distribution in the first decade of the twentieth century according to Carl Strehlow (1910b). Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

39 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

The Western Aranda’s first sustained contact with non-Aboriginal people occurred in the 1870s when the Lutheran missionaries arrived in central Australia. Among them were A.H. Kempe (1844–1928) and L.G. Schulze (1851–1924) who began the documentation of the language at a ratapa (twin) dreaming8 place on the upper Finke River where they set up a Lutheran mission, which they named Hermannsburg after the seminary that had trained them. Life on the frontier was incredibly harsh, the missionaries nevertheless pursued their language work, which included the development of a first Arandic orthography and teaching literacy, to spread the gospel in Aranda. By 1891 the mission was abandoned; the missionaries had succumbed to the hardship and challenges of the desert. Three years later, in 1894, Carl Strehlow (1871–1922) arrived to re-establish the mission, and immediately took up the study of Aranda, as would mission staff after his death in 1922. In the contact history of the Aranda, the Lutheran missionaries played an important role. Their colonial involvement included, among other changes, a Lutheran inscription on the Aranda language that they achieved by a) codifying this language in multiple orthographies, b) semantic changes to key terms (e.g. altjira, kutungulu and even tjurunga) and c) the reduction of vocabulary (which was also partly the result of the sedentarisation at the mission from a hunter-and-gatherer lifestyle) by discouraging and limiting many cultural practices.9 Luritja is a dialect of the Western Desert language and is not closely related to Aranda. It is not exactly clear when Luritja people encountered the first missionaries. However, by the turn of the century some of the people living to the immediate west of the Western Aranda, who called themselves Kukatja, had moved into the Hermannsburg mission. Carl Strehlow remarked that the people whom the Aranda called ‘Loritja’, referred to themselves as ‘Kukatja’ (Strehlow 1907: 57, Anmerkung 9). According to T.G.H. Strehlow, the word Luritja was the Aranda name applied to speech groups west of Aranda territory (1947: 177–78). Today the Western Desert group in the area call themselves Luritja or Kukatja- Luritja when referring to their ancestry and history. The country of the Kukatja-Luritja lies to the west of the Derwent River, which marks broadly the Aranda–Luritja language border. This language boundary

8 See Carl Strehlow (1907: 80–81; 1908: 72 f.3; 1911: 122–24) and T.G.H. Strehlow (1971: 758). 9 For more details on the mission history see Morton (1992), Austin-Broos (2009, 2010) and Kenny (2017a).

40 4 . The unpublished manuscript zone sometimes determines how people perceive their country. People in the area often describe the border area as ‘mix-up’ country, referring to the fact that a number of places have both Luritja and Aranda names and that there is no clear boundary between them.

Figure 19: Hermannsburg mission in central Australia, circa 1910s. Source: SRC 07107, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

Carl Strehlow’s linguistic and ethnographic investigations built on Kempe10 and Schulze’s work that included an Aranda grammar and vocabulary of circa 1,750 words.11 His work on language would last nearly three decades. During the intense period of recording Aranda and Luritja myth, song, social life, family trees and vocabulary between circa 1904 and 1909, Strehlow’s principal collaborators were Loatjira (c.1846–1924),12 Moses Tjalkabota (c.1873–1950), Pmala (c.1860–1923), Nathaneal Rauwiraka (c.1871–1950s) and the Luritja man Talku (c.1867–1941) (see Chapter 3).

10 The Strehlow Research Centre and Lutheran Archives in Adelaide (LAA) hold unpublished material by Kempe produced between 1877 and 1891. 11 Carl Strehlow’s letters to Kaibel (1899–1909) held at the LAA. 12 According to T.G.H. Strehlow (1971: 753).

41 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Carl Strehlow Carl Friedrich Theodor Strehlow was born on 23 December 1871 in a little village in northern Germany, as the seventh child of the village schoolteacher. The village pastor Carl Seidel recognised the outstanding potential of the child and sparked his interest in myth and song. With great dedication, Seidel prepared his protégé for entry into a seminary and was able to place him in the Neuendettelsau mission seminary in southern Germany. Carl graduated with a high distinction (‘gut plus’) and in April 1892 was sent to his first posting (Liebermeister 1998: 19), Bethesda mission at Lake Eyre in remote and arid Australia. There he joined J.G. Reuther (1861–1914), who had left the Neuendettelsau seminary four years earlier. From the moment he arrived, he studied the language of the local people, and within six months, it is said, he spoke the local language (Schild 2004: 55), and by 1894, in collaboration with Reuther, he had translated the New Testament called Testamenta marra, into Dieri, which was published in 1897.

Figure 20: Carl Strehlow, Reuther and Dieri people at Bethesda mission, 1893/94.13 Source: SRC 06171, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

13 Letter of 15 May 1894 from Carl Strehlow to his fiancée Frieda identifies all people on this photograph.

42 4 . The unpublished manuscript

In late 1894, at the age of 22, he was transferred to the Hermannsburg mission, now called Ntaria after a sacred site in its vicinity, where he stayed for nearly three decades. He ran it as a mission and a cattle and sheep station, providing pastoral care for more than 100 Aboriginal people who became Christians, as well as a large number of their relatives who lived on the fringes of the mission. As soon as the Lutheran mission staff of the Hermannsburg mission managed to acquire a moderate proficiency in the vernacular, they used the Indigenous languages in church services and in school (Moore 2003: 24). Within months of Strehlow’s arrival he became fluent in Aranda and preached in the vernacular (Eylmann 1908; Kenny 2013).

Figure 21: Aranda people at the Hermannsburg mission, circa 1906. Source: SRC 05474, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

Despite the desolate condition at the mission, Carl started rebuilding it with great enthusiasm, not least motivated by the prospect that his young fiancée Friedericke [Frieda] Johanna Henriette Keysser would be arriving within the year. Travelling from Germany, Frieda, 19 years of age, joined Carl in 1895. Despite the inconveniences, Frieda embraced her role as a missionary’s wife. She started to learn Aranda, to teach the women household skills intended to improve health and living standards. She had six children at the Hermannsburg mission. Her first child Friedrich was born in 1897, her only daughter Martha in 1899, Rudolf in 1900, Karl in 1902, Heinrich in 1905 and her youngest son Theodor in 1908.

43 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Figure 22: The Strehlow children (Friedrich, Karl, Martha with baby Ted, Rudolf and Hermann) at Hermannsburg, 1908. Source: SRC 05832, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

In 1901 Baron Moritz von Leonhardi, a wealthy German armchair anthropologist, wrote to Strehlow asking him for some information about the people of the Hermannsburg mission. A real friendship developed between these men that resulted in a fruitful intellectual exchange between 1901 and 1910 and produced a masterpiece. Von Leonhardi became Carl Strehlow’s editor and organised the publication of Strehlow’s magnum opus Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907–20) through the Ethnological Museum of Frankfurt. In mid-1910, just after Strehlow had completed his ethnographic work, he departed with his family for Germany. The trip was intended as a break for Carl and Frieda, and to secure an education for his children. In his luggage Strehlow took many items with him that his editor had requested, including the dictionary manuscript. Without doubt the publication of the comparative grammar and dictionary of Aranda and Loritja would have followed had it not been for von Leonhardi’s premature death. He died from a stroke late in October 1910, only days before he was to meet Carl Strehlow. After an extended stay in Germany and placing his five eldest children with relatives and friends, he returned in 1912 to central Australia, with his wife Frieda and their youngest son Theodor (1908–1978), who

44 4 . The unpublished manuscript would later become one of the most controversial figures in Australian anthropology. In 1913, not long after his return to the Hermannsburg mission, Carl began the translation of the New Testament into Aranda with Moses Tjalkabota, Nathanael Rauwiraka and Jacobus. They completed it in 1919. Parts of it were published after his death as Ewangelia Lukaka (1925) and Ewangelia Taramatara (1928), without mentioning the role of the translators. In this period Carl Strehlow extracted data from his original dictionary manuscript and produced a second extensive wordlist, which is likely to have been for the translation of theological texts.14 When World War I broke out the Strehlows suffered greatly for leaving their children in Europe, and at the war’s end they decided to leave for Germany to see them. However, 30 years of mission effort had taken their toll on Carl. In mid-1922, as he waited for his replacement, he fell sick. All attempts to treat him locally failed and he died on 20 October 1922 at Horseshoe Bend after an agonising journey south on his way to medical help. On that final journey, he was accompanied by his wife Frieda and his son Theo, who 47 years later wrote a highly acclaimed, award-winning autobiographical novel based on this trip, called Journey to Horseshoe Bend. Mother and son travelled on to Adelaide and the dictionary manuscript as well as the original handwritten manuscripts of the publication Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien journeyed with them.

The manuscripts Carl Strehlow’s published work Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien was based on three handwritten manuscripts called Sagen, Cultus and Leben. Sagen (myths/legends) contains the Aranda and Luritja myth collections, Cultus (cults) songs that were sung during ceremonies and Leben (life) describes aspects of social life. They were published in seven instalments between 1907 and 1920 and are the richest and densest ethnographic text written on Western Aranda and Luritja cultures of central Australia at the beginning of the twentieth century. The original handwritten manuscripts survived in Australia; Strehlow had sent only copies to Germany in segments for comment and publication (Kenny 2013: 37). Those copies were destroyed in World War II during the bombing of the Ethnological Museum of Frankfurt.

14 Held at the Lutheran Archives in Adelaide.

45 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

46 4 . The unpublished manuscript

Figure 23: Page 10 of dictionary manuscript, 1906–09. Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

47 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

The comparative dictionary is the fourth handwritten manuscript and has remained unpublished. It contains thousands of Aranda, Loritja and Dieri to German glosses. It probably represents the largest and most comprehensive collation of Indigenous words of Australian languages compiled around the turn of the twentieth century, closely matched only by Reuther’s linguistic and ethnographic work on the Aboriginal cultures of the Lake Eyre Basin (Lucas and Fergie 2017). Dates within the pages in the dictionary manuscript indicate that Carl Strehlow compiled it around the turn of the twentieth century. He noted on the last page ‘Beendet am 23. Aug. 1906’ (Completed on 23 August 1906) and ‘Korrectur beendet am 15. Dec. 1909’ (Corrections completed on 15 December 1909). This original dictionary manuscript and the original volume manuscripts Sagen, Cultus and Leben are now held at the Strehlow Research Centre in Alice Springs. Notes deposited with these manuscripts and letters at the Strehlow Research Centre and the Special Collection of the Barr Smith library suggest that T.G.H. Strehlow had them in his possession from the 1930s until his death in 1978. Although the dictionary manuscript is a unique documentary record in Australia, and despite it being in his scholar son’s possession, and then his widow’s possession, it has remained nearly unknown for over 100 years. Efforts to publish the dictionary after completion were thwarted not only by the untimely death of von Leonhardi, but also by T.G.H. Strehlow’s constant use of it. The manuscripts travelled back from Germany with Carl Strehlow in 1912 and the dictionary manuscript was used to create a typed wordlist version for Aranda bible translation between 1913 and 1919.15 All manuscripts were taken in the luggage on his excruciating journey to Horseshoe Bend in 1922, packed by his 14-year-old son in the previous fortnight before leaving the Hermannsburg mission permanently (T.G.H. Strehlow 1969: 9). After Carl Strehlow’s traumatic death, and despite her ambivalence towards her husband’s work on the Aranda and Luritja cultures, Frieda gave the manuscripts to her youngest son T.G.H. Strehlow when he started his language studies in the early 1930s. The dictionary manuscript seems to

15 It is a wordlist of simple glosses of Aranda, German and Loritja with an Appendix of additional words. This item is also in the FitzHerbert-Strehlow Papers: Item 2 called ‘21 typescript pages of Aranda words’. Page 1 is headed ‘Anhang zum Woerterbuch von Missionar Strehlow, genannt Neue Woerter’ with circa 1,536 words.

48 4 . The unpublished manuscript have been a lifelong companion of T.G.H. Strehlow. He annotated it in some places by hand and it becomes clear these manuscripts were not only professionally but also emotionally of unimaginable value to him. He took it with him when he returned in 1932 to central Australia (Kenny 2013: 153)16 and when he died in 1978 it was found on his desk at the University of Adelaide. The manuscripts disappeared for some time but surfaced again in the 1990s. They were among the items17 confiscated at the house of T.G.H. Strehlow’s widow that were at the centre of a dispute over their ownership. They are now deposited at the Strehlow Research Centre in Alice Springs.

Figure 24: T.G.H. Strehlow at the Hermannsburg mission, circa 1920. Source: SRC 06002 Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

The dictionary manuscript’s form The dictionary manuscript is a complex document that not only contains four different languages, but also a number of different scripts as well as shorthand that say something about the time period in which it was produced and Carl Strehlow’s education and scholarship.

16 T.G.H. Strehlow’s Diary I (1932: 2), Strehlow Research Centre. 17 Schedule B of a draft of the Strehlow Research Centre Act, held at the Strehlow Research Centre.

49 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

The manuscript is organised into four columns with the following languages: Aranda (an Arandic language), German, Loritja (a Western Desert language) and Dieri (a Karnic language). The Aranda column contains circa 7,600 entries, the German column circa 7,600, the Loritja/ Kukatja column circa 6,800, and Dieri column circa 1,200 entries. His Loritja was sometimes labelled Kukatja (see Figure 23). This seems to indicate that (i) one of his main informants might have been Kukatja or identified clearly as a Kukatja speaker, rather than being possibly a multilingual Arandic informant, (ii) he changed informant(s) part-way through the research project, or (iii) the language labels were both in use, but he changed his mind on which to use. He was initially attempting to compare four Indigenous languages. An additional column was set up for Narrinyeri words, but there are no entries in it. He may have run out of time, not have had enough data on Narrinyeri, or the task to include it may have been simply too enormous and work-intense. A look at an excerpt of a page of his dictionary manuscript illustrates the difficult task of transcribing it. The Aranda, Loritja/Kukatja and Dieri words in the first, third and fourth columns are written in Latin script. Strehlow knew Latin script as it was used in all European countries outside of Germany and by educated Germans who engaged with people outside of their own country. The words in the second column are German and written in a German script. Carl Strehlow and his son T.G.H. Strehlow used a German script that was called Kurrentschrift when writing in German (not Sütterlin which was developed much later and was only used in the 1930s). At the turn of the century there were many versions of these scripts used in different parts of Germany. At this time, there were endless public discussions in newspapers and academic publications about the pros and cons of the use of Latin script versus a German script. In the middle column there is occasionally some shorthand. In the example in Figure 25 from page 40 of the manuscript, someone who knew shorthand added its transcription, that is ‘die Abteilung der Gruppe, der ich nicht angehöre’ (the group I do not belong to) and ‘von einander’ (of each other). It appears to be T.G.H. Strehlow’s handwriting. However, the shorthand is not always annotated in this way. Carl Strehlow used a shorthand called Stolze, which was the preferred system in northern

50 4 . The unpublished manuscript

Germany. There were many competing stenographic systems in Germany at that time. An extensive literature discusses the arguments about which system is best and how to improve it. In the 1930s the National Socialists implemented a common system and prohibited all others.18

Figure 25: Excerpt of page 40 showing Aranda and Loritja in Latin script (left and far right), German in Kurrentschrift (following Aranda) and Stolze shorthand (immediately following German Kurrentschrift). Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs . Image manipulation: Shane Mulcahy .

Most German scholars knew shorthand; it was one of the distinguishing features of education as well as an efficient technique used by scientists to record information. One could jot down in real time a speaker’s narrative and it used very little paper, which was a valuable and scarce resource at the remote Hermannsburg mission in central Australia. It is possible that Carl Strehlow learnt shorthand at school. If he had not acquired this skill before he was trained as a missionary, he would have learnt it from his early mentor Otto Seidel or at the Neuendettelsau seminary.

18 I am thankful for the assistance provided at the stenographic collection in Dresden to help identify the version of shorthand used by Carl Strehlow.

51 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

The dictionary content Carl Strehlow’s dictionary contains vocabulary that relates to mythology (in which the flora and fauna play an important role), kinship and ceremonial activities, as well as social life in general and material culture, because these were the focus of Carl’s ethnographic work. Although the transcriptions of Indigenous myths and songs in Aranda and Luritja are accompanied by German interlinear and free translations in Strehlow’s published work, an Aranda–German–Luritja dictionary is required to understand the full richness of this early ethnography. The type of mythological text material and its vocabulary that Carl Strehlow collected describes the core of an Arandic belief system that today is referred to in English as the Dreaming or The Law. The myths and songs about the earth-dwelling ancestral beings, called at the turn of the twentieth century in Aranda the altjirangamitjina and in Luritja tukutita, explain how the world was created and reflect many aspects of traditional Aboriginal life. Strehlow remarked that these narratives represented the Indigenous understanding of the world and their perception of how their laws and social systems came into being. The narratives of the exploits of the altjirangamitjina, both in prose and poetics, often transform into a description of the totemic or dreaming animals and plants (Strehlow 1910b: 5). The vocabulary includes names of ancestral beings and spirits, verb forms and adjectives that are used in these myths and descriptions of flora and fauna. The large number of words for different plants, animals, reptiles and insects—including those that appear in the mythology of the Aranda and Luritja—not only reflected their ontology but also, in Carl’s view, their daily engagement with the environment and an Indigenous natural history, ‘as the totems of the Aranda’ usually belonged to the animal and plant world, reflecting their knowledge of the natural world19 (Strehlow 1910b: 5). Strehlow published a list of Aranda and Luritja totems containing 442 totems or dreamings, of which 411 were animals and plants (Strehlow 1908: 61–74). Of these, 312 were used as food or as stimulants. There are many other plants and animals listed in his dictionary.

19 Carl Strehlow to N.W. Thomas, mid to end of 1906 (SH-SP-6-1, Strehlow Research Centre).

52 4 . The unpublished manuscript

The dictionary also abounds in useful and important data on social classification, in particular a large number of kinship terms that are mostly still in use in central Australia. The kinship system encompasses the whole population, with the ability to describe the closeness of different relationships. In his work about social life he showed how the two different section systems connected with each other (see Strehlow 1913: 62–89). For example, his account of the ‘marriage order’ starts with the basic division that organises Aranda people into two groups (exogamous moieties)20 called Nákarakia (‘our people’) and Etnákarakia (‘those people’) or Maljanuka (‘the ones belonging to the other group’). These terms are not names for one or the other moiety but were reciprocally used by both groups (Strehlow 1913: 62). Today Arandic people still refer to such groupings and use the section and subsection systems called ‘skin’ by Aboriginal people in central Australia. The Aranda system is compatible with others in the broader region. The skin or section/subsection systems cross-cut linguistic and social boundaries and facilitate group interaction, ceremonial gatherings and marriage. Strehlow charted the Aranda system in the following way:

Figure 26: Arandic subsection or skin chart (Strehlow 1913: 63). Source: Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

20 Moieties (halves) divide the social world of a people into two groups that are sociocentric. The same people are always grouped together regardless from whose perspective one is considering people. The division into moieties is evident in a number of social behaviours, ceremonial proceedings and in relationships to land.

53 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Knowledge of the kin terminology and subsection system are indispensable for the understanding of all social institutions and ceremonial proceedings in central Australia, which includes a vast array of public as well as restricted rituals belonging to both men and women. These involve songs connected to myths and ceremonies. Strehlow (1910b, 1911) documented 59 Aranda ceremonies and their associated songs and 21 Loritja ceremonies. Many of these ceremonies were performed individually in public as well as in restricted ceremonial forums or as part of the initiation process that, according to Strehlow, had seven stages at the turn of the twentieth century (Strehlow 1913). The last ceremony21 was the largest and most prestigious ceremonial gathering, drawing men, women and children together from far places to witness the conclusion of the rites that brought young men into adulthood. According to Carl Strehlow’s research, in his time all types of ceremonies and performances had either the purpose of intitjiuma meaning ‘to initiate into something, to show how something is done’ or mbatjalkatiuma meaning ‘to bring about, make fertile, improve conditions of’ (Strehlow 1910b: 1–2) and had public aspects that were witnessed by women, children and the uninitiated. At many stages of initiation, for example, women played a role, performing dances called ntaperama22 (Strehlow 1913: 19) or smoking ceremonies called ulbuntakelama23 (Strehlow 1913: 36). The general public was usually never far off from the privileged procedures offering practical, ceremonial and emotional support. Strehlow’s myth and song texts are accompanied by drawings, descriptions of who performs what at which places in the central Australian landscape, how it is performed, what ceremonial artefacts are used and their purposes. Descriptions and interpretations of material culture are interspersed throughout Strehlow’s work to illustrate and enhance the text. His collection included well over 1,000 objects and mundane artefacts that he had sent to Germany.24 He sent carrying dishes, boomerangs,25 spears, spear throwers, sacred objects,26 clubs, shields, hair strings, stone knives and axes, digging sticks, chains made of native beans, and many other

21 Spencer and Gillen’s engwura and Strehlow’s inkura. 22 This is a verb meaning ‘do the dance ntapa’; the dance is called ntapa. 23 This is a verb meaning ‘put into smoke’; smoke is called ulbunta. 24 F.C.A. Sarg (1911) and Vatter (1925) used his collection for their publications. 25 F.C.A. Sarg described in Die Australischen Bumerangs im Städtischen Völkermuseum (1911) some of Strehlow’s boomerangs. 26 Carl Strehlow to von Leonhardi, probably 10 December 1907 (SH-SP-15-1, Strehlow Research Centre).

54 4 . The unpublished manuscript items that he lists in this dictionary and the last volume of his work (Strehlow 1920: 8–14) to his editor in Germany. The items mentioned in the dictionary were for most part produced by Aranda and Luritja people, though there are terms for some pieces that were not manufactured in the region and were not recognised by the people I worked with.

The intellectual context of the dictionary The comparative dictionary and grammar that von Leonhardi had hoped would be an integral part of Carl Strehlow’s publications was to provide the key for the interpretation of the extensive collections of the Aranda and Luritja text materials. It was to contribute to the understanding of Aranda and Luritja people’s worldviews and show that their languages as well as cultures were distinct. The richness of the linguistic data was also to show that Aboriginal languages were no different to any others in the world and could express the full range of human cognition. Thus, the broader purpose of such a language study or ethnolinguistic project around 1900 had not only empirical dimensions, but was as much theoretical and philosophical in orientation. The German language tradition that was a hallmark of nineteenth-century German anthropology was in some ways related to Lutheran language theory and practice that reached back to Martin Luther’s reformation. It had been a crucial part of Luther’s treatises to spread the gospel in German rather than in Latin or even a German rendition of the Vulgate. Luther preached that the word of God was to be taught in vernacular and translated into a people’s mother tongue (Wendt 2001: 8; Moore 2015: 39). As a consequence, in the nineteenth century it was characteristic of German Protestant mission theology and practice to pay special attention to a people’s language and its implications for idiom and other dimensions of culture (Schild 2004: 54). These studies of Indigenous languages often resulted in the production of grammars and dictionaries as well as collections of myth texts and other aspects of cultures. German missionaries in Australia brought this linguistic tradition with them. Among the missionaries, it went without saying that they had to learn the language of the people they were sent to serve. This tradition dovetailed with linguistic views of the emerging German discipline of anthropology about the importance of language. One of the main principles of German anthropological thought emanating from Herderian

55 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

and Humboldtian philosophy, which were expressed by Bastian, Virchow and their anthropological circle in Germany, and by Boas in North America, was the focus on language as the main tool of its empiricism. The meticulous and diligent study and collection of linguistic material (grammar, vocabulary and original text) became central, and was the most important feature of nineteenth-century German anthropology and ethnology. Probably the main reason for the emphasis on language was that it was seen as the embodiment of a people’s culture or spirit, its Geist. Literally Geist means ‘spirit’ or ‘ghost’, however, in this context it means ‘the essence of a people’ or ‘the spirit (mind/intellect/genius) of a people’. This view has its roots in German eighteenth-century philosophy that emphasised the ideas of particularism opposing progressivism and deduction. It became part of mainstream German intellectual life and absorbed into anthropological thought (Marchand 1982: 20). Thinkers who influenced the development of this sort of anthropological thinking were Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803), Georg Foster (1754–1794), the von Humboldt bothers, Wilhelm (1767–1835) and Alexander (1769–1859) as well as Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) to some degree, although Herder was critical of race theory (Mühlmann 1968: 62) and in particular of Kant’s. Herder, the founder of German historical particularism, was influential on anthropological thinking, because he was interested in the differences in cultures over time, and from one people to another (Adams 1998: 271). Herder rejected the concept of race as well as the French dogma of the uniform development of civilisation. He believed that there were many unique sets of values transmitted through history and that civilisations had to be viewed from within—that is, in terms of their own development and purpose (Berlin 1976: 174). Humanity was made up of a great diversity, language being a crucial manifestation that expressed a people’s particularity. The Geist of a people, he believed, was embodied in their language, which included oral literature and song texts of Indigenous peoples. Therefore language became critical in German anthropological research and a precondition of authoritative ethnography. To achieve their Herderian goal, (i.e. to document the various manifestations of cultures as completely as possible), German anthropologists were committed to

56 4 . The unpublished manuscript inductive science and an empirical methodology. They stressed the need to gather as much information as possible before attempting to generate theories about human difference (Penny and Bunzl 2003: 15). True to the paradigms of nineteenth-century German anthropology, Strehlow’s editor believed that thorough empirical research had to be conducted before universal laws pertaining to humankind and ideas of their origin could be developed. Language was the main tool for such an empirical study of cultures. His editor stated that it ‘is simply impossible to penetrate the heart of the beliefs of the Australian Aborigines without thorough knowledge of their language’.27 He perceived language as the embodiment of a people’s mind and spirit that was both Herderian and Humboldtian in character. Wilhelm von Humboldt maintained that there were two steps in language research, which needed to be undertaken to be able to make statements about a people’s culture and language. The first step was to describe the structure of the language (grammar and dictionary) and the next its use (Gebrauch) (Humboldt [1820] 1994: 16), by which he meant oral literary text (Foertsch 2001: 113). Thus, in Strehlow and von Leonhardi’s central Australian project language was method and phenomenon and could not be separated from culture. Through language, phenomena like myths and social institutions as well as material culture that seemed similar, related or identical, could be established as specific within their own cultural and linguistic context. Language was not only a research tool, it also had a philosophical dimension, showing how other people thought. Von Leonhardi in particular understood the particularity of a culture and saw language and its literature as a reflection of this specificity. The exact description and recording of language and transcription of original Australian Indigenous text, he believed would give insight into people’s ‘Anschauungen’ (views) and their ‘Geist’ (spirit).28

Kulturkreislehre Another reason for the emphasis on language in Carl Strehlow’s research was that in the period in which the material for Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien was collected—1904 to 1909—a

27 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 17 March 1906. 28 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 2 June 1906.

57 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

new method and theory in German anthropology was emerging. It was called the kulturhistorische Methode (culture-historical method) and Kulturkreislehre (culture circle theory). The aim of this diffusionist theory was to chart historical movements of peoples as well as to identify traits of ‘culture circles’. One of the obvious traits of a culture circle was language or a language group, which presumably helped to distinguish one circle from the other or suggested overlay and mixing of cultures. Through language comparison, which looked at dialect variations and the possible travel of words, myth and song, along with comparative studies of material culture and social systems, it was believed possible to discover migration patterns and how the distribution of peoples over long periods of time across the globe had occurred. Von Leonhardi may have hoped to clarify with Strehlow’s linguistic data what happened at the edges or in transitional zones of culture circles, as Carl Strehlow’s mission was located in such a linguistic and cultural transitional region. Prominent German representatives of diffusionist theory were P.W. Schmidt, Fritz Graebner, Bernhard Ankermann and later also Leo Frobenius. In the first decade of the twentieth century most theorising on the Kulturkreise and -schichten was undertaken in letters between these men and other scholars (Penny 2002) and most of the anthropologists who would publish on this subject were still developing their methods and theories or out in the field collecting ethnographic and linguistic data as well as material culture to bolster their hypothesis. Only occasionally were short pieces published in German anthropological journals such as Globus, Petermann’s Mitteilungen or Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. The first major work on the Kulturkreislehre was Graebner’s Methode der Ethnologie published in 1911 followed by Pater Schmidt’s Die Gliederung der Australischen Sprachen29 published between 1912 and 1918 in his journal Anthropos. Strehlow’s editor, Moritz von Leonhardi, participated in the early phase of the development of the Kulturkreislehre and explored the use of comprehensive descriptions of languages to explain hypotheses of the emerging theory. His understanding of language in the context of the

29 P.W. Schmidt, Die Gliederung der Australischen Sprachen und ihre Beziehungen zu der Gliederung der soziologischen Verhältnisse der australischen Stämme. In: Anthropos 7 (1912): 230–51, 463–97, 1014–48; 8 (1913): 526–54; 9 (1914): 980–1018; 12/13 (1917/1918): 437–93, 747–817.

58 4 . The unpublished manuscript

Kulturkreislehre was informed by close reading of the limited amount of existing material in the century’s first decade and his correspondence with P.W. Schmidt. Work on the culture circles and their distribution concentrated initially on material culture and social organisation. The first, very brief linguistic contribution on Australian language in the context of the Kulturkreislehre was written by Pater W. Schmidt in 1908. The comparison and classification of language was believed to give insight into ethnic origins, migrations and prehistory. Based on some linguistic evidence extracted from the very limited literature, Schmidt (1908) declared that his findings suggested with certainty that the Aranda were not ‘primitive’, not an earliest form of inferior culture, as social Darwinism wanted to see them. Schmidt, as well as Graebner, Foy and Thomas in England, saw the population of Australia not as homogeneous, but consisting of a number of layers of peoples and cultures that at different times in prehistory migrated and partially amalgamated. The oldest layer was believed to have spread from Tasmania and thought to have occupied all of Australia at some stage, surviving in the south-east of the continent. On the Tasmanian layer it was believed that at least two further layers had introduced new cultural elements like totemism, the boomerang and the spear thrower.30 Schmidt (1908: 869) suggested that a fourth layer originating in New Guinea had swamped the Australian continent from the north and reached its southern extent with the Aranda which, he believed, was evident in his linguistic investigations. For von Leonhardi it was important to try to establish the links or their absence between the languages and cultures of central and south coast Australia. He speculated that very ancient elements of culture may have been preserved on the southern coasts of Australia where apparently no boomerangs, shields, marriage classes or totemism existed and it:

would be the very oldest population of Australia, probably the Tasmanian one, which may have been pushed by migration waves with a slightly higher culture and differing language to the south and south east and possibly to the south west coast where they seem to have survived.

‘However’, he concluded in 1909, ‘that is all still very problematic.’31

30 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 2 March 1909. 31 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 12 February 1909.

59 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

The theory of culture circles and layers was still very hypothetical and most details unclear at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. Where the two layers and waves of migrations overlaying the original Tasmanian stratum, for instance, had come from, was still a mystery.32 It was not even clear what traits needed to be present in a culture circle, to define it as such (Kluckhohn 1936: 138–9), and this problem would never be solved—and thus by mid-century the Kulturkreislehre had substantially faded into insignificance. Despite its limitations, the ethnolinguistic data that was amassed in its heyday remain an immensely valuable body of work.

Concluding remark Carl Strehlow’s comparative dictionary and his ethnography Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien were products of a German nineteenth-century style that was language-based and strictly descriptive. A century after their production, they remain invaluable resources for Aranda and Luritja people. Language was not only method for Strehlow, but proof that the Aranda were part of the universal plurality of humanity. His last public remark on language in The Register on 7 December 1921, after 27 years of studies in central Australia, makes this clear. Rejecting evolutionary theory explicitly he wrote that ‘the wonderfully structured language of the aborigines, and their religious beliefs’33 show that their languages and cultures are as sophisticated as any others in the world.

32 Von Leonhardi to Carl Strehlow, 2 March 1909. 33 The Register, Adelaide, 7 December 1921.

60 4 . The unpublished manuscript

Figure 27: Carl and Frieda Strehlow in central Australia, 1898. Source: SRC 07767, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs .

5 Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description: Present value and future potential John Henderson

Introduction The extent and quality of Carl Strehlow’s comparative dictionary makes it an extraordinary work for its time, and in some ways it remains so by current standards. The sheer number of entries—around 7,600—is impressive, and for its time it demonstrates a reasonably sophisticated attempt to characterise meanings. This chapter primarily considers the dictionary as a work of language description—in terms of the analytical concepts of linguistics and the methods of modern lexicography. Understanding the value and limitations of Strehlow’s dictionary in these ways provides an appreciation of his achievements in the dictionary, its place in relation to other current Aranda1 and Luritja language resources, and perhaps most importantly its potential contribution to new resources for these languages.

1 Strehlow’s spelling ‘Aranda’ is used in this chapter, except where it is necessary to distinguish the two modern orthographies of Western Aranda in recent published works.

63 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

The first section gives a brief overview of the nature of the dictionary. It considers the context from which the dictionary arose, its contribution to more recent work, and the languages that are represented in it. The next section looks at the basic organisation of information into entries in the dictionary. The following sections then focus in detail on the important grammatical information in different types of entries, and the strategies for characterising meaning. The representation of Aranda sounds in the dictionary is discussed here only as it relates to lexicographical and grammatical matters. The accompanying chapter on the Mission Orthography provides a fuller discussion. The analytical concepts of linguistics used in this chapter are introduced for a broader readership at the relevant points.

Overview The dictionary is examined here as a work in its own right although it is just one component of Strehlow’s overall descriptive work. He also collected and documented numerous traditional texts from Aranda and Luritja people, and wrote an analysis of the grammar and other materials (which include an account of Aranda sign language). The collection of texts is particularly significant because texts can provide a wide range of words and expressions used in a range of contexts—necessary information for a high-quality dictionary. His intellectual work in translating texts from Aranda and Luritja, and in translating Christian materials into these languages, must also have contributed to a sophisticated analysis of the grammar and lexicon of both languages. His dictionary can be evaluated for the accuracy, range and depth of its description of the lexicon, and like any other work of language description those things should be evaluated in terms of the author’s goals and methods, and the goals of its audience, and in terms of the principles and practices in language description. For modern readers of the dictionary, it is important to understand the nature of the work in order to interpret the individual entries. It is presented in this volume in a publication format like other modern dictionaries, but the content is not a final version ready for publication. It is a handwritten draft which has many inconsistencies and limitations, and interpreting entries is not always straightforward.

64 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

As a historical work the dictionary is a record of the language at an earlier point in time. It both documents the local community’s language heritage and offers an understanding of the paths of language change over a period of enormous social change. It is clear that today’s Aranda and Luritja are fundamentally the same as the languages of Strehlow’s time, but as speakers today get the chance to work through this dictionary it will become clearer how much of the ‘old language’ has changed or been lost. Some words in the dictionary have not been recognised by those Aranda speakers who have had a chance so far to make their own evaluation, though not all these cases necessarily indicate change or loss in the languages. Strehlow’s spelling of the Aranda and Luritja words is in many ways not specific enough to indicate which of the sounds of these languages actually occurs in a given word. His definitions vary widely in detail but are mostly only simple glosses in German, and as useful as they may be, we can see from comparison with modern dictionaries that producing a fuller account of the meaning of a word requires a more developed approach. So in some cases, even very knowledgeable speakers might not recognise Strehlow’s entry for a word they actually know. In the cases where speakers actually do not already know the word, it is not straightforward to work out how that word was pronounced and what its precise meaning was. Strehlow’s description of the Western Aranda language was preceded by the impressive work of Hermann Kempe, his missionary predecessor at Hermannsburg 1876–91 and a founder of the mission. Kempe’s grammatical description and vocabulary was published in 1891. It seems reasonable to assume that Strehlow was influenced by and benefited from Kempe’s work, though it is clear from the much greater size of Strehlow’s dictionary that he was seeking a much fuller and more detailed coverage of the vocabulary, and must have developed a deep knowledge of the language. Modern experience in producing dictionaries means we can be confident that Strehlow’s dictionary was at enormous expense in terms of time and effort. For one thing, it is significant that it is a large handwritten list that is mostly alphabetically ordered, because this must have been preceded by a method of collecting individual words over time before they could be collated into an ordered list. It may be that he used a common method of starting off with a paper slip for each entry as the word was recorded, and inserting it into the stack of slips at the right place in the alphabetical order. By any method though, the task was enormous in a pre-computer age. Given that the practical aspects of his everyday life in the early mission were very demanding (Lohe 1977), his linguistic and cultural description is an even greater achievement.

65 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

This volume describes Strehlow’s work as a heritage dictionary. This term recognises not just that it has value as part of Aranda and Luritja history, it recognises that the dictionary is a work of its time and context. People looking for a dictionary of the languages today have a range of modern resources available in the current orthographies. The Western Arrarnta Picture Dictionary (Roennfeldt et al. 2006) is a school language resource, in the modern orthography used in school programs and some other contexts in the Hermannsburg area. The Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte (Breen et al. 2000) is in the alternative modern orthography that was used for some years at Yipirinya School in Alice Springs.2 The Pintupi/ Luritja Dictionary (Hansen and Hansen 1992) is an extensive dictionary of the Western Dialects adjacent to the Western Aranda area. Although Strehlow’s dictionary is being published for the first time now, it has had a major influence on the modern dictionaries produced in the last few decades, as well as on the unpublished dictionary (and other work) produced by his son T.G.H. Strehlow. Carl Strehlow’s dictionary played an important role in the initial stages of the Arandic languages dictionaries program at the Institute for Aboriginal Development (IAD) in Alice Springs. It was the largest source used in developing a starter list for collecting information on words in different Arandic languages (together with work by Ken Hale, Gavan Breen and other researchers). The words in the starter list were used as prompts for speakers to provide information on their own language, and their information is what the modern dictionaries are based on. The series of major dictionaries published by IAD includes the Eastern and Central Arrernte to English Dictionary (Henderson and Dobson 1994), the Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte (Breen et al. 2000), the Central & Eastern Anmatyerr to English Dictionary (Green 2010), the Kaytetye to English Dictionary (Turpin and Ross 2012) and the Alyawarr to English Dictionary (Green 1992; second edition by Blackman et al., forthcoming). In relation to Western Desert languages, the IAD program also produced the Pitjantjatjara/ Yankunytjatjara Dictionary (Goddard 1996), and has contributed directly and indirectly to other works, including Glass and Hackett’s (2003) Ngaanyatjarra & Ngaatjatjarra to English Dictionary. The dictionaries program has also contributed in various ways to some of the Picture Dictionary volumes published by IAD Press.

2 See Chapter 6 in this volume for a detailed discussion of the differences between the various orthographies.

66 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

With these major dictionaries published, and with smaller works and other research, it is now feasible to plan a combined dictionary of the Arandic languages, probably as a digital resource. Such a dictionary should include historical content, especially from Strehlow’s dictionary but also from other early sources. Together with the entries from the various individual modern dictionaries, it would document the connectedness, difference and change within the Arandic languages. It would be a major ongoing resource for the Arandic communities and for Australian Indigenous studies more generally.

The languages This is a comparative multilingual dictionary in that it includes Aranda, Luritja, German and some Dieri (now also written as Diyari).3 It is not an etymological dictionary: it does not attempt to relate the words of these Australian languages to each other as descendants of common ancestral languages. It also does not identify historical borrowings from one language to another, though it is reasonably clear that the neighbouring Aranda and Luritja languages have borrowed words from each other over a long period of time. A full analysis of this borrowing remains to be done, and no doubt this dictionary, along with others, will be key sources for that analysis. Since Strehlow’s spelling of Aranda and Luritja does not accurately and consistently represent the sounds of those languages, in this chapter his spelling of an Aranda word will generally be followed by its spelling in the two current orthographies for Western Aranda. The two alternative spellings are separated by a double-slash ‘//’, so for example tanalama {tarnalhama // ternelheme} ‘stretch yourself out’. The first alternative is in the Finke River Mission (FRM) orthography following the model in Roennfeldt et al.’s Western Arrarnta Picture Dictionary, and the second is in the IAD orthography following the model in Breen et al.’s (2000) Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte. For Strehlow’s spelling of Luritja words, a modern spelling is provided following the model of Hansen and Hansen’s (1992) Pintupi/Luritja Dictionary.

3 Interestingly, the names ‘Luritja’ and ‘Aranda’—in any spelling—do not appear in Kempe (1891a), and in fact he gives no names for any varieties. However, the name of the Arandic language at Charlotte Waters was recorded in 1875 by Giles as ‘Arrinda’ (Taplin 1879).

67 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

Strehlow’s dictionary is in some ways basically two dictionaries: an Aranda to German dictionary, and an Aranda to Luritja dictionary. Aranda is clearly the primary language in this work overall. The most obvious evidence is that the list is alphabetically ordered—to the extent that it is—according to the Aranda words. Also, while almost 10 per cent of the 7,500-plus entries give an Aranda word with no equivalent in Luritja, there is only a handful of entries where a Luritja word is given without an equivalent in Aranda. A multilingual dictionary like this may suggest to some readers that Aranda and Luritja are fundamentally equivalent in the meanings of words, that each word in one of these languages has a single corresponding word with the same meaning in the other language. This is generally not true of any two languages (though it might be true of very close dialects of the same language). It is not true of Aranda and Luritja. Certainly, there are many cases where there are corresponding words with the same meaning—or close to it—but there are many cases where there are not. Firstly, there are cases where Strehlow gives the same Luritja word for two different Aranda words, for example: Aranda Luritja

tākama alani ein Loch in einen hohlen Baum hauen (mit dem Beil). {chop a hole in a hollow tree (with an axe), smash, break}

altjurilama alani ein Loch machen, öffnen (Tür) {make a hole, open (door)}

In modern dictionaries, we see that Aranda altjurilama {altjurelama // altywerileme} and Luritja alani {alani} both have at least two senses, (i) to make a hole or opening in something, and (ii) to open a door, hatch etc. However, Aranda tākama {taakama // takeme} has a different meaning: ‘smash in, break through, make something collapse (like a house) or cave in (like a burrow)’ (Breen et al. 2000). Luritja alani and Aranda taakama // takeme can be both applicable to some particular situations, depending on the physical nature of the situation, but there are also other situations where alani is applicable but taakama // takeme is not. For example, alani is used to refer to the normal way of cutting open the belly of a kangaroo to gut it, but Aranda taakama // takeme is not.

68 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

Conversely, in cases such as the following, there are multiple entries for the same Aranda word, with each entry apparently picking out the meaning in different contexts, and for each of these there is a different Luritja equivalent. In this particular case, the entries are consecutive, and it may be that Strehlow has specifically used separate entries to show the relationship between the Aranda and corresponding Luritja expressions.4 Aranda Luritja jurankama kurangañi sausen (Wind), heulen (Sturm) (Rausch, Wind) whistle (wind), howl (storm) jurankama lulumanañi rauschen (Meer) sough (sea)4 jurankama wilijiri wonkani fauchen (Schlange) hiss (snake)

Finally, in many other cases, such as the following example, a number of Luritja words are given in the same entry. This should not be taken to mean that these words are necessarily all equivalent in Luritja. Aranda Luritja nilkna ngurtu, kanka, heimlich {secretly} mulata

On the basis of the modern dictionaries of related dialects, Aranda nilkna {nyilknga // nyelknge} here is roughly ‘secretly, stealing; theft’ while the Luritja words would appear to have different meanings to each other, although related: Strehlow Current spelling ngurtu ngurrtju ‘selfishly, greedily, without sharing’ (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara, Goddard 1996)

4 This gloss may seem surprising since these languages are spoken so far from any ocean, but there is also laia {laiya // laye} ‘sea’, ‘lake’. It is not clear what local phenomena this might have referred to, but very large bodies of water may have been known about second-hand through a chain of cultural contact between language groups.

69 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

mulata mulyata ‘illegally, without permission, against a prohibition’ (Ngaanyatjarra/ Ngaatjatjarra, Glass and Hackett 2003)

kanka kaanka ‘crow’ and metaphorically, ‘light- fingered {man/woman}, someone who hangs around suspiciously’ (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara, Goddard 1996)

Dialects The Aranda words in the dictionary are said to be from the ‘dialect of the Upper Finke area’, and today the dictionary is often identified as the Western Aranda dialect, which is strongly associated with Ntaria (Hermannsburg) and neighbouring communities. However, the situation is more complex than this. Firstly, there are close to 300 words annotated by Strehlow as Northern (156 words), Southern (123) and Eastern varieties (8). Most of these are consistent with currently known dialect differences. In about a quarter of these instances, the entry also indicates what the corresponding Western Aranda form is. Secondly, there is evidence of words that are recognised today as other dialects, but are not annotated as such in the dictionary. For example, Strehlow’s matja ‘fire’ does not occur in the modern Western Aranda dictionaries, but is found in the southern dialect Pertame (as metye). It may be that this type of situation reflects a more mixed population at Hermannsburg in Strehlow’s time, with some speakers of dialects from other areas. Dialect divisions are not by nature clear-cut, so it may also be that in some cases the local dialects simply had more than one word with the same meaning—synonyms—and one or more of these synonyms just happened to be shared with another dialect, as so many words are. Finally, it is likely that there were originally smaller dialect distinctions—with perhaps just a few differences—within the ‘Upper Finke area’. The Western Desert language is both traditionally and currently spoken over an enormous area with many local dialects, shading from one into another. Strehlow identifies the Western Desert dialect in the dictionary as ‘Loritja’ for the first third of the notebook and as Kukatja for the remainder. Speakers of the dialect today usually label their language as Luritja. The naming of varieties of the Western Desert language is

70 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description traditionally multilayered and somewhat variable depending on context and purpose, but it seems clear that Strehlow’s Kukatja and Luritja both refer to basically the same variety.5 Strehlow reports that Kukatja was the name speakers used for themselves, and Luritja is the name originally used for them by Aranda speakers. In the dictionary, Strehlow identifies only a handful of words as belonging to other specific Western Desert dialects outside of the immediate area. All of these involve more southern or western dialects. In some of the entries where more than one word is given for Luritja or Aranda, they are at least related in meaning, but may not all be from exactly the same dialect. For Western Desert dialects like Luritja, there is often a number of synonyms for a given meaning (Hansen 1984). The individual synonyms in a dialect are often also found in other dialects—but not necessarily all synonyms in every dialect. For example, in the following case Strehlow presents both Luritja itara and ngapiri as equivalent to Aranda para. Each of these words also occurs in other Western Desert dialects, but as Goddard (1996) shows, there are dialects where only one of these two occurs. Note also the small local differences in meaning in this example.6 Aranda Luritja para itara, ngapiri Gummibaum (Eucalyptus rostrata) {gumtree} Strehlow Current Dialect ngapiri ngapiri Pitjantjatjara ‘river red gum (Eucalyptus (not Yankunytjatjara) camaldulensis)’ itara itara ‘some areas only’ ‘river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)’

Pitjantjatjara & ‘bloodwood (Eucalyptus Yankunytjatjara opaca)’ (Goddard 1996)

5 The termKukatja is also used for a more remote variety of the Western Desert language spoken at Balgo in Western Australia and, traditionally, it appears to have been used to refer to other Western Desert varieties which distinctively use the word kuka for ‘meat’. 6 The river red gum is now generally classified as Eucalyptus camaldulensis rather than Strehlow’s Eucalyptus rostrata. The bloodwood was reclassified as Corymbia opaca in the 1990s.

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This is part of a complex pattern of synonyms in and across Western Desert dialects. Hansen (1984) describes each dialect as having many cases where there is a number of synonyms for a given meaning, though in the individual cases in a given dialect some synonyms are used more than others at a particular point in time. One factor is that if a particular synonym is placed under taboo following the death of a person with a similar-sounding name, other synonyms can be used instead. Speakers are also typically familiar with synonyms that they attribute to dialects other than their own.

Entries, words and expressions One way to understand the basic organisation of information in a dictionary, and therefore to compare dictionaries, is to ask the question: What kind of list is this dictionary? In this section, we will try to answer this question for Strehlow’s dictionary.

Basic entry structure and ordering The basic structural considerations for a dictionary entry are (i) the basis for what constitutes a distinct entry, and (ii) what type and level of information is provided in each entry. There is of course a wide range of possibilities for a given dictionary depending on the information that is available to the compilers, the resources and time that is applied to the work, and the compiler’s goals for the use of the dictionary. For example, on the first point here some dictionaries, such as Goddard’s (1996) dictionary of Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara, have entries for individual grammatical suffixes, whereas others such as Hansen and Hansen’s (1992) Pintupi/Luritja dictionary do not. In general, Strehlow does not have separate entries for suffixes, but he does annotate around 50 items as postpositions, a group which includes postpositional particles or clitics, and the odd suffix.

72 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

In order to get a broad overview of the structure of entries in Strehlow’s dictionary we can compare here a single entry, focusing on Luritja, with corresponding entries from a range of dictionaries7 of Western Desert language dialects that are closely related to Luritja. Note that nangañi/ nyanganyi and nyangu are different tense forms of the same verb. Strehlow Dictionary (1901–09) răma sehen nangañi {see, look, …}

Martutjarra Luritja (Cook 1982) nyangu (wa) Vt see, look at

Pintupi/Luritja (Hansen and Hansen 1992)

nyangu (wa) v. looked; saw; the norm is for limited eye contact in conversations and addressing large gatherings; prolonged eye contact which is the European norm can be offensive, implying that you don’t trust or recognise the person; prolonged eye contact with the opposite sex can be interpreted as a sexual advance; see ngurrtjunu, nyirrkingu, warinyangu, nyirrkinyirrkinpa, pinkurrwarranu, tjarangkanu, taarrnyinangu, pinkulutingu, yinawarranu, rupungu, miranu.

Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara (Goddard 1996)

nyanganyi transitive verb (ng)

1. see, watch, look at, notice: Ankulala nyakuku? Shall we go have a look? / Wanyuli arkara̲ nyawa! Let’s have a look! / Wampa. Ngayulu nyakunytja wiya. Search me. I haven’t seen (him). / Ngayulu pulkar̲ a̲ pukularipai̲ mamangku kuka katinyangka nyakula. I used to be so happy when I saw (my) father bringing meat. / Tjitji tjuta̲ pakuringkupai mungangka tipi nyakunytjatjanu. The kids get tired (during the day) after watching TV at night. / Wanyuli malaku̲ ara nyakunytjikitja. Let’s just go back and check. / Munul ankula ankula mitunu̲ kalaya̲ tjina, pulka̲ alatjitu.̲ Munul ma- wanar̲ a̲ nyangu manngungka̲ pupanyangka. After a while she came upon some emu tracks, really big ones. And she followed and saw (an emu) hunched over its nest.

7 Cook’s (1982) entry is from a relatively short vocabulary within an undergraduate Honours thesis, rather than a stand-alone dictionary, but it does represent a useful comparison as a dictionary entry structure intermediate between Strehlow’s and the more extensive modern dictionaries.

73 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

2. find: Cassette panya nyuntu nyangu? Have you found your cassette player? / Kaya minyma tjutangku̲ ankula ankula mina putu̲ nyangu. The women went off but couldn’t find (any) water.

3. (with purposive object ending -ku/-mpa) look for.

4. (of telegram, letter, etc.) get, receive: Telegram-na̲ iyanu,̲ paluru̲ nyangu. Munu yaaltji-yaaltji mitingi pitjanytja wiya. I sent (him) a telegram, and he got it. So how come he didn’t come (to) the meeting.

nyangu saw (past); nyangangi was watching, would see (past continuous); nyangama could see, keep watching (imperative continuous); nyakuku might see (future); nyakula having seen, on seeing (serial form); nyakunytja (nominal form); nyakupai used to see/watch (characteristic); nyawa look out! (imperative).

anganyanganyi look around to see whether it’s safe, be on the lookout for danger (anga- ‘block’).

ngulu nyangama keep watch on, keep an eye on (ngulu̲ ‘wary’): Nyuntunku pika palatja uti ngulu̲ nyangama. You should mind that injury of yours.

nyakula wanani follow (wan an i) with the eyes, watch something as it moves along.

nyakula wantinyi ignore, leave alone: Kuwarimpayal nyakulalta wantinyi palu nganana̲ ngalkupai tjulpu̲ tjuta.̲ These days they (kids) leave them alone but we used to eat birds (when we were kids).

para-nyanganyi look around.

nyakukatinyi transitive verb (Ø)

1. look for while going along: Malu̲ kutjupala nyakukatima. We should keep a look out for another kangaroo as we go along.

2. watch over an extended period of time.

nyakulinanyi transitive verb (n)

look for something while going along / Ma-pitjala nganan a put u nyakulinangi, mingkul paku. As we went along we were looking around in vain for native tobacco.

In terms of the types of information, Strehlow’s entry clearly has the simplest structure here, with a single Luritja word and a one-word German gloss, ‘sehen’ {look, see, …}. Cook (1982) adds grammatical

74 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description information on each verb’s conjugation—identified by the label ‘(wa)’— and its transitivity—‘Vt’ to indicate a transitive verb. Strehlow explicitly indicates grammatical information such as transitivity only sporadically. It is clear though from his 1910 grammatical notes that he was well aware of the details of Aranda and Luritja grammar. Hansen and Hansen’s (1992) entry further adds cultural information that is presented as relevant to this particular word, on eye contact in this case. The Pintupi/Luritja entry also lists a range of cross-references to other words with related meanings in that dictionary. For example, the first cross-reference ngurrtjunu is defined in its entry as ‘examined, tested, inspected; to inspect articles with a view to choosing the best one; to look over an object carefully’. Such cross-references have two functions. Firstly, they indirectly add to the definition of nyangu by identifying the area(s) of meaning that the word falls in, and point to the aspects of meaning which these related words share with nyangu. Secondly, the cross-references indirectly point to the aspects of meaning which distinguish the words from each other. For the language learner, the cross-references can identify the choices to be made in selecting an appropriate word. This type of information can also come from the Finder section of the Pintupi/Luritja dictionary where the entries invite the user to consider what the most appropriate word might be, for example:

saw: rupungu, tjarangkanu, miranu, nyuulykunu, yinawarranu, nyangu.

Goddard (1996) does not provide any cross-references to related words in the particular Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara (P/Y) entry above, though this dictionary does indicate synonyms in many other entries. The semantic analysis is more sophisticated in distinguishing four specific senses within the range of meaning of the word, and the explication of the meanings of these senses is enriched by providing examples of use in different situations, and translations of these examples. The entry also provides additional grammatical information, a list of the different tense forms: ‘nyangu saw (past); nyangangi…’. This is not routinely provided in verb entries in this dictionary because there is a regular pattern of such inflectional forms for each verb conjugation. Without explicitly stating so, the inflectional forms are listed in the nyanganyi entry because some of them are irregular (i.e. different from what would be expected for a standard ng-class verb).

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Another obvious aspect of the P/Y dictionary is that it groups together as subentries in one complex entry a set of expressions that are based on nyanganyi. Strehlow’s dictionary also provides such a set of expressions, but they are all independent entries. See the sample below (leaving out the Aranda equivalents). This set is more extensive than in the P/Y dictionary nyanganyi entry, primarily because Strehlow is providing these Luritja expressions with the intent of matching each of the Aranda expressions he lists.8 sich umsehen nakulaenni ‘to look around {nyakulayini (?)}8 (refl.)’

spähend stehen nakulakanjini ‘stand looking’ {nyakula kanyini}

übersehen, nicht nakula kanjini ‘overlook, not see’ sehen {nyakula kanyini}

übersehen, nicht ninkiltunkulá nangañi ‘overlook, not see’ sehen { nyanganyi}

mit eigenen kurunka nangañi ‘see with own eyes’ Augen sehen {kurungka nyanganyi}

mit dem Auge kuruterbaterbara nangañi ‘wink with the eye’ zwinkern {kuru- nyanganyi}

(Gott sehen), tukura nangañi ‘(see God), träumen {tjukurra nyanganyi} to dream’

sieh! Seht! nauai! ‘see! Look!’ {nyawayi!}

wiedersehen ngaparku nangañi ‘see again (friends)’ (v. Freunden) {ngaparrku nyanganyi} nakula pungañi {nyakula punganyi}

8 The forms in modern Luritja spelling are the author’s interpretation based on the form and meaning given by Strehlow and the available descriptions of neighbouring Western Desert dialects. Interpretation by knowledgeable speakers of Luritja may remove the uncertainties here.

76 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

(viele) einander nakunakulapungañi ‘see again’ sehen, wieder sehen {nyakunyakula punganyi}

(herankommen) ngalanangani ‘see (approaching)’ sehen {ngalya-nyanganyi} sehen nangañi ‘see’ {nyanganyi} mit eigenen Augen kurultu nangañi ‘see with one’s own sehen {kurultu(?) nyanganyi} eyes’ zur Seite sehen talbanku nangañi ‘look to the side’ {tjalpangku(?) nyanganyi} schielen kuru niltunku nangañi ‘be cross-eyed’ {kuru ngiltungka(?) nyanganyi}

übersehen ninkiltunkula nangañi ‘overlook’ { nyanganyi} bei der Rückkehr ngalanakulakulbañi ‘see on the return’ sehen {ngalya-nyakula kulpanyi}

(liegen) sehen manangañi ‘see (lying)’ {ma-nyanganyi} vor sich liegen sehen manakukatiñi ‘see it lying in front {ma-nyakukatinyi} of oneself’ auf der Wanderung nangañi jenkula ‘see on the walk’ erblicken {nyanganyi yankula}

These separate entries above are not all actually consecutive in Strehlow’s dictionary. Unlike the P/Y dictionary, Strehlow’s is not organised specifically so that separate but related Luritja expressions are grouped together, though this does result coincidentally in some cases. Mostly there is not even an indication of the relationship between expressions like the above (except for a few cross-references). Aranda related expressions are often grouped together simply because of the alphabetical ordering. This happens because of the particular facts of derived word forms in Aranda, and also

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in some cases because of the way Strehlow’s spelling under-differentiates the sounds in words. There are a few cases, though, where Strehlow ignores alphabetical order in order to group related expressions together. These mostly involve multi-word expressions, as we can see in the set of consecutive entries below where none of the indented lines would be in that position if ordered strictly alphabetically. The indenting itself explicitly represents these as subentries of ankama {ngkama // ngkeme}. The choice of which expressions are presented as subentries can be inconsistent: we can see more words below related to ngkama // ngkeme that are distinct entries, with unrelated words occurring in between in some cases. There is no indenting in most such cases in the dictionary. ankama … say, speak, talk, bleat (sheep), crow (birds), rustle (trees) bailba ankama … talk/speak unintelligible barbuta ankama … talk/speak unintelligible etatua ankama … talk for a very long time erilkna ankama, … speak loud entára ankama ritjinja ankama … speak softly ankanankana … speaker ankalabuma … ask for, beg for, hum (beetle) ankaúerama … discuss with (men) ankalelama … trs. produce sounds ankaratnapallanama … say in chorus, twit and sing in the choir inkana … all ankankalintama … ascend singing (bird) inkanga … armpit ankāra … the juice (of caterpillars, of fruit), type of tree

We can also see another aspect of entry ordering here that relates to the handwritten nature of the original and its status as a draft. The words inkana and inkanga above, which are well out of alphabetical order, were originally written as ankana and ankanga respectively and then overwritten with the initial ‘i’. The correct forms also occur later in roughly their expected place in alphabetical ordering.

78 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

Now that the dictionary has been transcribed into a digital form, there are clear opportunities here to re-present the information to both make expressions easier to find and to indicate the relationships between them. The Aranda expressions in the entries could be sorted into consistent alphabetical order, and a reversal could also list the Luritja expressions in alphabetical order. While this would improve usability for some purposes, we should be aware that each of Strehlow’s entries was written in the context of its neighbouring entries, and the original ordering may therefore be necessary to help interpret an entry. In a digital version of the dictionary, normal searching would make it simpler to find words even when they are in quite distant entries. In a more sophisticated digital version, entries could be linked to explicitly show the relationships between them, and though this would be a fairly large task it would make it possible to present to the user a set of related expressions for comparison.

Single and multi-word expressions In nearly 90 per cent of entries there is a single Aranda headword, as illustrated in the example of răma ‘see’ above. Most of the remainder have multi-word expressions, two or more synonyms, or in just a few cases an example sentence. There are various types of multi-word expressions, including classifier constructions such as manna inkua below where the classifier nominal manna {marna // merne} plant food combines with the nominal inkua to focus on this plant as a source of food. inkua, manna inkua Schilf, dessen Wurzeln reed, its roots are {ingkwa // ingkwe, gegessen werden eaten {bulrush} marna ingkwa // merne ingkwe} untjala ngama auf der Schulter tragen carry on shoulder {untjala kngama // (kleine Kinder) (small children) untyele kngeme}

The distinction between single headword and multi-word expressions is not always as straightforward as it might seem. To an extent, it is a matter of writing conventions whether some expressions are written as a single word or as two or more words. There may also be variation between the possibilities. This is a common situation in various languages, including English, where some compounds can be written in different

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ways, for example car park, car-park and carpark are all in common use. Similarly, among the Luritja forms above related to nyanganyi ‘see, look, …’, Strehlow clearly gives a two-word version nakula kanjini and a one- word version nakulakanjini for the same expression (nyakula kanyini) in different places. In a handful of cases, Strehlow even presents a short sentence as a single word: Strehlow’s spelling: ngamilai! Modern spelling: ngaama ilai ng-ame il-Ø-aye Analysis: 2ndPersonSingularSubject- say-Imperative- Contrast Emphasis Strehlow’s translation: Du selbst sagen {Say it yourself!}

Citation forms Dictionary entries are, of course, based on a headword or expression. The headword is typically a conventional citation form which actually represents a whole set of inflected words. For example, most English dictionaries do not have separate entries for walk, walks, walking and walked. They have a single entry which expresses the idea that while this is a set of distinct words in one sense, they also together constitute a single word in another sense. In the second sense here, the overall set of these words constitutes the lexeme walk. The specific words walk, walks, walking and walked are the inflectional forms of the lexeme walk. In a dictionary, one of the inflectional forms (e.g. walk) is typically selected as the citation form that represents the lexeme. Citation forms like this are typically chosen by some general principle in a dictionary, rather than on a case-by-case basis. The citation form of verbs in English can be described in grammatical terms as the base form (because it does not include a suffix: walk in contrast to walk-s, walk-ing and walk-ed), or as the infinitive form (which is the form that occurs when tense is not represented, especially in the infinitive construction with the preposition to, e.g. ‘to walk’ or ‘to be’). For English, the citation forms for nouns and verbs are a very well-established tradition going back at least as far as the early dictionaries of the sixteenth century.

80 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description

When there is no earlier tradition of dictionaries to follow in a language, the citation form is selected by lexicographers on the basis of factors such as whether speakers have a sense that one inflectional form is basic in each lexeme, or even on the basis of common translation practices in the community. It may also take into account the target audience and the ways they are expected to use the dictionary. Sometimes a citation form is chosen because the form itself indicates important grammatical information about the lexeme. In both Aranda and Luritja, most vocabulary items have a number of distinct inflectional forms: nominals (nouns, adjectives etc.) have different case forms and verbs have different forms according to tense etc., as we see in the following tables (which show only some of the inflectional categories for each). Aranda Luritja child (intransitive subject) Nominative katjia // ketyeye pipirri(nya) child (transitive subject) Ergative katjiala // pipirringku ketyeyele for a/the child Purposive katjiaka // pipirriku ketyeyeke to(wards) a/the child Allative katjiurna // pipirrikutu ketyeyewerne from a/the child Ablative katjianga // pipirringuru ketyenge

… … … …

For nouns in both Aranda and Luritja, it is a typically a straightforward matter of selecting the form without a suffix. In the above table, this is the Nominative case form, and this is the inflectional form that Strehlow chose. For verbs, the choice of a citation form is more complicated. For one thing, in Luritja there is no regular base form which has no suffixes. For example, in the case below, there is no word patja corresponding to the English base form ‘bite’: every inflectional form of this Luritja lexeme has one suffix or another.

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Aranda Luritja

bites, is biting Present utnhuma // patjani uthneme

will bite Future utnhitjanha // patjalku utnhetyenhe

bite! (an order) Imperative utnha! // utnhe! patjala!

bit Past utnhuka // patjanu utnheke

… … … …

In order to assess Strehlow’s choice of Present tense as the citation form for verbs, it is necessary to consider the grammatical structure of words in these languages.

Grammatical information As the comparison with modern central Australian dictionaries above shows, a lexical description typically requires information on the grammar of individual words, both the internal composition of words and relationships between them, and the properties which determine how they form phrases and clauses together, such as transitivity. Strehlow provides explicit information of this kind only sporadically in the dictionary, but some clues can be found in the citation forms, the grouping of entries, and the definitions. In this section, we examine some key aspects of grammatical information relating primarily to verbs.

Verb inflections and verb classes Strehlow and Arandic lexicographers since him follow Kempe (1891a) in selecting the Present tense form of the Aranda verb as the citation form, for example ngama ‘carry’ {kngama // kngeme}.9 Indeed present tense and similar verbal categories are commonly used as citation forms in

9 The earliest known published list of vocabulary in an Arandic language, Christopher Giles’s 1875 vocabulary from Charlotte Waters in northern South Australia (published in Taplin 1879), also gives Aranda verbs in the Present form, but the corresponding English verbs are given in the –ing participle form, for example ‘dying’.

82 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description dictionaries of Australian languages. It is the citation form in the modern Western Arrarnta Picture Dictionary (Roennfeldt et al. 2006) and the Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte (Breen et al. 2000). Present tense seems to be a natural citation form for most verbs for Aranda speakers today. It is the form that is typically given in responses to researchers’ and learners’ questions such as ‘How do you say eat?’ or ‘What’s the word for fall?’ However, the Aranda Present is not the only possible answer to such questions: occasionally older speakers especially may give the Aranda Imperative (order) form, presumably because they interpret the English base form as a request for a translation of the English Imperative, for example ‘eat!’. The Aranda Present citation forms are matched in Strehlow’s German translations with the infinitive forms of German verbs, which is the standard citation form in German dictionaries. For example, Aranda răma {rama // reme} and Luritja nangani {nyanganyi} are glossed as sehen (translated into English as ‘see, look, …’). Kempe’s (1891a) wordlist gives the base/infinitive form of English verbs. Kempe’s choice of the Aranda Present as the citation form in his dictionary may actually have been an attempt to match the English, and perhaps German, Infinitive forms. In a rather unclear statement in his grammatical description, he says that the Aranda Present form ‘also represents the Infinitive of the verb, there being no other form to indicate it, so that the meaning is, “I do beat,” or “I beat.”’ (1891: 14). Other Aranda forms also correspond to the English and German Infinitive forms in various functions. The distinct Aranda Imperative form would match the English base/infinitive form in its imperative function, for example ‘Look!’. The Aranda Purposive form, for example ritjaka // retyeke ‘see-purp’, matches the English ‘(to) see’ and German ‘sehen’ Infinitive forms in uses such as ‘go to see …’. With just a couple of exceptions, Strehlow cites Luritja verbs in a similar way to the Aranda, that is, in the corresponding Present tense form, e.g. nangañi {nyanganyi} ‘see, look, …’. The recentLuritja Picture Dictionary (Hansen et al. 2011) also uses the Present as the citation form, but some other modern dictionaries of Western Desert dialects have chosen differently. Hansen’s Pintupi/Luritja dictionary uses the Past Perfective form, as shown in the comparison of entries above: nyangu ‘saw’. Glass and Hackett’s (2003) Ngaanyatjarra & Ngaatjatjarra to English Dictionary uses the Future form: nyaku ‘will see’. The choice of the citation form in these cases does not necessarily determine the English citation form in definitions. For the Pintupi/Luritja dictionary’s Past tense citation form,

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the definition is a direct translation, that is, with the Past tense form of the English verb, e.g. nyangu ‘saw’. Cook’s wordlist also has the Luritja Past tense as the citation form but gives the English base/infinitive form in the definition, e.g. nyangu ‘see, look at’. Similarly, the Future tense citation form for Ngaanyatjarra/Ngaatjatjarra words is matched by the English base/infinitive citation form, e.g. nyaku ‘see, …’ rather than ‘will see, …’. Unlike Aranda, in Luritja and other dialects of the Western Desert language there are four basic classes of verbs (also called conjugations). These classes are defined by the overall pattern of the inflectional forms of each verb in the different tenses etc., as demonstrated by an example verb from each class. 10 Verb class label Ø la wa rra

Alternative label Ø l ng n

‘sit’ ‘seek’ ‘hit’ ‘go’

Perfective Imperative10 nyina! ngurrila! puwa! yarra!

Imperfective Imperative nyinama! ngurrinma! pungama! yanama!

Present nyinanyi ngurrini punganyi yananyi

Future nyinaku ngurrilku pungkuku yankuku

Past Perfective nyinangu ngurrinu pungu yanu

Past Imperfective nyinangi ngurriningi pungangi yanangi

Participle nyinarra ngurrira pungkula yankula

… … … … …

The verb classes are labelled here in the standard ways used for Western Desert dialects. The top set of labels are based on the form of the Perfective Imperative: La class verbs mark the Perfective Imperative by adding the suffix –la to the verb stem, ngurri- above, and similarly with the suffixes –wa and –rra respectively for wa and rra class verbs, added to the stems

10 The meanings of the inflectional categories in this language do not precisely match the inflectional categories of English. But, as a rough indication: Perfective Imperative ≈ ‘Do it!’; Imperfective Imperative ≈ ‘Be doing it!’; Present ≈ ‘is doing it’; Future ≈ ‘will do it’; Past Perfective ≈ ‘did it’; Past Imperfective ≈ ‘was doing it’; Participle ≈ ‘(while/and) doing’.

84 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description pu- and ya- above. For Ø class verbs, no suffix is added, which means that the word that consists of just the stem—with no suffix—has the specific Perfective Imperative meaning (rather than being a type of neutral form of the verb). The alternative verb class labels reflect the consonant, if any, that immediately precedes the ku(ku) part of the Future forms, for example L class verbs have /l/, as in ngurri.l.ku above, and N class verbs have /n/, as in ya.n.kuku above. In Ø class verbs no consonant occurs in this position, as in nyina.ku above. As noted above, Strehlow did not indicate the verb class in a verb entry, though he was clearly aware of the different inflectional patterns illustrated in the preceding table. Given the inflectional patterns of the four conjugations, Strehlow’s choice of the Luritja Present as the citation form does not provide enough information from the form itself to identify the verb class in all cases. The ending of the Present form ngurrini in the table above, for example, is sufficient to identify it as a la class verb since no other verb class has the same ending …ni for Present. Once the class of the verb is known, all the inflectional forms follow from that: ngurrilku ‘will seek’ etc. However, with the Present forms nyinanyi ‘sit’, punganyi ‘hit’, and yananyi ‘go’, their respective verb classes cannot be determined because the Ø, wa and rra classes all end with …nyi in the Present form. A reader would need to know that the composition of these verbs is nyinanyi, pu-nganyi and ya-nanyi respectively before they could identify the verb class of each. The only clues in the dictionary to the class of such verbs is that in a few cases the verbs also occur in a different inflectional form within another entry, as part of a larger expression or compound word, or in an example sentence. But the other entry has to provide enough information to recognise the verb. For example, in Strehlow’s entry for nintini ‘tell, teach, instruct, show’, the example sentence contains the Perfective Imperative form yarra plus an emphatic ending -yi (his jerrai!) but the rather free translation he gives does not make this clear. Strehlow’s spelling: kapi nintintaku ngalajerrai! Modern spelling: kapi nintintjaku ngalya-yarra-yi! Analysis: water:Object show- this.way-go- Purposive Emphasis Strehlow’s translation: Zeig mir das Wasser. (Show me the water!) Literal translation: Water to show (me) come!

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Unfortunately, Strehlow’s spelling further reduces the limited ability to distinguish a verb as la class ending in …ni versus Ø, wa and rra classes ending in …nyi. He does not reliably represent the important distinction between an alveolar nasal /n/ (as also occurs in English), a retroflex /n/ and a laminal /ny/. So from just the spelling of his verb entry bakani, it is not strictly possible to know whether it is pronounced pakani or pakanyi, and it is therefore not possible to deduce which verb class his bakani is in, and therefore what the other inflectional forms of this verb are. There is a hint in the fact that when an /i/ vowel follows in the verb endings, he tends to represent /ny/ as <ñ> and /n/ as , which would suggest that his bakani is probably pakani rather than pakanyi. But he does not represent these sounds consistently. The uncertainty in this case would be compounded because he also gives the verb as bakañi in some other entries such as wontira bakañi ‘leave one behind’, which suggests pakanyi instead of pakani. A Luritja speaker of course knows the verb pakani ‘rise, set off, …’ and can easily recognise this in Strehlow’s spellings bakani and bakañi, but an accurate representation of the sounds is required for a description of the language. If the goal of Strehlow’s wordlist was just to allow Luritja speakers to find out the German or English equivalents of Luritja words they already know, then there would be no real need to indicate which class a particular verb is in or to list all the different forms of each verb in the dictionary. The speakers of the language already know what the forms of a given verb lexeme are (without even having to know that there are different verb classes). However, in a dictionary like Strehlow’s, there are other users and uses. For an old verb that Luritja speakers today do not recognise, or for learners or researchers of Luritja, the requirement is an explicit description of the vocabulary of Luritja in which the class and/or inflectional forms of each verb should be indicated in some way. Most modern Western Desert dictionaries do this by explicitly indicating the appropriate verb class label in the entry, such as ‘Ø’, as we might do for an entry for wangkanyi ‘speak, talk, …’. This then tells us all the inflectional forms, for example the Past Perfective wangkangu ‘spoke, talked, …’. It is also possible to list all the different inflectional forms of a verb in an entry, but printed dictionaries tend not to do this for reasons of space, and perhaps readability of entries. As indicated in the discussion above of the P/Y dictionary entry for nyanganyi, the inflectional forms are only listed because this is one of a handful of irregular verbs. Its inflectional forms do not completely follow the pattern of wa class verbs. For example, the Future form is nyaku, and not *nyangku which would be expected by the regular pattern.

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Word formation The standard set of inflectional forms that each lexeme has in Aranda and Luritja can generally be analysed in terms of a specific suffix to represent each inflectional category. In the simplest cases, the inflectional suffix attaches to a single morpheme which constitutes the root of the word, for example, Luritja patjalku ‘will bite’ consists of the Future suffix -lku attached to the root morpheme patja-. The inflectional suffix may also attach to a combination of morphemes. These structures fall into two general types, derivation and compounding. Arandic languages have complex verb structures, and for each basic verb there are usually distinct derived lexemes each with a specific variation of meaning. For example, Strehlow lists the following: CS* Aranda Translation Modern spelling mankama grow maangkama // mangkeme mankerama grow up, grow again maangkerrama // (rising generation) mangkirreme mankalelama bring up (children) maangkalhelama // mangkelhileme mankinja full-grown (trees), maangkintja // grown up (humans) mangkentye mankitjintjama grow up maangkatjintyama // mangketyintyeme mankalelarama help to grow big maangkalhelarrama // mangkelhilerreme mankarankarerama increase, grow on maangkarraangkarrerrama // (clouds) mangkerrangkerrirreme mankalankala grown up, fledged maangkalhaangkalha // (birds) mangkelhangkelhe * Carl Strehlow

These are not random variations on the basic verb: they all consist of a number of individual distinct parts which each contribute their own meaning to the overall word. The verb root is followed by one or more

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derivational formatives, and then an inflectional suffix which provides the information about tense and related meanings. For example, in the following words, maangk- // mangk- ‘grow’ is the verb root and the final inflection is the Present tense suffix. The derivational element -alhel- //‑elhil- contributes a distinct causal meaning, hence ‘cause to grow’. maangk-ama // maangk-alhel-ama // maangk-atjintj-ama //

mangk-eme mangk-elhil-eme mangk-ety+inty-eme

grow-Present grow-Cause-Present grow-DoUpwards- Present

literally: cause to grow CS: ‘grow up’ CS: ‘bring up (children)’

Derivational formatives like Causative -alhel-//-elhil- play a very important role in expressing meaning in Aranda—they build a large proportion of the lexemes in the language (just as English derivation builds a large number of lexemes in English, and similarly for many other languages). Strehlow’s dictionary entries do not identify the specific derivational formative or its individual meaning; however, it can often be inferred from the related words in the dictionary, especially if the particular derivational formative leaves the words together in the alphabetical ordering. Further, the meanings he gives for a derived lexeme do not always directly reflect the meaning of the root. For example, the gloss ‘bring up (children)’ might not automatically suggest a derivational relationship with a distinct lexeme that means ‘grow up’ (although in this case the relationship would be more obvious if the meaning was expressed with the local Aboriginal English expression ‘to grow someone up’). In general, where Strehlow’s definitions do not transparently relate derived and basic forms, there are a couple of reasons. In some cases, he is giving just one use of the derived word in a particular context. Even if this is a common use, there are often other uses of the word. A more developed dictionary of the language will need to not only identify different uses of a derived word but also identify the meaning of the specific derivational element that underlies those different uses. Secondly, in some cases, the meaning of the derived word may subtly go beyond what would be expected from the general meaning of the derivational element.

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A full discussion of the different derivational formatives belongs in a grammatical description, but we can at least see the significance here of the different derivational formatives in Aranda by surveying some of the more common ones. In grammatical terms, the Causative formative -alhel- // elhil- above derives a transitive verb stem from certain intransitive verb stems, as in the following examples. The most common result is, as in the preceding case, to cause someone or something to do the action of the intransitive verb stem. Thus, ‘to drop something’ is expressed as ‘to cause something to fall’. This element also derives transitive verbs from certain nominals (nouns, adjectives etc.), such as gata{katha // kethe} below.11 ankama11 say, speak, talk, ankalelama (transitive) produce {angkama // bleat (sheep), {angkalhelama // sounds {i.e. cause angkeme} crow (birds), angkelhileme} something to make rustle (trees) a sound} itnima fall itnilelama fell, make fall {tnyima // {tnyilhelama // {to drop something} tnyeme} tnyelhileme} gata place, spot, locality, gatalelama (transitive) uncover {katha // position, end; {kathalhelama // {expose} kethe} outside, visible, kethelhileme} flat, public; light {exposed}

There are also a number of other formatives which derive a transitive verb stem. The -el-//-il- formative is related to alhel- // elhil-, and also derives transitive verbs from certain nominals, either as an alternative to alhel- // elhil-, or in addition to it. antaka wide, broad antakilama make (something) {antaka // {antakelama // wider anteke} antekileme}

11 The modern Western Arrarnta pronunciation of these two words is without the initial /a/, and accordingly the standard modern spellings are ngkama // ngkeme and ngkalhelama // ngkelhileme. Initial is used here in the modern orthographic forms of ankama and ankalelama to represent the sounds that Strehlow appears to have identified in these words at that earlier time. See Chapter 6 for further discussion of initial .

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altjura hole (in ground, in altjurilama make a hole, open {altjura // wood, in clothes); {altjurelama // (a door) altywere} open altywerileme}

botta lump, ball, tuft bottilama make (something) {purta // of grass {purtelama // into a ball purte} purtileme}

The Inchoative formative, -err // -irr in the examples below, derives an intransitive verb stem from a nominal (noun/adjective), often with a meaning ‘to become a certain way’, although that may not always be transparent in English translations: borka tired, exhausted, borkerama become tired, {purrka // stiff {purrkerrama // stiffen purrke} purrkirreme}

karra awake karrerama wake up {kaarre // {kaarrerrama // karre} karrirreme}

altjura hole (in ground, in altjurerama {(something) {altjura // wood, in clothes); {altjurerrama // opens (up)} altywere} open altywerirreme}

The Reflexive formative,-lh // -elh in the examples below, derives an intransitive verb stem from a transitive verb stem. The most common meaning is ‘do the action of the intransitive verb stem to oneself’. In other cases, it has the effect of de-emphasising either the actor or the affected object, which both serve to focus on the action itself. ilknama (transitive) wash ilknalama (reflexive) wash {ilkngama // {something}, clean {ilkngilhima // {yourself} irlkngeme} {something} (stroke) irlkngelheme}

banama (transitive) paint on, banalama (reflexive) paint {parnama // rub in, build (house); {parnalhama // on, rub on perneme} decorate {i.e. put pernelheme} {i.e. put paint, paint, ointment etc. on ointment etc. something} on yourself}

90 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description ilama say {something}, tell ilalama announce {ilama // {about something} {ilalhama // (a decision) ileme} ilelheme} {more generally: say something about yourself} ljima mumble (magic words, ljélama sing {i.e. focusing {lyima // spells) {sing an object {lyilhama // on the action lyeme} to enact its mystical lyelheme} rather than on properties} an object}

The Reciprocal, -rr // -err in the examples below, also derives an intransitive verb stem from a transitive one, but in this case, the meaning is ‘do the action of the intransitive verb stem to each other’. erkuma catch, seize, capture, erkurama embrace {irrkuma // hold tight {irrkurrama // {i.e. hold each irrkweme} irrkwerreme} other} tuma strike {something}, turuma fight {each other}, {tuma // kill {turrama // battle tweme} twerreme}

A number of nominalising formatives derive a nominal from a verb stem, for example: ljélama sing {i.e. focusing on ljelinja {a} song {or {lyilhama // the action rather than {lyilhinja // / act of singing} lyelheme on an object} lyelhentye} ankama say, speak, talk, bleat ankanankana speaker {ngkama // (sheep), crow (birds), {ngkanhangkanha // {i.e. one who ngkeme} rustle (trees) ngkenhengkenhe} speaks}

The example of ngkanhangkanha // ngkenhengkenhe also illustrates one of the many types of derivation in Aranda which involve reduplication: the suffix -anh // -enh is attached to the root morpheme ngk-, and the whole resulting unit is then doubled.

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There is a wide range of formatives which add information about motion that is associated with the verb action. The particular type in the following examples all involve compounding with a motion verb, here lhama // lheme ‘go’, and alpuma // alpeme ‘return’.12 imbuma let, let be, pass by imbalalama12 leave behind, {impuma // {leave (alone)…} {imparlalhama // abandon {i.e. leave impeme} imperlalheme} behind and go}

indama lie … inditjalbuma lie down on return {intama // {intitjalpuma // {i.e. return and inteme} intetyalpeme} then lie (down)}

inama take, fetch, gather, inilalbuma take with you {inama // catch {inarlalpuma // (when returning ineme} inerlalpeme} home) {take and return}

Finally, the various types of derivation shown above are not mutually exclusive, in that a single verb may contain more than one derivational formative. This sometimes results in quite complex verbs. arrarnama // arrarnalhama // arrarnalhitjalhama // arrern-eme arrern-elh-eme arrern-elh-ety.alh-eme put/place-Present put/place-Refl- put/place-Refl-Go&Do- Present Present CS: ‘(transitive) put, literally: place self literally: go and place lay, lay down’ down self down CS: ‘(reflexive) CS: ‘settle down, sit down’ sit down’

The list of derivational types above is far from exhaustive, but illustrates their enormous role in expressing meaning. In a general sense, the different types of derivation can apply to any basic lexeme, potentially creating a large set of derived lexemes for each basic one. In practice though, only some of the potential lexemes appear to be used with any frequency, and

12 There are actually three distinct entries for this word in different places in the dictionary, each with a slightly different gloss.

92 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description this makes it all the more valuable that Strehlow was able to draw on his extensive collection of texts and on everyday speech to identify which derived lexemes occurred in the Aranda of that time. For a few of the derived lexemes, Strehlow presents an analysis of the word structure in the dictionary. The more common patterns of word structure are described in his separate grammatical descriptions, and in Kempe (1891a). There is, however, a need for further grammatical analysis, in that some words appear to involve word structures that have not yet been described. Many of these cases will require quite careful analysis, and interpretation by speakers, especially where Strehlow’s spelling does not clearly represent the actual sounds. For example, Strehlow’s ankankalintama suggests at least two analyses. The most plausible analysis, shown in the gloss below, interprets his spelling ‘int’ as the Southern Arrernte (Pertame) verb root irnt- ‘climb, go up, …’. ankankalintama {angk-angk-erl.irnt-eme} speak/sing-Reduplicated-Do.Rising-Present CS: ‘singend aufsteigen (Vogel)’ {ascend singing (bird)}

Alternatively, his ‘int’ may represent the verb root int- ‘lie’, even though its meaning does not appear consistent with the overall meaning of the word above. Such a compound construction is not known in the modern language; however, there is a parallel in the Alyawarr dialect where the corresponding root aynt- ‘lie’ occurs in a compound construction indicating action in an upwards direction. Of course, it may also be that ‘int’ in this word represents a completely distinct element. Further analysis of the many complex verbs in the dictionary may assist.

Meaning Strehlow’s sensitivity to meaning can be related to his broader focus on describing Aranda culture and documenting traditional texts, as well as the breadth of his knowledge of the language, and the demanding intellectual work of translating Christian materials into Aranda. Words are notoriously difficult to define with any precision, and perhaps more so for definition in a cross-language dictionary. His definitions appear to generally have a relatively high degree of accuracy, especially when

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compared to other works of his time. It should be remembered that his definitions are in German, and that the English glosses in the dictionary in this volume are a result of translation from Aranda by the speakers who have contributed to this publication project together with the compiler’s translation from the German. The comparison above of Strehlow’s nangañi ‘see’ entry with the corresponding entry in some more recent dictionaries illustrates the general point that in a cross-language dictionary the meanings can be expressed in varying detail. Strehlow’s German translations are generally relatively compact, although there are some entries where it is extensive. We can observe a number of different patterns of definition, starting from the simple cases where the Aranda or Luritja is translated by a single German word or expression, presumably because there is a close enough match— at least in Strehlow’s understanding. lěltja Feind enemy {liltye}

treranáma furchtsam aus dem get out of the way {trerranhama // Wege gehen frightened terirrenheme}

In some cases, he has a range of German expressions which possibly only differ in style or register, for example: kekatalama tadeln, Vorwürfe machen reprove, reproach {kikartalhama // kikertelheme}

ekaltilama stärken, befestigen strengthen, fortify {ekarltelama // ikerltileme}

In other cases, he lists a range of expressions with quite different meanings in German but which together sketch out the meaning of the Aranda or Luritja expression. He also often includes information on situations which the expression can refer to, often indicating aspects of the context in brackets. This definitional strategy essentially triangulates the underlying

94 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description meaning without explicitly stating it as a single expression. While this may not always be optimal for language description, it provides a language learner with some fairly concrete situations for use.13 rurkuma13 Klappern, poltern, knarren, Rattle, rumble, creak, {rwerrkeme, knirren, plätschern splash, patter (rain), rurrkeme} (Regen), das mit den Füßen noise produced by the hervorgebrachte Geräusch, feet {walking}, crunch knirschen (Klappernd (Clattering down (stone)) herabfallen (Stein))

Sometimes Strehlow makes attempts to characterise an underlying meaning that cannot be expressed in German with a single word, and often without providing contextual instances that might assist a learner. For example, the following entry might be enhanced by relating this to the behaviour of kangaroos—as did one of the Aranda speakers involved in the project to bring this dictionary to publication.

tnanopanama ({compound of} tnama + nopanama) continually stop and stand for a while after going some distance; after one has been going along, stop, then go on, then stop, etc., continually after one has {gone some distance} {…}, stop and stand for while, stop and stand again and again.

This is a case where the quality of Strehlow’s definition helps to clarify how the verb is pronounced. He offers an analysis of this word as a compound consisting of a form of itnaama // irtname ‘stand’ and napanama // nepaneme which he glosses as ‘always be, have, belong, stay, remain seated’. However, from its meaning and spelling, tnanopanama suggests that it might be the equivalent of Eastern/Central tnenhepenheme, roughly ‘to repeatedly stop and stand while going along’. If this is so, Strehlow’s analysis of this word suggests that he was unable to distinguish the /n/ and /nh/ sounds of Aranda. The remainder of this section considers some of the issues of definition, and how Strehlow has handled them. Compare Strehlow’s translation of kekatalama above with Breen’s below which has a different definitional strategy: a statement of the underlying meaning plus example contexts where the word might apply.

13 There are two separate entries for this verb in Strehlow’s dictionary with slightly different definitions.

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kikertelheme, kiketelheme

not liking what someone does to you: for example, talking about you or criticising you. (Breen et al. 2000: 26)

Strehlow’s definition would seem to involve expressing to someone that they have acted wrongly or badly, though perhaps not necessarily behaving badly to the person expressing that view. Breen’s definition is focused on an individual’s mental state. A corresponding expression to kikertelheme in Eastern/Central Arrernte is described as ‘not wanting to talk to people or being unco-operative because you didn’t get what you want; sulking, in a huff’ (Henderson and Dobson 1994: 67). These three attempts at definitions clearly have something in common, and if there is in fact a single underlying meaning across these dialects and times, then it still remains to develop an accurate definition. A proper evaluation of Strehlow’s definitions will only be possible when such fine-grained work is completed. The case of kekatalama also demonstrates a general point that part of the continuing value of Strehlow’s definitions is that they challenge lexicographers of Aranda and Luritja to refine their understanding of the underlying meanings of an expression. In relation to botanical and zoological terms, Strehlow sometimes provides scientific names as well as general or local common terms, and in some cases—particularly birds—fairly detailed descriptions, as in the following example. In such cases, and where cultural detail is provided, he is going beyond a narrow model of a dictionary in the direction of an encyclopedia. nturuta Pigeon, brown with bonnet, rock pigeon, (Lophophaps {nturrurta // leucogaster).—Red-brown wings with black stripes, nturrerte} black beak, grey-blue {…?}, red around the eyes, red- brown bonnet, white stripe from under the beak to under the eye, below this stripe a black ring which reaches up to the eye. White belly mixed with brown, growing darker towards the tail. Back brown with black bars. The long wing feathers brown with black tip, the internal wing feathers violet black. As some of the examples above illustrate, Strehlow and other lexicographers face a range of issues because the range of meaning of a word in one language is not exactly the same as the range of meaning of the nearest word in another language. One way to appreciate the task is to examine

96 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description categories of words which typically have relatively clear-cut systematic components of meaning. Such categories include pronouns and kin terms. The following is a relatively complex example drawn from the Aranda pronoun system. Strehlow glosses the Aranda second person pronoun rankara {rraangkarra // rrangkerre} and Luritja nurungari {nyurrungarri} as German ihr, but in fact ihr only overlaps to a limited degree with rankara and nurungari. Firstly, German ihr refers to two or more people whereas rankara and nurungari refer specifically to three or more people. Put differently, Germanihr can refer to two people, roughly ‘you two’, but rankara and nurungari do not. Aranda and Luritja both have separate pronouns for ‘you two’, mpaala // mpale and nyupali respectively. Secondly, German ihr has a number of different grammatical functions. Ihr does match rankara and nurungari in one particular function of that word: second person plural nominative—roughly parallel to English plural ‘you’ in subject contexts like ‘you sat down’. However, ihr has other functions that do not match rankara or nurungari at all: third person singular feminine possessive (parallel to ‘her (food)’), third person singular feminine dative (parallel to ‘(wave) to her’), third person plural possessive (parallel to ‘their (food)’), and the formal second person possessive both singular and plural. Thirdly, in general, Aranda has different forms of each non-singular pronoun according to the kin category of the people referred to. These distinctions in pronouns are falling out of use in much of the Arandic area. They are probably no longer used in Western Aranda but they were recorded from elderly Western Aranda speakers in the 1990s (Breen 1998). They were therefore presumably known in Strehlow’s time, though only a few of these pronouns are in the dictionary. The first form, rraakarriyanga // rrakerreyenge, means ‘you who are all in the same patrimoiety but in the opposite generation moiety’. This can refer, for example, to a father and his children but not to a mother and her children, or to a group of siblings. The second form, rraantharriyanga // rrantherreyenge, means ‘you who are not all in the same patrimoiety’. This can refer, for example, to a mother and her children, but not to a father and his children, or to a group of siblings. The third form, rraangkarra // rrangkerre, is Strehlow’s rankara. It means ‘you who are in the same patrimoiety and the same generation moiety’. It can refer, for example, to a group of siblings, but not to a father and his children, or to a mother and her children. In some other dialects where these kin-based pronouns are still in use, the pronoun in this last category is also used when kin distinctions are not

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being made, and so can be considered generic in terms of kin. Assuming that Aranda rankara also had such a generic meaning in Strehlow’s time, his gloss is not incorrect in relation to kin categories; it simply does not include the kin-based meaning that the pronoun also has. Finally, in some dialects of Aranda the second person plural can also be used as a singular pronoun in an indirect way to address just one person if they are in a specific respected kin category (Wilkins 1989: 46). This also needs to be included in an account of the meaning of this pronoun. Strehlow was clearly sensitive to the quite different system of kin terminology in Aranda, and able to investigate the meaning of each kin term to some depth. We see this in the following example, in his definition strategy of listing the (German) expressions for all the relationships that are subsumed under Western Aranda tjia. itia (Southern younger brother, younger sister, father’s younger dialect), tjia brother’s son, mother’s younger sister’s son, woman’s {irteye (S), younger sister’s husband, man’s younger sister’s tjiya // tyeye} husband, father’s younger brother’s daughter, mother’s younger sister’s daughter, woman’s younger brother’s wife, man’s younger brother’s wife.

The definition given for this word by Breen et al. (2000) is simply ‘younger brother or sister’. At first sight, this seems very incomplete by comparison, but it may capture the fact that all the relationships listed by Strehlow actually involve only the Aranda concepts of brother or sister and, in the kin sense, younger. So while Strehlow’s definition suits a technical description or a practical work for learners of Aranda, Breen’s definition may better suit users who are familiar with the kin concepts of Aranda and perhaps other Aboriginal languages. Meanings also reflect the introduced culture in a few cases. The missionary role of Strehlow and his colleagues in seeking terms to express Christian concepts and texts was a major project of translation (see Moore 2015). For example, a central concept in Aranda cosmology is altjirra // altyerre, a complex term that might be glossed as the creation and continuing underlying fabric of the world. It is sometimes translated as ‘the Dreaming’ in some contexts today but it has been the established translation of ‘God’ in Lutheran practice since Kempe. (See Green 2012 for a discussion of the

98 5 . Assessing Carl Strehlow’s dictionary as linguistic description meaning and translations of this term.) As an entry on its own, Strehlow gives only the Christian meaning for Altjira, but recognises its original meaning where it occurs within other expressions:14 Altjira Gott, der God, the Uncreated One {Altjirra // Altyerre} Unerschaffene

Altjirangamitjina Totem-Götter Totem-Gods (the eternal {Altjirrangamatjina // (die ewigen Uncreated Ones) Altyerrengametyene Unerschaffenen) {dreaming beings} lit. ‘from/in the altjirra // altyerre’}

There is of course a wealth of other information in the definitions in the dictionary which this discussion has only touched upon.

Conclusion Strehlow’s dictionary is a valuable historical resource that has made significant contributions to modern dictionaries of Arandic and Western Desert languages, and to other research. It was a remarkable personal achievement that came from Strehlow’s intellect and training, and from the broader cultural description and translation work he also undertook. This chapter has examined Strehlow’s dictionary from a linguistic perspective in order to understand his achievement, the nature and value of the work as it stands, and its potential contribution to future linguistic research and practical dictionaries. The details of his work will perhaps best be appreciated only when a historical dictionary of the Arandic languages is published. This will require careful interpretation of the entries, taking into account the nature of the dictionary as described in this chapter, and especially the detailed information which would need to be consistently made explicit in each entry. In the meantime, the presentation of the dictionary in this volume, and hopefully in a digital form, will be available for the study of Aranda language, culture and history.

14 Also note that he capitalises both Aranda words, apparently giving both concepts similar status. Most of the few other Aranda words capitalised in the dictionary are place names and interjections, and the remainder are a miscellaneous group.

6 The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary David Moore1

Introduction This chapter provides an analysis of the orthography used for Aranda in the Carl Strehlow dictionary, and places this system in its historical context. Readers who are primarily interested in the immediate issues of pronouncing the Aranda words from their spelling in this dictionary should consult the separate Pronunciation Guides provided at the front of the dictionary in this book. Readers who wish to learn to use the current spelling of Aranda words should consult the modern dictionaries and other resources. The first Arandic orthography for practical use emerged with the establishment of the Hermannsburg mission in central Australia in 1877 and the subsequent codification of the language in a range of written materials. The name of the language came to be written as ‘Aranda’ at that time, and this convention is followed throughout this chapter. The orthography, which I shall call the ‘Mission Orthography’, evolved over time and endured for around a century as a means of written communication for speakers of the Western Aranda language. The Mission Orthography was phonetic in character and was subject to the limitations

1 With contributions, and editing, by John Henderson.

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of that type of orthography. It was finally replaced in the 1970s by basically phonemic orthographies, the type currently used for writing all the languages of central Australia. The two modern orthographies for the Western Aranda dialect are called here the Finke River Mission (FRM) orthography and the Institute for Aboriginal Development (IAD) orthography (which follows the Common Arandic approach).2 The language name is written Arrarnta in the FRM orthography and Arrernte in the IAD orthography. This chapter does not seek to address all the issues involved in community, institutional and individual choices between these two modern Western Aranda orthographies. See Breen (2005) and Kenny (2017b) for discussion of some of the relevant issues. Kral (2000) discusses the use of literacy in the Western Aranda community. The Mission Orthography was developed as a practical orthography for use in the Lutheran Western Aranda community, and was used in educational and religious works, a scholarly grammar and dictionary, and in personal correspondence. It was a regular orthography in that it attempted to consistently represent the sounds of Aranda, at least as they were perceived by the missionaries. In contrast, some other early attempts to write Aranda words were basically ad hoc spellings of each word. In most cases, they were almost certainly intended to give only a rough indication of the pronunciation of just a few words rather than to establish a spelling system for extended writing for a range of purposes. Willshire (1891), and some others, made short wordlists with just a few items, without regular spelling across the words in the list. For example, Willshire gives ‘Quasha Un-jew-ma’ for what is written as kwatja ntjuma ‘drink water’ in the modern FRM orthography. This example illustrates some common properties of ad hoc spellings of the era. Firstly, these spellings were often based on hearing the words as sounds of English and applying the English orthography. Secondly, a given sound may be represented differently in different words: Willshire’s in his ‘Quasha’ and his in ‘Un-jew-ma’ actually represent the same sound (consistently represented by in the FRM orthography). Thirdly, ad hoc spellings sometimes relied on the spelling of specific English words, such as Jew here. Given that the English orthography is moderately irregular, with complex relationships between

2 Using the names of these institutions is just one way that the two orthographies are labelled. There is of course a more detailed history of the people, places and institutions involved. See below, and Breen (2001, 2005).

102 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary sounds and letters, the result is a highly irregular system of spelling Aranda words. Finally, hyphens are often used in an unsystematic way to try to compensate for the inconsistency of the relationships between letters and sounds. The remainder of this chapter examines the details of the letter–sound correspondences for consonants and vowels in the Mission Orthography, and the subsequent development of the later phonemic orthographies. Some technical linguistic terms and symbols are necessary for the discussion but are introduced in a way that will hopefully be useful for a broader readership.

Orthography Developing a practical orthography, or evaluating one, is a complex matter which involves taking into account the sounds and structure of the language in question, levels of bilingualism in the community, literacy skills in other languages, the functions of literacy in the language, community perceptions of existing or earlier orthographies of the language, social identity, power relations within a community, and other factors. Before considering the details of the Mission Orthography, it is useful to review some concepts which are important to understanding the sound systems of languages and the nature of writing systems. Readers who are familiar with these areas could skip to the next section. A practical orthography is generally intended as a conventional writing system for everyday community use, that is, where people broadly agree to write the words of a language in the same way. It is a standard which allows individuals to communicate with each other in writing. In general, a practical orthography also aims to be regular or uniform, that is, to be consistent across a language by writing each word of the language according to general principles established for that language. As Gudschinsky (1973: 124) puts it, ‘one cannot make an arbitrary decision [on spelling] for each word’. For regular alphabetic orthographies, the general principles need to specify the relationships between individual sounds and letters. These are often summarised in a general pronunciation key of the kind found in bilingual dictionaries, grammars and language learning materials, as opposed to having to indicate the pronunciation of each word separately.

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Some alphabetic orthographies are highly regular in that the relationships between sounds and symbols are essentially one-to-one, that is, each letter (or specific combination of letters) represents a single sound, and each sound is represented by a single letter (or specific combination of letters). The more regular an orthography is, the simpler its pronunciation key. If an alphabetic orthography is not very regular, it will not be straightforward to accurately pronounce a word from its spelling, or to accurately write the word from its pronunciation. Users of the orthography then just have to learn the idiosyncratic spelling of each word. Establishing a regular alphabetic orthography requires identifying the sounds in all the known words of the language before any decisions can be made about how letters can be assigned to these sounds. In contrast, an ad hoc spelling of a word is typically produced without considering what sounds need to be represented in words overall, and without considering the overall regularity of the orthography. An ad hoc spelling may seem simplest for a limited purpose—just a few words, perhaps a name, or for a sign—but it does not take into account the broader issues in the learning and development of literacy in a community. Such inconsistent spellings may make it harder for people other than the writer—the community as a whole—to read the word in that specific use. They may also make it harder to learn to read and write in the language because they reduce the regularity of the orthography. Of course, a degree of irregularity is not a fatal weakness in an orthography, as the English orthography demonstrates, but it does affect the difficulty of learning to read and write in the language, especially for a minority language with limited resources.

Sounds and graphemes The symbols of an orthography are graphemes, and in an alphabetic orthography, these are the letters or specific combinations of letters (and accent marks etc.) which represent the sounds of the language. A standard convention in discussing orthography is to use bracketing notation to distinguish different uses of symbols. Graphemes are represented in angle brackets, for example in the English orthography, in order to distinguish between the graphemes and the sounds they represent. This bracketing also distinguishes orthographic representation from the use of symbols for other purposes, such as phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) which is indicated by square brackets, and in which [sh] represents a sequence of two sounds.

104 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary

At this stage, it is necessary to recognise that the term ‘sound’ in language actually covers two quite distinct concepts, phone and phoneme. Phonetics considers a sound for its objective physical properties, including how it is articulated by the organs of speech. The term ‘phone’ is used for a sound in this sense. The physical properties of an individual phone can be described, and can then be represented in transcription by the symbols of the IPA. In that function, the IPA symbols are therefore a kind of shorthand for a description of those particular physical properties. For example, [n] represents a phone that is voiced, a nasal, and produced with the tip of the tongue in contact above the upper teeth. The phone [n] occurs in English, Aranda and many other languages. Phonetic transcription represents the physical events of actual speech, but it can be broad(er) or narrow(er) depending on how precise or detailed the description is intended to be. A phonetic transcription may be narrow or precise enough to represent small differences in the way a single individual pronounces the same word on different occasions. A broad(er) transcription represents only larger phonetic differences. Phonetic transcription identifies individual phones, but beyond this there is the question of how a language uses its phones to constitute its vocabulary. A central fact in this regard is the way that words of the vocabulary are differentiated by particular phonetic differences in a language. For example, in Aranda there are two phones, represented phonetically as [n] and [n̪ ] (a diacritic added below plain n). The phone [n] is as described above, while [n̪ ] is a different phone, a dental nasal, that is produced with the tongue against the back of the upper teeth. The difference between these two phones is used in Aranda to differentiate words of the vocabulary, for example [nəmə] ‘sit, be’ vs [n̪ əmə] ‘to rain, to wet (something)’. (These words are written in the FRM orthography as nama and nhama, respectively.) The difference between [n] and [n̪ ] is significant in Aranda because it can be the only difference in pronunciation between a pair of words, and is therefore crucial to correctly distinguishing words and their meanings in speech. The difference is said to be contrastive in Aranda.

The same two phones, [n] and dental [n̪ ], also occur in the pronunciation of English words. For example, ‘ten’ is typically pronounced [ten] whereas dental [n̪ ] occurs before the dental [θ] in a pronunciation of words like ‘tenth’, [ten̪ θ] (Cox 2012: 137). Although these two phones occur in both English and Aranda, they are used very differently in English. Unlike Aranda, there are no English words that are differentiated just

105 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

by this phonetic difference between [n] and n[ ̪ ]. This is never the only difference between words of English vocabulary. This means that in English the difference between [n] and [n̪ ] is not significant for speakers to differentiate distinct words. The difference is not contrastive in English.

This fact about English can be expressed by recognising [n] and n[ ̪ ] as minor variations of the same ‘sound’ in a special sense. This is expressed in technical terms by saying that [n] and [n̪ ] are allophones (or members) of the same phoneme in English. Bracketing notation uses slash brackets to indicate when an IPA symbol is being used to label a phoneme. Thus the English phoneme /n/ has the allophones [n] and [n̪ ] (and others). In Aranda, the fact that the difference between [n] and n[ ̪ ] differentiates words is expressed by recognising distinct phonemes, which can be labelled /n/ and /n̪ /. In this way, the phoneme concept represents not just what phones occur in a language, but which differences between phones differentiate words of the vocabulary of the language. The way that speakers conceive of the sounds of their language tends to correspond to the phonemes that can be analysed from the phonetic facts of word pronunciation. For example, speakers of English are generally not aware that they are producing different phones [n] and n[ ̪ ] in words like ‘ten’ and ‘tenth’, and generally recognise these distinct phones as instances of the same sound in some sense. In contrast, speakers of Aranda are quite conscious of the sound difference between words like [nəmə] ‘sit, be’ vs [n̪ əmə] ‘rain, to wet (something)’. However, speakers’ sense of the distinctness or sameness of sounds is not always exactly the same thing as determining what the phonemes of the language are, and needs to be considered separately in developing an orthography. Analysis of the phonemes of a language allows the words of the vocabulary to be represented in terms of the phonemes in the word. For example, /ænθɹəpɔlədʒi/ is a phonemic representation of the word ‘anthropology’ in Australian English. Note that this includes the phoneme symbol /n/, by which there is no indication of the actual detail of pronunciation as dental [n̪ ] in this context. Speakers unconsciously know that the phoneme /n/ can be realised as the dental phone [n̪ ] in such words because of the following dental sound /θ/. Such phonetic differences which do not play a role in differentiating words in the language are effectively suppressed in a phonemic transcription. Of course, the concepts introduced in the discussion here are relevant to all the consonant and vowel phones of a language: we have only focused on [n] and [n̪ ] as an example.

106 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary

In a phonemic orthography, the basic principle is that each grapheme represents a phoneme, which is sufficient information for speakers of a language to match spelling to pronunciation to identify a word. However, there are also additional factors that can play a role in designing a phonemic orthography, and as a result there is often not always a perfect correspondence between graphemes and phonemes. These concepts can now be applied to consider the Mission Orthography and subsequent phonemic orthographies.

The Mission Orthography: Phonetic, uniform and continental The Mission Orthography was developed by Hermannsburg missionaries so that they could translate the Bible and other materials into the local languages (Moore and Ríos Castaño 2018). It followed the ‘continental’ spelling system, according to Carl Strehlow (Kenny 2013: 98), and was an attempt at a uniform orthography. This was clearly a considered and systematic approach to developing a practical orthography for community use, in contrast to the ad hoc approach of authors such as Willshire, as discussed above. The ‘continental’ approach categorises the simple vowel phones with the letters , , , and . In general terms, this simple approach offers at least the potential for greater consistency in spelling than trying to categorise the vowels of Aranda according to the many distinct vowel sounds distinguished in English orthography. The options for uniform orthographies available to linguistic and other fieldworkers in central Australia in the late 1800s and early 1900s are discussed in Moore (2013). Edward Stirling, for example, used the Royal Geographical System in the 1896 Report on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia (Breen 2005: 94). The science of phonetics was developing at that time, and this was reflected in the evolving approaches to developing orthographies. The Mission Orthography was founded in the system used by Pastor Hermann Kempe, and summarised in his phonetic key (1891a: 2). By the time Carl Strehlow was compiling the dictionary, the Mission Orthography was already used in teaching at the Hermannsburg school and in religious services. Primers, a worship book (Kempe 1891b), a grammar and vocabulary (Kempe 1891a) had already been published using it. Strehlow

107 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

largely followed Kempe’s approach, but made some modifications. Oberscheidt (1991: iii) considers that Strehlow ‘continued to employ the basic form of the first orthography, creating a kind of orthographic continuity’. John Strehlow (2011: 739) adds, from a different point of view, that ‘[Carl Strehlow] did not attempt to modify the problematic spelling used by Kempe’. Strehlow (1908) clarified some points about the Mission Orthography, but did not produce any further explicit discussion of Aranda phonetics or orthography. Some of the differences in Strehlow’s spelling reflect his greater ability to discriminate between sounds than his predecessor’s. Some other differences can be attributed to dialect variation, as Kempe and Strehlow consulted different speakers who appear to have pronounced some words differently. According to Kempe (1891a: 1–2):

The vocabulary is that of the tribe inhabiting the River Finke, and is also, with only slight variations in the dialect, that of the tribes in the MacDonnell Ranges eastward to Alice Springs, but not far westward of the River Finke, and extending southward to the Peake.

Strehlow focused on what he saw as a different dialect, ‘to use Aranda aratja3 forms spoken by most of the people on the Station in place of the Aranda ulbma used by Kempe’ (J. Strehlow 2011: 739). For some words, Strehlow specifies a specific dialect. In Kempe’s list there are a number of words that appear to be from dialects away from the immediate Hermannsburg area, but are not annotated as such. In some cases, these differences between dialect forms involve an initial vowel. For example, Kempe gives auma ‘hear’, with an initial vowel, whereas Strehlow gives wuma without an initial vowel, and attributes aūma to a Northern dialect.

Analysis of the Mission Orthography This section examines Kempe’s orthography and its development in Strehlow’s work. The Mission Orthography was a broad phonetic representation, rather than phonemic, in that it did not specifically attempt to represent only those phonetic differences which are significant in Aranda because they differentiate words. The Mission Orthography makes some sound distinctions which are not significant in Aranda, and

3 Carl Strehlow glosses aratja as ‘straight, upright, just’ and ulbma as ‘tight, narrow’.

108 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary does not represent some distinctions which are significant. There are three factors to consider in this. Firstly, there is the question of which phonetic distinctions Kempe and Strehlow were able to discriminate, and whether they could discriminate them reliably in different words. To a large degree this can only be assessed against the fact that all the evidence indicates that the individual sounds of Aranda have not changed significantly since Kempe’s time, though some individual words may have changed in their pronunciation over that time. There is evidence that the Hermannsburg missionaries modified the orthography as their ability to discriminate sounds improved. Secondly, there is the question as to whether there are phonetic distinctions which they were able to discriminate, but chose not to represent in the orthography in consideration of other factors. There is unfortunately relatively little recorded information on this point. However, there is some evidence that Kempe was in general conscious of the separate tasks in discriminating the sounds of the language and choosing letters to represent them: ‘to make the number of written characters as few as possible, [a long vowel] is indicated by a small stroke over the letter, as [in] lāda [‘point’]’ (1891a: 2). Thirdly, even where the orthography makes a distinction between sounds, there is the question of whether it is consistently applied in the spelling of individual words, both in Kempe’s and Strehlow’s dictionaries and in their other works. Kempe’s representation of long vowels, discussed below, is such a case. In addition to these three factors, there is also the usual possibility of an accidental error in writing a word. Kempe’s phonetic key distinguishes 15 consonant graphemes, six simple vowel graphemes (and vowel length) and three diphthong graphemes. He characterises the sounds these represent by making comparisons to specific English spellings in example words, and therefore indirectly compares them to phonemes of English. This is of course appropriate for a grammar and vocabulary published in English. There is evidence of influence from both English and Kempe’s and Strehlow’s native German in the discrimination of individual phones, in the choice of letters to represent them, and in the choice of the comparison examples in English.

Consonants The basic phonetic representation of consonant sounds in the Mission Orthography is shown in Table 1, with its correspondence to Aranda phonemes and the modern phonemic orthographies. The following

109 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary

sections provide more detailed discussion of other specific aspects of the representation, including consonant doubling. This table deals only with consonant phones as they occur singly in words: specific sequences of consonant phones in words are discussed later. The first column in Table 1 gives a representation of the basic consonant phonemes using IPA symbols. This follows the phonemic analysis of consonants by Breen (2001) and Wilkins (1989). The table then indicates the representation of each phoneme in the FRM (Roennfeldt et al. 2006) and IAD (Breen et al. 2000) orthographies, which differ here in only a couple of respects. The orthographies in Kempe (1891a) and the Carl Strehlow dictionary are listed separately because there is a small number of differences between them. The way that the correspondences between the three orthographies are represented in Table 1 can be understood from the following example. The Mission Orthography (i) does not make the important distinction between the phonemes written as , and in the modern orthographies, and (ii) it does make a distinction between and which is not significant in Aranda because the difference between [t] and [d] does not differentiate words.

Table 1. Basic consonant phonemes and their orthographic representations.

Phonemes (IPA) FRM & IAD Mission Orthography C Strehlow Kempe / p / , , / k / < k > < k >, < g > < k >, < g > / t / < t > / t ̪ / < th > < t >, < d > < t >, < d > / ʈ / < rt > / c / < tj >(FRM) < ty > (IAD) < tj > < tj > < j > < j > / j / < y > / l / < l > / l ̪ / < lh > < l > < l > / ɭ / < rl > / ʎ / < ly > < lj > < lj > / m / < m > < m > < m >

110 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary

Phonemes (IPA) FRM & IAD Mission Orthography C Strehlow Kempe / ɲ / < ny > < nj > < nj > / n / < n > / n ̪ / < nh > < n > < n > / ɳ / < rn > / ŋ / < ng > < ng > < ng > / ɹ / < r > < r > / ɾ / < rr > < r > / ɰ / < h > (IAD) < r ͑ > / pm / < pm > < tm > < tm > / tn / < tn > / tn ̪ / < thn > < tn >, < dn > < tn >, < dn >

/ ʈɳ / < rtn > / cɲ / < tny > < kn > < kn > / kŋ / < kng > < gn > < w >, , < w >, , / w / < w > < o > < o >

In Kempe’s phonetic key, he describes 15 consonant graphemes, shown in Table 2, as representing ‘primitive’ sounds of Aranda, that is, the original sounds of Aranda as opposed to the additional letters , ~~and used to represent sounds in biblical names.~~

~~Table 2. Consonant graphemes in Kempe (1891a).~~

‘B b, like b in be’ ‘N n, like n in near’ ‘D d, like d in do’ ‘Ng ng, like ng in ring’ ‘G g, like g in go’ ‘P p, like p in pipe’ ‘H h, like h in here’ ‘R r, like r in roam’ ‘J j, like y in year’ ‘T t, like t in to’ ‘K k, like k in king’ ‘Tj tj, like g in gentle’ ‘L l, like l in long’ ‘W w, like w in wife’ ‘M m, like m in more’

~~Most of the stop consonants are over-differentiated with respect to the phonetic property of voicing: vs~~

~~, vs , and vs . In each of these pairs, the sounds are contrastive in German and English, that is they differentiate words, for example as demonstrated by bush vs~~

~~111 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

push, do vs to, and kill vs gill. However, these pairs of phones are not contrastive in Aranda, in that there are no such pairs of words where the only difference in pronunciation is the difference between [b] vs [p] etc. It was therefore not necessary to distinguish them in the orthography. This type of over-differentiation is not necessarily a significant issue in an orthography provided that speakers of the language can consistently discriminate such non-contrastive sounds. However, this is often not the case, as noted above for [n] and [n̪ ] in English. Where two phones, such as [b] and [p], are frequently interchangeable within some words, this raises issues for a phonetic approach such as the Mission Orthography. It would result in multiple spellings of a single word according to the phonetic facts of each occasion of a speaker pronouncing that word. This occurs (perhaps accidentally) where Kempe has two distinct vocabulary entries for what appears to be the same word: damba ‘loose, breakable’ and tamba ‘loose, shaking, perishable, fading’. The alternative is to make an arbitrary decision on which letter to use on a word-by-word basis, and to fix that as the idiosyncratic spelling of that word regardless of how it is actually pronounced on any given occasion. Kempe and Strehlow have in fact done this in many cases, for example with [b] and [p] in banama ‘to build, to paint’ vs parama ‘to stop, to bar’, where there is not a consistent difference in the first sound. The same applies in numerous words for [t] vs [d] and [k] vs [g]. The effect is that the spelling of individual words is more idiosyncratic, and the orthography overall is less regular. The in Kempe’s phonetic key is unnecessary: it does not represent a contrastive sound in Aranda, and in fact does not appear in any of the words in his wordlist. Strehlow (1908: 698) states explicitly that he does not know the ‘consonant h’ in Aranda, meaning the initial sound in an English word like ‘here’. Kempe’s key clearly recognises that the velar nasal [ŋ] occurs in Aranda and represents it as . However, this phoneme is represented quite variably in his writings, in part because the ability to discriminate a specific sound can depend on the position it occurs in within a word. In his grammar and vocabulary (1891a), Kempe consistently discriminates the velar nasal when it is the first sound in a word, for example in ngapa ‘crow’. But his worship book (1891b) shows this phone being represented as at the beginning of words. Compare:

~~Etna najila ‘they are hungry’ (Kempe 1891b: 12) Etna ngaiala. [ditto] (Strehlow 1904: 14)~~

~~112 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

It would appear that Kempe’s ability to discriminate the velar nasal in this position developed over time, but the initial variability on this point can be attributed to the influence of German and English. The velar nasal also occurs in both German and English, however, in these languages the velar nasal does not occur as the first sound in a word, and speakers of these languages tend initially to have difficulty in both recognising and pronouncing it in this position. The influence of German or English though is clearly not the same for everyone in this regard: the same issue with the velar nasal had earlier been encountered by the Dieri mission at Killalpannina but it was nonetheless written consistently by missionary Flierl. Kempe and Strehlow also use for a velar nasal in two other contexts where the key would mandate : before or after . They use or for the sequence of these two consonant phones in for example wolkna ‘grave’, instead of , and they use where the key would have , for example in inka ‘foot’. It is not clear whether these reflect an inability to recognise the velar nasal in these contexts, or reflect influence from English or German spellings such as in drink/trinken, or reflect a considered spelling ‘shortcut’. It could possibly be such a shortcut because Kempe seems to have been prepared to consider the number of letters required for a spelling, as suggested by his discussion of vowel length (1891a: 2), mentioned above. Further, Kempe’s and Strehlow’s use of for /ŋk/ in words like inka ‘foot’ does not distinguish /ŋk/ from the distinct sequence of alveolar nasal plus velar stop /nk/ in words like imanka ‘long ago’. Kempe’s use of is a complicated case. He uses it to represent three distinct phonemes of Aranda: the retroflex ~~approximant /ɻ /, the alveolar tap/trill /ɾ/ and the back approximant /ɰ/ (discussed below). These phonemes are all represented in distinct ways in the modern orthographies, as Table 1 shows.~~

Double consonant letters Both Kempe and Strehlow use double consonant letters in some words, but this does not appear to be consistent. In some cases, it appears to be an attempt to distinguish different phonetic properties, but it is not clear which phonetic properties. Aranda distinguishes dental, alveolar, post- alveolar (retroflex) and palatal places of articulation. Thus there are four lateral phonemes represented by , , and respectively in the modern orthographies. There are four corresponding stops and four

~~113 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

corresponding nasals at these places of articulation. Kempe’s phonetic key significantly under-differentiates all these consonants in their place of articulation. Thus his represents all of the four distinct phonemes represented in the modern orthographies as , , and (which he also represents as ). In English and German there is of course only one lateral phoneme, at the alveolar place of articulation, and it is common for speakers of these languages to have difficulty discriminating the other distinct lateral phonemes in Aranda: they tend to hear them all as alveolar /l/. Doubling of consonant letters in Kempe’s and Strehlow’s work seems to indicate a non-alveolar place of articulation without specifying which one, at least for the nasals. Kempe’s vocabulary has an instance, mballa ‘heat’, where doubled represents a dental lateral ( in the modern orthographies). In Strehlow’s dictionary is not common but those that do occur are split relatively evenly between alveolar, retroflex and dental laterals. The tendency seems clearer with doubling of in Strehlow’s dictionary: the instances of there all seem to be retroflex or dental nasals, as opposed to alveolar and palatal. The letter-doubling strategy also extends to some instances of . Kempe uses it in one case to distinguish two words, garra ‘clay-ground’ vs gara ‘meat’ where the former has the alveolar tap/trill /ɾ/ and the latter has the retroflex approximant ɻ/ /. Strehlow’s dictionary has many instances of vs but there is no real consistency: both options represent the alveolar tap/trill /ɾ/ and the retroflex approximant ɻ/ / in different words. The modern orthographies both consistently represent the alveolar tap/ trill as and the retroflex approximant as .

Palatal sounds The palatal4 sounds are not consistently represented in the Mission Orthography. Kempe’s phonetic key only has the palatal stop , and he thus appears to take the palatal nasal and lateral as a sequence of or respectively followed by . This in itself presents no particular issue for the orthography.5 More importantly, as noted in the previous section, both Kempe and Strehlow are inconsistent in distinguishing the palatal nasal and lateral from their alveolar counterparts, particularly at the beginning of words: they are written as and respectively in many

4 These are better characterised as alveopalatal but the more general term is sufficient here. 5 In fact T.G.H. Strehlow (1944: 14) later analysed all the palatals in this way as consonant clusters: ‘j is very frequently met with as the final element of the consonant combinations lj, nj, tj, tnj, ntj’.

114 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary cases. For example, ninta ‘one’ (FRM nyinta). In the Luritja words in the dictionary Strehlow takes a different approach, drawing on the Spanish use of a tilde above , for example ngalatarbañi ‘hereinkommen, come into’. He presumably does not use the tilde in Aranda words because the spelling system for Aranda had already become established in use. Kempe and Strehlow clearly use to represent two distinct things, (i) a single palatal nasal /ɲ/ and (ii) a sequence of a palatal nasal followed by a palatal stop /ɲc/, although they both also use for the latter in other words. It is also possible that in some cases their represents a sequence of an alveolar nasal followed by a palatal stop /nc/, since this is known to occur in Arandic dialects. Thus it is not clear how to read in a given word. For example, Strehlow’s in both njuma ‘drink’ (FRM ntjuma) and itinja ‘near’ vs etintja ‘branch’ (FRM etinya vs etintja).

The velar approximant There is also variability in the representation of the voiced ‘unrounded back approximant /ɰ/ articulated in the velar and uvular regions’ (Henderson 2013: 20–21), a phoneme with approximant and weak fricative allophones. This is one of the phonemes that Kempe represented with , for example ara ‘wrath’ (Kempe 1891a: 38). This Aranda phoneme is similar to /r/ phonemes in many modern varieties of French (Henderson and Dobson 1994: 22) and allophones of /r/ in German (Moulton 1962: 35) and it is therefore not at all surprising that German speakers represented this Aranda phoneme as . Strehlow (1908: 699) describes its pronunciation and its representation in his work as follows:

Den Konsonanten h kenne ich im Wonkaranda nicht, dagegen kommt ein gutturales r vor, das ich im Unterschied zum gewöhnlichen r mit einem Spiritus asper versehe (r). Es erfordert für den Weissen einige Übung, diesen Laut hervorzubringen; man versuche den Laut ch (wie in ach!) mit dem sanften, nicht rollenden r zu verbinden; z. B. rarka zu sprechen rcharka.

[I do not know of the consonant h in Wonkaranda, however there is a guttural r, which in contrast to the usual r, I give with the Spiritus asper ʿ [i.e. r͑ ]. For a white person it takes practice to produce this sound. One attempts to make the ch sound (as in ach!) combined with a soft and non- rolled r, for example to pronounce rarka as rcharka.]

~~115 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

The spiritus asper, a Latin translation of ‘rough breathing’, is a symbol < ʿ> which appears in Greek linguistic tradition to indicate /h/, the glottal fricative. The Aranda velar approximant was later represented as by T.G.H. Strehlow (1944). In the dictionary, Carl Strehlow also recognises the velar approximant as a distinctive sound in another way, by giving it a distinct place in the alphabetical order, placing the 44 entries after the entries starting with plain . The velar approximant has been gradually lost from Western Aranda speech, and is not represented at all in the modern FRM orthography. Its loss in words has generally resulted in a long vowel sound, which Strehlow represented with a macron, as in ā ‘anger’.

Simple vowels, diphthongs and semivowels The representation of simple vowels, diphthongs and semivowels is one of the most obvious differences between the Mission Orthography and the modern phonemic orthographies, and indeed it is the major difference between the two modern orthographies. This section examines the representation of the simple vowels first in the Mission Orthography, and then the phonemic orthographies, before discussing the diphthongs. The vowel letters in Kempe’s (1891a: 2) phonetic key are used individually to represent simple vowel phones (and in some cases semivowels), and in combinations to represent diphthongs. They do not match closely to the phonetic distinctions that differentiate Aranda words, and thus cannot easily be correlated with a phonemic analysis of the vowels.

Simple vowels Kempe’s key to simple vowels is shown in Table 3. Because the phonetic representation in the Mission Orthography is broad, these vowel letters do not represent five specific vowel phones in Aranda. In fact, it is possible to discriminate a wide range of vowel phones in Aranda words. Rather, these five vowel letters represent a categorisation of that wide range of vowel phones into five broad phonetic categories. For a vowel phone in a given word to be represented in writing, the writer has to make a decision as to which phonetic category a particular vowel phone fits into.

~~Table 3. Simple vowels in Kempe (1891a).~~

~~‘A a, like a in father, are’ ‘O o, like o in more’~~

~~‘E e, like e in there, were’ ‘U u, like u in dull, or o in more’ ‘I i, like i in tin’~~

~~116 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

The categorisation of vowel phones in this way explains certain types of inconsistency in the spelling of words in the Mission Orthography. Firstly, a vowel phone in a particular word can be borderline between two or more of the five categories, and since writers are basically forced to categorise it, they may categorise the same phone differently in writing the same word on different occasions. Secondly, in any language it is normal that there is a certain amount of variability in the pronunciation of a given word, even by the same speaker. So the same word may have slightly different vowel phones in it on different occasions. These points account for some cases in Strehlow’s dictionary where there are two distinct entries for the same word, with a vowel phone represented differently, for example ritjalama and ritjilama ‘see on the go’. In just a few cases, he gives two possibilities in the same entry, for example, irkulambetninama or erkulambetninama ‘preserved’. Thirdly, there can be differences between individuals in how they categorise the same vowel phones, and therefore choose different letters to represent them. For example, Kempe’s ewoluma ‘to lean against’ vs Strehlow’s iwulama are very likely to represent basically the same pronunciation, even though three of the four vowel letters in the word are different in the two spellings. Strehlow and Kempe appear to have made different judgements of the best category for each of the vowel phones in the pronunciation of this word, even though both of them were using the set of letters in Table 3. In all of these examples, it is not that one of the spellings is necessarily an error; this variability in spelling is inherent in the way that the Mission Orthography works. To turn now to the details of the vowels, Kempe’s account of how these letters represent the vowel sounds is rather confused. With regard to the length of the vowel sounds, he describes the simple vowel phones as short; however, the majority of the English vowels that he gives as comparisons are in fact long, at least in modern Australian English: in ‘father’, ‘are’, ‘were’ and ‘more’. This is complicated by his statement that the corresponding long vowel phones are represented by a macron diacritic over the relevant vowel letter. Kempe’s key gives only one example: lāda ‘point’ where he says that <ā> represents the long vowel as in ‘far’. This is then further complicated because, in his vocabulary, very few of the long vowel phones of Aranda are actually represented with the macron. Strehlow’s dictionary makes greater use of the macron, with all five vowel letters <ā> <ē> <ī> <ō> <ū>, but it is used infrequently and is used to represent only a relatively small proportion of long vowel phones in words. He also occasionally uses a breve diacritic to indicate a short vowel, for example .

~~117 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

Kempe’s represents a broad phonetic category for which the two comparison vowels are as in there and were, /eː/ and /ɜː/ respectively in modern Australian English. Providing more than one comparison vowel is entirely consistent with the phonetic category approach since it serves to better indicate the phonetic range of the category. His treatment of similarly has two comparison vowels. In fact, in his vocabulary Kempe also uses to represent a vowel phone like the one in English dull in only a few words such as kumerrama ‘to rise, get up’, which Strehlow changed to kamerama. Given the spelling of words in Kempe’s vocabulary, a better comparison in the phonetic key would have been the vowel in English put (and he could also have added ‘like w in wife’ for ). It is also problematic that he gives the comparison vowel in more for both and , since this means that the same vowel phone can be represented by either letter. This is presumably because the categorisation as and was not a good match to the actual vowel phones. T.G.H. Strehlow (1944: 8) similarly noted—albeit within his rather different vowel categorisation—that ‘it becomes a matter of doubt whether to write u or o in a given instance’.

Simple vowels in the FRM and IAD orthographies The correspondence between the Mission Orthography and the phonemic orthographies is complex with regard to vowels, and the details are more difficult to represent in a single table than for the consonants above. Table 4 shows the representation of simple vowels in the three orthographies. An obvious difference is that the Mission Orthography makes the most distinctions and the IAD orthography the least. This is a consequence of the phonetic basis of the former versus the phonemic basis of the latter. Another obvious difference is that the FRM and IAD orthographies do not use . More important though than listing the vowel letters used in each orthography, is the fact that each orthography uses these letters in different ways, to represent different types of categorisation of the vowel phones that occur in the words of the language.

~~118 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

~~Table 4. Basic vowel distinctions in the orthographies.6~~

~~Mission orthography < a > < e > < o > < ā > < ē > < ī > < ō > < ū > FRM orthography < a > < e > < aa> IAD orthography < a > < e > ~~

~~Sources: Mission orthography: Kempe (1891a) and Strehlow (1910a); FRM orthography: Roennfeldt et al . (2006); IAD orthography: Breen et al . (2000) .~~

The basic correspondence in vowels between the FRM and IAD orthographies is given in Table 5, leaving aside some details for the sake of an overview. The Aranda words in the table can be taken as examples of specific vowel phones and their representation, underlined for clarity. Table 5 shows how in some cases the same phone is categorised in different ways in the two orthographies. For example, the first vowel in the Aranda words for ‘foot’ and ‘east’ are categorised differently in the FRM orthography and represented as and respectively, whereas they are categorised the same and both represented as in the IAD orthography. Note that due to the complexity of the correspondences in the table, the details of in the IAD orthography have to be split into two separate parts in the table. The IAD orthography is based on Breen’s (2001) phonemic analysis of Aranda, and the aspect that most results in differences between the IAD and FRM orthographies is that in his phonemic analysis there is a phoneme /ə/ which has a wide range of allophones. This range occurs because /ə/ is much influenced by the articulation of its neighbouring phonemes in a given word. The context information in Table 5 gives the general flavour of how this operates, that is, how a given phoneme is realised as the specific phone in the example words. The main factors involved are the effects of (i) a neighbouring palatal consonant, or (ii) a neighbouring rounded consonant. In relation to the latter, Breen (2001) analyses not only the consonant phonemes listed in Table 1 above, but also a set of corresponding consonant phonemes which can be described as rounded or labialised, and represented in IPA as /tw/ for example. This is pronounced

6 As noted above, Kempe (1891a) also occasionally uses a breve diacritic to indicate a short vowel, for example . Strehlow uses a circumflex diacritic in a few words, mostly <ê>. It is not clear what this is intended to indicate but he may have been experimenting with making a particular distinction that he decided not to proceed with.

~~119 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

~~with [w] if it is followed by certain vowels, including a word-final vowel. The IAD orthography represents these phonemes with the plain consonant representation plus , for example .~~

~~Table 5. Vowel correspondences between the FRM and IAD orthographies.~~

FRM orthography IAD orthography Phoneme and context arrua ‘rock arrwe rounded consonant (< w >) /Cw/ wallaby’ ura ‘fire’ ure /u/ in all contexts . purta ‘round’ purte Alternative analysis: /ə/ /u/ before a rounded coronal consonant /Cw/1 ntjuma ‘drink’ ntyweme after a rounded consonant /Cw/ wurra ‘boy’ werre after /w/ ntjwia ‘corkwood’ ntyweye after /Cw/ & before /j/ irrauwia ’weapons’ < e > irraweye /ə/ after /w/ & before /j/ pitjima ‘come’ petyeme next to palatal consonant, except before / j / mia ‘mother’ meye before / j /

ilkuma ‘eat’ irlkweme before a retroflex consonant /i/ ingka ‘foot’ ingke ekngarra ‘east’ < e > ikngerre erritja ‘eagle’ irretye 2 vowel at end of word katjia ‘childʼ ketyeye next to palatal consonant, < e > < a > /ə/ except before /j/ kara ‘meat’ kere elsewhere impatja ‘track’ impatye < a > /a/ kwaarra ‘girl’ < aa > kwarre

1 Breen (2001) offers these two analyses of the vowel in words such as these examples, depending on some specific details that are beyond the scope of this discussion. 2 Wilkins (1989) analyses the word-final vowel [ə]~[ɐ] as the /ə/ phoneme. Breen’s analysis of word-final vowels is more complex. When a word is at the end of a phonological phrase this non-contrastive and quite variable final vowel is analysed as a non-phonemic vowel associated with the phonological phrase, rather than the /ə/ phoneme. Sources: FRM orthography: Roennfeldt et al . (2006); IAD orthography: Breen et al . (2000); Phoneme and context: Breen (2001) .

~~120 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

Some of the categorisation of vowel phones in the early phonetic orthographies would appear to have been influenced by the native languages of their creators. One result is that the native German speakers Kempe and Strehlow write the language name as Aranda, while the native English speakers Spencer and Gillen write it Arunta. T.G.H. Strehlow (1944: 9) identified a back unrounded vowel ɑ[ ̩ ] which he identifies with the in English cut and butter, and a German short sound, as in kann and Mann. He notes that ‘English research workers regularly identify [this Aranda vowel] with their [] sound, whereas German writers regard it as the equivalent of their a sound’. In German orthography, represents both /a/ and /ɑ̩ / (as in Stadt), a contrast which is not found in English (Moulton 1962: 99).

Diphthongs and semivowels Kempe’s representation of the semivowels /w/ and /j/ shows parallels to both English and German. His ‘J j, like y in year’ is clearly influenced by his native German, where the similar phoneme is written , rather than the corresponding in English. Strehlow (1908: 699) admits that his predecessors would have done better to use instead of but suggests that it was by then difficult to change since was already in use in translations for the Aranda community. Conversely Kempe’s and Strehlow’s use of in words like iwuna ‘what?’ shows no influence from German, where represents the phoneme /v/. Kempe recognises three diphthongs, as shown in Table 6. The letters that he chooses to represent these phones follow straightforwardly from the letters that he uses to represent the five simple vowel phones. The representation of the diphthongs happens to partially match German orthography and partially match English orthography. German has three diphthong phonemes: /aʊ/ written , /ɔʏ/ written or <äu>, and /aɪ/ mostly written and . Both Kempe’s and match the German orthography, although is actually a less common spelling of the German diphthong phoneme /aɪ/. His choice of does not parallel German, but it does of course parallel the English representation of the diphthong in words like coin.

~~Table 6. Diphthongs in Kempe (1891a).~~

~~‘Ai ai, like i in light’ ‘Oi oi, like oi in oil’~~

~~‘Au au, like ow in now’~~

~~121 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

Strehlow (1908: 698) takes the notion of diphthong slightly differently, adding and : ‘In the Aranda language, only the following diphthongs are known to me: ai, au, oi, ui, ua. The vowels a and e, e and a, etc., may occur side by side, but are never pronounced as diphthongs’. Kempe (1891a: 2) and Strehlow both use, albeit rather inconsistently, a diaeresis diacritic < ¨ > over a vowel to mark it as distinct from the preceding vowel rather than a diphthong, for example Strehlow’s inkaïmbatja ‘footprint’ which is a compound consisting of inka ‘foot’ and imbatja ‘track’. Most of the differences in this area within and between the Aranda orthographies depends on two related things, (i) whether a phone is taken to be a vowel or a semivowel (a vowel-like consonant), and (ii) how the syllables within a word are distinguished. By standard definition, a diphthong is a complex sound which can be analysed as a transition between two vowel phones within a single phonetic syllable. In the Mission Orthography, and are the only sequences of two vowel letters that represent true diphthongs, that is, occurring within a single syllable. Examples are given in Table 7 below. In words such as jainama ‘send’, the diphthong is followed by a retroflex consonant, and the pronunciation of actually varies between the diphthong indicated by Kempe and a long [a] vowel, at least in current Western Aranda speech. The modern orthographies treat this variation in different ways.

~~Table 7. Comparison of diphthongs in the Mission Orthography and modern orthographies.~~

Strehlow Dictionary FRM Orthography1 IAD Orthography < ai > jainama ‘send’ yairnama yarneme inkainama ‘(to) erect’ ingkairnama ingkarneme Emphatic ending, e .g . lai! ‘go!’ lhai! lhaye! < au > Emphatic ending, e .g . lakitjau! lheketyawe!

~~1 The absence of FRM spellings of words in this table and the following ones is simply because these words do not appear in any available source that uses the FRM orthography .~~

In a much larger number of cases, illustrated in Table 8, a sequence of two vowel letters in the Mission Orthography represents a phonetic transition between the vowels of two syllables. For example, Strehlow’s jia ‘story’ can be analysed as two syllables [jiː|a].

~~122 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

~~Table 8. Digraphs in the Mission Orthography and their representation in modern orthographies.~~

Strehlow Dictionary FRM Orthography IAD Orthography < ai > (none) < au > bauma ‘push’ pauwuma paweme lauma ‘hide’ laweme < ea > erea, iria ‘saltbush’ irreye < ia > jia ‘story’ yia yeye < iu > takiuma ‘spread out’ taakiwuma takiweme < oa > itoa ‘bush turkey’ itua irtewe nóa ‘spouse’ nua newe < oe > ntoérama ‘vomit’ ntewirreme < oi > boilama ‘blow’ pewileme < ou > erouma ‘shake’ rruwuma rreweme < ui > ruilkara ‘bird sp .’ rrewirlkere

In the type above, the IAD orthography, and to some extent the FRM orthography, show a different analysis of phonetic transition between the vowels of two syllables: a semivowel /w/ or /j/ is taken to occur between the two vowels. For example, where Strehlow has in bauma ‘push’, the IAD orthography has in paweme. In this case, the FRM orthography combines both strategies, the sequence plus the semivowel represented as , pauwuma. An alternative strategy that is similar to this is also used in some words in the Mission Orthography: the transition between the vowels of two syllables is represented by three vowel letters, as illustrated in Table 9. German orthography also uses the same general strategy, for example in words like feiern /faiɐn/ ‘celebrate’ or misstrauische /mɪstrauɪʃ/ ‘mistrustful’.7

~~Table 9. Trigraphs in the Mission Orthography and modern orthographies.~~

Strehlow Dictionary FRM Orthography IAD Orthography < aia > taia ‘moon’ taiya taye < aie > irkaierama ‘fade’ irrkayirreme < aii > irkaiïrkaia ‘faint’ irrkayirrkaye < aua > taua ‘bag’ thauwa thawe raualelama ‘scatter’ rawelhileme

~~7 Much less commonly, German orthography also uses a semivowel symbol in representing such transitions, for example Bayern (Bavaria) /baiɐn/.~~

~~123 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

Strehlow Dictionary FRM Orthography IAD Orthography < aue > rauerama ‘disperse’ rawirreme < aui > rauilama ‘scatter, sow’ rawileme < eoa > réoa, reowa ‘entry’ rriwe, arriwe < oiu > ilboiuma ‘deny’ ilpuyeweme

The strategy of a sequence of vowel letters is also applied to transitions between vowels over more than two syllables, for example the three syllables represented by in Strehlow’s errauia ‘weapons’. Compare IAD irraweye. Note that Strehlow’s alternative spelling reowa ‘entry’ in Table 9 exemplifies a combined strategy which parallels the FRM spelling of pauwuma with transitional . This occurs in only a couple of other words in Strehlow’s dictionary. Overall, these different strategies constitute a degree of inconsistency in the Mission Orthography. As noted above, Strehlow (1908) also listed and as representing diphthongs. In fact his dictionary includes the range in Table 10 below. In terms of Breen’s phonemic analysis of Aranda, these all involve the same phenomenon, a rounded consonant, written for example as /tw/ using IPA, represented in the IAD orthography as . This is pronounced with [w] if it is followed by certain vowels, including a word-final vowel. The FRM orthography also represents this as a consonant plus (except for some words where it has consonant plus , as in arrua below). Strehlow is more inconsistent, representing this in different words as consonant plus or or .

~~Table 10. Representation of rounded consonants in the Mission Orthography and modern orthographies.~~

Strehlow Dictionary FRM Orthography IAD Orthography < ua > lankua ‘bush banana’ langkwa langkwe < uia > inguia ‘old’ ingkwiya ingkweye < wa > kwata ‘egg’ kwaarta kwarte < we > kwenja ‘windbreak’ kwintja kwintye < oa > aroa ‘rock wallaby’ arrua arrwe

~~124 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

Use of the Mission Orthography The Mission Orthography can be examined as a system that developed over its time, and as the predecessor of the modern phonemic orthographies. Its origin and development can be understood in terms of the individuals who contributed to it, notably Kempe and Strehlow, but it must also be considered in terms of its intended users and their responses to it. As already noted, the Mission Orthography was used in educational and religious works, a scholarly grammar and dictionary, and in personal correspondence. It was used by Aranda people, though perhaps mostly within the school and church contexts. The Mission Orthography was clearly intended to be a practical orthography, and its details were established by Kempe and Strehlow with practical considerations in mind. This is evidenced by Kempe’s explicit attempt to keep the ‘number of written characters as few as possible’ (1891a: 2), and Strehlow’s (1908) reluctance to make significant changes to the orthography once it had become established in the Hermannsburg community. There was also recognition of the importance of the broader context of English literacy in Australia in Strehlow’s (1908) comment on the greater suitability of over in the Aranda orthography. T.G.H. Strehlow continued that sensitivity to context in justifying his later phonetic orthography (1971: l). If the importance of making a distinction between a practical orthography for use in the language community and an orthography for scholarly or ‘scientific’ description of a language now seems obvious, it is because of more than 100 years of experience in the creation of new orthographies, a history in which Kempe and Strehlow played an early role. The tension between the development of a ‘scientific’ (phonetic) alphabet and a practical writing system can be seen with the adoption, and later abandonment, of the Lepsius Standard Alphabet (1863) for writing the Dieri language at the Bethesda mission, which was also founded by missionaries from Hermannsburg, Germany, in the late nineteenth century. The Standard Alphabet was specifically developed for use with hitherto unwritten languages, as opposed to situations where there was (as with Sanskrit) an existing orthographic tradition. One of the principles of the Standard Alphabet was that ‘every sound must be defined physiologically before being given a place in the alphabet’. In the view of Kneebone (2005: 356), the main weaknesses of the Standard Alphabet were the tension between

~~125 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

collectors of data and specialised scientific researchers, together with the complexity of the diacritic system, which gave rise to problems for the ‘writer, reader and printer’. A similar story took place later in the Finke River mission’s abandonment of T.G.H. Strehlow’s phonetic orthography with its rich use of diacritics. Oberscheidt (1991) characterises that change as the rejection of a ‘purely academic orthography’, a criticism he directs not only to T.G.H. Strehlow’s phonetic orthography but to the modern IAD orthography as well.

Scholarly interpretation Missionaries trained in philology were the primary translators and collectors of linguistic data for scholarly analysis throughout the nineteenth century, but they also benefited from that analysis. Kempe (1891a) explicitly invited scholars to advise him on the analysis of Aranda, and Strehlow had a productive long-distance research relationship with the scholar von Leonhardi. Lepsius ([1863] 1981: 1) claimed that,

An intimate relation exists between linguistic science and Missionary labours. The latter, especially in new and hitherto unwritten languages, supply the former—chiefly by means of translations. Vocabularies, Grammars and Specimens—with rich, and in some cases the only, materials for further investigation and comparison.

The Mission Orthography was under-differentiated in some aspects and over-differentiated in others. In this respect, it was like other orthographies of that time, for example Black’s use of the International Phonetic Alphabet to record a Western Desert language (Black 1915). However, independently of the significance of this under- and over-differentiation for practical use in a language community, in some cases it resulted in misinterpretation of written materials by outsiders, including scholars. Planert (1907: 552) lists 13 simple vowels, 18 complex vowels (diphthongs) and 3 triphthongs in Aranda—far more than his contemporaries had recorded. His overestimation of the diphthongs was caused by his lack of firsthand experience of the language and his reliance on documents written in the Mission Orthography. Planert also includes <ü> among his vowels, which Strehlow (1908) disputes, and claimed that ‘triphthongs are not uncommon’. This may refer to the vowel letter sequences in the printed materials to which he had access and from his language informant, returned missionary Nicolai Wettengel. In response Carl Strehlow (1908: 698) stated:

~~126 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

I am only familiar with the following diphthongs in the Aranda language: ai, au, oi, ui, ua. While the vowels a and e, e and a etc can certainly occur next to each other, they are never pronounced as diphthongs.

Planert claimed that he did not have access to Kempe’s (1891a) grammar, however, J. Strehlow (2011: 962, 1018) believes that Planert relied upon the written language in Kempe’s work to make his analysis. Similar misinterpretation of the Mission Orthography has led in some cases to broader misunderstanding of the language. Alf Sommerfelt’s (1938) analysis of Aranda is based upon the work of Kempe and Strehlow, as well as the work of Spencer and Gillen. In an attempt to show how Aranda was a primitive language Sommerfelt claimed that Aranda lacked categories found in Indo-European languages and supported his points with false etymologies (Wilkins 1989: 18; McGregor 2008: 6). One such etymology which involved nama, supposedly meaning both ‘sit’ and ‘grass’, was based upon an under-differentiation in the Mission Orthography. These are in fact two distinct words, with distinct pronunciations, represented as neme and name respectively in the IAD orthography.

Major developments in Aranda orthography From Kempe’s establishment of the Mission Orthography, its phonetic basis was seen as adequate for the purpose of practical communication between speakers of the language. They were able to recognise words even though not all the significant sounds of the language were distinguished in writing. Oberscheidt (1991: iv) notes that in reading, ‘speakers of the language had continued to pronounce the dentals and retroflexes even when the missionaries failed to provide symbols for them’. This is to be expected for fluent readers because, once fluent, the processes of reading rely more on the recognition of whole words than on composing a word from its individual sounds. During the period of phonetic orthographies, developments in phonetics and in orthography design increased the ability of researchers to discriminate and represent speech sounds. The Mission Orthography was one of a number of phonetic systems for Australian languages. These include Black (1915) and later, the Adelaide University Phonetic System (AUPS) in the 1930s (Monaghan 2008). T.G.H. Strehlow used a version of the AUPS orthography for his fieldnotes and scholarly works.

~~127 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

He produced an academic description of Aranda phonetics and grammar with a narrow phonetic transcription (1944) which, among other features, distinguished 23 vowel phones [iː ɪ ɩ y eː e ɛː a ɑː ɑ ɑ̩ ɔː ɔ oː uː ʊ ə ɩ̆ ĕ ă ɑ̩̆ ŏ ŭ]. Following standard practices in phonetic transcription, many of these narrow phonetic distinctions were represented using diacritics. A simplified version of this scheme was then used in T.G.H. Strehlow’s translation of the New Testament (1956) and in the Aranda Lutheran hymnal (1964). In comparison to the Mission Orthography, this system removed the major under-differentiation of place of articulation in consonants, and modified the categorisation of the vowels. A small sample from the hymnal gives the flavour of this orthography: ‘Jíŋana̗ ŋū ́ḷila̅ ī ,́ Iŋkā ́ṭai, Ŋuā ́ŋʼ Uŋgwā ́ŋan̗ ibĕ ́ra’. (IAD ‘Yengenhe ngwerlilaye, Ingkartaye, Ngwange ngkwangenhiperre.’) As a practical orthography, however, T.G.H. Strehlow’s orthography was disliked by the Hermannsburg mission staff who thought it made it difficult to write Aranda. The extensive use of the diacritics also presented technical issues for the printing technology of the day, and had also caused major delays in the printing of T.G.H. Strehlow’s major works (Breen 2005: 94). A revised orthography was used in Albrecht’s (1979) catechism, where diacritics played a more limited role, only distinguishing the place of articulation of some consonants, for example ‘n̗ an̗ ibera at̗a ragaŋkarauṇa’ (IAD ‘nhanhiperre athe rrekangkerrewerne’). The fate of the diacritics was sealed by the advent of personal computers, as the early models did not readily handle all the diacritics used for Aranda (Oberscheidt 1991: iv). The development of the theory of the phoneme extended understanding of the sound systems of languages by expressing which phonetic differences are used to differentiate words in a language. Sounds in a language that are contrastive in this way are expressed as the phonemes of the language. The phoneme concept was used in language description in American Structuralist linguistics, and many Australian linguists were first introduced to it by the first schools of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), held in Melbourne in the 1950s. SIL linguist Sarah Gudschinsky was instrumental in developing orthographies for languages as a way of encouraging literacy among speakers of those languages. These were based upon the identification of the distinctive phonemes of the language, considering the ‘functional load’ of each in relation to the whole language system (Gudschinsky 1973: 120). Pastor John Pfitzner, who was based at Hermannsburg mission from 1969 to 1984, attended a workshop run by

~~128 6 . The Mission Orthography in Carl Strehlow’s dictionary~~

Gudschinsky in the summer of 1972–73. Pfitzner reanalysed the sounds of Aranda and created the modern FRM orthography, which then replaced both the Mission Orthography and the later phonetic orthographies. Pfitzner replaced the consonant diacritics with digraphs and reanalysed the vowels (Breen 2005: 95). As no words are differentiated by the voicing of stops, and speakers generally make no distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, this distinction was no longer represented: the stops were represented as

, and , and , and were dropped. The development of the FRM orthography was paralleled by Breen’s phonemic analysis of firstly Antekerrepenhe and then other Arandic languages, and the subsequent development of a phonemic orthography on this basis by the then School of Australian Linguistics (Breen 2005). Through the IAD, Breen and other researchers began to develop orthographies for Arandic languages including Western Arrernte, Eastern and Central Arrernte, Anmatyerr, Alyawarr and Kaytetye. The process involved meetings to consult with speakers of the languages over a number of years. These orthographies are distinct to each language, according to the differences between these languages and the preferences of their speakers, but they all follow similar principles, thus the Common Arandic approach. These orthographies have been used to produce dictionaries including the Eastern and Central Arrernte to English Dictionary (Henderson and Dobson 1994), the Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte (Breen et al. 2000), the Central & Eastern Anmatyerr to English Dictionary (Green 2010), the Kaytetye to English Dictionary (Turpin and Ross 2012) and the Alyawarr to English Dictionary (Green 1992; second edition by Blackman et al., forthcoming). As summarised above, the most significant differences between the FRM and IAD orthographies of Western Aranda are the representations of vowels and diphthongs. The FRM orthography, and some orthographies in the Common Arandic approach, have undergone minor modifications since their inceptions but are now generally considered to be stable. A change made to the FRM orthography was to drop from the orthography (Roennfeldt et al. 2006), recategorising these vowel phones with the other vowel phones represented by . This brought it closer to the IAD orthography. In Wilkins’s phonemic analysis of Mparntwe Arrernte (1989: 78) the phoneme /u/ has allophones [o] [ʊ] [ɔ] [ɔː] and [u] in different contexts. For a short period the school at Ltyentye Apurte

~~129 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

~~(Santa Teresa) introduced into its orthography, but withdrew it so that there was a consistent orthography for Eastern/Central Arrernte in all the communities in which it is spoken.~~

Concluding remarks The Mission Orthography was a uniform phonetically-based orthography of the late nineteenth century which was used for practical purposes by speakers of the Aranda language, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal. In the view of Gudschinsky (1973: 117), it is never possible to devise an orthography in a social vacuum, that is, apart from social pressures, for example dominant national languages such as English and their writing systems. This continues to be true for Western Aranda. Major languages impinge upon minor languages, and often force the orthography of the latter to compromise. In the development of an orthography, the language of the creator is important. This means that we have had to consider German phonology and orthography in understanding how the Mission Orthography was devised by its German-speaking inventors. The Mission Orthography was in use over a century from 1877 to the 1970s, during which it was a functional means of written communication for those who could understand Aranda, despite distinguishing only a minority of the phonemes of the language. A relatively large amount of material was written in the Mission Orthography, particularly religious materials that were used regularly by the entire mission community, and educational materials. A relatively high degree of consistency in the writing of the language is evident from missionary publications and letters. As a result, there was resistance to changing the orthography when T.G.H. Strehlow developed a phonetic orthography based on the IPA from the 1930s on, in order to publish works about Aranda language and culture. The Mission Orthography of Kempe and Carl Strehlow, and its descendant in T.G.H. Strehlow’s phonetic orthography, coexisted into the 1970s when both were replaced by phonemic orthographies.

~~130 References~~

Adams, W.Y. 1998. The Philosophical Roots of Anthropology. Stanford: Centre for the Study of Language and Information Publications. Albrecht, P.G.E. (ed.). 1979. Araṇḍa–English Catechism: Luther’s Small Catechism with Explanations. Adelaide: Lutheran Publishing House. Albrecht, P.G.E. 2002. From Mission to Church, 1877–2002: Finke River Mission. Adelaide: Finke River Mission. Atlas of Living Australia. n.d. Access at: www.ala.org.au/faq/species- names/. Austin, P. 2013. A Dictionary of Diyari, South Australia. London: SOAS, University of London. Access at: www.academia.edu/2491259/A_ Dictionary_of_Diyari_South_Australia. Austin-Broos, D. 2010. Translating Christianity. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 21(1): 14–32. doi.org/10.1111/j.1757- 6547.2010.00065.x Austin-Broos, D.J. 2009. Arrernte Present Arrernte Past. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Berlin, I. 1976. Vico and Herder. London: Hogarth Press. Black, J.M. 1915. Language of the Everard Range Tribe. In S.A. White (ed.), Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the North-western regions of South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 39: 732–35. Blackman, D., J. Green and D. Moore (forthcoming). Alyawarr to English Dictionary. 2nd edition. Alice Springs: IAD Press.

~~131 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

Breen, G. n.d. Arunta and Aranda and Arrernte: Why Do We Spell It Like That? Unpublished paper. Breen, G. 1998. The Grammar of Kinship in Central Australia. Alice Springs. Manuscript. Breen, G. 2001. The wonders of Arandic phonology. In J. Simpson, D. Nash, M. Laughren, P. Austin and B. Alpher (eds), Forty Years On: Ken Hale and Australian Languages. pp. 45-70. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Breen, G. 2005. A short history of spelling systems in Arrernte. In A. Kenny and S. Mitchell (eds), Collaboration and Language, Strehlow Research Centre Occasional Paper 4: 93–102. Breen, G. (compiler), with E. Rubuntja, G. Armstrong and J.C. Pfitzner. 2000. Introductory Dictionary of Western Arrernte. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Bunzl, M. 1996. Franz Boas and the Humboldtian tradition: From Volksgeist and Nationalcharakter to an anthropological concept of culture. In G.W. Stocking (ed.), Volksgeist as Method and Ethic: Essays on Boasian Ethnography and the German Anthropological Tradition. History of Anthropology Vol. 8. pp. 17–78. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. Cawthorn, M. and H. Malbunka. 2005. Hesekiel Malbunka. In A. Kenny and S. Mitchell (eds), Collaboration and Language, Strehlow Research Centre Occasional Paper 4: 71–75. Cook, A.R. 1982. An Outline Grammar of Martutjarra Luritja. BA Honours dissertation, Monash University. Cox, F. 2012. Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Eylmann, E. 1908. Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Sudaustralien. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). Foertsch, H. 2001. Missonarsmaterialien und die Entdeckung amerikanischer Sprachen in Europa: vom Sprachensammler Lorenzo Hervas y Panduro zum Linguisten Wilhelm von Humboldt. In R. Wendt (Hrsg.), Sammeln, Vernetzen, Auswerten. Missionare und ihr Beitrag zum Wandel europaischer Weltsicht. pp. 75–130. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. 132 References

Glass, A. and D. Hackett (compilers). 2003. Ngaanyatjarra-Ngaatjatjarra to English Dictionary. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Goddard, C. (compiler). 1996. Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary. Revised 2nd edition. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Green, J. (compiler). 1992. Alyawarr to English Dictionary. Alice Springs: Institute for Aboriginal Development. Green, J. (compiler). 2010. Central & Eastern Anmatyerr to English Dictionary. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Green, J. 2012. The Altyerre story – ‘suffering badly by translation’. The Australian Journal of Anthropology 23(2): 158–78. doi.org/10.1111/ j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x Gudschinsky, S.C. 1973. A Manual of Literacy for Preliterate Peoples. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Hansen, K., with Luritja and Pintupi language speakers. 2011. Luritja Picture Dictionary. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Hansen, K.C. 1984. Communicability of some Western Desert communilects. Work Papers of the SIL-AAB Series B, vol. 11: 1–112. Hansen, K.C. and L.E. Hansen (compilers). 1992. Pintupi/Luritja Dictionary. 3rd edition. Alice Springs: Institute for Aboriginal Development. Hawkins, J.A. 2003. German. In W. Bright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. pp. 61–69. New York: Oxford University Press. Henderson, J. 2013. Topics in Eastern and Central Arrernte Grammar. München: Lincom. Henderson, J. and V. Dobson (compilers). 1994. Eastern and Central Arrernte to English Dictionary. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Humboldt, W.v. [1820] 1994. Über die Sprache. Tubingen und Basel: A. Francke Verlag. Kempe, H. 1891a. A grammar and vocabulary of the language spoken by the Aborigines of the Macdonnell Ranges, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 14(1): 1–54.

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Kempe, (F.A.) H. 1891b. Galtjintana-Pepa: Kristianirberaka Mbontala. Hannover: Hermannsburg Druck und Verlag der Missionshandlung. Kenny, A. 2004a. Pmara Kutata – Pmerekwetethe. In M. Cawthorn (ed.), Proceedings of the Strehlow Conference 2002. pp. 20–25. Alice Springs: Northern Territory Government. Kenny, A. 2004b. Western Arrernte pmere kwetethe spirits. Oceania 74(4): 276–89. doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2004.tb02855.x Kenny, A. 2010. Anthropology Report. Glen Helen Native Title Consent Determination, NT. Alice Springs: Central Land Council. Kenny, A. 2013. The Aranda’s Pepa. An Introduction to Carl Strehlow’s Masterpiece Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien (1907–1920). Canberra: ANU E Press. Kenny, A. 2017a. Early ethnographic work at the Hermannsburg mission in central Australia, 1877–1910. In N. Peterson and A. Kenny (eds.), German Ethnography in Australia. pp. 169–93. Canberra: ANU Press. doi.org/10.22459/GEA.09.2017.07 Kenny, A. 2017b. Aranda, Arrernte or Arrarnta? The politics of orthography and identity on the Upper Finke River. Oceania 87(3): 261–81. doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5169 Kluckhohn, C. 1936. Some reflections on the method and theory of the Kulturkreislehre. American Anthropologist 38: 157–96. doi. org/10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00010 Kneebone, H.M. 2005. The Language of the Chosen View: The First Phase of Graphization of Dieri by Hermannsburg Missionaries, Lake Killalpaninna, 1867–80. PhD thesis, School of Humanities, Adelaide University. Kral, I. 2000. The Socio-historical Development of Literacy in Arrernte: A Case Study of the Introduction of Writing in an Aboriginal Language and the Implications for Current Vernacular Literacy Practices. MA dissertation, University of Melbourne. Latz, P. 1996. Bushfires and Bushtucker: Aboriginal Plant Use in Central Australia. 1st edition reprint. Alice Springs: IAD Press.

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Latz, P.K. 2014. Blind Moses: Moses Tjalkabota Uraiakuraia, Aranda Man of High Degree and Christian Evangelist. Alice Springs: P. Latz. Lepsius, R. [1863] 1981. Standard Alphabet for Reducing Unwritten Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform Orthography in European Letters. 2nd, revised edition. Amsterdam Classics in Linguistics Vol. 5. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. Liebermeister, B. 1998. Leben und Werk Carl Strehlows, des Erforschers der Aranda-und Loritja Stamme in Zentralaustralien. MA thesis, University of Munchen. Lohe, M. 1977. A mission is established at Hermannsburg. In E. Leske (ed.), Hermannsburg: A Vision and a Mission. pp. 6–41. Adelaide: Lutheran Publishing House. Lucas, R. and D. Fergie. 2017. Pulcaracuranie: Losing and finding a cosmic centre with the help of J.G. Reuther and others. In N. Peterson and A. Kenny (eds.), German Ethnography in Australia. pp. 79–113. Canberra: ANU Press. doi.org/10.22459/GEA.09.2017.04 Marchand, J.W. 1982. Herder: Precursor of Humboldt, Whorf, and modern language philosophy. In W. Koepke (ed.) in cooperation with S.B. Knoll, Johann Gottfried Herder, Innovator through the Ages. pp. 20–34. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag Herbert Grundmann. McGregor, W.B. 2008. Encountering Aboriginal languages: Studies in the history of Australian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. Monaghan, P. 2008. Norman B. Tindale and the Pitjantjatjara language. In W.B. McGregor (ed.), Encountering Aboriginal languages: Studies in the History of Australian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics 591, pp. 251–72. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Moore, D. 2013. A uniform orthography and early linguistic research in Australia. History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences Blog, 16 October, hiphilangsci.net/2013/10/16/a-uniform-orthography-and- early-linguistic-research-in-australia. Moore, D. 2015. The Reformation, Lutheran tradition and missionary linguistics. Lutheran Theological Journal 49(1): 36–48.

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Moore, D. and V. Ríos Castaño (2018). Translation in indigenous cultures. In S.-A. Harding and O. Carbonell Cortes (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Culture. pp. 241–52. London: Routledge. Moore, D.C. 2003. TGH Strehlow and the Linguistic Landscape of Australia 1930–1960. Honours thesis, University of New England. Morton, J. 1992. Country, people, art: The Western Aranda 1870–1990. In J. Hardy, J.V.S. Megaw and M.R. Megaw (eds), The Heritage of Namatjira. pp. 23–62. Melbourne: William Heinemann. Moulton, W.G. 1962. The Sounds of English and German: A Systematic Analysis of the Contrasts between the Sound Systems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Muhlmann, W.E. 1968. Geschichte der Anthropologie. Frankfurt am Main: Enke. Oberscheidt, H.D. 1990. Learning Arrarnta. Hermannsburg: Finke River Mission. (Revision of Learning Aranda by J. Pfitzner and J. Schmaal 1975). Oberscheidt, H.D. 1991. Western Arrarnta Analytical Dictionary. Unpublished Manuscript. Penny, H.G. 2002. Objects of Culture: Ethnology and Ethnographic Museums in Imperial Germany. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press. Penny, H.G. and M. Bunzl. 2003. Introduction: Rethinking German anthropology, colonialism, and race. In H.G. Penny and M. Bunzl (eds), Worldly Provincialism: German Anthropology in the Age of the Empire. pp. 1–30. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. doi.org/ 10.3998/mpub.17806 Pfitzner, J. and J. Schmaal. 1975. Learning Aranda. Hermannsburg: Finke River Mission. (Revised by H.D. Oberscheidt in 1985 and 1990 as Learning Arrarnta). Pizzey, G. and F. Knight. 2007. The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. 8th edition. Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers. Planert, W. 1907. Aranda-Grammatik. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 39(4/5): 551–66.

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Reuther, J.G. 1899–1904. Diari Gramatik, Wörterverzeichnis, Taufordnung etc., Wankaguru-Sprache, Wörterverzeichnis Wonkanguru, luyani Nganmeni, Tirari, Wunkarabana-Jaurawurka- Jendruwonta-Wonkaranta, Jandruwonta Sprache, Volume 5. Manuscript. South Australian Museum, AA266/09/5. Reuther, J.G. 1904–06. Wörterbuch. Volumes 1–4. Manuscript. South Australian Museum, AA266/09/1–4. Roennfeldt, D. and members of the communities of Ntaria, Ipolera, Gilbert Springs, Kulpitarra, Undarana, Red Sans Hill, Old Station and other outstations (compilers). 2006. Western Arrarnta Picture Dictionary. Reprinted (with revisions). Alice Springs: IAD Press. Sarg, F.C.A. 1911. Die Australischen Bumerangs im Stadtischen Volkermuseum. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer. Schild, M. 2004. Heading for Hermannsburg: Notes on Carl Strehlow’s early career path. In W. Veit (ed.), Strehlow Research Centre Occasional Paper 3: 51–58. Schmidt, P.W. 1908. Die Stellung der Aranda unter den australischen Stämmen. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 40(6): 866–901. Schmidt, P.W. 1912–18. Die Gliederung der Australischen Sprachen und ihre Beziehungen zu der Gliederung des soziologschen Verhältnisse der australischen Stämme. Anthropos 7 (1912): 230–51, 463–97, 1014–48; 8 (1913): 526–54; 9 (1914): 980–1018; 12/13 (1917/1918): 437–93, 747–817. Schulze, L. 1891. The Aborigines of the Upper and Middle Finke River: Their habits and customs.Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 14(2): 210–46. Sommerfelt, A. 1938. La Langue et la société, caractères sociaux d’une langue de type archaïque. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard). Spencer, W. B. and F. J. Gillen. 1904. The Northern Tribes of Central Australia. London: Macmillan & Co. Stockigt, C. 2015. Early descriptions of Pama-Nyungan ergativity. Historiographia Linguistica 42(2–3): 335–77.

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Strehlow, C. 1904. Galtjinjamea-Pepa Aranda-Wolambarinjaka. Tanunda: Auricht. Strehlow, C. 1907. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien I. Mythen, Sagen und Marchen des Aranda-Stammes in Zentral-Australien. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1907–20. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral- Australien. 7 Vols. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1908. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien II. Mythen, Sagen und Marchen des Loritja-Stammes; die Totemistischen Vorstellungen und die Tjurunga der Aranda und Loritja. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1910a. Comparative Grammar of Aranda and Loritja. Manuscript. Strehlow Research Centre, SP-46-47. Strehlow, C. 1910b. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral- Australien III (i). Mythen, Sagen und Marchen des Aranda-Stammes; die Totemistischen Kulte der Aranda-und Loritja- Stamme. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1911. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien III (ii). Mythen, Sagen und Marchen des Aranda-Stammes; die Totemistischen Kulte der Aranda-und Loritja- Stamme. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1913. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien IV (i). Das Soziale Leben der Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1915. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien IV (ii). Das Soziale Leben der Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, C. 1920. Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stamme in Zentral-Australien V. Die Materielle Kultur der Aranda- und Loritja. Frankfurt am Main: Joseph Baer & Co. Strehlow, J. 2004a. Shifting focus. In M. Cawthorn (ed.), Proceedings of the Strehlow Conference 2002. pp. 109–19. Alice Springs: Northern Territory Government.

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Strehlow, J. 2004b. Reappraising Carl Strehlow: Through the Spencer– Strehlow debate. In W. Veit (ed.), Strehlow Research Centre Occasional Paper 3: 59–91. Strehlow, J. 2011. The Tale of Frieda Keysser. Volume I: 1875–1910. London: Wildcat Press. Strehlow, T.G.H. n.d. Unpublished Aranda to English Dictionary. Typescript held at the SRC. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1932. Field Diary I. Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1944. Aranda Phonetics and Grammar. Oceania Monograph no. 7. Sydney: University of Sydney. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1947. Aranda Traditions. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1956. Testamenta Ljaṭinja, Aŋkatja Araṇauna Kŋatiwumala. Adelaide: Council of the British and Foreign Bible Society in Australia. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1965. Culture, social structure and environment in Aboriginal central Australia. In R.M. Berndt and C.H. Berndt (eds), Aboriginal Man in Australia. pp. 121–45. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Strehlow, T.G.H. [1967] 2005. Man and Language. Address to the Adelaide University Linguistic Society on 19 September 1967. In A. Kenny and S. Mitchell (eds), Collaboration and Language, Strehlow Research Centre Occasional Paper 4: 76–88. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1969. Journey to Horseshoe Bend. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1969–70. Handbook of Central Australian Genealogies. Adelaide: University of Adelaide. Typescript. Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs. Strehlow, T.G.H. 1970. Geography and the totemic landscape in Central Australia: A functional study. In R.M. Berndt (ed.), Australian Aboriginal Anthropology. pp. 93–140. Perth: University of Western Australia Press.

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Strehlow, T.G.H. 1971. Songs of Central Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Strehlow, T.G.H. and P. Scherer (translators). 1964. Ljelintjamea-Pepa Lutherarinja. Angkatja Arandauna Knatiwumala. [Aranda Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement of Occasional Prayers, Benedictions and Selected English Hymns]. North Adelaide: Finke River Mission of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Australia. Taplin, G. (ed.). 1879. The Folklore, Manners, Customs and Languages of the South Australian Aborigines. Adelaide: Government Printer. Turpin, M. and A. Ross (compilers). 2012. Kaytetye to English Dictionary. Alice Springs: IAD Press. Vatter, E. 1925. Der australische Totemismus. Hamburg: Museum für Völkerkunde. Völker, H. 2001. Missionare als Ethnologen. Moritz Freiherr von Leonhardi, australische Mission und europäische Wissenschaft. In R. Wendt (Hrsg.), Sammeln, Vernetzen, Auswerten. Missionare und ihr Beitrag zum Wandel europäischer Weltsicht. pp. 173–218. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. Wendt, R. 2001. Einleitung: Missionare als Reporter und Wissenschaftler in Übersee. In R. Wendt (Hrsg.), Sammeln, Vernetzen, Auswerten. Missionare und ihr Beitrag zum Wandel europäischer Weltsicht. pp. 7–22. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. Wilkins, D.P. 1989. Mparntwe Arrernte (Aranda): Studies in the Structure and Semantics of Grammar. PhD thesis, The Australian National University. Willshire, W.H. 1891. The Aborigines of Central Australia: With Vocabularies of the Dialects Spoken by the Natives of Lake Amadeus and of the Western Territory of Central Australia. Adelaide: Bristow, Government Printer.

~~140 DICTIONARY~~

~~Carl Strehlow’s Carl Strehlow’s Heritage 1909 Comparative~~

~~How to use the dictionary~~

~~Meaning in German by Carl Strehlow Translation into English Aranda word in from German entry Carl Strehlow’s spelling~~

~~alkara der Himmel, hell, hoch. ◇ sky, bright, high. Ⓛ ilkari Ⓓ pariwilpa~~

~~Dieri word in Loritja word in Carl Strehlow’s spelling Carl Strehlow’s spelling~~

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list.~~

~~143~~

~~Pronunciation guides and abbreviations used in the dictionary~~

These are only rough guides to pronouncing the Aranda and Loritja [Luritja] words in the dictionary on the basis of Carl Strehlow’s spelling. Firstly, Strehlow did not distinguish all the sounds of these languages in his spelling. Secondly, he was not always consistent in writing an Aranda or Loritja sound the same way in all words. Thirdly, for simplicity’s sake these guides do not deal with the details of all the various combinations of letters. Fourthly, the English comparison sounds given below are generally only similar to Aranda and Loritja sounds, not exactly the same. If you are not a native speaker of Aranda or Luritja, these factors may lead you to pronounce some words wrongly if you rely only on these rough guides. You are advised to consult a speaker for the correct pronunciation of a word. For the modern spelling of Aranda and Loritja [Luritja] words, see the recent dictionaries and other materials. Because this dictionary is an exact transcription of the original form of Carl Strehlow’s handwritten manuscript, the accents and diacritics have been included. However, note that Strehlow uses them inconsistently in this dictionary (and sometimes does not use them at all in his other writing). There are many issues in working out a spelling system for a language that has not been written before. Strehlow and other early missionaries used an approach that is now outdated. The modern writing systems for these languages take a different approach that respects the particular sounds found in these languages and how they differentiate words. For further discussion of the issues involved, and a comparison of the Arandic spelling systems, see Chapter 6.

~~145 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

~~Aranda rough pronunciation guide Carl Strehlow Similar sounds for English speakers~~

a Represents a range of sounds: 1. The sound like the ‘a’ in English ‘comma’ or ‘er’ in ‘father’ 2. The sound like ‘uh’ in the English word ‘but’ 3. A sound like long ‘ah’ in ‘father’ or ‘can’t’

~~ă A breve on ‘a’ indicates a short sound. Like the sound ‘uh’ in the English word ‘but’ or ‘a’ in ‘comma’~~

~~ā Long ‘ah’ as in ‘father’~~

~~b Like ‘p’ or ‘b’~~

d Represents a number of sounds that are distinct in Aranda: 1. Like ‘t’ or ‘d’ in English ‘dot’ 2. Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth (something like the ‘rt’ or ‘rd’ in ‘hurt’ or ‘herd’ in many US dialects) 3. Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth

~~e Like ‘e’ in ‘every’, ‘there’ or ‘were’~~

~~ë As for ‘e’ above, but the diaeresis indicates that the vowel is to be pronounced separately from an adjacent vowel in a word~~

~~g Like ‘k’ or ‘g’~~

~~i Like ‘i’ in ‘ink’ or ‘bit’, like ‘ee’ in ‘sheep’ or like ‘e’ in ‘every’~~

~~ī Lengthened ‘i’ sound~~

~~146 Pronunciation guides and abbreviations used in the dictionary~~

ï As for ‘i’ above, but diaeresis indicates that the vowel is to be pronounced separately from an adjacent vowel in a word j Like ‘y’ in ‘you’ k Like ‘k’ or ‘g’ l Represents a number of sounds that are distinct in Aranda: 1. Like ‘l’ in English ‘like’ 2. Like English ‘l’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth (something like the ‘rl’ in ‘pearl’ in many US dialects) 3. Like English ‘l’ but with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth. (A similar sound sometimes occurs in ‘filth’, ‘wealth’ etc.) 4. Like the ‘lli’ in English ‘million’ m ‘m’ n Represents a number of sounds that are distinct in Aranda: 1. Like ‘n’ in English ‘no’ 2. Like English ‘n’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth (something like the ‘rn’ in ‘burn’ in many US dialects) 3. Like English ‘n’ but with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth. (A similar sound sometimes occurs in ‘tenth’, ‘anthem’ etc.) 4. Like the ‘ny’ in English ‘canyon’ 5. When followed by ‘k’, ‘n’ sometimes represents the ‘ng’ sound, like in English ‘sinker’ n̄ Lengthened ‘n’ sound

~~ñ With the tilde on ‘n’. Sounds like ‘ny’ in ‘canyon’ ng Like ‘ng’ in singer. (Not like ‘ng’ in ‘finger’)~~

~~147 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

~~o Like ‘o’ in ‘more’~~

~~ō Lengthened ‘o’ sound~~

~~p Like ‘p’ or ‘b’~~

~~r, rr Used interchangeably by Strehlow for two distinct Aranda sounds: 1. Normal Australian English ‘r’ as in ‘rabbit’ 2. Hard or rolled ‘r’~~

~~r͑ ‘r’ with spiritus asper. Sounds like a French soft ‘r’~~

t Represents a number of sounds that are distinct in Aranda: 1. Like ‘t’ or ‘d’ in English ‘dot’ 2. Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth (something like the ‘rt’ or ‘rd’ in ‘hurt’ or ‘herd’ in many US dialects) 3. Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth

~~tj Like ‘ch’ in ‘chin’ or ‘j’ in ‘jaw’~~

~~tm Represents ‘pm’, like in ‘topmost’~~

~~tt Can represent English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth~~

~~u Like ‘or’ when stressed; like ‘oo’ in ‘wood’ when unstressed~~

~~ū Lengthened ‘u’ sound~~

~~ŭ With a breve on ‘u’, represents a range of sounds: 1. A short vowel sound like ‘u’ in ‘put’ 2. Like English ‘w’~~

~~w Like English ‘w’~~

~~148 Pronunciation guides and abbreviations used in the dictionary~~

Loritja rough pronunciation guide For Loritja, it is easier to relate Strehlow’s spelling to the modern Luritja spelling system. Carl Modern Similar sounds for English speakers Strehlow spelling a a Like English ‘a’ in ‘comma’, ‘uh’ in ‘but’, or ‘a’ in ‘father’

ā aa Long ‘ah’ like English ‘a’ in ‘can’t’ or ‘father’ b p Like English ‘p’ or ‘b’ d t Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ in English ‘dot’ t Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth (Something like the ‘rt’ or ‘rd’ in ‘hurt’ or ‘herd’ in many US dialects) tj Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth. In many words, ‘tj’ is pronounced like ‘ch’ or ‘j’ e i See ‘i’ below g k Like English ‘k’ or ‘g’ i i Like English ‘i’ in ‘pink’, like ‘ee’ in ‘sheep’, or like ‘e’ in ‘end’

~~ī ii Lengthened ‘i’ sound~~

ï As for ‘i’ above, but Strehlow’s diaeresis indicates that the ‘i’ vowel is to be pronounced separately from an adjoining vowel in a word j y Like English ‘y’ in ‘yet’ k k Like English ‘k’ or ‘g’

~~149 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

l l Like English ‘l’ as in ‘let’ l Like English ‘l’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth. (Something like the ‘rl’ in ‘pearl’ in many US dialects) ly Pronounced like ‘lli’ in English ‘million’. In some words, ‘ly’ is pronounced with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth, like ‘l’ in English ‘filth’

~~m m Like English ‘m’ like in ‘mother’~~

n n Like English ‘n’ as in ‘nothing’ n Like English ‘n’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth. (Something like the ‘rn’ in ‘burn’ in many US dialects) ny Pronounced like ‘ny’ in English ‘canyon’. In some words, ‘ny’ is pronounced with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth, like ‘n’ in English ‘tenth’

~~n̄ Lengthened ‘n’ sound~~

~~ñ ny (with tilde on ‘n’) Pronounced like ‘ny’ in English ‘canyon’~~

~~ng ng Like English ‘ng’ in singer~~

~~o u (or uu) Like English ‘u’ in ‘put’ or ‘o’ in ‘more’~~

~~ō uu Lengthened ‘u’ sound. Can sound like the vowel sounds in English ‘more’ or ‘caught’~~

~~p p Like ‘p’ or ‘b’~~

~~r, rr r Australian English ‘r’ as in ‘rabbit’ or ‘run’~~

~~rr Hard or rolled ‘r’~~

150 Pronunciation guides and abbreviations used in the dictionary t t Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ as in ‘dot’ t Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the tongue tip curled higher in the mouth. (Something like the ‘rt’ or ‘rd’ in ‘hurt’ or ‘herd’ in many US dialects) tj Like English ‘t’ or ‘d’ but with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth. In many words, ‘tj’ is pronounced like ‘ch’ or ‘j’ tj tj Like English ‘ch’ in ‘chin’ or ‘j’ in ‘jaw’. In some words, ‘tj’ can be pronounced with the front of the tongue touching the back of the upper teeth u u Like English ‘u’ in ‘put’

~~ū uu Lengthened ‘u’ sound. Can sound like the vowel sounds in English ‘or’ or ‘caught’ w w Like English ‘w’ in ‘wait’~~

Abbreviations The following list expands on abbreviations and additions found in the text of the dictionary. c. alb. with ablative (cum ablative) c. genit. with genitive (cum genitive) cf./conf. confer; compare, see i.e. that is (id est) incl. inclusive intrs. intransitive lit. literally trs. transitive refl. reflexive postp. postposition = after this and therefore owing to this e.g. for example (exempli gratia)

~~151 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

n./(n) probably ‘neu’, for example Glocke (n), Tinte (n) s. substantive (English) b. while (beim), for example beim tragen ‘while carrying’ c./cr. approximately, about (circa) d.h. that is (das heißt) dupl. duplication fortw. continually, continuously, constantly; means an action that keeps happening (fortwährend) hl. sacred (heilig) od. or (oder) pl. plural spec. species u. and (und) z.B. for example (zum Beispiel; English uses the Latin exempli gratia, e.g.) ? question mark added by CS (Carl Strehlow) [?] question mark added by WA (Western Aranda people) and/or transcriber [unclear] comment on text added by transcriber ♀ symbol for female ♂ symbol for male

The following entries reproduce an exact transcription of the original orthographies and content of the entries in the handwritten manuscript, as is the wish of the Western Aranda people and to maintain its historical authenticity. Thus, to be true to the original some entries are out of order and one or the other entry is repeated in a slight variation.

152 r͑akua; rākua der weiche Saft; sehr weiche. A ◇ soft juice; the very soft. Ⓛ āuka ā; ā knara Ärger, gewöhnlich mit knara aráma [Northern dialect] sehen. ◇ to see. (groß, sehr); z.B. sehr zornig. ◇ irritation, Ⓛ nangañi Ⓓ najina anger; usually combined with knara (big, arilalabuma sich umsehen. ◇ to look very), e.g. very angry. Ⓛ peka puntu, around. Ⓛ nakulaenni pata puntu ar͑ ilatnama spähend stehen. ◇ to stand Aaí keineswegs, sondern. ◇ not at all, looking around. Ⓛ nakulakanjini rather. Ⓛ aai! Ⓓ aai ar͑ ilintatnama erblicken. ◇ to see. a͡ i?; unta itja nukanga treritjika, aai, unta Ⓛ manakutalkañi, mananagañi nukanga kankitjika. Interjektion der ajua der alte Mann, der Alte, Vater. Verwunderung: wirklich?! Ists wahr? ◇ old man, elder, father. Ⓛ tjilpi ◇ interjection of astonishment: really?! aka Bruder. ◇ brother. Ⓛ kuta True? Ⓛ omanti?; nuntu ngaiulunguru aknua [Northern dialect] cf. eknua ngulurekuwia, aai, nuntu ngaiuku vergeßlich. ◇ forgetful. Ⓛ wătawăta bukularekuntaku. akua [Northern dialect] [rechts] der rechte ambarknara zornig. ◇ angry. Arm. ◇ [right] right arm. Ⓛ waku ataka der Zorn. ◇ anger. akumbinjala rechts. ◇ right. Ⓛ wakūnka apa außen, draußen, außerhalb (des Ⓓ ngunari Lagerplatzes). ◇ outside (of camp). akumbinja das rechte (Gegensatz links). Ⓛ pila Ⓓ jelaua (?) (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ right (opposed to left). Ⓛ wakupiti apala außen, draußen, außerhalb (des ar͑ inama [Northern dialect] sehen. Lagerplatzes). ◇ outside (of camp). ◇ to see. Ⓛ manangañi Ⓛ pilanka akutnama ausholen (zum Schlagen). adilka weiß, noch nicht reife Körner (jelka). ◇ to raise (to hit). Ⓛ wakungarañi ◇ white; unripe seeds (jelka: Cyperus tnamagata (mit dem Stock). ◇ with the rotundus now Cyperus bulbosus). stick. Ⓛ wonnatara Ⓛ talku akunintatnama zerspalten (mit einem agia ein Baum mit vielen kleinen eßbaren Schlag). ◇ to split (with one blow). schwarzen Beeren (Canthium latifolium). Ⓛ wakukitungarañi ◇ 1. bush currant tree with small edible ala Erde, Land, Erdboden. ◇ earth, soil, black berries 2. bush currant, wild land, ground. Ⓛ manta, pana Ⓓ mita currant (Canthium latifolium). Ⓛ kauartji, alankura ‘Erdboden’ oder fortwährend. aualuru ◇ earth or continuously. Ⓛ manta ailjerama sich fortwährend besinnen nankuru (welchen Weg man gehn soll), unschlüssig alabotta Erdkloß. ◇ lump of earth. sein. ◇ assess constantly (which way Ⓛ mantakaputu to go), be undecided. Ⓛ unturingañi alarinja Landbewohner (ala = Land, ailpara fortwährend. ◇ constantly. Erde; die Endung ‘rinja’ drückt aus: Ⓛ ailpiri Ⓓ taijipaterina bewohnend, zu etwas gehörend). ailpara ankama fortwährend reden, ◇ land dwellers, people living on land, schwätzen. ◇ talk, chat constantly. belonging to the land (ala = land, earth; Ⓛ ailpiri wonkañi rinja (suffix) = belonging to); one of

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 153 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

the two patrimoieties (exogamous alabatia fruchtbar (Land), gute Zeiten groups) of the Western Aranda. In Carl [unclear]. ◇ fertile (land), good times. Strehlow’s work the earth is described Ⓛ manta munupatu as an eternal presence in which at the alakaïwulama Boden bedecken (Blüten). beginning of time undeveloped humans ◇ cover ground (blossoms). Ⓛ mantaku were slumbering, they were already matikatiñi divided into moieties, called ‘alarinja’ alarknakana Töpfer (n). ◇ potter (n). and ‘kwatjarinja’ (of the earth and water alabanginja Welt, die Erdbewohner. respectively), and into a subsection ◇ world, people. system. According to Western Aranda alatóppulba Käfer (spec.), rot, mit Spitzen mythology the moiety called ‘alarinja’ am Rücken. ◇ red beetle with spines was divided into Purula, Kamara, Ngala on back. and Mbitjana; and the other moiety ăla die Nase, der Schnabel (der obere Teil ‘kwatjarinja’ into Pananka, Paltara, desselben). ◇ nose, beak (upper part). Knuraia and Bangata (Strehlow 1913). Ⓛ mula Ⓓ mudla These anthropomorphic ancestor alaltjura das Nasenloch. ◇ nostril. beings called ‘altjirangamitjina’ Ⓛ mula ala Ⓓ mudla wilpa emerged from their underground alalunjara die Nasenscheidewand. dwellings (Strehlow 1907: 3) and ◇ septum. Ⓛ mula lenje̓ ri wandered over the shapeless land, ala urba das Nasenbein. ◇ nosebridge. creating the landscape as it is still seen Ⓛ mula murbu Ⓓ mudla mokku today, transforming themselves and alaulta verstopfte Nase. ◇ blocked nose. establishing the world’s structure and Ⓛ mula ulta order. Ⓛ manta ngurara alarentuerama Nase (Gesicht) abwenden alakarinja erdig. ◇ earthy. (schmollend). ◇ nose (face) turn Ⓛ mantakarinja away (sulking). Ⓛ mula nelturingañi alilirtja Erdfurche. ◇ earthen trench. Ⓓ mudlapiti (Nasenspitze: tip of nose) Ⓛ manta ilirtji ălaăla zornig, ärgerlich. ◇ angry, annoyed. alamanta reine Erdboden. ◇ pure or Ⓛ pekapeka clean ground. Ⓛ mantakutu Ⓓ mita alerama zornig werden. ◇ get angry. ngurru Ⓛ pekaringañi ala r͑ irka weiche Erde, z.B. die alalélama mit Erde abreiben (tjatta). ◇ rub Sandhügel. ◇ soft soil, e.g. sandhills. with soil (spear). Ⓛ mantankanani Ⓛ manta tali Ⓓ dako aláma [Northern dialect] Leber. ◇ liver. alalélama mit Erde abreiben Ⓛ alu Ⓓ kalu (tjatta). ◇ rub off with soil (spear). aláltankama herausfließen (Saft oder Ⓛ mantankanani Honig von den Blüten). ◇ flow out (juice alarkna Lehm. ◇ clay. Ⓛ manta artna or honey from blossoms). Ⓛ mulbakañi Ⓓ puljuru? (‘?’ added by CS) alateerama mit Cermonie zum Abschluß ala bulja weiche Erde. ◇ soft soil or bringen. ◇ conclude with a ceremony. earth. Ⓛ manta tula Ⓓ mita ngalara Ⓛ piribakani alalibára niedrig über dem Boden alátilkama [Northern dialect] Getöse, (fliegen). ◇ low over the ground (fly). Musik machen. ◇ make noise or music. Ⓛ pantalpantalja Ⓛ tiltarani alaliwúnja niedrig über dem Boden alátitja [Northern dialect] cf. latitja [lange (fliegen?). ◇ low over the ground (fly?). Stecken], Balken. ◇ (long stick), beam. Ⓛ manta tununulala Ⓛ alatatji ala sie beide. ◇ those two. Ⓛ pula

154 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary alátara sie beide. ◇ both. Ⓛ pulakutara albaua unwohl, schwach (im Magen), alátunja die beiden (Verstorbenen). schwächlich [unclear]. ◇ unwell, sick, ◇ the two (deceased). Ⓛ pulapilku weak (in stomach). Ⓛ alboa, nali albalta sehr weiche Knie-Muskeln. albauerama unwohl werden, schwach ◇ very soft knee muscles. Ⓛ palparkna werden. ◇ become unwell, weak. ilbilbariuma (die Erde beim Ⓛ naliringañi, alboaringañi herausscharren) weithinstreuen. ◇ scatter albatoppatuma zerschmettern (die Halme). (dug out soil). Ⓛ wililpungañi ◇ to crush (grass blades). Ⓛ pulparātuni albaiara bunte Raupe. ◇ colourful albetjinba der erstgeborene Sohn. ◇ first caterpillar. Ⓛ anumara born son. albala Schambedeckung. ◇ pubic albentintjiuma weithin werfen, streuen covering. Ⓛ matati Ⓓ nganpa, wirpa, (die Erde beim Scharren). ◇ to throw, to ngampa? (‘?’ added by CS) scatter (soil when scratching or digging). albulbinkama herausscharren (Erde Ⓛ wilipungañi aus Loch). ◇ dig out (earth out of hole). albentatnama werfen, streuen. ◇ to throw, Ⓛ pulknarañi to scatter. Ⓛ pulalknarañi ilbalelama bedecken (die Sonne von albelalbélelama weiter sagen, der Wolke). ◇ cover (sun by cloud). ausbreiten. ◇ to tell, to spread word. Ⓛ mamani Ⓓ parara Ⓛ bilabilaringañi albalalbala bärtig (Mund), mit Stacheln albarinja schön geschmückt (beim Cultus). besetzt (nkualbila Fisch), faserig ◇ beautifully decorated (at ceremony). (Wurzeln). ◇ bearded (mouth), covered Ⓛ tjintjirinu with spikes (fish species), stringy (roots). albérkuma ausführen (den Willen eines Ⓛ albilalbili Anderen). ◇ execute (someone else’s albánalbaniláma ausbreiten, will). Ⓛ witikanjini weitererzählen. ◇ spread, tell. albérkulélama fischen (mit Angel). ◇ to Ⓛ bilabilarawonniñi fish (with a rod).Ⓛ ngalangamini ilban̄ ga hoch (Bäume). ◇ high, tall (tree). albéta [Southern dialect] Schwanzende. Ⓛ wara ◇ tip of tail. Ⓛ mani albantiuma ausstreuen, säen, albitja [Northern dialect], inkaia albitja, auseinanderwehen. ◇ scatter, sow, blow irbanga albitja das Schwanzende; apart. Ⓛ tjintalwonniñi Ⓓ jaupana z.B. Bandicootschwänze oder albantinjiuma abschlagen (die Schoten Rattenschwänze (Schmuckgegenstand), vom Baum). ◇ knock off (pods from tree). Fischschwanz. ◇ tip of tail; e.g. bilby Ⓛ wintalpungañi or rat tails, tail of fish.Ⓛ mani, talku albarankama fortwährend ā ā ā sagen kuntu, talku mani (Cultus). ◇ say continually ā ā ā albitjalbélama den Zauber entfernen oder (ceremony). Ⓛ albiri wonkañi herausziehen. ◇ remove magic or pull it albāra jung, aufrechtstehend (Blätter). out. Ⓛ ngankarinani ◇ young, upright (leaves). Ⓛ albara albma Kopfschmuck aus Kakadufedern. albára große Mulde, zum Sichten der jelka ◇ headdress made of cockatoo feathers; und zum Wasserholen gebraucht. ◇ large branches at top of tree [?]. Ⓛ pokulu bowl to winnow jelka and to carry water. albmelama erzählen, sagen, antworten, Ⓛ kanilba nennen, melden. ◇ to tell, say, answer, albartja das lange, aufgelöste Haar. name, inform. Ⓛ wottani Ⓓ kalabana, ◇ long, open hair. Ⓛ aralta dikana albartjilama kämmen (Haar), entwirren albeltatuma Auge stoßen (daß Wasser (Haar). ◇ comb, detangle (hair). hervorkommt). ◇ bump eye (causing it to Ⓛ altakaltanani water). Ⓛ wilpatakañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 155 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

albmelalama refl. mit sich sprechen. albutakalbuta kleiner schwarzer Vogel. ◇ (reflexive) to speak with. ◇ small black bird. Ⓛ albutakalbuti Ⓛ wottaranani albuntara Erdloch, in dem sich ein albmelapalama wieder erzählen. ◇ to altjirangamitjina geschmückt hat. ◇ hole retell. Ⓛ wottawottani (in which an ancestral dreaming being albmelalawuma nennen. ◇ to name. decorated itself). Ⓛ albantari Ⓛ wottaratalkañi aldola Westen. ◇ west. Ⓛ wilurara albmelitjalbuma melden nach der Ⓓ jentakara Rückkehr. ◇ to report after return. aldolakua nach Westen. ◇ to the west. Ⓛ wottanikulbara Ⓛ wilurarkarba albma ins Haar gesteckte Kakadufedern. aldolataka nach Westen. ◇ to the west. ◇ hair decorated with cockatoo feathers; Ⓛ wiluraralku hair bun [?]. Ⓛ pokulu aldoparinja in Westwinden einherfahrende albōlba Frühling (Monat vor der heißen böse Ratapa Kinder; das erstgeborene Zeit, September). ◇ spring (month before Kind von Zwillingen. ◇ bad ratapa hot time, September). Ⓛ beukuara children who travel in west winds; first albōlbaka im Frühling. ◇ in spring. born twin. Carl Strehlow offers further Ⓛ beukuaraku meanings of this word, namely ‘coming albolja enganeinanderliegende Zehen. from the west’ (Strehlow 1907: 14) and ◇ toes close to each other. Ⓛ lalpa ‘the evil [or bad] child coming from albolja sehr alt. ◇ very old. Ⓛ nkebulba the west’, i.e. aldola (the West) erintja alboritja Bruder (mein). ◇ brother (my). (the bad or evil one) (Strehlow 1913: 1). Ⓛ kalburuna Ⓛ wolbakujata, mamukututa alboraworra Schwarm, Haufe (Fliegen, algábma (algobma) mager. ◇ thin. Vögel, Tiere). ◇ swarm, mob (flies, birds, Ⓛ wiltjiltji animals). Ⓛ mingakurakura alitja [Northern dialect] langer Stecken, alborananga die beiden Brüder. ◇ the two Balken. ◇ long stick, beam. Ⓛ tabalpa brothers. Ⓛ kalburura alibuma Haufen (Wall) machen, aufhäufen, albukanama verschließen (eine Öffnung). sammeln. ◇ make a heap, to pile up, to ◇ to close (an opening). Ⓛ bantani collect. Ⓛ utulutunañi Ⓓ ngandrawalkaterina? ngenmana alinba tumanerama am Erdboden (‘?’ added by CS) kleben. ◇ to stick to the ground. albora Bruder (auch von Tieren gebraucht). Ⓛ mantapuruna, ngalurapungañi ◇ brother (also used for animals). alínama [Northern dialect] cf. linama Ⓛ kulburu zucken (beim Sterben). ◇ to twitch (when alberuperuma wieder heimkehren. dying). Ⓛ alurkuni ◇ return home again. Ⓛ kulbanikulbañi alkira toppa jenseits der Wölbgung. albula (postp.) bis. ◇(postposition) until. ◇ beyond the firmament.Ⓛ ilkari tana Ⓛ kutata alkira unkwana Firmament. ◇ firmament. albulantanama heimkehren in eine lange Ⓛ ilkari tarka Linie, nur [unclear]. ◇ return home in alkira tjalka Lufthimmel. ◇ sky. Ⓛ ilkara a long line. Ⓛ kulbaratalkañi iltana albubalbuma (duplick) heimkehren, alkira tnata zwischen der Wölbung. umkehren. ◇ (duplication) return home, ◇ under the vault of the sky Ⓛ ilkari arila return. Ⓛ kulbanañi alja, intuenta kleines Steinmesser. ◇ small albuma umkehren, zurückkehren. ◇ to turn stone knife. Ⓛ tilba, kanti back, return. Ⓛ kulbañi Ⓓ tikana alítjilba Bote. ◇ messenger. Ⓛ puriñi albulantanama zurückkehren. ◇ to return. Ⓛ kulbaratalkañi

156 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary aljía [Northern dialect] zugehörig (sex- alkalkérama mit dem Schwanz wedeln. totem). ◇ belonging to. Ⓛ inánkutu ◇ to wag tail. Ⓛ irkiñi (Zwillings-pfl.: twin plant) alkálalkála dünn, wässerig (Speise). ◇ thin, alinga [Northern dialect] cf. lenga Sonne. watery (food). Ⓛ kalturba Ⓓ danto ◇ sun. Ⓛ tjintu alkambalkangerama nach jemanden alinja [Northern dialect] cf. lenja Zunge. aussehen [unclear]. ◇ look out for ◇ tongue. Ⓛ talinji someone. Ⓛ kambalkambalariñi alírra, alirra Sohn, Tochter, Bruders Sohn, alkama, auch relkama cf. r͑ elkama Bruders Tochter, Urgroßvater, Manns hell werden, Tag anbrechen. ◇ dawn, Schwesters Sohn, Manns Schwesters daybreak. Ⓛ rakatiñi Tochter. ◇ son, daughter, brother’s son, alkanbubanbuma hinüberspringen. brother’s daughter, great-grandfather, ◇ to jump over. Ⓛ tjilkalukatiñi husband’s sister’s son, husband’s sister’s Ⓓ tankarana (überschreiten) daughter. Ⓛ katta untala, katta untalba alkanbuma hinüberspringen. ◇ to jump Ⓓ ngatamura = offspring of opposite over. Ⓛ tjitakanbañi moiety, child of man (see Austin akalbelama reiben den Körper (von 2013: 23) Zauberer). ◇ rub body (by [?] magician). woialirra Bruders Sohn, Mannes Ⓛ altakaltaniñi Schwesters Sohn. ◇ brother’s son, alkanteriltjilama sehr rein machen (tjilara). husband’s sister’s son. Ⓛ katta ◇ clean thoroughly. Ⓛ pirapiraninañi kwaialirra Bruders Tochter, Mannnes alkanta kleine geschabte Holzblumen Schwesters Tochter. ◇ brother’s daughter, (der Bluträcher) [unclear]. ◇ small ‘wood husband’s sister’s daughter. Ⓛ untala flowers’ (of avengers).Ⓛ tarabanba alirratjurutja Kinder (von Vater genannt). alkara der Himmel, hell, hoch. ◇ sky, ◇ children (term used by father). bright, high. Ⓛ ilkari Ⓓ pariwilpa Ⓛ kattapiti alkarka [Southern dialect] eine sehr kleine alirrukua der alirra eines Anderen. Ameisenart. ◇ very small ant species. ◇ someone else’s alirra. Ⓛ kattara Ⓛ alkirki alirratja mein Sohn (von Vater genannt). alkaragata [Southern dialect] hell. ◇ my son (term used by father). ◇ bright, light. Ⓛ ilkariákata Ⓛ kattana alkaralkara [Southern dialect] hell, alirratja meine Tochter (von Vater genannt). klar, scheinend. ◇ light, clear, shining. ◇ my daughter (term used by father). Ⓛ ilkarilkari Ⓓ kintjalkuru Ⓛ untalana alkarabinjánga [Southern dialect] sehr alinta [Northern dialect] cf. linta Flamme. hoch. ◇ very high. Ⓛ ilkariwirili ◇ flame.Ⓛ kala alkaraka iwuma [Southern dialect] in alítjitja [Northern dialect] cf. litjitja. die Höhe werfen. ◇ throw into the air. ◇ white ant larvae. Ⓛ alitjitji Ⓛ ilkariku wonniñi alka Körper, Block (Felsblock). ◇ body, alkaralkara (alkáralkára) Blume mit boulder. Ⓛ alala blauen Blüten. ◇ flower with blue álkabara sehr alte, ausgelebte (Frau), blossoms. Ⓛ alkaralkari vertrocknet (Frucht). ◇ very old, worn alkara Fleisch zu beiden Seiten des out (woman), dried or shrivelled (fruit). Rückens. ◇ flesh on both sides of Ⓛ warbalba, walkabara backspine. Ⓛ wilara alkábara eßbare Knollen. ◇ edible bulbs. alkaratjoratja durchscheinend (von Ⓛ alkabiri vielen Löchern), löchricht. ◇ shine alkala hell (neugeborene Kinder), bleich. through (many holes), full of holes. ◇ fair (newborn children), pale. Ⓛ alkali Ⓛ alenkurukuru Ⓓ bulu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 157 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

alkaritjititjitiuma alles durcheinander alkirakerama zum Himmel auffliegen, werfen. ◇ throw everything into in die Höhe auffliegen. ◇ fly into the sky, disorder. Ⓛ ilkari pinpintjiwonniñi fly up high.Ⓛ ilkarikuparbakañi Ⓓ terateribana alkirakerala nariraka, alkirakerala alkaruntuara durchsichtig (Glas). lariraka pl. zum Himmel auffliegen, ◇ transparent (glass). Ⓛ mantawirili, in die Höhe auffliegen. ◇ plural fly into ilkariwirili the sky, fly up high.Ⓛ ilkarikuparbakara alkiranjaranja eine Hütte, bei der der wonningu Himmel hereinscheint; eine Hütte alkarurtjauia das mit Fleisch mit vielen Löchern. ◇ hut into which umgebene, runde Rückgrat einer the sky shines; hut with many holes. kleinen Schangenart. ◇ backbone or Ⓛ ilkariwirili spine of a small snake species that is alkátua glatter Stein, auf dem Sämereien surrounded by flesh.Ⓛ warurunkalba, gerieben. ◇ smooth grinding stone. nalburumbalburu Ⓛ tjewa alkāra das Fleisch zu beiden Seiten des alkalteuma ausspucken (Bissen Brot oder Rückgrats (Raupe). ◇ flesh on both sides Fleisch). ◇ spit out (morsel of bread or of backspine (caterpillar). Ⓛ wilara meat). Ⓛ (alkalteuma) burpungañi alknatnana Wasserfläche, Wasserspiegel. alkauma brechen, erbrechen. ◇ to vomit. ◇ water surface. Ⓛ alknatnana Ⓛ ulkabutunañi Ⓓ ngukoworrana alkiranga mbalknininja unter dem alkaulama refl. sich erbrechen. Himmel, wo die Vögel fliegen. ◇ under ◇ (reflexive) vomit.Ⓛ ulkabutunañi the sky, where the birds fly. Ⓛ ilkarinku Ⓓ ngukoworrana ngaiïkuru alkëuma [Northern dialect] brechen, alkenkarénama [Northern dialect] erbrechen. ◇ to vomit. Ⓛ ulkabutunañi beteuern (wahres und falsches). Ⓓ ngukoworrana ◇ reassure, affirm (wrong and false). alkirambaranga unbeständig in der Arbeit Ⓛ turkulkata tunañi sein, vielgeschäftig. ◇ inconsistent at alkútakálkuta brechübel. ◇ very sick. work. Ⓛ ulkabulkaba alkeerama (inka) Füße ausstrecken. alknala karama [Northern dialect] einen ◇ stretch out feet. Ⓛ (tjinna) beobachten, belauern. ◇ observe, prey wararingañi Ⓓ ngurakatina on someone. alkia sehr groß (Menschen). ◇ very big alknakimanalinja Triumphzug. (humans). Ⓛ wara ◇ triumphal (display). alkielba durchscheinend, löchricht, heilend alknéljelja Augapfel. ◇ eyeball. Ⓛ kuru (von Geschwüren). ◇ shine through, holy, kalka healing (ulcers). Ⓛ alkiilbi alkna Auge. ◇ eye. (May also mean ‘seed’ alkérama singen, schreien (Vögel). according to G. Róheim.) Ⓛ kǔru ◇ to sing, to screech (birds). Ⓓ milki (Entry deleted by CS) alkna irkaia kurzsichtig. ◇ short sighted. alkira [Northern dialect] cf. alkara alkna ilbala Augenwimpern (Augen- Himmel. ◇ sky. Ⓛ ilkari, inimiri feder). ◇ eyelashes (eye-feather). Ⓓ pariwilpa Ⓛ kuru nanbinba Ⓓ milki kutja alkirabinjánga [Northern dialect] cf. alkna jinba (Augen-Haut), Augenlid. alkarabinjanga sehr hoch. ◇ very high. ◇ (eye skin), eyelid. Ⓛ kuru panki alkirakeranama zum Himmel auffliegen. alkna junta Augenhöhle. ◇ eye socket. ◇ fly up into the sky.Ⓛ ilkarikura Ⓛ kuru ngadi Ⓓ milki wilpa maparbakañi

~~158 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

alkna kwata (Augen-Ei), Augapfel. alknalambatilama alle nacheinander im ◇ (eye egg), eyeball. Ⓛ kuru kalka Kreis ansehen. ◇ everyone in a circle (kuru ngukuta deleted by CS) Ⓓ milki looks at each other. tandra alknalaraka inbuma übersehen, nicht alknanda Augenbrauenbogen, Stelle sehen. ◇ overlook, not see. Ⓛ nakula gerade über den Augenbrauen. kanjini Ⓓ wonpana ◇ eyebrow (arch), line just above alknalaraka rama übersehen, nicht sehen. eyebrow. Ⓛ kuru ngarrkiri ◇ overlook, not see. Ⓛ ninkiltunkulá alknandapunga Augenbrauen. nangañi ◇ eyebrows. Ⓛ kuru intu alknalba, ntulba Hüfte, Lende (= ntulba). Ⓓ milkipilpa ◇ hip, loin. Ⓛ ankalba alknatoppa (Augenrücken), Augenlid. alknala renama belauern, mit dem Blick ◇ eyelid. Ⓛ kuru tana verfolgen, beobachten. ◇ prey, observe, alkninkera (Augen-wand), Stelle watch. Ⓛ mer͑ ara irbini zwischen Augenlid und -brauen. ◇ (eye alknalbatataka Vogel (spec.) ◇ bird wall), space between eyelid and brow. species. Ⓛ mitiïti Ⓛ kuru ngankiri Ⓓ milki dirla alknalkama intr. Augen öffnen, sich öffnen (dirkala) (Knospe). ◇ (intransitive) open eyes, open alknolja Träne. ◇ tear. Ⓛ tjirbmila (bud). Ⓛ pitaltjiriñi Ⓓ milkigildi alknalkinja mit geöffneten Augen, wach. alkna bojultja das schwachsehende ◇ with open eyes, awake. Ⓛ pitaltji Auge. ◇ eye with poor sight. Ⓛ kuru alknalkaralama rollen mit den Augen pujurpujura (vor Zorn). ◇ roll eyes (in anger). alkna paraltja das schwachsehende Ⓛ kurubakabakañi Auge. ◇ poor sighted eye. Ⓛ kuru alknaltara rein, klar (Wasser), hell. aparaltji ◇ pure, clear (water), light. Ⓛ kaltaru alkna iltélta Weiße im Auge. ◇ white of Ⓓ milkitjari, woldankara, kulikiri eye. Ⓛ kuru iltilti alknamburka ausdrücklich. ◇ explicitly, alkna ilira das gutsehende Auge. ◇ eye emphatically. with good sight. Ⓛ kuru palturuku alknaltutja Gras (mit eßbaren alkna terkaterka (Schimpfwort) von Samen). ◇ grass (with edible seeds). Auge und grün = grünes Auge. Ⓛ alknultatji ◇ swear word meaning ‘green eye’ alknankanjinkanja, alknankanjankanja (see Strehlow 1913: 93). Ⓛ kuru Auge schnell von einer zur anderen ókirókiri Seite wendend. ◇ look quickly from alkna lurra das entzündete Auge. side to side (see Strehlow 1913: 93). ◇ inflamed eye.Ⓛ kuru ngatinba Ⓛ kuriñiltuniltu alkna bangalkureramala rama zwinkern. alknalórriritjiláma prüfend von allen ◇ to wink. Ⓛ bambarekulanuganba Seiten ansehen. ◇ examine from nangañi all sides. Ⓛ kuru unururingañi alkna irbalbirbuma Augen abwenden, Ⓓ milkimilkiterkana Anspielung auf alknarintji. ◇ turn eyes alknambalknamba Pflanze mit rötlichen away, avert eyes; reference to alknarintji Stengel und fleischigen Blättern. (women who turn their eyes away (look ◇ plant with red stem and fleshy leaves. away), who do not marry) (see Strehlow Ⓛ alknambalknamba Ⓓ kanalkapana 1911: 46). Ⓛ kuru terbaterbañi alknambuma intr. Augen aufmachen, alknalanbánama zornig dreinsehen. blühen (andata). ◇ (intransitive) open ◇ look angry. Ⓛ kuru injini eyes, blossom. Ⓛ kururingañi Ⓓ milki tjenmana

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 159 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

alknambulelama trs. Augen öffnen. alknara Abendrot, wenn nur noch das ◇ (transitive) open eyes. Ⓛ kuruni Abendrot im Westen leuchtet. ◇ evening Ⓓ tiwitiwirina (blühen: bloom) glow, when only the glow in the west alknambatnitjinjima Augen aufmachen is left; twilight; sunset. Ⓛ kalkara und zum Himmel erheben (Frösche Ⓓ kalkaura und Menschen). ◇ open eyes and look alknarakerama Abend werden. up into the sky (frogs and humans). ◇ towards evening. Ⓛ kururekula kalbañi alknaraka abends, zum Abend. alknalambatilama alle, die [unclear] dich ◇ towards evening. Ⓛ kalkaraku ansehen. ◇ all who look at you or each alknarambalknara sich fortwährend other [?] umsehend. ◇ look around continuously. alknantarba einäugig. ◇ one eyed. Ⓛ nguntilnguntila alknalintarintara das Schauspiel. alknara, tataka Abendrot. ◇ evening ◇ performance. red, dusk. Ⓛ kalkara ngurkalngurkal alkirapintjanga Turmspitze (n). ◇ spire. Ⓓ kalkamarana alknalinama vorhersehen (eine Tat). alknaranturara Abend werden. ◇ become ◇ foresee (a deed). evening. Ⓛ kalkarapuru alknantáraltuma Augenlicht vergehen, alknarerama Abend werden. ◇ become Dunkel vor den Augen werden. ◇ fading evening. Ⓛ kalkararingañi eyesight, get dark before eyes. Ⓛ kuru alknaralknarerama Abend werden. mungaringañi ◇ become evening. Ⓛ kalkara- alknanta Flamme, auch blutdürstig, kalkarariñi grausam, mordgierig (Streithammel), alknaralama sich umsehen, feurig (im Kampfe). ◇ flame, blood thirsty, zurücksehen. ◇ look around, look back. cruel, murderous (thug), fiery (in battle). Ⓛ nguntilangarañi Ⓓ worrakalina Ⓛ kala, teli (Flamme: flame); marari alknarbunarbunala rama das eine (blutdürstig: bloodthirsty) Auge sieht durch [unclear], schielen. alknantérama Flamme emporschlagen. ◇ be cross-eyed. Ⓛ talbankatalbanka ◇ rising flame.Ⓛ waru teliringañi nangañi alknantélama anzünden, anfachen alknarintja (aragutja alknarintja) (Feuer). ◇ to light, to fan (fire).Ⓛ kalani mythische Weiber, die nicht heiraten telini dürfen. ◇ mythical women who are not alknantérama quälen (z.B. die Tiere), allowed to marry (see Strehlow 1907: plagen. ◇ to torture (e.g. animals), 6, 97). Ⓛ alknarintji torment. Ⓛ maraririñi Ⓓ jupana alknarbana Baum (spec.), aus dem Speere alknanterinja die Plage. ◇ torture, gemacht werden. ◇ tree species from torment. which spears are made. Ⓛ alknirbini alknantalalangalanga die vielen Feuer alknáta ein Nadelbaum spec., Fichte, eines Lagerplatzes. ◇ many camp fires. dufted wie eine Tanne (Callitris). Ⓛ pintjiliri ◇ native pine tree, Callitris glaucophylla. alknantama den Körper in zitternde Ⓛ wolknati Bewegung setzen. ◇ set body into alknatnana mitten auf dem See, trembling motions. Ⓛ pinpitjingani Wasserspiegel. ◇ in the middle of alknaralama sich rot färben (vom Blut). the lake, water surface; clear water. ◇ to colour or turn red (from blood). Ⓛ alknatnana Ⓛ ngurkalngurkalariñi alknátera öffentlich, augenscheinlich. ◇ publicly, apparently; clear. Ⓛ kurunka Ⓓ dinkari

160 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary alkneljelja Augapfel. ◇ eyeball. Ⓛ kuru alknerka Abhang. ◇ slope. Ⓛ karba kalka alkurbalkurberama (?) [Northern alknaterala rama mit eigenen Augen dialect] aus: schäumen (Meer). ◇ derived sehen. ◇ see with own eyes. Ⓛ kurunka from the word ‘to froth’. (‘?’ added by CS) nangañi alkukalkurelama schlagen, daß Striemen alknemeremerala rama [unclear] mit entstehen, zerschlagen. ◇ to beat dem Auge zwinkern. ◇ to wink with eye. (causing laceration), to smash. Ⓛ kuruterbaterbara nangañi alknoljeruma Schwarz vor den Augen alknemanta sehr lange Speer. ◇ very long werden, vor Erschöpfung. ◇ faint from spear. Ⓛ kutukuna exhaustion. Ⓛ kuruwiaringañi alknatama trs. verbrennen. ◇ (transitive) alknólja Träne, Augenfett. ◇ tear, eye fat. burn. Ⓛ mululu kambañi Ⓛ tjirbmilja, tjirbmila Ⓓ milkigildi alknealknea großer Strauch mit langen alknólknelama trösten (einen Traurigen). schmalen Blumen und schwarzen, nicht ◇ to comfort (a sad one, person in eßbaren Beeren. ◇ large bush with long sorrow). Ⓛ utuutuni narrow leaves and black inedible berries. alknólta [Northern dialect] sterbend, Ⓛ alknealkneï Augen brechend (im Tode). ◇ dying, eyes alkneleruma (alkna jirama) Gesicht breaking (at death). Ⓛ atulta tutani vergehen vor Erschöpfung, verhungern. alknoljalawonturbma viele Tränen ◇ face fades from exhaustion, starve. [unclear]. ◇ many tears. Ⓛ urbmultala Ⓛ kuruwiaringañi (ninañi) alknénera Große rote Cikade spec. alknôrtja Embryo. ◇ embryo. Ⓛ banganba an Gummibäumen (Thopha colorata). alknoljurbalknolja große Tränen. ◇ large ◇ large red cicada (Thopha colorata) tears. Ⓛ tjirmiltalatjirbmilta on gumtrees. Ⓛ alkneneri alknotninja eifersüchtig. ◇ jealous. alknemunta lange Speer. ◇ long spear. Ⓛ numbaiariñi Ⓓ mandrakarowali Ⓛ kutukuna alknunturuntu̓ rula rama großes rundes alknenta seitwärts, nach einer Seite hin. Auge. ◇ large round eye. Ⓛ kuru ◇ sideways, towards one side. Ⓛ talba teruterura nangañi Ⓓ worku alknultinkama intr. ertrinken. alknentala nama an der Seite ◇ (intransitive) drown. (jemandes) gehen. ◇ walk beside Ⓛ mulakuturingañi Ⓓ purujulkana (someone). Ⓛ talbanka ninañi alknultinkalelama trs. ertränken. alknentala rama zur Seite sehen. ◇ (transitive) drown. Ⓛ mulakutini ◇ look sideways. Ⓛ talbanka nangañi Ⓓ purujulkana? (‘?’ added by CS) alknentama zur Seite sehen. ◇ look to alknuralknura Strauch mit the side. Ⓛ talbani Schotenfrüchten. ◇ shrub with pods. alknenterama seitwärts sehen. Ⓛ aljalji ◇ look sideways. Ⓛ talbaringañi alkolja die zerriebene Gummirinde. alknerama Augen aufschlagen ◇ ground gumtree bark. Ⓛ ulkulji (von neugeborenen Kindern). ◇ open alknurbunana Käfer, braun mit gelben eyes (newborn children). Ⓛ kururingañi Querstreifen. ◇ brown beetle with yellow alkniltala rama schielen. ◇ be cross-eyed. cross-stripes. Ⓛ kumburumburi Ⓛ talbankatalbanka nangañi alkora Strauch (spec.) ◇ shrub species. alknipata grüne Raupen, die sich an jipa- Ⓛ alkuru Ranken finden. ◇ green caterpillars on alkāra frische (Eier), frischgelegte (Eier). jipa vine. Ⓛ kurungati ◇ fresh (eggs), freshly laid (eggs). alknerkala am Abhang (stehend). Ⓛ bakuburu ◇ on slope (standing). Ⓛ karbanka

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 161 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

alkumala Baum (spec.) ◇ tree (species). altérama Tag werden, hell werden. Ⓛ wolkamala ◇ daybreak, dawn. Ⓛ jultaringañi alkulaia Strauch mit ovalen Blättern. altabareratnama Tag anfangen. ◇ begin ◇ bush with oval leaves. Ⓛ kubata day. Ⓛ majultarekulatalkañi alkulbilama durchgraben, durchbohren. altábatara Zwielicht, Morgen- und ◇ dig through, drill through. Ⓛ alkalkirini Abenddämmerung, Zwielicht anbrechen. Ⓓ mirpana ◇ twilight, sunrise and sunset. alkulialkula lama ziellos umherwandern. Ⓛ jultakutu Ⓓ parantjalku ◇ wander around aimlessly. alta [Northern dialect] Haar der Menschen Ⓛ wapalpekura jennañi und des Wildes, Wolle (n). ◇ hair of alkuljalkulja Nachahmung des Schreies humans and game, wool. Ⓛ intu des Adlers. ◇ imitation of eagle’s call. altálama (altaluma?) Haar ausfallen. Ⓛ kuljakuljalba ◇ lose hair. Ⓓ kintjalkuru (‘?’ added alkuljalkulja Wasservogel, der nach by CS) Fischen taucht. ◇ waterbird who dives for altakalta auseinander, los, frei. ◇ apart, fish.Ⓛ ulkuljulkulji loose, free. Ⓛ altakalta alkura (postp.) mehr. ◇ (postposition) altakaltérama sich zerstreuen, los more. Ⓛ nguanba werden (von Krankheit), lösen (den alkurumba viele, überall umherliegend Fötus bei Geburt). ◇ scatter, get rid (of (Steine). ◇ many (stones, boulders) sickness), detach. Ⓛ altakaltariñji scattered or lying around. Ⓛ alkurumbu altakaltilama losmachen, befreien, lösen alkurilbanalanama nach allen Richtungen (den Fötus bei der Geburt). ◇ separate, auseinander laufen. ◇ disperse in all detach. Ⓛ altakaltanani Ⓓ kurakana directions. Ⓛ bakalarani altakatjakatja helle Mondschein (beim alkuta Schild. ◇ shield. Ⓛ kutitji Vollmond). ◇ bright moonlight (at full Ⓓ piramara moon). Ⓛ irtnani alkutungalkuta kleine Schilder mit denen altarinja erfunden, erdichtet. ◇ invented, die Kinder spielen. ◇ small shields made up. children play with. Ⓛ kutitjikutitji altarba [Northern dialect], kwatja altárba alkuta unkwana das Schulterblatt. clay-pan, clay-pan water. ◇ claypan, ◇ shoulder blade. Ⓛ kutitji tarka claypan water. Ⓛ altarba Ⓓ pilperipira, pilperi (Schulter: áltarama durchspeeren (Bein), peitschen shoulder) (sodaß die Haut zerschnitten wird). alkurulba durchschichtig, fensterähnliche ◇ pierced by a spear (e.g. leg), whip (to Öffnung, Fenster. ◇ transparent, window. lacerate skin). Ⓛ wintarpungañi Ⓛ alawirili altanatambuma hin und her wehen mit alkurbanta Blasen auf dem Wasser (der Feder) spielen (Wind). ◇ blow back (untertauchen). ◇ bubbles on water and forth (wind) play with (a feather). (submerge, dive). Ⓛ taljikutu Ⓛ pulknarañi alkunarala Larven (weiß) in alkunara- altalirgúraka einig (Freunde). ◇ in Wurzeln. ◇ grubs (white) in alkunara agreement (friends). Ⓛ ngalutu roots. Ⓛ alkunari altáltuka Fremdling, in der Fremde sein. alkunara Baum spec. ◇ tree species. ◇ stranger, to be abroad. Ⓛ barkara Ⓛ alkunari Ⓓ waiarka, marka alta Tag, Licht. ◇ day, light. Ⓛ julta altanea Larve (in Gummibaum Wurzeln). Ⓓ ditji ◇ grub (in gumtree roots). Ⓛ imbita altamalta täglich. ◇ daily. ultunta eine Art Kalkstein. ◇ kind of Ⓛ jultamurkamurka limestone. Ⓛ ultuntu

162 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary altankuma gierig an sich raffen, reißen. tjimia altjala mein Großvater (Mutters ◇ snatch up greedy, seize. Ⓛ tuljani, Vater) oder Enkel, Enkelin. ◇ my tulani Ⓓ pamapamana grandfather (mother’s father) or áltara; manna itja, mantara itja nichts grandchild. Ⓛ kunarbina habend, arm; ohne Eigentum. ◇ have altjamaltjerama eine andere Gestalt nothing, poor; without belongings. annehmen. ◇ change shape (see Ⓛ áltaru Strehlow 1907: 5). Ⓛ maltjimaltjiringañi altarka der hervorsprossende Same. altja Tinte (n). ◇ ink. ◇ sprouting seed. Ⓛ bulututu altjia die Ranke der lankua, die eßbare altarama (altarama) finden. ◇ to find. Frucht. ◇ lankua vine, edible fruit. Ⓛ tukarurunangañi Ⓓ mankamankana, Ⓛ altjiï dankana (zufällig finden: find by chance) altjikaltjika eingeschrumpft, gerunzelt. altaranama laufen (Feuer), durchlaufen, ◇ shrunk, wrinkled. Ⓛ wiljiriwiljiri durchschreiten. ◇ run (fire), run or go Ⓓ winjirinjiri through. Ⓛ arbani Altjira, altjira Gott, der Unerschaffene. alterama conf. alta Tag werden. ◇ God, the Uncreated One; dreaming ◇ daybreak. Ⓛ jultaringañi being. The word ‘Altjira’ is used today alteuma glatt, eben machen. ◇ smooth, to denote the Christian God, but in Carl make even. Ⓛ tulkuwonniñi Strehlow’s time it was a polysemic key altentuma herabfließen (Blut sowie Saft term. He wrote that the etymology of the von Baum). ◇ flow down (blood, sap word ‘altjira’ had not yet been found, but of trees). Ⓛ tutirapungañi that Aranda people associated ‘the word altentupentuma Duplik. ◇ Duplication now with the concept of the non-created. of altentuma. Ⓛ tutirangariñi Asked about the meaning of the word, altja, z.B. noaltja zugehörig verbunden, they repeatedly assured me that Altjira z.B. die eigene Frau. ◇ belong, e.g. own refers to someone who has no beginning, wife. Ⓛ wolta, e.g. kuriwolta, kurina who did not issue from another (erina Ⓓ milpara itha arbmamakala = no one created him). altjiwata wirklich zugehörig. ◇ really Spencer and Gillen’s claim (Northern belonging to. Ⓛ wollaltamantu Tribes of Central Australia p. 745) that ‘the altjerama zugehörig werden. ◇ become word alcheri means dream’ is incorrect. part. Ⓛ woltaringañi Altjirerama means ‘to dream’, and it is altáperinja Böse, Teufel, der Arge. ◇ bad derived from altjira (god) and rama (to see), spirit being, devil, evil one. in other words, ‘to see god’. The same altinka Name des Mondmannes. ◇ name holds true for the Loritja language. of moonman. Tukura nangani = ‘to dream’, from turkura altjala Mutters Vater (Großvater). (god) and nangani (to see). It will be ◇ mother’s father (grandfather). demonstrated later that altjira and tukura Ⓛ altjalina in this context do not refer to the highest altjalatja mein Großvater (Mutters Vater), God in the sky but merely to a totem god Enkel (Tochters Sohn), Enkelin, (Tochters which the native believes to have seen in Mann). ◇ my grandfather (mother’s a dream’ (Strehlow 1907: 2). Carl Strehlow father), grandchild (daughter’s son), came to use the word in a number of grandchild (daughter’s daughter or different contexts. One attempt to solve son’s daughter), (daughter’s husband). the polysemy of ‘altjira’ was to use Ⓛ altjilina wolalta upper and lower cases, i.e. Altjira and altjira. Upper case ‘Altjira’ was used for a supreme being or high god; and in the Christian context of the mission, for

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 163 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

‘God’. In lower case, ‘altjira’ was used altjota Gras (spec.) (Panicum). ◇ grass in a vast array of contexts, assuming species (Panicum). Ⓛ iltjota meanings in indigenous use and standing altjura Loch (im Boden, im Holz, in in stark contrast to the new meaning the Kleidern). ◇ hole (in ground, in wood, missionaries had tried to impress on it. in clothes); open. Ⓛ ǎla Ⓓ wilpa, Today Western Aranda people use the wilpawilpa (zerrissen: torn, Kleid: word ‘tnankara’ to denote the Dreaming, clothing, dress) dreaming ancestor, mythological past, altjurerama intr. öffnen. ◇ (intransitive) birthmark, dreaming mark. Ⓛ Tukura open. Ⓛ alaringañi Ⓓ wilparina (see Strehlow 1908: 1–2) Ⓓ Murra altjurilama ein Loch machen, öffnen Altjirangamitjina Totem-Götter (die (Tür). ◇ make a hole, open (door). ewigen Unerschaffenen). ◇ Totem- Ⓛ alani Gods (the eternal Uncreated Ones); altjuritjaltjurilama durchlöchern. dreaming beings. Ⓛ Tukutita; derived ◇ perforate. Ⓛ alankurunkuruni from ‘tuku = tukura’: ‘the uncreated Ⓓ titatita ngankana or unmade one’ and ‘tita’: ‘eternal’ altjuritjaltjura löchricht, voller Löcher. (Strehlow 1908: 2). Ⓓ Murra-murra ◇ holy, full of holes. Ⓛ alankurunkuru altjiroambala unaufhörlich. ◇ continuous. altjutnama sich niederbücken (zum Ⓛ tukurita Fressen), sich niederlassen. ◇ to bend altjirerama (Gott sehen), träumen. down (to eat), settle down. Ⓛ bobañi ◇ Ⓛ tukura (to see God), to dream. altjurankánama wühlen (Maulwurf). ◇ dig nangañi (mole). Ⓛ alawonkarabakañi altjirerinja Traum. ◇ dream. altjutnelélama brüten (von Vögeln). Ⓛ tukurbmanañi, tukurbmanami ◇ hatch eggs (birds). Ⓛ bobaljennañi Ⓓ ngapitja Ⓓ purulkaterina altjeta, patta altjeta Stein mit denen altjutnapitnama sich ducken (Kamele, Wurzeln abgeklopft werden. ◇ stone used ilia), fortw. den Hals beugen (beim to clean roots. Gehen) Kamele. ◇ to duck (camels, altjimbaltjimba undurchdringliches ◇ emu), constantly undulate (when walking) Dickicht. impenetrable thicket. Ⓛ bobaranani Ⓛ tatajerri (camels). altólinama [Northern dialect] altjinka zusammengereihte Blüten. (altalinama) ergreifen, erhaschen ◇ blossoms strung together. Ⓛ tatutu (Beute), umfassen (den Sterbenden). altjinka zusammengebunden, zusammen ◇ grab (prey), embrace (the dying one). gereiht (Schwänze). ◇ tied together, Ⓛ tulani strung together (tails). Ⓛ tatutu altolinanama [Northern dialect] umfaßt altjirkawuma mit sich selbst sprechen. halten. ◇ hold tight. Ⓛ matulani ◇ speak with oneself. Ⓛ urukulini Ⓓ walkurali jatana altólaltólinanama dupl. erfassen, ◇ altjinka Fadenspiel der Mädchen erhaschen. (duplication) capture, grasp, Ⓛ matulatularawonnañi und Weiber. ◇ thread game of girls hold. altuma and women. Ⓛ tatutu, kalbiri verstopfen, verschmieren, Ⓓ warawarapana bedecken (Haut). ◇ block, smear, cover altjiuma trs. überfließen machen (Wasser). (skin). Ⓛ pantani ◇ (transitive) make (water) flow over. altunta weißer Stein. ◇ white stone. Ⓛ totini, indeni Ⓛ ultunta altjiulama intr. überfließen (Wasser, alturinja Aufführungsplatz, der gereinigte. Brotteig). ◇ (intransitive) flow over ◇ ceremony ground, the cleaned or (water, bread dough). Ⓛ indeni cleared one. Ⓛ urelba Ⓓ pinpiterina

~~164 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ălua Blut. ◇ blood. Ⓛ ngurka, mitji anbanaia Larve der weißen Ameisen. Ⓓ kumara (Blut: blood, Saft: juice, Flut ◇ larvae of white ants. Ⓛ anbiniï ohne Fische: flood without fish) ánbara (anbera) weiter (räumlich), alua eßbare Wurzeln. ◇ edible roots. vorwärts. ◇ further (space), forwards. Ⓛ ngalunba Ⓛ wainta alulúlama bluten. ◇ bleed. Ⓛ ngurka anbarérama vorbeilaufen, vorbeifließen wararkatiñi Ⓓ kumarina (Saft), herabfließen (Süßigkeit). ◇ run alua talalama bluten. ◇ bleed. past, flow by (juice), flow down Ⓛ ngurka totini Ⓓ kumara ngakana (something sweet). Ⓛ waïntariñi alua ilkanama Blut vergießen. ◇ shed or anbara lama weiter gehen. ◇ to go on. lose blood. Ⓛ ngurka alani Ⓛ waïnta jennañi alua ilkanalama refl. sein Blut vergießen, anbaela nama [Southern dialect] sich verbluten. ◇ (reflexive) to shed, weiter entfernt sein. ◇ be further away. lose or spill blood, bleed. Ⓛ ngurka Ⓛ waintakata ninañi palurunka alani anbarinjanbarerama vorbeigehen amala ankama aufstoßen (Hickup). ◇ burp (an etwas). ◇ go past (something). (hiccup). Ⓛ ngetaninan͂ i Ⓛ waintawaintariñi tmarkinja der gereinigte Platz (wo anbarindama weiter geben. ◇ pass on, Zeremonien aufgeführt werden). give. Ⓛ waintanka jungañi ◇ cleaned or cleared place (where anbara weiße Stirn (Hunde, Pferde). ceremonies are performed); amboanta ◇ white forehead (dogs, horses). means ‘cleared one’. Ⓛ amboanta Ⓛ wiluna amaninta [Northern dialect] Halbbruder, anbarinjala weiter (räumlich) hinfort. Halbschwester. ◇ half-brother, half-sister. ◇ further (space), onwards. Ⓛ waintanku Ⓛ jakukutu anbarinila sofort (gehen). ◇ (go) at once. ámboa alter Mann, lebensmüde, Neffe Ⓛ waintakaru und Nichte von Seite des Vaters. ◇ old anbarumaruma viele weißgestirnt man, weary of life, nephew and niece on stehen (die ihre Stirn mit weiße Zeichen father’s side. Ⓛ burka geschmückt haben). ◇ many (persons) amba Sohn oder Tochter von Seite der with foreheads painted white (decorated Mutter, cf. Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen. with white [de]signs) are standing. ◇ child, son or daughter on mother’s Ⓛ ululbi ngarañi side (nephew or niece), see kinship terms anbuma befühlen, berühren, auflegen (Strehlow 1913: 68). Ⓛ ukari (Schwesters (Hand). ◇ feel, touch, lay on (hand). Sohn), nankii Ⓓ ngatani (Sohn oder Ⓛ pampuni Ⓓ karakarana Tochter v. Seite der Mutter: son or unbuma weiter gehen. ◇ walk on. daughter on mother’s side) Ⓛ jenbuni ambekua Neffe (eines Andern). unbubunbuma dupl. weiter ◇ nephew (of someone else). gehen. ◇ duplication of ‘walk on’. Ⓛ ukarira nankiïra Ⓛ jenbujenbuni ambua Erdloch. ◇ hole in ground. anbalbánbalama refl. sich selber überall Ⓛ panaburka befühlen. ◇ (reflexive) feel, examine ana die Erde, der Erdboden. ◇ the earth, oneself everywhere. Ⓛ pampupampuni the ground. Ⓛ pana anbalbanbarama trs. überall befühlen, inánta D. cf. nanta (überladen), [unclear]: untersuchen (mit der Hand). ◇ (transitive) erschöpft, ermüdet, überladen (Magen), feel, examine (with hand) everywhere. fertig (Speisen), durchbacken, gar (Brot). Ⓛ pampapampurapungañi ◇ exhausted, done, finished.Ⓛ ananta

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 165 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

anbanalenjima in einer Linie angna rurba Obst (n). ◇ fruit (generic); (nebeneinander anmarschiert kommen). this appears to be a new term. ◇ in one line (arrive side by side). angnama schlucken, verschlucken Ⓛ ngalabilaringañi (einschlucken einen großen Bissen), anbentiuma ausstreuen, aussäen (Samen). in der Kehle stecken bleiben. ◇ swallow, ◇ scatter, sow (seeds). Ⓛ pinpaltjingañi swallow the wrong way (stuck in throat). anbentintjiuma zerbeißen und Ⓛ pulkurkmanañi (einschlucken: umherstreuen (der Kakadu die Sämerei swallow), ngetaninañi und Rinde). ◇ to bite to pieces and angnilitnama (Herz)pochen (vor Zorn, scatter (e.g. cockatoo seeds and bark). Aufregung). ◇ (heart) beat, throb or pound Ⓛ pinpaltjingarawonniñi (from anger, excitement). Ⓛ ataiátuni andara (andera) fett, Fett, Mark, der angna lalkinja eine aufgehende Saat. Beine. ◇ fat, fat or marrow of legs. Ⓛ niti ◇ germinating crop. Ⓓ mani, gildi ángnera Gesicht. ◇ face. Ⓛ junba anangintja kleine Raupe (spec. rötlich). Ⓓ mudla angnera arentuerama ◇ small caterpillar (reddish species). Gesicht Ⓛ ngalankátuni abwenden. ◇ turn face away. Ⓛ junba talbaringañi Ⓓ mudla walkina andaribana (‘der mit Fett bestrichene’), der angna tjintjirikana Junge (so genannt nachdem er bemalt unfruchtbar (Baum). ◇ infertile (tree). ist). ◇ boy (coated in fat) (see Strehlow anjatima frieren (refl.)◇ (reflexive) feel cold. 1913: 12). Ⓛ nitita Ⓛ perijerriñi Ⓓ katana (It is not clear in andata; (deba andata) Blume, Blüte; CS manuscript if this word belongs into (Daune, Vogeldaun). ◇ flower, blossom; this entry or the entry below.) (down, bird down). Ⓛ tunku, wommulu; anja ◇ Ⓛ mama Ⓓ katana (Vogeldaun: wommulu, kudu) Ⓓ Vater. father. ankallawotna; wotna (tiwi) tui, tupu (aufblühende Blume: ein Mann, der blossoming flower) begierig nach seiner ankalla ist; begierig. ◇ andata tata ◇ man who is keen on his ankalla; Blumen. flowers. Ⓛ itirkila (widerspenstig: Ⓛ untuntu keen, lusting. stubborn) angna Frucht, Same, Kern. ◇ fruit, seed. ankalla rauhe Felsen. ◇ rough or hard Ⓛ kalka, alba Ⓓ tandra rocks. Ⓛ itirki ibatja angna ibatja (Milch, Brust), angna ankallankalla kleine Eidechse. ◇ small (Frucht). ◇ ibatja (milk, breast), angna lizard. Ⓛ pintjalbatu (fruit); milky fruit, plant. Ⓛ ibi kalka ankankilbara halbroh, halbgar. ◇ half-raw, kwatja angna weibliche Brust, half-cooked. Ⓛ wonkalwonkala ◇ Regentropfen. woman’s breast, anka unreif, grün, nicht gar. ◇ not ripe, Ⓛ kapi kalka raindrops. green, not done. Ⓛ wonka Ⓓ kati (roh: angnélama Samen reinigen. ◇ clean seeds. raw), puda (unreif: not ripe) Ⓛ kalkani ánkala (ndolka) Äste. ◇ branches; lump angna matataka Früchte in Büscheln on tree. Ⓛ antulka zusammen sitzend, sehr fruchtbar. ánkala Stacheln (des Moloch horridess). ◇ bunches of fruit, very fertile. Ⓛ kalka ◇ thorns (of thorny devil (reptile)). Ⓛ talta parapara ankala Regenwolke. ◇ rain cloud. angnakaraba unfruchtbar. ◇ infertile. Ⓛ ngankali Ⓓ talara-palku angna intartnakintartna Frucht dicht ankallankalla hurerisch (blutschänderisch), zusammen sitzend (Feigen). ◇ dense fortwährend den Fußspuren der Weiber fruit (e.g figs on tree), i.e. a lot of nachlaufen; Eidechse. ◇ (incestuous) man fruit on a plant. Ⓛ kalka tururu, who is always chasing women; lizard. kalkapalilkara Ⓛ winkiwinki

166 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ankalla Cousin. ◇ cousin. Ⓛ wotjira ankara der Saft (der Raupen, von Beeren, ankallukua Cousin (eines Andern). Früchten). ◇ juice (of caterpillars, berries, ◇ cousin (of someone else). Ⓛ wotjirara fruit), type of tree. Ⓛ ulkurknu ankallankalla (L), uriakaljialjia Pflanze, ankarutnarama; ankarutnarana die auf Bergen wachsend, mit fasrigen Schelle schlagen (n); die Schelle (n). rötlichen Blüten; Blume. ◇ plant growing ◇ strike the bell; the bell. on mountain slopes with reddish fibrous ankara breit. ◇ wide. Ⓛ bila blossoms; flower.Ⓛ ankallankalla ankara Baum (spec.) ◇ tree species. ankama sagen, sprechen, reden, blöcken Ⓛ ankara (Schaf), krähen (Vögel), rauschen ankarankara Strauch (spec.), kleiner (Bäume). ◇ to say, speak, talk, bleat Baum. ◇ bush species, small tree. (sheep), crow (birds), rustle (trees). Ⓛ ankarankari Ⓛ wonkañi Ⓓ jatana ankaratja herabrollendes Gestein. ◇ rocks bailba ankama unverständig reden. that are rolling down. Ⓛ tarara ◇ talk unintelligibly. Ⓛ wobalbi ankata Wolke. ◇ cloud. Ⓛ matari wonkañi ankata Eidechse (Egernja cohitu). ◇ type barbuta ankama unverständig reden. of lizard, bearded dragon, cadney, jew ◇ talk unintelligibly. Ⓛ kaualikura lizard (Egernja cohitu now Pogona wonkañi vitticeps). Ⓛ kanu etatua ankama sehr lange sprechen. ankatanalakalama intr. herabrollen ◇ talk for a very long time. Ⓛ kutu (Stein). ◇ (intransitive) roll down (stone). wonkañi Ⓛ kutikutikatirokalïngañi erilkna ankama, entára ankama laut ankatala durstig. ◇ thirsty. Ⓛ marka sprechen. ◇ speak loudly. Ⓛ kutururu Ⓓ tertieli wonkañi antatakua sehr durstig. ◇ very thirsty. ritjinja ankama leise sprechen. ◇ speak Ⓛ markatara, manjiketára softly. Ⓛ talbiwonkañi, talwonkañi ankatamea Trank. ◇ drink. Ⓛ nantupala ankanankana Redner. ◇ speaker. ankatanitjikalama sich herabwälzen. Ⓛ wonkami wonkami ◇ to roll down. Ⓛ tarara okalingañi ankalabuma bitten, betteln, summen Ⓓ kalikalibakana (Käfer). ◇ ask for, beg, hum (beetle). ankatananama sich rollen, sich Ⓛ wonkaraïni Ⓓ ngampararina fortwährend umrollen. ◇ roll, ankaúerama sich beraten (Männer). continuously roll over. Ⓛ tarara jennañi ◇ discuss (men). Ⓛ wonkawonniñi Ⓓ walawalakana ankalelama trs. tönnen machen. ankatanala nama trs. etwas fortwährend ◇ (transitive) make sound. drehen (z.B. ein Rad). ◇ (transitive) turning Ⓛ wonkatjingani something continuously (e.g. a wheel). ankaratnapallanama im Chor sagen, Ⓛ aririninañi im Chor zwitschern oder singen. ankatitjanánama sich umdrehend ◇ say in chorus, sing in chorus. rollen (Scheibe). ◇ to roll turning (disk). Ⓛ wonkawonkarapungañi Ⓛ tararamajennañi inkana (postp.) alle. ◇ (postposition) all. ankatäuma, ankatiuma umdrehen, Ⓛ tuta rollen, wälzen. ◇ to turn around, to roll. ankankalintama singend aufsteigen Ⓛ tararawoniñi (Vogel). ◇ ascend singing (bird). ankatitjalama refl. sich wälzen ? Ⓛ mawonkaraïni ◇ (reflexive) to roll. (‘?’ added by CS) inkanga Achsel. ◇ armpit. Ⓛ alipiri Ⓛ tarara jennañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 167 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ankátnara weiße Kakadu mit blauen ankuíndama schlafen. ◇ to sleep. Ring. ◇ white cockatoo with blue ring. Ⓛ anku ngariñi Ⓓ mokka turarana Ⓛ ankátnara Ⓓ naripinti ankuatnima in Schlaf fallen, einnicken. antineretnáma schnell laufen, weiter ◇ fall asleep, doze off.Ⓛ kokururiñi schießen (Eidechsen). ◇ to run quickly, to ankuankua Widder (Kalb?). ◇ ram (calf?) dart by (lizard). Ⓛ intingaráñi (‘?’ added by CS). Ⓛ mulkurumulkuru ankatja; ankatja altarinja Wort, Sprache; unkuánkua cf. nkuankua befriedigt, Märchen, Fabel, Mythe. ◇ word, zufrieden. ◇ satisfied, content. language; fairytale, fable, myth; ‘ankatja’ Ⓛ bokulba means today ‘language, word’. Ⓛ wonka ankurilama befriedigt, einverstanden sein. ankeela, ankeëla der Schuldner. ◇ debtor; ◇ satisfied, to agree.Ⓛ unbaringañi cousin. ankuerintja Ostwind. ◇ east wind. ankeengera nama schulden. ◇ to owe. Ⓛ ankurintji ankatja kerintja Geheimsprache. ankula die Vertiefung im Boden, in der ◇ restricted language. Ⓛ tamala anitji sie ihre Sämereien aufhäufen, Tenne. ankatja kerintja Geheimsprache. ◇ secret ◇ depression in which to pile up seeds, language. Ⓛ tamala anitji threshing floor.Ⓛ wonkulu ankatja runka Schimpfwort. ◇ swear anma bald. ◇ soon. Ⓛ wonnu Ⓓ wolja word. (kuperi) ankéa Gabe verlangend. ◇ demand a gift, ankuleetatétata schwarz bemalt (wie beg. Ⓛ ngatji Bluträcher). ◇ painted black (like ankéankéa [Northern dialect] cf. avengers). Ⓛ kituburutunu nkeankéa verlangend. ◇ demanding. anmangaletákata lang lebend. ◇ long Ⓛ ngatjingatji living. Ⓛ wonnunkulenku ankiebana [Northern dialect] cf. antanéranama schnell gehen. ◇ walk fast. nkéabana Gabe. ◇ gift. Ⓛ ngatjita Ⓛ wapakatiñi Ⓓ poto antaka weit, breit. ◇ wide, broad. ankéala nama [Northern dialect] cf. Ⓛ marari, bila, jakutamunu = nkeala nama nach der Gabe verlangen. ilbalaralerra Ⓓ marru, worita ◇ demand the gift. Ⓛ ngatjila ninañi antakerentjima sich ausbreitend ankeengara-ilta Wirtshaus, Herrberge. niederlassen. ◇ spread out and settle ◇ pub, inn. down. Ⓛ ngalabilaringañi ankatjabaltura ankama fortwährend antakerama sich ausbreiten, sich reden (mit Worten zusetzen). ◇ to zerstreuen. ◇ spread, scatter. talk continuously (urge with words). Ⓛ bilaringañi Ⓓ marrurina Ⓛ wonkatiwonkañi Ⓓ jatijatibana lupara antakerama Beine ankielta Gast, der eine Gabe verlangt. auseinanderhalten. ◇ keep legs apart. ◇ visitor who demands a gift. Ⓛ tunta bilaringañi Ⓛ ngatjintu antakilama weit machen. ◇ widen. ankurutna Larven (weiß) in lalba- Ⓛ bilani Rinde. ◇ grubs (white) in lalba-bark. antakakana die Breite. ◇ width. Ⓛ ankurunu antakiuma trs. ausbreiten. ◇ (transitive) ankua schläfrig, schlafend, Schlaf. spread. Ⓛ bilara wonniñi ◇ sleepy, sleeping, sleep. Ⓛ anku antakauakaua die weite Tür (Öffnung). Ⓓ mokka, mokkali ◇ wide door (opening). Ⓛ bilalku ankuérama schläfrig werden, antala Zeit. ◇ time. Ⓛ tunku einschlafen. ◇ grow tired, go to sleep. ántakara Süden. ◇ south. Ⓛ ulbar͑ ira Ⓛ ankuringañi Ⓓ kuankeri

~~168 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

antakarakula im Süden (in trs. Sätzen). antamantarkama sich ausbreitend weiter ◇ in the south (in transitive sentences). laufen (Raupen). ◇ spreading as moving Ⓛ ulbarir͑ akarbanka along (caterpillars). Ⓛ kunkujurini antakarakua südlich, nach Süden. antirtnankama aufstoßen, den Schlucker ◇ to the south. Ⓛ ulbar͑ iranku haben. ◇ belch, have hiccups. Ⓛ kaltara antakarambinjala südlich. ◇ southerly. wonkañi Ⓛ ulbar͑ irakarba antáparperáma sich winden, sich antakaranitja in südlicher Richtung. krümmen (Schlange). ◇ twist (snake). ◇ in southerly direction. Ⓛ ulbar͑ irapiti Ⓛ munururiñi antakarinja der Südwind. ◇ south wind. antara Strauch (spec.) ◇ shrub species. Ⓛ ulbar͑ inelba Ⓛ tjuntala antálabuma [Northern dialect] cf. antjalarama (c. gen.) für etwas achten. ntalabúma beschleichen (Wild). ◇ creep ◇ (c. gen.) pay attention to something. (up to game); pursue. Ⓛ urakatiraïni antjibata unfreiwillig. ◇ involuntary. antalélama [Northern dialect] cf. anjibana verlangend, liebend (Männer). ntalelama. Ⓛ urakatini ◇ desiring, loving (men). Ⓛ úntuta antana [Northern dialect] Opossum. antjartjara (Kehle weit) = heimweh ◇ possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. haben. ◇ (lit. wide throat), be homesick. Ⓛ wainta, witjulu Ⓛ untuwara antalanama lauernend weiterschleichen. antja, aïntja Kehle, Hals. ◇ throat, neck. ◇ sneak preying. Ⓛ burtjikatiñi Ⓛ untu Ⓓ jerkala antaläuma lauern und horchen. ◇ prey and antjabulja (weiche Kehle), barmherzig, listen. Ⓛ urakatiratalkañi sanftmütig. ◇ (lit. soft throat), merciful, antanama verfolgen. ◇ pursue. gentle. Ⓛ untutula Ⓓ maramanju, Ⓛ maurakatiñi manju antangalama verfolgen (den rechten Weg). antja knara (große Kehle) mutig, beherzt. ◇ follow (right path). Ⓛ munu jennañi ◇ (large throat) courageous, brave. tatnama sich nicht treffen, nicht begegnen, Ⓛ untupuntu (belauern). ◇ not meet, to miss each antjaltjura (offene Kehle) nicht heiser, other, (prey on). Ⓛ urakatiñi laut (warm). ◇ (open throat) not hoarse, antatnama belauern, lauern (aufs Wild). loud. Ⓛ untu ala͡ ◇ prey (on game). Ⓛ urakatiñi antjarkaia (antja irkaia) (geschlossene antanatopparba kleiner gelbe Vogel. Kehle), heiser. ◇ (closed throat), hoarse. ◇ small yellow bird. Ⓛ wolbatiti Ⓛ untuarkaii Ⓓ ngarukura antara; antara tualtja; antara knara; antjulbma (enge Kehle), heiser. antara larra; antarakua Schwiegervater ◇ (narrow throat), hoarse. Ⓛ untutulu (Fraus Vater, Fraus Vaters Bruder) Ⓓ kurarina cf. Verwandtschaften; eigene antja-ntjirka (trockene Kehle), durstig, Schwiegervater; Fraus Vaters ältere blutdürstig. ◇ (dry throat), thirsty, Bruder; Fraus Vaters jüng. Bruder; der bloodthirsty. Ⓛ untubilti antara eines Anderen. ◇ father-in-law ◇ antjalintia hartherzig. ◇ hard-hearted. cf. kin relationships (see Strehlow 1913). Ⓛ untukubaibai Ⓛ waputu; wapututaltji; waputu puntu; antja ekara heiser. ◇ hoarse, husky. waputu wongu; waputura Ⓓ taru Ⓛ untu opulu antamantalama sich ausbreitend weiter antjatjita sanftmütig. ◇ gentle. gehen. ◇ to move on and spread out. Ⓛ untutula Ⓛ bilalkujennañi antjantaka volle Kehle (schreien). ◇ full throat (scream). Ⓛ untubila antjabma Wille. ◇ will. Ⓛ untukarikari

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 169 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

antjabatama nicht wollen. ◇ not wanting antjiïlbmara lange Federn, lange or willing. Ⓛ untu aruringañi Blätter. ◇ long feathers, long leaves. antja nama wollen. ◇ to want. Ⓛ untu Ⓛ okirilbatuni ninañi Ⓓ jertapaterina antjilanana Halsband. ◇ neckband. antjaantjerama den Endschluß fassen. Ⓛ untungana ◇ to decide. Ⓛ untuunturingañi antjantjara albuma Heimweh habend, antjerama willend werden, willigen heimkehr. ◇ be homesick, return home. (in eine Sache). ◇ become accepting, Ⓛ jennalerikulbañi agree (in regard to a matter). apma Schlange. ◇ snake. Ⓛ wommi Ⓛ unturingañi apmatuna getötete Schlange. ◇ dead antjalatnama fort wollen. ◇ wanting snake (a snake that was killed). to leave. Ⓛ untunku mir͑ ani Ⓛ wommi pungubaii antja erkuma, antjerkuma apu Ausruf der Bestürzung. ◇ exclamation (Kehle umfassen), würgen, erwürgen. of regret. Ⓛ jakka! ◇ (take by the throat), strangle, throttle. putiaputa verschiedene Haufen, (von Ⓛ untu witini Ⓓ ngulina Männern oder Samen) Schichten. antjatnama (antja utnama) erwürgen, ◇ different mobs, layers (of men or erdrosseln, (die Kehle beißen). seeds). Ⓛ utulumurkamurka ◇ strangle, (bite throat). Ⓛ untu patani apulla [Eastern dialect] conf. pulla. Ⓓ njulina Ⓛ kaltuka antjulbmerama verdursten, apúta [Northern dialect] cf. pata, patta ersticken. ◇ die of thirst, suffocate. Stein. ◇ stone, rock, hill, mountain. Ⓛ untutuluringañi (No entry for ‘pata’, CS decided in the antjitatáka gehörig, Geliebte die um course of compiling his data to spell this einen sind und von demselben versorgt word ‘patta’) Ⓛ puli werden. ◇ belonging, loved ones who aralkalélama aufhetzen, Aufruhr machen. surround someone and are looked after ◇ incite, stir up, cause a riot. by same. Ⓛ ngalutu (ngalutumurka) antjabialkara cum. gen. wohlgefällig. antja-irtjara (weite Kehle), heimweh ◇ pleasing. haben. ◇ (wide throat), be homesick. ara schnell. ◇ fast. Ⓛ wolla Ⓛ untuwara arabarkula [Northern dialect] stumm. antjínama kalt wehen (Wind), säuseln, kühl ◇ mute. Ⓛ wonkakuraru anwehen. ◇ cold or cool blowing (wind). ǎrakunna der schlecht laufen kann. ◇ the Ⓛ pipini one who cannot walk well. Ⓛ kujawolla antjima [Northern dialect] cf. ntjima araungara schnell (laufend). ◇ (walking) (wärmen). ◇ to warm. Ⓛ ngantjini fast. an͂ tja Nierenfett. ◇ kidney fat. Ⓛ kabulita arantemarantema sehr schnell. ◇ very wolku fast. Ⓛ wollapattipatti, wollakawollaka antjitatáka Angehörigen. ◇ kin. ǎra (a) zornig. ◇ angry. Ⓛ peka Ⓓ tiri Ⓛ ngalutumurka ar͑ eratna nama trs. ärgerlich machen, antjua Nest, Wehr, Fischwehr. ◇ nest, erzürnen. ◇ (transitive) make angry. weir, fish weir. Ⓛ puni Ⓓ kunjila, wola? Ⓛ pekarekula talkañi (‘?’ added by CS) arankalélama trs. zornig machen, antjulbmerama verdursten, erzürnen. ◇ make angry, enrage. ersticken. ◇ die of thirst, suffocate. Ⓛ ulaljenañi Ⓓ tiririna Ⓛ untutuluringañi ar͑ érama zornig werden. ◇ get angry. anuna [Northern dialect] cf. nuna wir. Ⓛ pekaringañi ◇ we. Ⓛ nganana

~~170 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

arankarerama knirschen mit den aralbmeltjalbmeltja die mit weißen Zähnen. ◇ grind with teeth. Haaren besetzten Ober-Lippen Ⓛ patakantiringañi (Känguruh), weißer Schnurrbart ar͑ etiljawata unversöhnlich. (Känguruh). ◇ upper-lip covered with ◇ irreconcilable. Ⓛ pekatimantu white hair, white moustache (kangaroo). ar͑ ambirina sehr zornig. ◇ very angry. Ⓛ ta ilbmiltjilbmiltji Ⓛ pekanbiriñi aralbuma [Northern dialect] schmatzen, āra rote Känguruh (Macropus rufus). einziehen (Wasser). ◇ smack, slurp ◇ red kangaroo (Macropus rufus now (water). Ⓛ nuntalbmanañi Osphranter rufus) (Atlas of Living arelbuma [Northern dialect] schmatzen. Australia. n.d.) Ⓛ mallu Ⓓ tjukuru ◇ smack, eat noisily. Ⓛ nuntalbmanañi ara-ara Känguruh-Gras, mit arálkama (aragata) Mund aufsperren, büschelförmigen Halmen die sich rot gähnen. ◇ open mouth wide, yawn. färben. (Andropogon). ◇ kangaroo-grass Ⓛ taluriñi, talangarañi Ⓓ manna with tufted red blades (Andropogon). terkana Ⓛ wirawiri arálkata schwarze Beere (spec.) ◇ black arabara Grasart mit haferförmigen berry species. Ⓛ waiuka bläulichen Ähren. ◇ grass species with aralbalalbala (ara-albalalbala) der mit oat-shaped bluish ears. Ⓛ arapara Stacheln besetzte Mund, der bärtige aragata [Northern dialect] Mund, Mund. ◇ mouth covered with stubble, Schnabel (Vogel). ◇ mouth, beak (bird). bearded mouth. Ⓛ talbilalbili Ⓛ ta, tamirka Ⓓ manna (Mund: aralinkinama den Kopf (in den Schlamm) mouth) bohren (Fische). ◇ to dig head into mud ara (in Zusammensetzungen) der Mund, (fish).Ⓛ tukatunañi die Öffnung. ◇ (in compounds) mouth, araljilba ungenießbar, verdorben, sauer. opening. Ⓛ ta ◇ inedible, rotten, sour. Ⓛ kaljilba, kidi aragutja (arugutja) Weib (mulier). aralitja Wüterich, der zum Messer greift. ◇ woman (wife). Ⓛ kunka Ⓓ widla, ◇ choleric, brute who reaches for the widlapirna (alte Frau: old woman), knife. Ⓛ owilba kaluka (Frau in untergeordneter Stellung: aralbarenkunama sich fortwährend scheu woman in subordinated position) umsehen. ◇ constantly look around. arailabuma aussuchen, erwählen. Ⓛ ninaninarabakañi ◇ choose, select. Ⓛ ekuntarariñi araltama verbieten, beschwichtigen. araknatataka sich rötend (Früchte). ◇ forbid, appease. Ⓛ markuni ◇ blush (fruit). Ⓛ kalakalangarañi Ⓓ daudauana, dauadauana arákalaka; unta tmara rakalaka pitjalbai. araltjiltja Zahnlücke. ◇ gap between teeth. jinga karalitjalbaimauna, botanta ilina Ⓛ patiri inditjiaka. vorher erwähnt, von früher araltutjaltutja [Northern dialect] cf. bekannt; (der Platz) zu dem ein anderer raltutjaltutja sehr laut. ◇ very loud. bereits gegangen (ist), ausgesucht (Platz). Ⓛ teltara ◇ mentioned earlier, previously known; aramanerin̂ ja festhalten in der Erde known (place) that someone has already (Wurzel). ◇ hold on to earth (roots). gone to, chosen (place). Ⓛ banabakita Ⓛ ngalulba arakala; arakala ilkuma ausgesucht; aramanga, aramána stumm, fest. ◇ silent, z.B. zuerst ein wenig essen, versuchen. tight. Ⓛ tapatti ◇ chosen; e.g. try a little bit of food. arámbalkama den Mund (Schnabel) Ⓛ taku ngalkuñi aufmachen, aufsperren. ◇ open mouth (beak), open wide. Ⓛ talangarañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 171 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

arambilkuma sehr viel fressen (Vögel). arangatja mein Großvater (oder Enkel, ◇ to eat very much (birds). Ⓛ katurku Enkelin). ◇ my grandfather (or grandson, ngalkuñi granddaughter). Ⓛ tamuna aramatula Schnabel (der Papageien). aranga, aranga; aranga knara; aranga ◇ beak (of parrots). Ⓛ tamatula larra; kwaia aranga; lorra aranga urámbia überhitzt. ◇ overheated. ♂; woia aranga; kwaia aranga Ⓛ kambalkambal Großvater (Vaters Vater), Enkel, Enkelin; urambierama sich erhitzen. ◇ to heat (from der ältere Bruder des Großvaters; der anger). Ⓛ kambalkambalariñi jüngere Bruder des Großvaters; die arámbouma im Zorn (einen Schuldigen) Schwester des Großvaters; Mutter des schalten, lästern. ◇ scold in anger (the Schwiegervaters, Großneffe; Großnichte. guilty), to make nasty remarks. Ⓛ maiuni ◇ father’s father (grandfather), grandson, Ⓓ pankipankina, ngirkibana granddaughter; older brother of father’s aránkara sehr schnell. ◇ very fast. father; younger brother of father’s father; Ⓛ ngaruta sister of father’s father; mother of father- ar͑ ambara knara sehr schnell, wütend. in-law; grandnephew; grandniece. One ◇ very fast, furious. Ⓛ ngaru̓ pitjipitji of the principal ways to acquire rights Ⓓ kaldrintjariana? (‘?’ added by CS) and responsibilities in relation to land is araarerenama sehr schnell laufen. ◇ run through one’s aranga (father’s father) in very fast. Ⓛ matalkaringañi Western Aranda society. Other rights are araara sehr schnell. ◇ very fast. obtained through one’s tjimia (mother’s Ⓛ wollakawollaka father) as well as through one’s palla a̒ rakana Laufbahn, Rennbahn. (father’s mother) and ebmanna (mother’s ◇ racecourse. Ⓛ wollatura mother), they are however not of the arandilkanga fest. ◇ firm. same order as those acquired through pepa arandilkanga; pepa Pergament; one’s aranga. Ⓛ tamu; tamu punta; Papier. ◇ parchment; paper. ‘pepa’ is a tamu wongu Ⓓ ngadada new word deriving from the English word arángukua Großvater (eines Andern). ‘paper’. Carl Strehlow (1915: 70) recorded ◇ grandfather (of someone else). a handsign for pepa meaning ‘book, Ⓛ tamura letter’. arangatappatuna große rote ararinja [Northern dialect] richtige Heuschrecken. ◇ large red grasshoppers. Geschwister (die alle denselben Vater Ⓛ toppulkira und dieselbe Mutter haben). ◇ siblings aránga (erenga) graues Kängaruh, Euro, who all have the same father and mother. Macropus robustus. ◇ grey kangaroo, Ⓛ nakulapunguta euro, Macropus robustus (Gould). arangalkura große Heuschrecken. ◇ large Ⓛ kanala Ⓓ turu grasshoppers. Ⓛ mallukuta aranjikama zum Streit herausfordern. aranbilama verteilen, austeilen. ◇ challenge. Ⓛ arbmultakani Ⓓ pupana ◇ distribute, deal out. Ⓛ bilani aránkaia Fächerpalme, Livistona Mariae. (verteilen) ◇ palm tree (Livistona mariae). Ⓛ aranki Aranda ‘scharf’, ein Steinmesser spec, arankalitnima prasselnd verbrennen heftig, (schimpfen), zornig, wütend. (Sträucher). ◇ burn cracking (scrub). ◇ ‘sharp’, a type of stone knife, Ⓛ ngarbmankulanañi violently, (scold), angry; name of Arandic arankama schreien, sehr laut rufen language. Ⓛ aranda (Steinmesser: stone (vor Zorn und Wehmut). ◇ cry, shout knife, schimpfen: scold), áluna (heftig: very loud (from anger and sadness). violently), minga-mingantu Ⓛ ngarbmanañi

172 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary arantjua Wassersack (aus aroa-Fellen). arátalela nama [Northern dialect] cf. ◇ waterbag (made of wallaby skins). ratalela nama herausführen. ◇ to lead Ⓛ arantji out. Ⓛ bakataljini arantjuma (arantjurama?) (Mund trinken), arátintjima [Northern dialect] cf. küssen. ◇ kiss (lit. mouth drink). (‘?’ ratinjama. ◇ come out, open (sun). added by CS) Ⓛ nuntuni, ta nunjuni Ⓛ bakaratalkañi Ⓓ manna tapana, manna tapamalina aratinjtilama [Northern dialect] cf. (einander küssen: kiss each other) ratinjalama. ◇ come out, step out, open arankara [Northern dialect] cf. up (star). Ⓛ ngalabakara talkani rankara ihr. ◇ you (2nd person plural). aratnatátama reifen, rot werden Ⓛ nurangari (Früchte). ◇ to ripen, to redden (fruit). arankuia wilde Kirschbaum. ◇ wild cherry Ⓛ turatjitjanañi, kalakalanganiña tree. Ⓛ kõpata Ⓓ manaura? (‘?’ added aratjapura senkrecht, gerade. ◇ vertical, by CS) straight. Ⓛ tukaruru arapóla Haut des Mundes, inneren Lippen. aratja gerade, aufrecht, gerecht. ◇ straight, ◇ skin of mouth, inside lips. Ⓛ tapanki upright, just. Ⓛ tukáruru, turkula arapmaramara [Northern dialect] Ⓓ talku Gaumen. ◇ palate. Ⓛ ngurk-ngurba aratjaratjilama; aratjaratjilalama; arapmarapma Grasart. ◇ grass species. aratjaratjerama trs. rechtfertigen (n); refl. Ⓛ arámarama sich rechtfertigen; pass. rechtfertigen. ararama auslesen, wählen, abteilen. ◇ pick ◇ (transitive) to justify; (reflexive) to out, choose, separate. Ⓛ ekuntani defend; (passive) to justify, defend. Ⓓ kalkalkana aratjimantataka alles, was gerade arantiuma sich ausbreiten (Bart um den oder gerecht ist. ◇ all that is just. Mund). ◇ spread (beard around mouth). Ⓛ tukarurubábata Ⓛ paraarintanañi aratjaratjila̓ nama schnurstracks hinter aranta heiß (Platz). ◇ hot (place). Ⓛ aranta einen herlaufen. ◇ follow behind araratankama [Northern dialect] cf. someone. Ⓛ turkulturkulbmanañi raratankama weiter sagen. ◇ spread aratjagata (aratjigata) Zeichen-Stöcke, word. Ⓛ patjiri wonkañi die in die Nähe des Lagerplatzes araratala tuma [Northern dialect] gesteckt werden; Richtscheit, Wegweiser, cf. raratala tuma. ◇ punish, avenge. Zielscheibe. ◇ signposts in vicinity of Ⓛ patjirinku pungañi camps, sign, target. Ⓛ tukarurukata araratilama [Northern dialect] cf. Ⓓ toa raratilama. ◇ appease. Ⓛ patjirenañi aratjingala Vorbild, Zeichen ararkua [Eastern or Southern dialect] cf. (Wunder). ◇ symbol, sign (miracle). kuralja Siebengestirn. ◇ Seven Sisters, Ⓛ tukarurunka? (‘?’ added by CS) Pleiades. Ⓛ okarála Ⓓ mankaraworra áratnanka sehr schnell (kommen), fleißig. arata Strauch auf Bergen wachsend, spec. ◇ very quick (come), hard-working. mit eßbaren Früchten. ◇ bush with edible Ⓛ wollatura fruit that grows on mountains (Eremophila aratnolka Strauch mit bläuliche weißen, freelingii), native fuchsia. Ⓛ arata glockenför. Blüten (auf den Bergen sich aratalbalbiuma verlieren. ◇ to lose. findend), (Aster Mitchelli). ◇ shrub with Ⓛ batatjingani bluish white bell-shaped blossoms (grows arátama [Northern dialect] cf. ratama on mountains); mintbush, Prostanthera herauskommen. ◇ to come out. striatiflora. Ⓛ aranulku Ⓛ bakañi aratnangiuma (ins Wasser) werfen. ◇ throw (into water). Ⓛ tululu wonniñi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 173 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

aratnangiulaka (in den Boden) hinein arbmauanjima ganz leer (Bauch) sein, gehen. ◇ to go into (the ground). sehr hungrig sein. ◇ be completely Ⓛ lalkarukatiñi empty (stomach), be very hungry. arbantema z.B. pitjarbantama oder Ⓛ wilatularingañi pitjikarbantema postp. müssen, z.B. arbmanama schaffen, hervorbringen (bei Du mußt kommen. ◇ (postposition) must; ihren religiösen Ceremonien). ◇ to create, e.g. you must come. to produce (at ceremonies). Ⓛ baluni arelkutanama treiben (etwas zu tun, Ⓓ pantjimana hasten). ◇ to drive (to do something; arbmanananana, arbmanarinja to hurry, to hasten). Schöpfer. ◇ creator. arelkalelama schimpfen, fortwährend Ⓛ balunmibalunmi zanken. ◇ to scold, quarrel constantly. arbmaninja Schaffen. ◇ create. arbabaka vor langer Zeit, einst. Ⓛ balunta ◇ a long time ago, once upon a time. arbmaninjamea Geschaffene. ◇ the Ⓛ wombabaka created. Ⓛ baluntabala arbabakala vor langer Zeit, einst. arbmanka schnell, gewaltsam entreißen, ◇ a long time ago, once upon a time. z.B. arbm. inama. ◇ quickly snatch away Ⓛ wombamaninji with force. Ⓛ babaltubabaltu arbakura, arbekua ein anderer. arbuma behauen, glatt schaben, z.B. tjatta, ◇ someone else. abschaben (mittels der mera). ◇ trim, arbalama nicht verstehen, nicht smooth, e.g. spear; scrape off or clean kennen. ◇ not understand, not know. (with a spear thrower). Ⓛ tauani Ⓛ wombaputa Ⓓ worangana areljeteljeta die Nester der Honigameisen. arbaloárbala unverständlich (ankama). ◇ nests of honeyants. Ⓛ ariljitiljiti ◇ unintelligibly (talk). Ⓛ wobalbi arbuna ein anderer. ◇ another, other. Ⓓ ngarukura Ⓛ kutuba, munu Ⓓ nguru arbauunja glücklich?, zufrieden. ◇ happy, arbunakarbuna verschieden machen. satisfied. (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ make different. arbámaninja einst (in der Zukunft), arbunarba jener da. ◇ that one there. nach langer Zeit. ◇ once (in the future), Ⓛ kutubarba after a long time. Ⓛ ngulamaninja, arbunarbuna andere. ◇ others. wombamaninji Ⓛ kutubakutuba arpanalama des Todes schuldig machen, arbukarba jene. ◇ those. sterben. ◇ deserve death penalty, die. Ⓛ kutubakutubaku Ⓛ kurbani arbukantarbukanta jene anderen arbauutérama fehlen, nicht vorhanden (nicht ich). ◇ those others (not me). sein, verschwinden. ◇ to miss, not be Ⓛ kalkikukalkikukutu present, to disappear. Ⓛ wombaringañi arbuntarba die andern. ◇ the others. arbauuta verdeckt, unsichtbar (von der Ⓛ kalki Sonne, die durch Wolken verdeckt ist), arétjingatjinga Felsbrocken. ◇ rock, verschwunden, vor unbestimmter Zeit. boulder. Ⓛ taltalba ◇ covered, invisible (sun covered by arebalananama intrs. auf dem Boden clouds), disappeared (a long time ago). rollen (Wagen). ◇ (intransitive) roll on Ⓛ womba, wombalta Ⓓ walu surface (wagon). arberama fehlen, abwesend sein, nicht arenba scharf, spitz (Messer). ◇ sharp, da sein. ◇ to miss, be absent, not be pointy (knife). Ⓛ iri present. Ⓛ wombaringañi areba, arébba [Northern dialect] cf. reba große Mulde. ◇ large bowl. Ⓛ biti

174 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary arekua Felsenufer (Gorge). ◇ gorge. arganalélama trs. einen erfreuen. Ⓛ ju‑tatulbi ◇ (transitive) to please someone. arelkuma [Northern dialect] fortschicken, Ⓛ in̄ katjingañi drängen zum Weitergehen, zum Aufbruch. arganelenáma trs. freudig machen, ◇ to send away, urge to leave, urge to erfreuen. ◇ (transitive) make happy, move on. Ⓛ tjingani Ⓓ walpamalina? to please. Ⓛ maïnkatjingani (‘?’ added by CS) arganka Baum, eine Art Eucalyptus arelkuta Larven, weiß, in lupa-Wurzeln. (blood-wood). ◇ type of eucalyptus ◇ white grubs in lupa roots. Ⓛ arelkuta tree, bloodwood, Eucalyptus opaca. arelpa spitz, scharf. ◇ pointy, sharp. Ⓛ arginki Ⓛ talali Ⓓ tjerkara, tiri argankunba die mehr als faustgroßen arémakua Lichtung (im Gehölz). ◇ clearing Knollen der arganka Eucalyptus (in the bush). Ⓛ ngurara terminalis. ◇ bulbs of arganka (Eucalyptus arenkuma sich fortwährend umsehen, terminalis now Eucalyptus opaca von einem zum andern. ◇ constantly (Latz 1996)) that are larger than a fist. look around, from one to the other. Ⓛ arginki itirki Ⓛ talbatalbaringañi argeta gelber Ocker. ◇ yellow ochre. aréoa Tür, Eingang. ◇ door, entrance. (Deleted here by CS and reinserted below Ⓛ aréwa Ⓓ manna with ‘k’ as ‘arketa’). Ⓛ argita aréola vor der Tür, am Eingang. ◇ in front of arintapma Busch mit langen Stracheln. the door, at the entrance. Ⓛ aréwanka ◇ bush with long prickles. Ⓛ minjerka aretnama der spitzige Rückgrad (der argutilama verhören. ◇ to question, cross- spitzige oder der magere Rücken). examine. Ⓛ kulira wonnani ◇ pointy backbone (pointy or lean back). arilatambakana Maus. ◇ mouse. Ⓛ talaŕara Ⓛ maluwonnalba aretna [Northern dialect] Name. ◇ name. aríla [Northern dialect] dort. ◇ there. Ⓛ ini Ⓛ nara arentuerama [Northern dialect] arinkarinka (ara + inka) Leiter. ◇ leader. Gesicht abwenden. ◇ turn face away. ariltja der Speichel, Blasen (auf dem Ⓛ talbaringañi Ⓓ walkina Wasser). ◇ spit, saliva, bubbles (on the aremakula tiefes Loch (Brunnen), water); froth, foam, dribble. Ⓛ talji, tjalji Vertiefung. ◇ deep hole (well), ditch. ariltjantatnama Blasen auf dem Wasser Ⓛ kubilji aufsteigen. ◇ bubbles rising to water arganakankua Freudigkeit. ◇ joy, surface. Ⓛ taljikutungarañi joyfulness. ar̓ ilbaritjima [Northern dialect] cf. arganapanapa willig, freudig. ◇ willing, rilbaritjima leise sprechen. ◇ to speak joyful. softly. Ⓛ tāltalariñi argana freudig, fröhlich. ◇ joyful, cheerful, ariljatna [Northern dialect] Lunge. happy. Ⓛ in̄ ka, piriña Ⓓ manju ◇ lung. Ⓛ ariljakiri Ⓓ bun̄ ga arganabanánga sehr fröhlich. ariljinga (aréljinga) Kinnbacken. ◇ very cheerful. Ⓛ in̄ kapuntu ◇ jaw. Ⓛ arilingi Ⓓ mannakiri (inkaka̓ ratika̓ rati) arilkara hell, weiß. ◇ light, white. arganabuljabulja freundlich, gütig. Ⓛ pirpirba ◇ friendly, kind. Ⓛ in̄ ka ibilja arilkama [Northern dialect] cf. relkama Ⓓ maramanju Tag anbrechen. ◇ daybreak, dawn. arganérama sich freuen, spielen. ◇ be Ⓛ jultaringañi happy, to play, have fun. Ⓛ in̄ kañi, piriñi Ⓓ mankina, pirkina (spielen: to play)

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 175 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ariltiltiltilta das Gerätsch, das durch das aralelama (arilelama) mit etwas Nagen (der Mäuse) hervorgeht, knabbern, davonlaufen. ◇ run away with something. knacken, zerknacken. ◇ noise made by Ⓛ talkilijennañi gnawing mice, to nibble, to crack, to ar͑ ira [Eastern dialect] das rote Känguruh. crunch. Ⓛ ketunketun ◇ red kangaroo. ariltiltiltiltanáma zerknacken. ◇ to crack. arirétnama eilen, schnell laufen. ◇ hurry, Ⓛ ketunketunariñi run fast. Ⓛ patantura jennañi arina [Northern dialect] cf. rena dort. ariralurulánama sehr schnell laufen. ◇ there. Ⓛ nara ◇ run very fast. Ⓛ talkalukulakúlbañi ariltjialtjipa frischen (Zeichen, die auf dem arirama laufen, eilen, rennen. ◇ run, hurry. Körper gemalt sind). ◇ fresh (designs Ⓛ talkalungañi Ⓓ mindrina painted on body). Ⓛ kuarita ariranama laufen zu. ◇ run to. arinama [Northern dialect] cf. renama Ⓛ matalkaringañi, mawollaringañi setzen. ◇ to sit down. Ⓛ tunani arirentjima herbeieilen, herzulaufen. arinopinama [Southern dialect] ◇ hurry to. Ⓛ ngalatalkalungañi, hinlegen, zusammenlegen, aufschütten, ngalatalkañi (Sämereien). ◇ to lay down, to fold, to áriralbuntama entlaufen, wegeilen. ◇ run make a heap, (seeds). Ⓛ tunatunani away, hurry away. Ⓛ talkalukukatiñi arinalama [Northern dialect] cf. Ⓓ kurkarina (entlaufen: run away, renalama sich setzen. ◇ sit down. escape) Ⓛ ninakatiñi aritjalkanama [Northern dialect] conf. arinalalakalama [Northern dialect] cf. ritjalanama aufbrechen (Schoten). renalalakalama sich niedersetzen. ◇ break open (pods). Ⓛ tambirpungañi ◇ sit down. Ⓛ ninakatira okalingañi aritjima [Northern dialect] cf. ritjima arinbinba [Northern dialect] Oberlippe flüstern. ◇ to whisper. Ⓛ tālarini und Unterlippe. ◇ upper lip and lower aritjintama [Southern dialect], lip. Ⓛ tabinbinbi Ⓓ mannamimi aritjintjima aufspringen. ◇ jump up. (Lippe: lip) Ⓛ nakula kalbiñi arínjambonínja märchenhafte Männer. arkama (?) fortgehen. ◇ go away. ◇ mythical men that feature in a narrative (‘?’ added by CS) classified by Carl Strehlow as a ‘fairytale’ arkalalama weiter wandern. ◇ to wander (Strehow 1907: 104). Ⓛ apuju on. Ⓛ majennañi erinta [Northern dialect] cf. ronta sehr arkabarkama mit fort wandern. ◇ wander kalt. ◇ very cold. Ⓛ warri away with. Ⓛ matalkaniñi arintja [Northern dialect] das böse arkalaworkala nama schwindlig werden. Wesen. ◇ bad being, bad spirit (feared ◇ to get dizzy. Ⓛ kunku jurira ninañi by people); derived from ‘ara’ meaning aritjalitjala honey-eater (Acanthogenys ‘angry, bad, vicious, fierce’ (Strehlow rufigularis); hellbraunes Genick, 1907: 11–13). In Western Aranda weißgesprenkelte Brust und Bauch, mythology, a place in the far west called graugefleckte Rücken mit weißen Tatara was associated with these bad Schwanzspitzen (Vogel). ◇ honeyeater spirit beings. They appear in many (Acanthagenys rufogularis). Ⓛ aritjilitjili different guises and have different names arkanama versuchen, schmecken, prüfen. such as kokolura, who have the form of ◇ try, taste, test. Ⓛ atjini Ⓓ wontjana, a dog but human hands and kangaroo namana legs (Strehlow 1907: 11). Today, they are arkaninjebara, arkaninjikebara also referred to as ‘monsters’ in English. Geschmack. ◇ taste. Ⓛ atjilpuntu Ⓛ mamu arkalelama erregen (Lust), bewegen (Herz). ◇ excite, arouse (lust), move (heart).

176 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary arkapa Unterbein nur der Vögel, vom Knie arkerinjerama weglaufen, fortlaufen bis zum Fuß. ◇ lower leg (only of birds), (vom Mann). ◇ run away (from husband). from knee to foot. Ⓛ arkapa Ⓛ arkerinjeriñi arkapa Desert Oak. ◇ desert oak arknala; kata katjianga arknala tnama (Allocasuarina decaisneana). (um es zu beschützen) vor einem stehend, arknankama groß wachsen, dick werden schützend vor (einen stehen), (um es (Beine). ◇ grow big, become fat (legs). zu beschützen). ◇ stand in front of Ⓛ unkañi somebody to protect. Ⓛ nguru (vor arkápala voll (Mond). ◇ full (moon). uns), ngananala; katu pipiringuru nguru Ⓛ wilapuntu ngarani (schützend vor einem stehen arkatnaberuparama (Duplik.) schnell damit der Feind einen nicht schlagen heimkehren. ◇ (duplication) to return kann) home quickly. Ⓛ kutikulbanikutara arkitjalbuma von der Wanderung arkapitjala Kniescheibe der Vögel (contra: zurückkehren. ◇ return from a walk. arkapa-tjala). ◇ kneecap of birds. Ⓛ kulbanañi Ⓛ mata arknamanangálama schnell arbeiten, arkatnalbuma schnell umkehren (an einen sich sputen. ◇ work fast, hurry up. entfernten Ort). ◇ turn back quickly (to a Ⓛ jurikatiñi distant place). Ⓛ kutikulbañi arknantaiuma beschützen, abhalten arkara weiße Vogel spec. ◇ white bird (vom Schlagen). ◇ protect, stop (from species Ⓛ wiratu, workerimba hitting). Ⓛ ngalkini arkára Mann der verheirateten Schwester arknanterama bewahren, beschützen, (♂). ◇ husband of sister (♂). Ⓛ markaii aufhalten. ◇ protect, stop. Ⓛ ngalkilarini ankara weit, ausgedehnt (Wasserfläche). arknáta schützend, abhaltend (den Feind). ◇ wide, expansive (water surface). ◇ protect, keep away (enemy). Ⓛ anga Ⓛ bila arkirintinama einschlagen (Blitz). ◇ strike arkatnia eifrig, schnell (lama). ◇ eager, (lightning). Ⓛ larapungañi quick (walk). Ⓛ róutjibatjiba arknátarknáta beschützend. ◇ protecting. Ⓓ marapakapirna, worpanalu Ⓛ angaanga arkēlba Kopfschmuck von Eulenfedern. arknaninja hervorkommend (Regenbogen). ◇ headdress made of owl feathers. ◇ come out (rainbow). Ⓛ bakanta Ⓛ pokulu arkuénama Sitte sein. ◇ customary. arkéntera [Northern dialect] conf. arkueninja die Sitte. ◇ custom. irkentera große Fledermaus. ◇ large bat. arknua urbula Tinte (n). ◇ ink. Ⓛ arkentiri arkerinja unwissend. ◇ ignorant. arketa gelbe Ocker. ◇ yellow ochre. arkerinja nama unwissend sein. Ⓛ arketa ◇ be ignorant. erutatja australische Maikäfer. ◇ Australian arknantiuma beschützen, behüten. Maybeetle. Ⓛ arketunba ◇ protect. Ⓛ ngalkini Ⓓ ngamalkana arkelkerala nama sich sehnen (nach arknanuma (aus dem Boden) der Heimat). ◇ long for (home country, hervorkommen (Regenbogen). heimat). Ⓛ atjikirikaniñi ◇ (rainbow) come (out of ground). arkelkerama sich sehnen (nach Hause). Ⓛ bakani ◇ long for (home). Ⓛ atjikirikanini arknanupanuma (aus dem Boden) arkna Lehm. ◇ clay. Ⓛ arkna Ⓓ puljuru hervorkommen (Regenbogen). arkilbiluntuma schnell weiter wandern. ◇ (rainbow) come (out of ground). ◇ walk on quickly. Ⓛ majanañi Ⓛ bakabakañi arknolta dem Tode nahe. ◇ close to death. Ⓛ atulta

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 177 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

arknarama ansehen die Person. ◇ look at arpa (postp.) selbst. ◇ (postposition) self. a person. Ⓛ urpa Ⓓ munta arknata nama bewahren, aufhalten. árpatnama kratzen, scharren (Schlafplatz). ◇ protect, stop. Ⓛ anganinañi ◇ scratch, scrape (sleeping place). arknaneuma bleiben lassen, am Leben Ⓛ naiïrpungañi lassen. ◇ to leave alone, to spare life. arpánama schuldig sein, Strafe verdient arknatankama beschwichtigen mit Worten haben. ◇ be guilty, deserve punishment. (Streitende). ◇ to calm with words Ⓛ kurpani (people who are quarreling or fighting). arpánalama sich schuldig machen (des Ⓛ angawonkañi Todes). ◇ to deserve death. Ⓛ kurpani arkunta die Höhlung, die die Mäuse im artata fest, hart (Lehm), stark, schwer. Boden machen, Mauseloch. ◇ mouse ◇ firm, hard (clay), strong, heavy. hole. Ⓛ urkuntu Ⓛ artata Ⓓ kanpara (paratara) arknataulama fürsprechen. ◇ intercede. artjábera eine haferartige Grasart Ⓛ arknatarini (Panicum). ◇ an oat-like grass species arknenbanealama Heimweh haben und (Panicum). Ⓛ irtjabiri gehen (nach Hause). ◇ to be homesick artja auseinander, gespreizt (Beine). and go (home). Ⓛ bakabakaltjingani ◇ apart, spread (legs). Ⓛ talka arknaterama abhalten (von Tätlichkeiten), artja̓ nama fortgehen, schnell fortlaufen. schlichten (Streit). ◇ to restrain (from ◇ go away, run quickly away. violence), settle (quarrel). Ⓛ angaringañi Ⓛ witjibakañi, talkaringañi, kartjilkañi arkularkua eulenartiger Nachtvogel, der in Ⓓ puntina, palkana, danina (sich der Nacht seinen Kuck Kuck artigen Ruf verabschieden: say goodbye) erschallen läßt, auch Mopoke genannt; artjalélama verführen, mitgehen machen. Kuckucks-Eule. ◇ owl-like nightbird with ◇ to seduce, to manipulate someone a cuckoo-like call; also called Mopoke to do something. Ⓛ jertjatalinañi (Ninox novaeseelandiae). Ⓛ kurr-kurr Ⓓ karkarkana Ⓓ kapakaparunga artjarankama, artjarilama zureden, arkulta Grasart (ähnlich altjōta). ◇ grass zu gehen; zureden zu gehen. ◇ to species (similar to altjōta). Ⓛ mutimuta encourage to go. Ⓛ wolkara wonkañi ároa Rock-Wallaby. ◇ rock-wallaby. artjarerama sich entschließen zu Ⓛ wāru Ⓓ kantu gehen. ◇ decide to go. Ⓛ wolkarariñi arkāra die frischen (Eier der Vögel). Ⓓ manungana? (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ fresh (bird eggs). artjara lama sehr weit wandern. arolanbuma streiten, disputieren. ◇ wander very far. Ⓛ worpara jennañi ◇ quarrel, dispute. Ⓛ tularapungañi ártjima dringen in einen (um eine aróralama lang herunterwachsen (Bart). Erlaubnis), einen fortwährend bitten um ◇ long downwards growing (beard). etwas (z.B. die Erlaubnis um fortzugehen). Ⓛ wanpulakatiñi ◇ beg constantly someone for something arólta, arolta ankama sehr leise (e.g. permission to leave). Ⓛ artani (sprechen). ◇ very quietly (speak), artirtanténama sich wälzen (vor whisper. Ⓛ wimma, wimmaka wonkani Schmerzen). ◇ roll (in pain). arótna [Northern dialect] das Kinn. arknatoppatoppa, arknatamuljamulja ◇ chin; jaw. Ⓛ ngotu Widerstand. ◇ resistance. arótuma [Northern dialect] cf. rotuma arknatoppatopperama, drücken. ◇ press. Ⓛ puruni arknatamuljamuljerama Widerstand arknarama unterscheiden, Unterschied leisten. ◇ resist. machen. ◇ distinguish, make a difference. artjaninjartjanama sehr schnell laufen. ◇ run very fast. Ⓛ mapantatunañi

178 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary artjalbáritja nama ohne Aufenthalt weiter arumbala Platz wo Ceremonien aufgeführt wandern. ◇ continue walk without a stop. werden (ausgehöhlter Platz). ◇ ceremony Ⓛ jertarabakani ground. Ⓛ unkara artjelbmiuma das Tagerslicht sich arúkupakupa Schnauzbart. ◇ moustache. verbreiten (das Licht am Morgen). ◇ dawn Ⓛ tabutu (light in the morning). Ⓛ turangarañi arúmunta [Northern dialect] kleine im artjalbáritjalélama einen sogleich mit Schlamm lebende Fische. ◇ small fish sich gehen heißen. ◇ order someone to who live in mud. Ⓛ urumuntu accompany at once. Ⓛ jertajertataljini arumba die Schwester. ◇ sister. artjentuma in Reihen auf und abgehen, Ⓛ narumba Ⓓ kaku, ? (‘?’ added dabei die Hände auf und niederbewegen. by CS) ◇ walk up and down in line moving hands arumbananga die beiden Geschwister up and down. Ⓛ taiïrpungañi (Bruder und Schwester). ◇ the artjara lama mit fort gehen. ◇ go away two siblings (brother and sister). with. Ⓛ wopara jennañi Ⓛ narumbara artjelbmiwia die Zeit vor Tagesanbruch, arumbukua Schwester oder Bruder eines Lichtstreifen breiter werden. ◇ time Andern. ◇ sister or brother of someone before daybreak when it starts getting else. Ⓛ narumbarara brighter, early in the morning (Strehlow arumbintjara alle Geschwister. 1915: 44). Ⓛ turangarañi ◇ all siblings. Ⓛ narumbarawaritji artjima sich wärmen, sich sonnen. arúnama [Northern dialect] cf. runama ◇ to warm, to sun. Ⓛ ngantjini (schlagen einen Unschuldigen). ◇ hit an artuartua [Northern dialect] innocent. Ⓛ urtnuni Nachthabicht. ◇ night hawk. Ⓛ tura arungatja mein zugehöriger. ◇ my kin. árua Handgriff des Schildes. ◇ handle Ⓛ woltara of shield. Ⓛ ngaru arúnkulta Gift, Zaubergift; (ara=böse, artjinama scheinen (Sterne, Mond)? schnell, ulta=ultakama=brechen) = schnell ◇ shine (stars, moon). (‘?’ added by CS) zerbrechend. ◇ poison, magic poison. Ⓛ irtnani Ⓛ irati arugula zuerst. ◇ first (of all).Ⓛ kuranji, ata oder ta ich (trs.) ◇ I (transitive). urunba, uruna Ⓓ ngopera Ⓛ ngaiulu Ⓓ ngato arugulerama sich zuerst erheben. arulurumba der Monat, in dem es wieder ◇ rise first.Ⓛ urunbaringañi heiß wird (October). ◇ month in which it arugulinja der erste, das erstgeborene heats up (October). Ⓛ arulurumbu Kind. ◇ the first, first-born child. atamba niedrig, kurz. ◇ low, short. Ⓛ kuranjikatara, urunkátarata (CS moved this word to ‘r͑’ entries) arugulabâkala zuerst, einst. ◇ first, Ⓛ tar͑ ta once. Ⓛ urunkátara atatamba niedrig, demütig. ◇ low, arugulawotta, arugulapalkula humble. (CS moved this word to ‘r͑’ einstweilen, zunächst. ◇ for entries) Ⓛ tar͑ tapiti the moment, in the meantime. atérama sich erniedrigen. ◇ to humiliate Ⓛ urunbamantu, urunbamantu oneself. (CS moved this word to ‘r͑’ arugutja Weib, mulier. ◇ woman. Ⓛ kunka entries) Ⓛ tar͑ taringanje artnanta, urtnanta abbröckelnde Erde. atatambílama verkürzen. ◇ shorten. ◇ crumbling soil. Ⓛ urtnaka Ⓛ tar͑ tani aruilkara [Northern dialect] cf. ruilkara atalba Baum (spec.) ◇ tree (species). cookatoo-parrot (graue Papagei). Ⓛ atalba ◇ grey parrot. Ⓛ kurankurana

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 179 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

atánja schon, bereits ◇ already, e.g. unta atua palkula ich, ein Mann. ◇ I, a man. tukala tanja, unta erina imbutjika. Ⓛ wattimantu Ⓛ atanji, e.g. nuntu pungutu atanji, aūma[Northern dialect] cf. wuma hören. nuntu paluna wontintaku (On ◇ to hear. Ⓛ kulini Ⓓ ngarana opposite page of manuscript CS noted aūla Holzart aus der Speere gemacht ‘punkuwialpi ninantaku’; it is not clear to werden. ◇ type of wood from which which entry this relates.) spears are made. Ⓛ aūlu atja Waffe zum Werfen. ◇ throwing weapon. aūmba kleiner Busch (spec.) ◇ small bush Ⓛ ātji (species). Ⓛ aūmba, aiïmbi atjua Regenstreifen, die herabfallenden atna tama Flatus lassen. ◇ pass Regentropfen. ◇ rain, falling raindrops. wind. Ⓛ kunna tunmanañi, kunna Ⓛ worrala Ⓓ talarangura punmanañi atjara aufgesprungene (Boden, Rinde atírka [Northern dialect] grün. ◇ green. am ntjuia Baum), unterirdische Gang Ⓛ okiri (Maulwurf). ◇ split (ground, bark of ntjuia tree), subterranean burrow (mole). Ⓛ atjiri B atna Kot, Dung, Mastdarm, Vagina, ba und. ◇ and. Eingeweide. ◇ excrement, dung, rectum, baka postp. oder Fragepartikel, der nicht vagina, intestines. Ⓛ kunna Ⓓ kudna übersetzt wird. ◇ postposition or question oder kunna article that is not translated. atnaltjura Hintern. ◇ bottom (behind). bábauma, bábeuma anstecken (Krankheit). Ⓛ kunna ala Ⓓ kudnapiti (Magen?: ◇ infect (disease). Ⓛ bakajungañi stomach) (‘?’ added by CS) baiïmilama (n) kaufen. ◇ buy. atninturka Magen. ◇ stomach. babuterama sich verbreiten (Geschwür). Ⓛ kunna ituntu Ⓓ kudnawala, ◇ spread (abscess, ulcer). Ⓛ bilaringañi kudnapiti baiakajaka ankama sehr viele bau bau atna tataka (Schimpfwort) (vagina rubra). bau rufen. ◇ call many bau bau bau calls. ◇ swear word (red vagina). Ⓛ kunna Ⓛ meratura itinitini baialkintja alle im Takt bau, bau, bau atna nilkna (Schimpfwort) vaginae hur. rufen. ◇ together call in time bau bau ◇ a swear word. Ⓛ kunna kankata bau. Ⓛ meratura Ⓓ kudnana baiakalta Eidechse. ◇ lizard. atnuluma Exkremente lassen. Ⓛ katungantirpa ◇ defecate. Ⓛ kunnarangáñi bailba (balba) unverständlich z.B. Ⓓ kudna tjurana (Durchfall haben: ankama (reden), verkehrt (heiraten). have diarrhoea) ◇ incomprehensible, e.g. talk, wrong atnunka [Northern dialect] cf. tnunka marriage. Ⓛ wabalbi Ⓓ karpakarpa? Beutelratte. ◇ rat kangaroo. Ⓛ malla (‘?’ added by CS) atna tnolka die Exkremente der Wallabys. bailbiuma verstreuen, wegwerfen. ◇ wallaby dropping. Ⓛ kunna metu ◇ scatter, throw away. Ⓛ wabalbi atnéumala ilkuma Haut fressen, häuten. wonniñi ◇ eat skin, to skin. Ⓛ kanbira ngalkuñi bailberama, bailbilama verlieren. atua; atua kutata Mann. ◇ man; in ◇ to lose. Ⓛ wabalbinañi Ⓓ tintana, Western Aranda ‘atua kutata’ (composed tintaterina of ‘man, men’ and ‘always’). Strehlow balberama sich irren. ◇ to mistake; (1907: 4) referred to spirit beings that are get lost. Ⓛ wabalbiringañi now called ‘pmara (place, country, home) bailka (vom Engl. gebildet) Sack. kutata (always)’. Ⓛ patu, watti Ⓓ materi ◇ (derived from English) bag. Ⓛ bailki

180 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary bakaljerakaljera getrost, zuversichtlich. balajurajura sehr leicht (rukura indora), ◇ trustful, optimistic. abgetragen (Kleider), sehr dünn (Kleider). bailkiuma abschälen (Rinde), abhäuten ◇ very light (rukura indora), worn out (das Wild). ◇ peel off (bark), skin (game). (clothes), very thin (clothes). Ⓛ rar͑ irar͑ i Ⓛ pepungañi Ⓓ giltjana, kankana balaka̓ laka sehr ungeschickt. ◇ very (abschälen: peel) clumsy. Ⓛ kauanku bakalama; bakama einfallen (Haus); bálataka verkehrt machen. ◇ wrongly einreißen (Haus). ◇ collapse (house); made. Ⓛ kurakatilba pull down (house). balbalauma fehlen, nicht haben, baita Schwanz (der Schlange). ◇ tail ermangeln, versäumen. ◇ lack, not have, (of snake). (Entry deleted by CS) Ⓛ wipu wanting, miss. bakkitara sehr schlecht (Teufel). ◇ very balba ohne Absicht, aus Versehen (etwas bad (devil). Ⓛ barkaltu geben). ◇ without intention, by mistake bakka; inguntabaka era litjina (postp.) (give something). Ⓛ wabalbi wohl, wahrscheinlich; z.B. vielleicht balbabartjima plötzlich aufleuchten, morgen wird er gehen. ◇ (postposition) umleuchten. ◇ suddenly light up. well, probably; e.g. he might go balkama bleichen, verbleichen (Blumen). tomorrow. Ⓛ baka; mungatarabaka ◇ fade (flowers).Ⓛ kerkambañi paluru jennana balkala vergeblich, unnützlich, unbemerkt, era lakabaka er ist vielleicht gegangen. ohne Absicht. ◇ in vain, useless, ◇ he might have gone. Ⓛ paluru unnoticed, without intention. Ⓛ wabalku jennabakka? (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓓ baku, bakueli bakaba schwer (Zunge), unverständlich balkitjalbalka ganz absichtslos (reden). ◇ heavy (tongue), unintelligible, (z.B. arirama = rennen), einfältig, incomprehensible (talk). Ⓛ tarbmala aufrichtig. ◇ without purpose (e.g. run), Ⓓ ngaru tadakani; ngantara? (‘?’ added simple, stupid, sincere. Ⓛ kaiiwara by CS) balkara bleich, rein, unbefleckt. ◇ pale, bakuta gemischte Haufe (z.B. Mörtel), pure, without blemish. Ⓛ titi angehäufte Erde, Nest der Fasanen. balla Bauchfett. ◇ belly fat. Ⓛ wila niti ◇ mixed heap (e.g. mortar), heaped up balkinja eitel, vergeblich. ◇ in vain. earth, nest of pheasant. Ⓛ bukuti baltaruka wolkenlos, klar (Himmel). bakala kleine Mulde zum Wasserschöpfen ◇ cloudless, clear (sky). Ⓛ kaltaru (aus ininta gefertigt). ◇ small bowl baluka Teig. ◇ dough. Ⓛ miïbaluka (made of ininta wood) to scoop water. balupa toppingakula Schulter nicht Ⓛ nangunba, nanguna bewegen können. ◇ cannot move bala Stein, mit dem die Sämereien shoulder. Ⓛ alibiri tanaparari gerieben; Reibstein. ◇ grinding stone. balupa Schulter. ◇ shoulder. Ⓛ alibiri Ⓛ tungari Ⓓ marda kaparu (Klopfer: bana postp. dieser, hier. ◇ (postposition) pounding stone) this one here. Ⓛ tu, nkurangu balla unrecht, verkehrt. ◇ wrong. Ⓛ munu, banama trs. bemalen, einreiben, bauen titu Ⓓ tjikatjika, tjautjau (Haus). ◇ (transitive) paint, rub in, build balla lama in die Irre gehen. ◇ go the (house); decorate. Ⓛ jabani (n), unani wrong way. Ⓛ munu jennañi, titu (einreiben) jennañi banalama refl. sich bemalen, sich ballilama unrecht tun. ◇ do wrong. einreiben. ◇ (reflexive) paint, rub on. Ⓛ mununi, tituni Ⓛ unani -bala, nanabala dieser, hier (postp.) ◇ this atuaba̓ na dieser Mann. ◇ this man. one here (postposition), e.g. nana-bala. Ⓛ wattitu, watti nkurangu Ⓛ bala-nanga

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 181 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

banalakama widerraten (wohin zu gehen). bara postp. jener (derselbe). ◇ recommend not (to go somewhere). ◇ (postposition) that one (the same one). banba überall. ◇ everywhere. Ⓛ karu Ⓛ tjowariwari Ⓓ paruparu katjiabara jenes Kind da. ◇ that child banbala überall. ◇ everywhere. there. Ⓛ pipirikaru Ⓛ tjowariwarinku Ⓓ paruparu barbuta fremd (Sprache), unverständlich, banbilama treffen (beim Speer werfen). unkundig (der Sprache). ◇ foreign ◇ hit (with spear). Ⓛ apunpungañi (language), incomprehensible, ignorant banbinera alle Dinge, alles Geschaffene. (of foreign language). Ⓛ wabalbi ◇ all things, all creations. Ⓛ lewara barbutilama unverständig reden. Ⓓ [w]uduku [original damaged – word ◇ talk unintelligibly. Ⓛ wabalbinañi unclear] (gesamt, alle: all together, all) barbuterama unverständig sein. banga geschlossen (Auge), blind, alte Frau, ◇ be unintelligible. Ⓛ wabalbiringañi Mutter. ◇ closed (eye), blind, old woman, barguma beschwichtigen (Streitende, mother. Ⓛ bamba Ⓓ butju indem man sie auf den Laib schlägt). alkna bangerama Augen schließen ◇ calm (quarrelling people by hitting their (refl.) ◇ (reflexive) close eyes.Ⓛ kuru body). Ⓛ markuni bambaringañi Ⓓ milki parina barinba lang, weit (Wasserloch). ◇ long, banga, luka Steinmesser. ◇ stone knife. wide (waterhole). Ⓛ wipuwaralkara Ⓛ abanga barka Kohle. ◇ coal. Ⓛ jalta, alta bānga cane-grass. ◇ cane grass. [Western dialect] Ⓛ abānga Ⓓ wilpera barka tataka glühende Kohle. ◇ glowing bangata ◇ eine Heiratsklasse. marriage coals. Ⓛ jalta intinítini Ⓓ turupila class, subsection, skin name. barka ngula ausgebrannte Kohle. Ⓛ tabangati (♂), nabangati (♀) ◇ burnt coals. Ⓛ jalti warri Ⓓ nunko baninjíbana kleiner Wasservogel. ◇ small barkintilja der Kohlenplatz (wo waterbird. Ⓛ ibininjíbini ausgebrannte Kohlen liegen). ◇ place banjarérama reifen (Früchte). ◇ to ripen of coal (where burned coals lie). Ⓛ unmeringañi (fruit). Ⓛ altabatti bankalanga böses Wesen in Gestalt eines barkabarka das innere Fleisch der häßlich behaarten Mannes. ◇ evil being in Oberschenkel. ◇ flesh on inside of upper shape of an ugly hairy man; considered to thigh. Ⓛ marukuru wottánjeri be a dangerous hairy (male) spirit which bartja hell. ◇ bright, light. Ⓛ tjitjaku may kill and devour humans. Sometimes bartjima scheinen, leuchten, blitzen. this term is also used for an evil female ◇ shine, glow, flash, lightning. spirit, called aragutja (woman) erintja Ⓛ tjitjakambañi Ⓓ mintjina (evil), i.e. ‘bankalanga woman’. See kwatja bartjima blitzen. ◇ to flash, Strehlow (1907: 42, 93, 103–4). Other lightning. Ⓛ kapirtnáñi ugly, hairy beings are called ‘Leketaleka’. bartjinja ◇ They are ugly people covered with hair Helle, Schein. light, shine; Ⓛ tjitjakuriñi and have a bird-like coccyx anus; they glow. bartjinabartjina are named after the latter (Strehlow 1907: Leuchten, Leuchtkörper 31). Ⓛ bankalangu (Sterne). ◇ shine, luminous body (stars). bankuna Stock zum Schlagen. ◇ hitting Ⓛ tjitjakambami stick. Ⓛ bankunu bartja inenguka Abglanz. ◇ reflection. banta hölzerne Mulde, flach aus ininta bǎta (bǔta) postp. begierig nach. verfertigt, zum Sichten des jelka, etc. ◇ (postposition) desirous of. Ⓛ la ◇ wooden flat bowl made of ininta wood tnábata (atna+bata) wollüßtig. ◇ lustful. used for winnowing jelka etc., coolamon. Ⓛ kunnala Ⓛ kanilba

182 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary batanga (butanga) postp. voller-, bedeckt baua, baula ohnmächtig, bewußtlos. mit-. ◇ (postposition) full of, covered with. ◇ unconscious. Ⓛ abaula Ⓛ banti baulerama in Ohnmacht fallen, sich mendabatanga voller Krankheit. ◇ full herunterfallen lassen (z.B. Raupen), sich of sickness. Ⓛ mekinbanti herabstürzen (vom Felsen). ◇ faint, fall batalelama trs. einen umdrehen. down (e.g. caterpillars), throw oneself ◇ (transitive) turn someone around. (from a cliff). Ⓛ abaularingañi batakérama sich drehen (Wind). ◇ to turn bealkarélama ausführen (Befehl). ◇ carry (wind). Ⓛ kambapalaringañi out (order). batakilama einen anderen abbringen von bebatuma zittern (sehr zittern). ◇ tremble seinem Beschluß. ◇ dissuade someone (tremble a lot). Ⓛ tjititipatapatañi from a decision. Ⓛ kambapalani mburkimba bebatuma am ganzen batakilalama sich anders besinnen. Leibe zittern. ◇ tremble (whole body). ◇ change mind. Ⓛ kambakutuparingañi Ⓛ anbaratawara tjititipatapatañi batakilentjima einen anderen belama schenken. ◇ to give. zurückbringen (von seinem Irrtum, belinja das Geschenk. ◇ present, gift. Abwegen). ◇ change someone’s mind belkua aus Versehen, aus Verwechslung (about a mistake). Ⓛ ngalakambapalani (etwas nehmen) ein anderer? ◇ by batama nicht verstehend, nicht accident take something. Ⓛ bilku ◇ wollend, unvermögend sein. not (‘?’ added by CS) understanding, not wanting, unable to. beltama lehren (die Tj. Gesänge den Ⓛ untuwiaringañi Novizen). ◇ teach. Ⓛ punarpungañi antjabatama nicht wollen, keine Lust benta salzig (Wasser), bitter (Wasser). haben. ◇ refuse, have no desire. ◇ salty (water), bitter (water). Ⓛ apinta, Ⓛ untukuraringañi muluru litjika batama nicht gehen wollen. bentja Quelle. ◇ spring. Ⓓ jukari ◇ Ⓛ jenkuntaku not wanting to go. kwatja bentja; kwatja pintja [Northern tomatiriñi dialect] Quellwasser. ◇ springwater. batéatapa nicht vermögend, nicht Ⓛ kapi nerru Ⓓ ngapajukari ◇ wollend, unmöglich. unable, not birkna Ⓛ tarbitarbi schönes (Laub), schön grün. wanting, impossible. ◇ alabateatapa beautiful (leaves), beautifully green. nichts schlechtes Ⓛ talta vermögend, sehr gut. ◇ unable to do boilama blasen, anblasen (jem.) ◇ blow, bad, very good. Ⓛ manta indotatu blow at (someone). Ⓛ puni Ⓓ pulkana baterama zurückgehen, sich abwenden. boïnkama hauchen, ausatmen. ◇ breathe, ◇ go back, turn away. Ⓛ aruriñi breathe out, exhale. Ⓛ ngalbmanañi inka baterama seine Füße zurückziehen boïnka Hauch. ◇ small breath, whiff. (refl.)◇ pull back feet (reflexive). Ⓛ tjinna turburiñi Ⓛ ngālja Ⓓ jaola (Hauch) bojultja (alkna) batubaterama umkehren, zurückkehren. schlecht sehend. ◇ ◇ turn around, turn back. Ⓛ aruáruriñi not able to see well, bad eyesight. Ⓛ batta Beutel (der Känguruhs, etc.) ◇ pouch péjurperjúrba (kuru) bakkarabokkara (of kangaroos, etc.) Ⓛ buta taumelnd (Betrunkener). bauabauerama sich stoßen (im Spiel), sich ◇ staggering (drunk). Ⓛ kurirkúriri schubsen. ◇ to bump (at play), shove, Ⓓ paraparawarana push. Ⓛ untuunturapungañi bakkarabokkarérama taumeln. ◇ stagger. bauma [Southern dialect], bēuma Ⓛ kurirkuriririñi Ⓓ ditjiditjirina [Northern dialect] stoßen, fortstoßen, bokunja Öffnung der vagina, (Scham). fortschieben. ◇ push, push away, shove ◇ female genitals. Ⓛ umbukulji away. Ⓛ untuni bokutakūta rein (Kleid). ◇ clean (dress).

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 183 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

bola Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard species. botta Klumpen, Kugel, Grasbüschel, Ⓛ bobula dicke Masse vermischt mit Wasser bolara Junges, das noch im Beutel (Strehlow 1920: 4). ◇ lump, ball, tuft getragen wird. ◇ young marsupial still of grass, thick pulp mixed with water. carried in pouch. Ⓛ apulurungu Ⓛ kaputu Ⓓ tjaputjapura, dambura, bolatama schüchtern, verlegen, dambudambura, taka (Lehmkloß: lump Schande. ◇ shy, embarrassed, shame. of clay) Ⓛ kundamatu inkabotta Kurzfuß. ◇ clumpfoot. boldabolda Blasen (in den Händen). Ⓛ tjinna kaputu ◇ blisters (on hands). Ⓛ biltjinbiltjin botterama sich zusammenballen (Lehm), boldabolderama Blasen bekommen. zumachen. ◇ to clump, lump, press ◇ get blisters. Ⓛ biltjinbiltjinariñi together (clay), to close. Ⓛ kaputuriñi boldankama platzen. ◇ burst. (iltja botterama) sich sammeln, sich Ⓛ lapulapuriñi versammeln. ◇ gather, assemble. bonta stumpf. ◇ blunt. Ⓛ patti Ⓛ mara kaputuriñi borrarenalama verzagen, verzweifeln. bottilapílama zusammenballen (der ◇ despair. Zucker von den lalba Blättern). ◇ form borra verlegen, verschämt, zaghaft. together (sugar of lalba leaves). ◇ embarrassed, timid, shy, ashamed. Ⓛ kaputunkanáñi Ⓛ kunda bottilama trs. zusammenballen. borrerama verlegen machen, sich nicht ◇ (transitive) lump together. getrauen. ◇ make embarrassed, not Ⓛ kaputunani dare. Ⓛ kundaringañi bottibottilama zu Hauf bringen. ◇ bring borrilentama verlegen machen. lots. Ⓛ kaputukaputuni, taputapuni ◇ embarrass someone. bottabotta Versammlung, Haufe. Ⓛ kundawottani ◇ meeting, crowd. Ⓛ kaputukaputu borraperama verlegen sein. ◇ be bottabotta nama mitten im Haufen embarrassed. sein. ◇ be in the middle of a crowd. borkia, z.B. jinga borkia sehr müde, z.B. Ⓛ kaputukaputu ninañi ich bin sehr müde. ◇ very tired, e.g. I am bottatara zusammen, miteinander very tired. Ⓛ burkaia (gehen, dual). ◇ together, with each other borrentalama ausschlagen (Pferd, wenn (go dual). Ⓛ túngukutára es angetrieben wird). ◇ kick (horse when botjirama sich versammeln (um driven). Ⓛ manmarpungañi Häuptling). ◇ assemble (around chief). borkerentjima müde werden. ◇ become Ⓛ nujuringañi, tunguringañi tired. Ⓛ ngalaburkarekukatiñi bottera kurz. ◇ short. Ⓛ murila borkeranama ermüden. ◇ become tired. bŭla, (bala) dagegen, hingegen, aber. Ⓛ maburkarekukatañi, maburkaringañi ◇ opposed, but. Ⓛ bula borka müde, erschöpft, starr. bula Speichel. ◇ saliva. Ⓛ tjali, talji ◇ tired, exhausted, stiff.Ⓛ burka Ⓓ ngaltja Ⓓ waltowarlto bulilélama etwas bespucken. ◇ spit at borkerama müde werden, erstarren. something. Ⓛ talji inkanani ◇ become tired, stiffen, petrify. buliuma ausspeien, ausspucken. ◇ spit Ⓛ burkaringañi Ⓓ patana, out. Ⓛ talji wonniñi, tjaliwonniñi patapatarana, walturina, mandaterina. Ⓓ ngaltja worrana borkilama müde machen, erstarren bula ntjirkerama Speichel vertrocknen, machen. ◇ make tired, make stiff, verschmachten, verdursten. ◇ saliva petrify. Ⓛ burkani dries out, be parched, die of thirst. Ⓛ talji parururiñi

~~184 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

bulalabulalerama (iltja) sich in die Hände spucken. ◇ spit in hands. D Ⓛ talinkatalinkanañi Danna kalt. ◇ cold. Ⓛ warri, peria bulanta tnama Blasen (über dem Wasser) Ⓓ kilpa, kilpali aufsteigen, wo es hineingefallen ist. dannatuma frieren. ◇ freeze, feel cold. ◇ bubbles rise up (from water) where it Ⓛ warripini fell in. Ⓛ taljikutu ngarañi dannunka Kälte, kaltes Wetter. bulja weich (Erde, Fleisch), lose (Sand). ◇ cold, cold weather. Ⓛ warripilkara ◇ soft (earth, flesh), loose (sand).Ⓛ tola dannankua sehr kalt, Kälte. ◇ very cold, Ⓓ ngalara, miltjamiltja coldness. Ⓛ warrimba buljilama biegen. ◇ bend. Ⓛ tōlani danna Gefäß, Mulde. ◇ container, bowl, buljabuljilama trs. erweichen durch carrying dish, coolamon. Ⓛ bunna, fortwährendes Bitten, bitten. ◇ (transitive) ankala soften through constant begging, beg. dalbadalba Muscheln. ◇ mussels. Ⓛ tólatálani dalbadalba lanjalanja Perle (n). ◇ pearl. buljinkara Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard dantama schließen (Tür), zumachen (species). Ⓛ mutinka (Loch), verkleben, verstopfen. ◇ shut bulkna furchtlos, unbesorgt (gehen). (door), close (hole), paste, stick, block. ◇ fearless, without a worry (walk). Ⓛ pantani Ⓓ ngenmana (zumachen: Ⓛ kauankauana close) bulknala furchtlos, unbesorgt. ◇ fearless, dantalinalina Vorhang. ◇ curtain. carefree. Ⓛ kauankauanta Ⓛ pantanmi bunabuna leer (z.B. Wasserloch), Gefäße? datintenama hineinschlagen (Nagel), ◇ empty (e.g. waterhole), vessels. Ⓛ bilti hindurchdrehen (Schraube). ◇ hit in (nail), Ⓓ kala (‘?’ added by CS) turn in (screw). Ⓛ balapungañi bunabunerama austrocknen (Wasser). deba rinbinba Schnabel. ◇ beak. ◇ dry out (water). Ⓛ biltiringañi Ⓛ tawaledi bunara Bogen (Waffe). ◇ bow (weapon). deba Vogel, alles was fliegen kann. ◇ bird; bunalanála allen insgesamt, ohne everything that can fly.Ⓛ tjita Ⓓ paia Ausnahme (geben). ◇ (give) everything deba andata (wörtlich: Vogel-Blumen), without exception. Ⓛ wapalkuninjánku die Daunen der Vögel. ◇ (literally: bird- bunalanúla Verschwendung. ◇ waste. flowers), bird down.Ⓛ tjita wommulu Ⓛ wapalkuninjanku jungañi debadeba Geflügel (auch Käfer etc.)◇ fowl bunkata Strauch (spec. ilbotilbota). (also beetles etc.) Ⓛ tjitatjita ◇ shrub (ilbotilbota species) Ⓛ bunkati debama untersinken, versinken, zu Grunde bunulanula irbuma einbrechen. gehen. ◇ submerge, sink, perish. ◇ break in. Ⓛ tarbaraokalingañi Ⓓ kunakutina? bunulanulélama verschwenden. (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ to waste. detjantuka Zahnschmerzen. ◇ toothache. buta postp. begierig nach. ◇ (postposition) Ⓛ takutjilpa desirous. Ⓛ la detja, detta Zahn. ◇ tooth. Ⓛ kádidi tnabuta wollüstig. ◇ lustful. Ⓛ kunnala Ⓓ mannatandra butanga postp. wollen -, bedeckt mit. detjalura Zahnfleisch. ◇ gums. ◇ (postposition) want -, covered with. Ⓛ kadidi wollura Ⓛ banti detjiltárkama Zähne klappern, Zähne ilkatabutanga voller Schmerzen. ◇ full knirschen (vor Kälte oder Zorn). ◇ teeth of pain. Ⓛ mekinbanti chatter (from cold), grind teeth (with anger). Ⓛ kadidi tirkilbmanañi Ⓓ manna katakatangana

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 185 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

detja gaterama die Zähne zeigen ebánama Hund setzen auf imora (possum) (von Hunden). ◇ show teeth (dogs). mit Lauten: irr, irr, irr. ◇ set dogs Ⓛ kadidi ninjirangani on possums with irr, irr, irr sounds. detja relbmintalama Zähne fletschen. Ⓛ eritúnañi ◇ bare or fletch teeth.Ⓛ kadidi ebmalkanga undurchsichtig, gerüstet, ninjirapungañi fest, dicht, ohne Risse. ◇ opaque, armed, detja rungulta Giftzahn. ◇ fang, poison solid, tight, without cracks. Ⓛ patti tooth. Ⓛ kadidi piralji ebmanna Mutters Mutter, Mutters Mutters talkua tnama (nachmittags um 3 Uhr) Bruder. ◇ mother’s mother, mother’s abwärts stehend (Sonne). ◇ (afternoon mother’s brother; people affiliated with 3 o’clock), low standing (sun). a country through their mother’s mother Ⓛ katakutara are called, in Western Aranda, kutungula. dolta müde. ◇ tired. Ⓛ adulta Their rights to country are usually not dolterama müde werden. ◇ become as strong as the rights that people gain tired. Ⓛ adultaringañi through their father’s father (aranga) and dorradorra [Southern dialect] kurz, their mother’s father (tjimia). However, niedrig. ◇ short, low. Ⓛ tarta, mutu there are exceptions. Ⓛ altali, inkilji Ⓓ wordu ebmanna Mutters Mutter, Mutters dorradorralélama kurz machen. Mutters Schwester, Mutters Mutters ◇ shorten. Ⓛ tartani Bruder. ◇ mother’s mother; mother’s dorradorraléntjima kurz machen. mother’s sister, mother’s mother’s ◇ shorten. Ⓛ ngalatartani brother. Ⓛ inkilji dorrinjilama kürzen. ◇ shorten. ebmanna Mutters Mutters Bruder, Ⓛ tartani, mutuni Mutters Tochters Sohn, Tochters Sohn, dottadotta [Southern dialect] (= totatota) Tochters Tochter. ◇ mother’s mother’s kurz. ◇ short. Ⓛ kalkaturu brother, mother’s daughter’s son; daughter’s son (female perspective); daughter’s daughter (female E perspective). Ⓛ altali ebmangalimbuma liegen lassen. ◇ leave lorra ebmannatja Mutters Mutter. behind. ◇ mother’s mother. Ⓛ kami inkiljini ebminjanana unnütz (Knecht, der nichts lorra ebmanna Mutters Mutters taugt). ◇ useless (servant, farmhand). Schwester. ◇ mother’s mother’s sister. ebalérama verlangen (einen zu sehen). Ⓛ kami inkiljini ◇ demand (to see someone). kalja ebmanna, kiebanna Mutters eba Widerhacken (am Speer und Mutters Bruder. ◇ mother’s mother’s Speerwerfer). ◇ barb (on spear and spear brother. Ⓛ altali, altjali thrower). Ⓛ ngama, mokula Ⓓ ngami knaia ebmanna Fraus Mutters Vater. ebmáta Luftspiegelung. ◇ mirage. Ⓛ ninga ◇ wife’s mother’s father. Ⓛ altali ebalanga Samen einer Grasart spec. kwaia ebmannatja Tochters Tochter (♀). ◇ seeds of a grass species. Ⓛ ibilingi ◇ daughter’s daughter. Ⓛ inkilji ebmama (imbuma) sein lassen. ◇ let be. kwaia ebmanna Schwesters Tochters Ⓛ wontiñi Tochter. ◇ sister’s daughter’s daughter. ebaltja Freund. ◇ friend. Ⓛ ngultu Ⓛ inkilji ebaltjilarama sich Freunde machen woia ebmannatja Tochters Sohn (♀). (durch Geben). ◇ make friends ◇ daughter’s son. Ⓛ altalina (through gifts). Ⓛ ngulturapungañi woia ebmanna Schwesters Tochters Ⓓ tjampitjampibana Sohn. ◇ sister’s daughter’s son.

~~186 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ebmannukua conf. ebmanna der ekaltilama stärken, befestigen. ebmanna (Mutters Mutter) eines ◇ strengthen, fortify. Ⓛ kantini Anderen. ◇ someone else’s mother’s ebmanga gelassen. ◇ calm. mother. ekara leer, ausgetrocknet (Wasserlöcher). ebmálkua Kammer, Furche, Aushöhlung ◇ empty, dried out (waterholes). Ⓛ ekeri (des Ufers), kleinere Abteilung einer ekarérama austrocknen (Wasser). ◇ dry up Hütte. ◇ small room, groove, hollow, (water). Ⓛ ekeririñi eroded riverbank, small partition. ekarama anziehen (Kleider), befestigen Ⓛ munutukutuku Ⓓ punga wapu (z.B tjalanka an dem Speerwerfer). ◇ put ebmaltja kleiner roter Vogel. ◇ small red on (clothes), attach (e.g. tjalanka on spear bird. Ⓛ wonnapawonnapa thrower). Ⓛ partatunañi Ⓓ widmana ebminjebminja Auskehricht. ◇ rubbish. ekalba vielmehr. ◇ rather. ebmintja unbrauchbar, nutzlos, ekaralama refl. sich ankleiden, sich etwas weggeworfene (Frau), entlassene (Frau), umwickeln. ◇ (reflexive) dress, wrap. sein gelassen. ◇ useless, disposed (wife), Ⓛ partatúnkanañi Ⓓ widmaterina dismissed (wife); worn out, thrown away, ekarkeuma zusammenfügen, discarded. Ⓛ emintji zusammenbauen. ◇ join or build together. ebmintjerama unbrauchbar werden. ekarkarana nama fortwährend bleiben. ◇ become useless. Ⓛ ebmintjiringañi ◇ stay constantly, remain. Ⓛ ngalutu ebmíntjebmintja ganz unbrauchbar. ninañi Ⓓ ngamana ◇ completely useless. Ⓛ emíntjemíntji ekarkarananalanama wohnen. ebmanebmana Eidechse. ◇ lizard. ◇ inhabit, live. Ⓛ ngalutureraninañi Ⓛ wiruwirurba ēkna totkrank, tot; (jedenfalls Contraktion ebmannakerama huren mit seiner aus erilkna). ◇ very ill, dead. Ⓛ ini ebmanna. ◇ forbidden relationship with eknarbeknarba verschiedene Weise. ebmanna. Ⓛ inkiljikirini ◇ in a different way. ebmannabuta die sehr begierige ebmanna eknamekna verschieden. ◇ different. (die Frau). ◇ the very eager ebmanna ĕkna allein. ◇ alone. Ⓛ kutulenku Ⓓ pilki (woman). Ⓛ inkiljipanti eknákekna einzeln, zerstreut, ēka Grind, Schorf, Hülse, Kruste (von beiseits. ◇ single, scattered, apart. Schlamm). ◇ scab, husk, crust (of mud). Ⓛ kututukututu Ⓓ pilkijapilki Ⓛ pita eknákeknilama trs. zerstreuen, ekérama sich Schorf bilden. ◇ form auseinanderjagen (Schafe). scabs. Ⓛ pitaringañi Ⓓ putarina? ◇ (transitive) scatter, chase apart (‘?’ added by CS) (sheep). Ⓛ kututukututunañi ekálla, ekalla Teig, Brotteig. ◇ dough, eknamalinja besonders, z.B. einen bread dough. Ⓛ numa Ⓓ bukatanka besonders nehmen. ◇ particular, ekallilama Teig machen, kneten. ◇ make e.g. take one in particular. dough, knead. Ⓛ numani eknakalinja verschieden. ◇ different. ekállaka ganz, alle, überall. ◇ whole, all, Ⓛ munumariñi everywhere. Ⓛ lewara eknarinja, z.B. atua eknarinja pitjima. ekaltalantema wieder heftig. ◇ again, einzeln, allein; z.B. ein einzelner Mann violent. Ⓛ kantinkaka kommt. ◇ single, alone; e.g. a single ekalta stark, mächtig, fest, zähe (Fleisch). man comes. Ⓛ kutuntariñi ◇ strong, powerful, firm, tough (meat). eknóatjoatja vereinzelt, zerstreut Ⓛ kanti, puti Ⓓ ngurru, ngurrungurru (Bäume) stehend. ◇ isolated, scattered ekaltatnúmuramura sehr stark. (trees). Ⓛ ngatakuru ◇ very strong. Ⓛ kantilenku eknajunta Marktplatz (n). ◇ marketplace. Ⓓ ngurrungurru

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 187 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

eknara Osten. ◇ East. Ⓛ kakarara ekuna weiße Farbe (Trauer-und Ⓓ Tiriwa Rachezeichen). ◇ white colour (sign of eknarakua östlich. ◇ easterly. mourning and revenge). Ⓛ okunu Ⓛ kakararalku ekúngala neben. ◇ beside. Ⓛ aiïnka eknunitja östlich (Geheimsprache). ekunja [Southern dialect] Asche. ◇ ash. ◇ easterly. Ⓛ kakarapiti Ⓛ ulbulu, wauna Ⓓ puta eknarbinala rama nach der Seite sehen. ekulitnima neiden, beneiden. ◇ to envy. ◇ look to the side. Ⓛ kambakutanku ekuratuja [Northern dialect] (inkata) nangañi Häuptling. ◇ chief. Ⓛ palunakutia eknarbinarbinala rama nach beiden ekurangatjina [Northern dialect] darauf. Seiten sich umsehen. ◇ look to both ◇ thereupon, then. Ⓛ palulunguru sides. Ⓛ kambakutakambakutanku eler͑ erama fett werden (wenn man vorher nangañi mager war), größer werden. ◇ become fat eknarbauma trs. drehen, wenden, auf die (when one was lean before), grow larger. r͑ andere Seite legen. ◇ (transitive) turn, lay Ⓛ ale eringañi emintjira on the other side. Ⓛ kambakutubanañi Grasbüschel, die ins Wasser Ⓓ karitjina geworfen werden um Fische zu fangen. ◇ eknarbeknarba von allen Seiten grass thrown into water to catch fish. Ⓛ imintjiri her, manigfaltige Weise. ◇ from all enta (postp.) allein, nur. ◇ (postposition) directions. Ⓛ kambamurkamurka eknarbunilama; z.B. gara alone, only. Ⓛ –tu atuénta von atua-enta. ◇ man-only. eknarbunilama trs. umwenden. Ⓛ wattitu ◇ (transitive) turn over; e.g. turn entára laut, deutlich (z.B. ankama), fest (z.B. over meat. Ⓛ kambakutuwoniñi ◇ Ⓓ karitjimalkana irkuma). loud, clear (e.g. to talk), firm Ⓛ kutururu Ⓓ paraparali eknatiuma (e.g. to hold). trs. umkehren (einen erakimbara ◇ ◇ er zuerst. he first. Gegenstand). (transitive) turn around Ⓛ paluruwaraka (an object). eraba̓ na jener. ◇ that (one). Ⓛ paluruta eknata Raupe, behaarte. ◇ hairy caterpillar. era er, sie, es. ◇ he, she, it. Ⓛ paluru Ⓛ inarka, wonka Ⓓ panga, padi Ⓓ nauja [nau] er es; nauia, nadruja? ēknataratara zweischneidig. ◇ double (sie) (‘?’ added by CS) edged. Ⓛ kambakutara eramérama die Gleichen, das éknua vergeßlich. ◇ forgetful. Geschlecht. ◇ same family, clan. Ⓛ pinnapatti eratara beide. ◇ both. Ⓛ palurukutara éknuma; noa-eknuma zu sich nehmen; eratarabana die beiden. ◇ those two. heiraten. ◇ marry (noa-eknuma). Ⓛ pulatu Ⓛ jeltiñi ekurangamarugula vor ihm her, eknakilinja ◇ Heiratsklasse. marriage z.B. lama (gehen). ◇ in front of class. Ⓛ munu mariñi Ⓓ mardu, him, e.g. walk in front of him. witta Ⓛ palumbakuranji eknulama rufen, locken. ◇ call, entice. era ntema er wieder. ◇ he again. Ⓛ amajeltiñi Ⓛ palurukaru eknunama locken, rufen zu kommen. erabaleuma umfallen, umstürzen (Mulde). ◇ entice, call to come. Ⓛ majeltiñi ◇ fall over (bowl). Ⓛ taru wonniñi eknulalbuma zurückholen, zurückrufen erabákama herumgehen (um etwas), (Menschen). ◇ get or fetch back, call hervorkommen (hinter einem andern), back (people). Ⓛ jeltirakulbañi sich hervorschleichen. ◇ go around ekwalkulea verschnitten (Eunuch). (something), come out from (behind ◇ castrated (eunuch). someone), creep up. Ⓛ arewokkañi

~~188 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

erabakanama im Kreis um etwas erakulbuta schamlos, der seine herumgehen. ◇ go in a circle around Schande frech leugnet; einer der sich something. Ⓛ marewokkañi schämt, seine Schande zu gestehen. erabakalakalélama um etwas ◇ shameless, he who lies shamelessly herumgehen. ◇ go around about his disgrace; he who is ashamed something. Ⓛ areráreritjíngañi, to admit his disgrace. Ⓛ pekurala? ajuntajuntitjingañi Ⓓ nintapani, nintanguru? (‘?’ added erai! sieh! seht! ◇ see! Ⓛ nauai! by CS) eráka Tasche aus Fellen. ◇ bag made of érama, érema; ta érama, era rella aratja skins. Ⓛ éraka namanga glauben, dafür halten; ich halte erāka ein sehr langer boomerang. ◇ very dafür, dafür halten. ◇ believe, reckon; in long boomerang. Ⓛ panmara my view. Ⓛ ereñi; ngaiulu nerini, paluru erákama im großen Bogen um die Frauen matu tukaruru ninantala. herumgehen, schamhaft gehen. ◇ to walk erákutja Strauch mit eßbaren Früchten. around women to avoid them because of ◇ bush with edible berries. Ⓛ erakutji feeling shame. Ⓛ arewokkani eralera kleine, weiße Larven, unter der Erde erákanama sich heranschleichen im der Gummibäume. ◇ small white grubs Bogen, z.B. an das Wild. ◇ creep up under gumtrees. Ⓛ erali circling (e.g. game). Ⓛ marurakatiñi erála abgeworfene Haut (der apma, tjapa). erákalaláma jagen, sich heranschleichen. ◇ shed skin (of snakes and grubs). ◇ hunt, creep up. Ⓛ marurakatiratalkañi Ⓛ neri, liri erakiljélama intr. jucken (Geschwür). eramerama langer boomerang zum ◇ (intransitive) itch (abscess). Ⓛ erëereñi Schlagen. ◇ long hitting boomerang. erákara schamhaft. ◇ modest. Ⓛ pekura Ⓛ erámeráma Ⓓ ninta, nintali (nintapani, nintanguru erama lange ulbar͑inja (Waffe zum Schlagen schamlos: shameless) [boomerang]) von den südöstlichen erakarérama sich schämen. ◇ feel Völkerschaften eingehandelt. ◇ long ashamed. Ⓛ pekuraringañi ulbarinja (weapon to strike with) erakarerelama trs. beschämen. boomerang, traded from peoples in the ◇ (transitive) shame. Ⓛ pekurani south-east. Ⓛ erama Ⓓ kirra mara erakaralelama trs. beschämen. eraleragunama versiegen, einziehen ◇ (transitive) shame. Ⓛ pekurani (Flutwasser). ◇ dry up (floodwater). erakarakajartuma trs. beschämen. Ⓛ lalarakani ◇ (transitive) shame. Ⓛ pekurakutjitini eráma mit Fett bestrichen. ◇ coated in fat. Ⓓ ninta dangana Ⓛ nabañi erakarilama trs. einen beschämen. eramata ein kleiner Strauch mit großen, ◇ (transitive) shame. hellgrünen Blättern, dessen Wurzeln erakintja schamhaftig, den Frauen aus geröstet gegessen. ◇ small bush with dem Wege gehen. ◇ (transitive) bashful, large light-green leaves, its roots are timidly, avoid women. Ⓛ pekurantu roasted and eaten. Ⓛ eremati Ⓓ nintali erámatika einer wie der andere aussehend erakintjilama trs. schamhaft machen (den (von gleicher Gestalt). ◇ look alike zu Beschneidenden dem Einfluß seiner (of same build). Ⓛ palurunguanba Mutter entnehmen). ◇ (transitive) make eramitja tiefe Grube. ◇ deep ditch. timid, intimidate. Ⓛ arewakataljini Ⓛ ngadi Ⓓ dulkuru? kodu. (‘?’ added erakarerinja die Schande. ◇ disgrace. by CS) eramatuna kleine Vogel. ◇ small bird. Ⓛ tjintiwili

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 189 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

erámeráma gleichgestaltet, das eratara sie beide. ◇ those two. Geschlecht. ◇ same stock. Ⓛ palurukutara Ⓓ pudla Ⓛ palurunguánba eratja lupa-Hülsen; den Kern umgeben. erambinja Pflanze (spec.) ähnlich wie ◇ lupa pods; surrounding the seed. inmota. ◇ plant similar to inmota Ⓛ eratji (Lepidium phlebopetalum). Ⓛ erimbinji eratja leicht bewölkt, weiße Wolken. eranbilama austeilen (Brot, Geschenke). ◇ slightly overcast, white clouds. ◇ distribute (bread, presents). Ⓛ merauru Ⓛ munutumunutunañi erenkiwulama mit dem Ellbogen eránberama verteilen (Wolken). ◇ spread hinwegstoßen, Ellbogen einhacken, sich (clouds). Ⓛ munutumunuturiñi sträuben loszukommen, mit dem Ellbogen erangera Strauch mit eßbaren Früchten. stoßen. ◇ push away with elbow, try to ◇ bush with edible fruit. Ⓛ erengeri get away. Ⓛ marawiltalkañi erangera Larven in erángara Wurzeln. eraua Lehmebene; das Nest von Ameisen ◇ grubs in erangera roots. Ⓛ erengeri auf Lehmebenen?; kurze harte Fläche, die eranbatanama verbreiten (Gerücht). weiße Ameisen hergestellt haben und ihre ◇ spread (rumour). Ⓛ mabilani Neste darau bauen. ◇ claypan, antnest érapala schräg abfallend, gewölbt, on claypans?; surface prepared by white halbrund. ◇ sloping, arching, semicircle. ants to built their nests on it. Ⓛ putu (CS added small drawing of two (‘?’ added by CS) halfcircles above each other) Ⓛ erepali erauankunama schnell die Flügel erangakua hinter (etwas versteckt, bewegen. ◇ move wings quickly. versteckt, verborgen hinter), z.B. eine Ⓛ apunpúngañi Landschaft, die hinter einer Gebirgskette erauia Waffen. ◇ weapons. Ⓛ urala liegt. ◇ behind (hidden), e.g. a landscape ererinjaknanama herabströmen (Blut). hidden behind a mountain range. ◇ flow down (blood).Ⓛ ererikatiñi Ⓛ parari erátnalama abmagern. ◇ lose weight. erara sehnsüchtig. ◇ longing. Ⓛ wotjila, Ⓛ kebulariñi wotjilta Ⓓ wolkareli erengna bewußlos. ◇ unconscious. erárerama sich sehnen (nach seinem Ⓛ tjilalka Heimatsort), sich entschließen (in erengnarama (?) bewußlos werden. ◇ faint. die Heimat zurückzukehren) z.B. (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ tjilalkaringañi tmaraka. ◇ longing for (home or erebilanga [Northern dialect] großer heimat), decide (to return home) e.g. weißer Vogel. ◇ big white bird. tmaraka. Ⓛ wotjilariñi Ⓓ wolkarina? Ⓛ erebilangu ngaramarana (‘?’ added by CS) erénga [Northern dialect] conf. aranga erarerarélama sich sehnen (nach graues Känguruh, Bergkänguruh. ◇ grey Hause). ◇ to long (for home). kangaroo, mountain (hill) kangaroo. Ⓛ wotjilbwotjilbmanañi Ⓛ kanala erareranama sich sehnen nach Hause. erauia viele dicht zusammen stehende ◇ longing for home. Ⓛ mawotjilariñi Stämme. ◇ densely standing trunks. eratunatuna schädlich (Speisen), Ⓛ katatjilitjili lebensgefährlich. ◇ harmful (food), life ereërentjerama den Boden fegen threatening. Ⓛ punkurutunami (Zweige). ◇ sweep floor (with branches). erarpa er selbst. ◇ himself. Ⓛ palurunata Ⓛ mantapitjiriwokkañi erarpinja von selbst (gewachsen). erengenta Nasenknochen (Schmuck). ◇ by itself (grown). ◇ nosebone (ornament). Ⓛ mulákiri eraritnima laut tönen (intrs.) ◇ sound loud (intransitive). Ⓛ kurangañi

~~190 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

érereérelálbuma nach kurzer Zeit erilknabata Vorfahren. ◇ ancestors, the old umkehren. ◇ turn around after a short people. Ⓛ jupantjiniri time. Ⓛ wottilknurekulakulbañi eranka grün (Gras). ◇ green (grass). ererinka öde Fläche. ◇ desert. Ⓛ ererinki Ⓛ okiri erenka [Eastern dialect] Hund. ◇ dog. erinjakama aufschlitzen (den Bauch). erenka schnell, flüchtig, furchtsam, ◇ slit open (stomach). Ⓛ wartnuni ungestraft, entronnen. ◇ fast, fleeting, erinjakalama refl. sich den Bauch anxious, unpunished. Ⓛ atjiki aufschlitzen. ◇ (reflexive) slit open erenkérama sich scheu oder furchtsam stomach. Ⓛ wartnuni umsehen. ◇ look fearfully or anxiously erinta [Southern & Eastern dialect] cf. around. Ⓛ atjikiriñi ponta sehr kalt. ◇ very cold. Ⓛ warri er͑ etarerama verschütten, ausschütten erintja böse Wesen, Teufel. ◇ bad or evil (intrs.) ◇ spill (intransitive). Ⓛ tarungariñi beings, devils, bad spirits, monsters. ererakualama zerstreut auf dem Boden Ⓛ mamu Ⓓ kutji liegen (abgefallene Blüten), den Boden erinjalba (Cycas Palme) der dicke Stengel, bedecken. ◇ scattered on the ground am dem der Kolben sitzt. ◇ (cycad) thick (fallen blossoms). Ⓛ utulungariñi stem on which butt grows. Ⓛ para erera für eine kurze Zeit. ◇ for a short time. eritja Adler. ◇ eagle. Ⓛ katuwara, wariti Ⓛ wotilknu Ⓓ woljaia Ⓓ karawara eréteratera schnell bewegend (Körper). aritjilkanama aufbrechen (z.B. Schoten). ◇ moving fast (body). Ⓛ eretaritari ◇ open (e.g. pods). Ⓛ tapunpungañi ererendama leihen (jemandem). Ⓓ pakina ◇ to loan (someone something). eritjinka (Adlerfuß), südliches Kreuz Ⓛ wotilknujungañi Ⓓ woljaia jinkina (Sternbild). ◇ (eagle foot), Southern Cross eriljilberelanama mit gespreizten Fingern (star constellation). Ⓛ Tjinnawariti gestreckt daliegen. ◇ lie stretched out Ⓓ paiatidna with splayed fingers.Ⓛ eriljaliérekániñi eritjulba [Northern dialect] roter Ocker. erilja Larve (rötlich) in erilja Wurzeln. ◇ red ochre. Ⓛ ulba katuwara ◇ (reddish) grub in erilja roots. Ⓛ antara erkularulanama ergreifen (jemanden) bei erilja Strauch mit weidenähnlichen der Verfolgung. ◇ capture (somebody). Blättern, gelben Blütenkätzchen und Ⓛ witiwitira wonnañi Schotenfrüchten. ◇ bush with willow-like erknērknerama sich sehnen (nach Hause). leaves, yellow flower catkins and pods. ◇ yearning (for home). Ⓛ wotjilariñi Ⓛ antara, tuntala etalénama erschlagen (Feind). ◇ kill erilkna tot. ◇ dead. Ⓛ jupa Ⓓ nari (enemy). Ⓛ untutunañi erilkna laut, laut sprechen ◇ loud, speak eroaljatuma rächen. ◇ avenge, revenge. loud. Ⓛ kutururu Ⓛ jupapungañi erilaualaua (vom Wind) erkunama erfassen, anpacken. ◇ catch, auseinandergeblasen (Federn). ◇ blown seize, grasp hold, grab; hug. Ⓛ mawitini away (feathers by wind). Ⓛ purulankani erkuma fassen, anfassen, umfassen, erilkataka das Sterben. ◇ dying. ergreifen, fangen, festhalten. ◇ catch, erilknatuma töten, totschlagen. ◇ to kill, seize, capture, hold tight. Ⓛ witini to murder. Ⓛ jupapungañi Ⓓ narielu Ⓓ patana erilknalama blaß (der Tote). ◇ pale (the erkuralelama sich gegenseitig deceased). am kleinen Finger anfassen. erenkiwulama sich sträuben, ◇ hold each other’s small fingers. loszukommen versuchen. ◇ resist, try to Ⓛ tintjirapungañi get free. Ⓛ marawiltalkañi, rubiltalkañi erkurinja gefaltet. ◇ folded. Ⓛ tintjili

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 191 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

erkuruma umarmen. ◇ embrace. erorútna Muskeln schnell bewegend. Ⓛ witirapungañi ◇ move muscles quickly. Ⓛ erorutni ͡ erkuentjima anfahren (auf einen), eroutja große Geschwulst (Aussatz). anpacken (von Hunden). ◇ jump at, ◇ large swelling. Ⓛ nunguru grab (by dogs). Ⓛ ngalawitini erōtja Absceß, Geschwür. ◇ abscess. erkulambetninama erhalten bleiben. eróara frisch glänzend, fettig (Blüten). ◇ preserved. ◇ fresh shining, greasy (blossoms). erkutjikérama umfassen wollen; im Ⓛ nitinkuru Begriff stehen, ihn zu umfassen. ◇ want erōta Brustbein (der Vögel und Kamele). to embrace, about to embrace him. ◇ chestbone (of birds and camels). Ⓛ witintakurini Ⓛ metutu eróa rundes Loch oder Grube in dem erouma zittern, beben (vor Furcht oder Erdboden (in der viele Samen lagen) Kälte). ◇ shake, shiver (from fright or (see Strehlow 1920: 18). ◇ round hole or cold). Ⓛ tjititingañi ditch in ground (that had been filled with ilútjikatjíla erouma vor dem Tod zittern. seeds). Ⓛ papipa ◇ fear death. Ⓛ iluntakita tjitjitingañi eroaljalkuma die Erschlagenen verzehren. roubouma (Dupl.) fortwährend zittern ◇ eat the slain. Ⓛ jupangalkuñi (z.B. Sehnsucht nach der Heimat). eroaljatuma erschlagen (Feind). ◇ killed ◇ (duplication) shake continuously (enemy). Ⓛ jupapungañi, meripungañi (e.g. from longing for home, from being eroámba regenlose (Wolken) homesick). Ⓛ tjititikanañi vorüberziehende. ◇ rainless (clouds) erŭátnama schwarz sein. ◇ be black. passing by. Ⓛ kebularinta Ⓛ mungawonniñi eroámberama verziehen (Wolken). erakúnjerama nicht wollen, Bitte ◇ disperse (clouds). Ⓛ kebulariñi abschlagen, keine Lust haben zum eroánba weiße Kranich. ◇ white crane. Geben. ◇ refuse, deny request, have no Ⓛ eroanbi Ⓓ mulpa desire to give. Ⓛ tomatiriñi erora jung (Mann), dünn, frisch (Holz), erulanga Grevillea junctifolia. ◇ Grevillea geschmeidig, gelenkig, frisch (Fußspuren). juncifolia (Latz 1996). Ⓛ ultukunba ◇ young (man), slender, fresh (wood), erulanganana eine sehr lange, gestreifte supple, flexible, fresh (footprints). Schlange, sehr giftig. ◇ a very long, Ⓛ erura striped and very poisonous snake. eroanbintarama spielen, sich einander Ⓛ erúlanganínami fangen, Fangspiel. ◇ to play, to erulba Strauch (spec.) mit hellen Blättern. catch one another, a catchgame. ◇ bush species with light-coloured Ⓛ wonkakunankunanariñi leaves. Ⓛ arulba erōra [Southern dialect] cf. entára erulja ganz eingefallen (vor Alter oder (ankama) laut. ◇ loud (ankama: talk). Hunger), Gestalt zusammengeschrumpft Ⓛ erura (wonkañi) (Haut). ◇ emaciated (of age or hunger), eroatjeroatja Grasart (haferähnlich). shrivelled (skin). Ⓛ kebulba, kebula ◇ grass species (oat-like). Ⓛ oratjorátji erulinja ein Mann, dem ein langer Bart erorunba sehr schnell, flink. ◇ very fast, wächst. ◇ man who is growing a long agile. Ⓛ eruraka beard. Ⓛ murbu erolitja putaia Höhlen Eingang. ◇ cave eruljarulja abgemagert, eingetrocknet entrance (of a wallaby species). (Körper). ◇ emaciated, dehydrated Ⓛ erulatji or shrivelled (body). Ⓛ bukirbukira, erorula (eror͑ ula) vor sehr langer Zeit; kebulkebulba einst. ◇ a very long time ago, once upon a time. Ⓛ erorita

192 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary eruljeruljerama verziehen (Gesicht, etakama Gewissensbisse empfinden. zum Weinen). ◇ screw up (face to cry). ◇ remorseful, feel remorse. Ⓛ kurbani Ⓛ wiljurwiljurariñi Ⓓ ngininginirina Ⓓ purkaljerina erultja reisig, trockene Büsche. ◇ twigs, etakintja Gewissensbiß. ◇ gilt, remorse. dry scrub. Ⓛ malara Ⓛ kurbanta Ⓓ purka erula schwarze Schwanzspitze (der aroa). etalerama denken, meinen. ◇ think, ◇ black tail end (of wallaby). Ⓛ omulkni reckon, opine. Ⓛ urukuluni eruma schwarz sein, braun sein. ◇ be Ⓓ ngundrana black, be brown. Ⓛ maru etaler͑ elabuma gedenken, erinnern. erūntja freigebig. ◇ generous. Ⓛ munta ◇ think of, remember. Ⓛ urukúleraríñi Ⓓ munta [?] etatnama erdrosseln, erwürgen. erúntja dunkle Erdhöhle, Nische ◇ strangle, throttle. Ⓛ untuwitini (des Grabes). ◇ dark cave in ground, etulbmerama (Schlund eng werden) niche (in grave). Ⓛ nulu, narkulta verdursten, ersticken. ◇ die of thirst, erúntjanga dunkle Erdhöhle. ◇ dark cave suffocate (narrowing of throat). in earth. Ⓛ nulu Ⓛ untutúluringañi erúntjatna dunkel (farbig). ◇ dark etátagáta keine Lust haben, (coloured). Ⓛ marukuru widerspenstig. ◇ have no desire, erultja tanama durchlöchern (Fleisch vom refractory. Ⓛ untukainkaina Speer), zerfleischen. ◇ perforate (meat etirkuantirkuanta eigensinnig, with spear), lacerate. Ⓛ bailkarpungañi widerspenstig, apathisch. erunka furchtlos. ◇ fearless. ◇ obstinate, refractory, apathetic. Ⓛ nintingánara Ⓛ untukánankánana erunkura sehr schnell (im Laufen). ◇ very etakama siehe oben eta. ◇ See above: eta. fast (run). Ⓛ erunkuru etalerama denken, meinen, überlegen. erunkurunkura sehr schnell. ◇ very fast. ◇ think, reckon. Ⓛ urukuluni Ⓛ erunkurunkuru Ⓓ ngundrana erunkurunkuraerer etnalbuma sehr etaler͑ elábuma cf. eta. schnell davonlaufen. ◇ run away very eta tanama Schlund ausstrecken (die fast. Ⓛ wolbankawobakatiñi Schlange beim Laufen). ◇ stretch out erúntara ausweichend. ◇ evasive. neck (snake when moving). Ⓛ untu Ⓛ arintji tunañi eruntarérama ausweichen (der Gefahr), zur etalingetala Verstand. ◇ mind, intelligence. Seite springen (vor dem tjatta). ◇ avoid Ⓛ kulilkulilba Ⓓ manu, tjuru (danger), jump to the side (to avoid etalingetalalama verstehen. spear). Ⓛ arintjiriñi Ⓓ warkurina ◇ understand. Ⓛ kulilkulilbajennañi erutatja australischer Maikäfer. ◇ Australian etalingetala nama verstehen. Maybeetle. Ⓛ arketunba ◇ understand. Ⓛ kulilkulilba ninañi erotjabata Vorfahren. ◇ ancestors, the old etulukaluka vertieft (sein in eine Arbeit). people. ◇ absorbed (in work). Ⓛ urukulilba ēta, etaconf. antja Schlund, Hals, etalinja; z.B. era etalinja nguanga nama. Speiseröhre. ◇ throat, neck, oesophagus. immerfort, fortwährend; er ist immer Ⓛ eta Ⓓ ngaiipiltji freundlich. ◇ continually, constantly; he is etérama wollen. ◇ want. Ⓛ unturingani always friendly. Ⓛ r͑ ata Ⓓ purkaljerina, jurana etalukalukalélama etwas erwägen, eterinja Wunsch, Wille. ◇ wish, will. fortwährend an etwas denken. ◇ consider Ⓛ untuta something, continually think about something. Ⓛ urukulira wottañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 193 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

etama bauen (Haus). ◇ build (house). eterinja Wille, Wunsch (siehe oben ‘eta’). Ⓛ paltani ◇ will, wish (see above ‘eta’). Ⓛ untuta etama anzünden, anfachen (Feuer). ◇ light etétarenama eingeben (Worte). ◇ suggest a fire, fan (fire).Ⓛ kutani Ⓓ japina, (words). Ⓛ tintinpungañi wagana etintja Arm, Zweig (eines Baumes), Ärmel. etalama anfachen (großes Feuer ◇ arm, branch (of tree), sleeve. Ⓛ jerri machen). ◇ fan (make big fire). etokuwiïlama festsitzen (Speer in der Ⓛ kutarangarañi Wunde). ◇ stuck (spear in wound). etanétana Heizer, der immer Feuer Ⓛ tunkurpungañi anzündet. ◇ he who always lights fire. janna etokuwiïlama nicht herausziehen Ⓛ kutalpuntu können. ◇ cannot pull out. Ⓛ butu etamintja eßbare Wurzeln (rübenähnlich) tunkurpungañi spec. ◇ edible roots (carrot-like) species. etnantambala gleich viele. ◇ equal Ⓛ etimintji amount. etapikana unverbesserlich, sehr schlecht. ētna dicht (Bäumen), Dickicht. ◇ dense ◇ incorrigible, very bad. Ⓛ kujamatu (trees), thicket. Ⓛ tāta etnabana ◇ Ⓛ etantara Pflanze mit rübenartigem Kraut diese. these. tanatu, palurungari und eßbaren Wurzeln. ◇ plant with carrot- ĕtna ◇ Ⓛ tana like tops and edible roots. Ⓛ etantiri sie (pl.) they (plural). Ⓓ tana etata lebendig. ◇ lively, alive. Ⓛ wonka, kana Ⓓ tepi etninkaraka sie alle. ◇ they all. Ⓛ tanápuara etaterama lebendig werden. ◇ become etnakarajinga Familie (die Familie alive. Ⓛ wonkaringanje, kanaringañi ◇ Ⓓ tepirina von Anderen). family (of others). Ⓛ tananakarpa etatilama lebendig machen. ◇ make etnakaratitja Ⓛ wonkani, kanani sie insgesamt, Häuptl.- alive, lively. ◇ Ⓓ tepi ngankana Volk. they all together (chief’s people). Ⓛ tananukarpalta étatakáta ◇ gesund, kräftig. healthy, etokerama ◇ Ⓛ kanatara widerfahren (Leiden). suffer strong. Ⓛ ilaringañi etátakia (von etata-kama = Leben (misfortune). etnákarakia jene Gruppe, die Abteilung abschneiden) giftig, nicht genießbar, der Gruppe, der ich nicht angehöre. gefährlich. ◇ poisonous, not edible, ◇ opposite moiety; those people or dangerous (gun); derived from ‘life’ and that kindred. See Strehlow (1913: 62, ‘cut off’.Ⓛ ilupaiï ̓ fn. 5) for an elaborate attempt on the etātja faul, träge, sehr langsam (gehen). possible etymology of this Aranda term. ◇ lazy, indolent, sluggish, very slow Ⓛ tananukarpitina Ⓛ tālu (walk). etóppa [Southern dialect] Gürtel (= tjipa). etatjilama trs. einen müde machen sodaß ◇ belt. Ⓛ nanpa er langsam geht. ◇ (transitive) tire out etoppalerkuma trs. gürten. u̓ someone. Ⓛ kanenk jennañi Ⓓ ngurali ◇ (transitive) gird. Ⓛ nanpanku witini etatjetta lebenslang, immer; (von Ⓓ ngampibana etata+tjetta). ◇ lifelong, always (derived etoppalerkulama refl. sich gürten. from life + long, far away). Ⓛ kanaruntu ◇ (reflexive) gird.Ⓛ nanpanku karbini etatnama siehe oben ‘eta’. ◇ see above Ⓓ ngampina ‘eta’. etoppambenja daneben, neben her. etátua lange (zum reden, singen). ◇ long ◇ beside, next to. Ⓛ pilawana (to speak, sing). Ⓛ wonkalara etoppa Rand. ◇ edge. Ⓛ iltji, pila eterama wollen (siehe oben ‘eta’). ◇ want etóppala abseits, daneben. ◇ apart, (see above ‘eta’). Ⓛ unturingañi beside. Ⓛ pilanka

~~194 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

etoppala lama abseits von den andern gehen. ◇ walk apart from the others. G Ⓛ pilanka jennañi galtja klug, wissend. ◇ clever (intelligent), etoppetoppa in einer Reihe neben knowing, expert. Ⓛ ninti Ⓓ kiri einander. ◇ in a row beside each other. galtja nama wissen. ◇ to know. Ⓛ ninti Ⓛ pilapila ninañi etoppatíkana weit entfernt (von galtjéeama klug werden, lernen, einander). ◇ distant (from each other). verstehen. ◇ become clever, learn, Ⓛ mantapalakutu understand. Ⓛ nintiringañi etoppaka am Rande. ◇ at the edge. Ⓓ kiririna Ⓛ iltjiku, pilaku galtjerinerina der Lernende, etua (= itinja) nahe. ◇ near, close. Ⓛ ila Schüler. ◇ pupil, student. etukuétua sehr nahe. ◇ very near. Ⓛ nintiringamiringami Ⓛ aiilkira galtjindama klug machen, unterrichten. etua nama zerstückt, in Stücke geschlagen ◇ make clever, instruct in. Ⓛ nintini (Fleisch). ◇ cut up, cut into pieces (meat). Ⓓ ngujangujara jinkina Ⓛ itjili ninañi galtjindanindana Lehrer. ◇ teacher. etuélama zerstückeln (Fleisch). ◇ cut, Ⓛ nintimanintinmi Ⓓ ngujangujara- carve into pieces (meat). Ⓛ itjilinañi jinkinietja etuánama eintreten für einen andern, den galtjindinjamea Unterricht, Tod für einen andern erleiden. ◇ stand up Unterweisung. ◇ lesson, instruction. for someone, endure death for someone Ⓛ nintilpuntu Ⓓ ngujangujara else. Ⓛ tjitanguta, tjitangutatu galtjerana der Schüler. ◇ pupil. etuánga geduldig, gelassen. ◇ patient, kamba süß (Speisen). ◇ sweet (foods). composed. Ⓛ kaiuwara Ⓛ ngumu etuáraetuára faul, lässig. ◇ lazy, slack. gar͑ilkama aufschreien, laut schreien. Ⓛ kanenkanenku ◇ cry out, scream. Ⓛ merawokkani etuaraetuara ankama mundfaul garra Fleisch, Wild, Fleischspeisen. ◇ meat, sein. ◇ to speak unclearly, lazily. game. Ⓛ kuka Ⓓ nganti Ⓛ kanenkanenku wonkañi garrataka viel Fleisch, noch mehr etuia Strauch mit eßbaren Früchten. Fleisch. ◇ plenty of meat, some more ◇ shrub with edible fruit. Ⓛ putuju meat. Ⓛ kukamari etuia Larven (weiß) in etuia-Wurzeln. ◇ grub gata Ort, Stelle, Ende, - außen, sichtbar, (white) in etuia roots. Ⓛ putuju flach, öffentlich. ◇ place, spot, locality, etulbmerama verdursten, ersticken (siehe position, end; outside, visible, flat, public; oben eta). ◇ die of thirst, suffocate (see light; clear (speech, language). Ⓛ urelba, above ‘eta’). Ⓛ untutuluringañi akata Ⓓ piri etúna eine Art Kalk. ◇ kind of limestone. gatala draußen, sichtbar, offenbar. Ⓛ lurru ◇ outside, visible, obvious, in the open, étuna sehr heiß. ◇ very hot. Ⓛ lurru evident; clear. Ⓛ urelta Ⓓ palarani Ⓓ karareli, turuturu gaterama offenbar werden. ◇ become etunaka Sommer. ◇ summer. obvious. Ⓛ ureltaringañi Ⓓ pirirna Ⓛ lurrunka detja gaterama Zähne zeigen (Hund, der étunétuna große, rote Honig-Ameisen. beißen will). ◇ show teeth (dog who ◇ big red honeyants. Ⓛ etunétuna wants to bite). Ⓛ kadidi ninjirangani etunintja eßbare Frucht. ◇ edible fruit. gatarenama ein Ende machen, zerstören, etúta Gras (art), Samen gegessen. ◇ grass einen umbringen. ◇ put an end to, species with edible seeds. Ⓛ etuta destroy, kill somebody.

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 195 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

gatilama aufräumen, ausfegen (Haus), ultangátuta der Kurze, Klein von Person. glatt-, eben machen, reinigen (Boden). ◇ short person, petite. Ⓛ gultumuta ◇ tidy up, sweep (house), smooth, gultja Armschmuck, Armband. ◇ armband. make level, clean (ground), clear. Ⓛ wakungana Ⓛ ureni gultjakuára haarene Decke (mit der sich gata arbanána hin und wieder (an der Mond zudeckt). ◇ blanket made of verschiedenen Plätzen). ◇ now and again hair (the moon covers himself with it). (at different places). Ⓛ merawara (?) (‘?’ added by CS) gatalelama trs. aufdecken, bekennen gunama hineinlegen, hineinstellen, (Unrecht). ◇ (transitive) uncover, plead hineinsetzen. ◇ put into. Ⓛ irbini, guilty. Ⓛ utitanani tarbatunañi Ⓓ widmana, kibana? gata mara rein. ◇ pure. Ⓛ urelpalla, akata (‘?’ added by CS) palla gu͡ i [Southern dialect] Ausdruck der gatawollawolla wütend auf dem Überraschung = ach. ◇ expression of Kampfplatz stehen, zum Kampf surprise = oh. Ⓛ pŭta herausfordernd. ◇ stand furious gunake̓ lama behalten (im Gedächnis). on battlefield, challenge to a fight. ◇ keep (in mind). Ⓛ urukulini Ⓛ akatanguntunguntapungañi gunitjalbuma hineinlegen (bei der gatalarumba rein (Platz). ◇ clean (place). Heimkehr). ◇ lay into (on return home). gatawotaúerama verschwinden vom Ⓛ irbini kulbara Erdboden, aussterben. ◇ disappear gunalakalama herunterlassen trs. ◇ let from the face of the earth, die out. down (transitive). Ⓛ irbirukwalingani Ⓛ wialurrulurrungarañi, raungarañi gunalalakalama refl. herniederlassen. gitjala; irbangagitjala postp. für, anstatt ◇ (reflexive) let down.Ⓛ tarbatura (c. gen.) ◇ (postposition) for, instead okalingani of (c. gen.) goltinjamata verdeckt. ◇ covered. goda [Southern dialect] Ei. ◇ egg. gunja, gunja kwatja, litjina gunja postp. Ⓛ ngokuta Ⓓ kapi verbunden mit Substantive und Verben: godna dumm, unwissend. ◇ stupid, nicht mehr, kein, z.B. kein Wasser (mehr) ignorant, unaware, not knowing. da, nicht gehen werden. ◇ (postposition Ⓛ ngurba Ⓓ ko, manuko with nouns and verbs) no more, none gōla langes Haupthaar. ◇ long hair. e.g. no more water (there), will not go. Ⓛ manka Ⓓ para Ⓛ wiata, kapi wiata; jenkuntawia gōla-tjima Zopf. ◇ plait. Ⓛ manka- gúnuta kurz, nicht hoch (Sträucher). wakitji ◇ short, not high (bushes). Ⓛ tarta goltama bedecken, zudecken, verhüllen. gúruna, guruna Seele (im lebenden ◇ cover, veil. Ⓛ waltuni Ⓓ walpana, Menschen), Leben. ◇ soul (in living walpadakana human), life. The spirit or soul of a person goltalama refl. sich zudecken. ◇ (reflexive) is also called ‘inka’ in Western Aranda. No cover. Ⓛ waltunañi obvious distinction is made today between goltulta kurze Schößlinge (neben dem the words inka and guruna. While Western Stamm). ◇ short shoots (beside trunk). Aranda people use inka and guruna Ⓛ taltalta interchangeably today, the terms seem to gultjiletanga mit verschränkten oder have had a slightly different meaning in the eingehackten Armen. ◇ with crossed past. Inka according to Carl Strehlow was arms. Ⓛ wakunka-iti used for the spirit of a living human being, gulatja Halsband. ◇ neckband. who was in danger; and the word guruna Ⓛ untungana Ⓓ jelkara was used for the soul of a living person (Strehlow 1907: 15). When a person dies,

~~196 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

the soul was called iltana, which means íbuma ausdrücken (Därme). ◇ empty ‘ghost’ (Strehlow 1915: 23). Ⓛ gurunba (guts). Ⓛ nibini Ⓓ jikana Ⓓ mungara ilelengandama trs. Rat geben, raten. gúrunga; gúrungatjína [Southern ◇ (transitive) to give advice, advise. dialect] danach, darauf. ◇ after, following. ila der lange Leib (der Schlange). ◇ long Ⓛ palulanguru, kāna body (of snake). gurúrkna die aus den Haaren ila, jerra-ila Bau (der bull-dog ants). ◇ bull Verstorbener angefertigte Schnur ants’ nest. Ⓛ piti, minga-piti (Gürtel oder Halsband). ◇ string made ilakuntja Schutzzaun (aus Zweigen). of hair of deceased (belt or neckband). ◇ windbreak (made of branches). Ⓛ ju Ⓛ manjunuma Ⓓ ngaldra? (‘?’ added ila relbma glänzende Stamm. ◇ shiny by CS) trunk. Ⓛ ngana, kaltaru ila Halm (Grashalm), Stamm (von Bäumen). ◇ blade (grass blade), trunk (of trees). I Ⓛ ngana ililbirtja helle Stamm (Tnima). ◇ light ibara der schwarz und weiß gestreifte coloured trunk (Tnima). Ⓛ ngana lililba Kranich. ◇ black and white striped crane. ilaka Ⓛ ibari wir beide; wenn der Vater von sich und seinem Sohn spricht (exclusiv). ibalama fasten. ◇ to fast. ◇ we two; when father speaks of himself ibarkna Netzfett, Netz. ◇ fat. Ⓛ niti and his son (exclusively). Ⓛ ngalinba ibalala die Brust (im allgemeinen). ◇ chest ilama sagen, erzählen. ◇ say, tell. (in general). Ⓛ batta Ⓛ wottani Ⓓ kaukaubana ibatja Milch, Brust. ◇ milk, breast. Ⓛ ibi ilalama Ⓓ ngamatanka einem ansagen, (bekennen?), ibatja-ndintja; ibatja-ndanandana Entschluss kundgeben. ◇ announce (a decision). (‘?’ added by CS). Säuger, Amme (eine Frau, die das Kind Ⓛ palunku wottani stillt); Säuger, Amme. ◇ mammal, nurse ilelarénama erlauben (etwas zu (a woman who breast feeds); mammal, tun). ◇ allow (to do something). wet nurse. Ⓛ ibi Ⓓ ngamatanka Ⓛ wottariani ibatjangna (Milch-Frucht) weibliche ilelalbuma sich verabschieden, Brüste. ◇ (milk-fruit) female breasts. Ⓛ ibikalka Ⓓ ngama (fortgehen, nachdem man gesprochen hat). ◇ to farewell, (leave after ibarapa kleine Eidechse. ◇ small lizard. Ⓛ ibaripi speaking). Ⓛ wottarakulbañi ilitjalbuma wieder erzählen. ◇ retell. ibaraia herabhängend (Brüste). ◇ hanging Ⓛ wottara kulbañi down, sagging (breasts). Ⓛ ngarikatinta ilinílina Redner. ◇ speaker. ibebilama fürbitten, fürsprechen. ◇ plead Ⓛ wottalbaii Ⓓ jatanietja for. Ⓛ alani Ⓓ jurajuralkana ilanama sehen auf einen, ansehen (z.B. als ibalintja nüchtern, nichts gegessen. Schwiegervater). ◇ regard (as father-in- ◇ sober, not having eaten. law). Ⓛ nakánañi ibiljakua wilde Ente. ◇ wild duck. ilapilama Ⓛ tjipijaku wieder erzählen. ◇ retell. Ⓛ wottar͑ anáni, wottawottañi ilalakalama fortwährend reden. ◇ talk ilanbilanga fest, dicht, ohne Löcher, continuously. undurchsichtig. ◇ solid, dense, without ibinja fremd, der Fremde. ◇ foreign, holes, not transparent. Ⓛ walupirpmari, foreigner, stranger. Ⓛ urela walu lenku ilalapilala kalama fortwährend reden. ◇ talk continuously.

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 197 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ilalajinama fortsenden mit den ilatoppatuma trs. mit dem Kopf (an etwas) Worten. ◇ send away with the words. schlagen. ◇ (transitive) hit with head Ⓛ wottaraijani (something). Ⓛ bailkupunkanañi ilta ilanbilanga Festung (n). ◇ fortress. ilapanganjaganja ein Insekt, das Honig ilangarakalkara bis wann? ◇ until when? trägt. ◇ insect that carries honey. ilarinja postp. nach. ◇ (postposition) after. Ⓛ ilipinganjinganji ilarakúltakultérama aufschwellen ilba 1. Ohr auch 2. Gebärmutter, (der Leib von vielem Wasser trinken). Nachgeburt. ◇ 1. ear 2. womb, afterbirth; ◇ swell (from drinking a lot of water). uterus, placenta. Ⓛ 1. pinna, 2. ilpi Ⓛ unkarapatapatanariñi Ⓓ talpa, kutjera (Ohr: ear) ilangára? wann? ◇ when? Ⓛ jaltjiáranka?, ilbágata [Southern dialect] Ohr. ◇ ear. jaltjinka? Ⓓ winta?, wintari? Ⓛ pinna ilantja hohe Gras (art), Rohr-Gras ilbatnata vordere Seite des Ohres. (Phragmites communis). ◇ tall grass ◇ front side of ear. Ⓛ pinnawila (species), cane-grass. Ⓛ ilentji ilbatoppa Ohr-rücken, hinter dem Ohr. ilantja Eidechse (spec.), kleine Eidechse, ◇ back of ear, behind ear. Ⓛ pinnatana häufig in Gärten. ◇ lizard (species), ilbakutáka ‘ganz Ohr sein’, willig hören. small lizard, frequently in gardens. ◇ listen willingly, intently. Ⓛ pinnali Ⓛ tuntalpini Ⓓ talpakaldrue̓ li ilanta wir beide (Mann und Frau). ◇ the ilbátilbata willig, zuverläßig. ◇ willing, two of us (man and woman); or we reliable. Ⓛ pinnali two (in opposite patrimoieties and one ilbar͑ irbmankua taub sein. ◇ be deaf. generation apart, as mother and child, Ⓛ pinnanji Ⓓ talpakuru uncle and nephew). Ⓛ ngali ilbatjaltjila leicht lernend, verständig. ilanta [Northern dialect] cf. lanta wir ◇ learn easily, quick to understand, beide (Mann und Frau). ◇ the two of intelligent. Ⓛ pinnawolla us (man and woman/wife); or we two ilbatjaltjilerama leicht lernen, verständig (in opposite patrimoieties and one werden. ◇ learn easily, understand. generation apart, as mother and child, Ⓛ pinnawollaringañi uncle and nephew). Ⓛ ngali ilbaleala sicher (schlafen). ◇ safe (sleep). ílapa Steinbeil. ◇ stone axe. Ⓛ ilipi, ilbamara (ilba + mara) fruchtbare Frau. wonnantu Ⓓ kalara ◇ fertile woman. Ⓛ ilbamari ilapa-ngantjingantjilama, ilbankama sich besinnen, sich erinnern. ilapingantjingantjila Steinbeil - ◇ remember. Ⓛ nintibakani Tragende = der Beil-Träger. ◇ axe ilbankalelama trs. einen erinnern. carrier (Strehlow 1910b: 91). Ⓛ ilipi ◇ (transitive) remind someone. ngalutangalutanku jennañi Ⓛ pinnankarani ilaraperuma sprechen einander. ◇ talk ilba [Southern dialect] Sandhügel. to each other. ◇ sandhill. Ⓛ tali ilátuma trs. niederwerfen, zu Boden ilbagatagata boomerang mit Hacken werfen, seine Stirn an etwas schlagen, (von Norden). ◇ boomerang with hook einen an den Füßen packen und mit dem (from the north). Ⓛ kiri, pinnantinanti Kopf an etwas schlagen. ◇ (transitive) Ⓓ ngamiringa (boomerang mit Hacken), throw down, to the ground, hit forehead kirra ngamiringa on something, grip someone by the ilbagata = mit (gata) dem Ohr (ilba) ein feet and beat head against something. boomerang mit Hacken. ◇ boomerang Ⓛ antawonnini, bailkupungañi with hook. Ⓛ kiri ilarrabilarra [Northern dialect] Binsen. ilbakutaka willig hören. ◇ listen willingly. ◇ rushes. Ⓛ ankara̓ nkara Ⓛ pinnali

198 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ilbala Blatt, kleiner Zweig, Federn, Flügel, ilbálunga große Höhle (Versammlungsort). Flossen. ◇ leaf, twig, feathers, wings, ◇ big cave (meeting place). Ⓛ kulbi fins.Ⓛ kalbi Ⓓ talpa (Blatt: leaf), kutja ilbalturaltura Vogel (spec.) klein, schwarz (Feder: feather) und weiße Flügel, Kehle und Leib weiß, ilbala unkwalkna Federseele. ◇ feather Rücken bläulich. ◇ small bird (species), soul (composed of Feder: feather black and white wings, white throat and and Seele: soul). Ⓛ urkalba Ⓓ kutja body, blueish back. Ⓛ ilbalturulturu (Federseele: Feder = feather, Seele = ilbaluntuma fortlaufen, weglaufen. soul) ◇ run away. Ⓛ wollakajennañi ilbala ngala nama fliegen. ◇ fly. ilbámanna Pfanze mit eßbaren Blättern. Ⓛ kalbajuritjingarabakani ◇ plant with edible leaves. Ⓛ akulu, ilbalankara weites Blatt. ◇ wide leaf. ilbamanni Ⓛ kalbilbila ilba-manta taub. ◇ deaf. Ⓛ pinnapatti ilbanabanama laufen langsam (Emu). Ⓓ talpakuru, kutjeraburu ◇ run slowly (emu). Ⓛ kutijnennañi ilbamara cf. ilba 2. die fruchtbare Frau. ilbalauma schnell fortgehen. ◇ go away ◇ fertile woman. fast. Ⓛ jenkulatalkañi ilbalérama vergessen (etwas ilbalama abwehren (mit den Händen), sich mitzunehmen). ◇ forget (to take ducken, ausweichen (der Gefahr), zur something). Ⓛ watawatani Seite springen, abhalten (den Speer mit ilbamba der entseelte Körper, aus dem ein dem Schilde). ◇ ward off (with hands), böses Wesen die Seele herausgenommen ◇ duck, avoid (danger), jump out of the way, hat. soulless body from which an fend off (spear with shield).Ⓛ mamani evil being stole the soul. The body can ilbakarenama trs. einen beschwören, daß continue to live without the soul for several days (see Strehlow 1907: 14). er etwas tun soll. ◇ (transitive) implore/ The soul is called ‘inka’ or ‘guruna’ today. beg somebody to do something. Ⓛ ultu Ⓓ pundupundu ilbalandama lehren, unterrichten. ◇ teach, ilbanala laufend (langsam laufen). instruct. Ⓛ nintini ◇ walking (walk slowly). Ⓛ kutijennantu ilbálara weit, (= antaka) weite Ebene. ilbanabanama ◇ Ⓛ bila umherlaufen, sehr schnell wide, wide or vast plain. ◇ ilbalelama ◇ laufen (Emu). run around, run very fast hindern (Land). prevent (land). Ⓛ kutijennañi ilbananánana ◇ (emu). Verkläger. accuser. ílbanama ilbalbarawuma verklagen, anschuldigen. schlenkern (mit ◇ Ⓛ tukaruruni Ⓓ nguldru ◇ accuse. den Händen). swing (hands). terkana Ⓛ wililpungañi Ⓓ ngaringaribana? ilbangatertanga ankama vergebens (‘?’ added by CS) einem zureden. ◇ beg/implore in ilbalbariuma etwas abschütteln (von sich), vain. Ⓛ pinnankatananka wonkañi hin und her schütteln (der Hund seine Ⓓ ngurrungurrubana Beute). ◇ shake off something (from ilbangintála störrig, widerspenstig, oneself), shake back and forth (dog its ungehorsam. ◇ stubborn, obstinate, prey). Ⓛ wililpungañi disobedient. Ⓛ kunjinji, pinna r͑ ama ilbalbarawulama, ilbalbariúlama Ⓓ nginjaru? (‘?’ added by CS) schütteln (Kopf), sich schütteln ilbambuma sich röten (Rinde der (wie ein Hund, der aus dem Wasser Gummibäume), sich rot färben. ◇ turn red kommt). ◇ shake (head), shake (like (bark of gumtrees). Ⓛ taltirkambañi a dog who has come out of water). ilbangurangura ankama warnen Ⓛ winanpungañi, pinpintipungañi (vor Gefahr). ◇ warn (about danger). ilbaléala cf. ilba sicher. ◇ safe. Ⓛ angaménmén wonkañi, urungurunga wonkañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 199 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ilbangala Eidechse. ◇ lizard. Ⓛ kalame̓ ra ilbarka ein flaches Schutzdach, ein glattes ilbanka Strauch mit langen, dicken Dach. ◇ flat protective roof, smooth roof. Nadeln und sehr harten, mandelförmigen ilbarindama an etwas hängen. ◇ to hang Früchten (needle-bush) Hakea on something. Ⓛ waralknariñi Leucoptera. ◇ bush with long, thick ilbaraléa Schlange, giftig, spec circa 4 Fuß needles and very hard almond shaped lang, Rücken grünlich gelb mit braunen fruit (needlebush), Hakea leucoptera. Feldern, Bauch gelb. ◇ poisonous snake Ⓛ piripiri Ⓓ kulua species about 4 feet long that has a ilbankama sich besinnen, sich erinnern. greenish-yellow back with brown spots ◇ consider, reflect, remember, recall. and a yellow belly. Ⓛ pantirba Ⓛ nintiwonkañi ilbaratja Larven (weiß) in ilbara-Wurzeln. ilbankalélama trs. besinnen machen, ◇ grubs (white) in ilbara roots. erinnern (einen andern). ◇ (transitive) Ⓛ wonnukutu make realise, remind (somebody). ilberarénanama aufhängen (z.B. Ⓛ pinnankarani Wäsche). ◇ hang up (e.g. washing). ilbalkindama schmeicheln. ◇ to flatter. Ⓛ worraltunañi, worraltunkula katini ilbamankura dickbäuchig. ◇ fat bellied, (katibana) waruwarukana, (katibaterina) potbellied, fat (abdominal). Ⓛ wila waruwarukijiribaterina ngatinba ilberarenalama sich aufhängen. ilbanta allgemeiner Regen. ◇ general rain. ◇ (reflexive) to hang.Ⓛ palurunku Ⓛ ilbanta, irtjingi Ⓓ talara worraltunañi ilantitnima Regen fallen, regnen. ◇ to ilbarbaia Habicht spec. ◇ hawk species. rain. Ⓛ irtjingi patangarañi Ⓓ talara Ⓛ talbuntji, talbutalbu kodana ilbaranama sich anklammern (an etwas). ilbaülkulelama, ilbaunkalelama trs. ◇ cling (to something). Ⓛ worralknarañi erinnern. ◇ (transitive) remember, recall. ilbarinama; z.B. kwatja ilbarinitjikai ilbantatnima regnen. ◇ to rain. pitjai erzählen, lehren, unterrichten, ilbangaratuma strafen (mit Worten). zeigen; z.B. Zeig mir das Wasser. ◇ tell, ◇ punish (with words). teach, instruct, show; show me the water! ilbeltatuma züchtigen. ◇ to discipline. Ⓛ nintini (= pitjai); kapi nintintaku ilbara Baum spec. mit langen schmalen ngalajerrai! Blättern. ◇ tree species with long, narrow ilbarilbanánama herunterhängen. leaves. Ⓛ anuntu Ⓓ wirra? (‘?’ added ◇ to hang down. Ⓛ warawaralngariñi by CS) ilbarilbaranama sich fest an etwas ilbara Nasenbein, Känguruhknochen von klammern (Vögel an Ast); z.B. die Sonne den Weibern und Mädchen getragen. kurz vor Untergang. ◇ cling or hold tightly ◇ nosebone, kangaroo bone worn by onto something (birds onto branches); women and girls. Ⓛ ilberi sun just before setting. Ⓛ worra ilbarilbara ebene (Fläche), glatte (Fläche). worralknarañi ◇ level, smooth (surface). Ⓛ ilberilberi ilbarilbara ebene, flache Fläche. ◇ level, ilbara ankama glatt reden, verteidigen flat surface. Ⓛ ilberilberi, waralwaral (mit Worten). ◇ smooth talk, to defend ilbarilbara ngama an der Kante (with words). Ⓛ batjiri wonkañi (anfassend etwas) tragen, sodaß es ilbarabunja ankama fürsprechen, herabhängt. ◇ carry something by its verteidigen, in Schutz nehmen (gegen edge, so it hangs down. Ⓛ waralwaral Verleumdung). ◇ to advocate, to katiñi defend, to defend (from defamation). ilbarinja eine Larve, die sich an den Ⓛ angawonkañi tnurunga Büschen findet. ◇ grub living on tnurunga bushes. Ⓛ ilbirinji

200 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ilbar͑ irbmankua cf. ilba taub sein. ilbia Strauch spec., nadelförmige Blätter ◇ be deaf. Ⓛ pinnanji und gelbe Blüten. ◇ bush species with ilbararénama sich umwickeln (etwas needle-like leaves and yellow blossoms. Schnur). ◇ to wrap around (some string). Ⓛ ilbii Ⓛ waraltunañi ilbila der an den Mulgazweigen ilbarka klein, eingedrückt (Nase). ◇ small, befindlicher Honig. ◇ honey on mulga flat (nose). Ⓛ lalba branches. Ⓛ aultjiri ilbarkerama einfallen (Gestalt, Gesicht vor ilbirba große Blätter (Gummiblätter), kleine Alter). ◇ to wither (body, face from age). Gummizweige. ◇ big leaves (gum leaves), Ⓛ beltaringañi, lalbaringañi small gum twigs. Ⓛ balbira, taljira, ilbérama rötlich werden. ◇ turn reddish. taljirba Ⓛ warknarañi ilbirtja rote Laus. ◇ red lice. Ⓛ lililba ilbartja (ilbirtja) hell (Haar), weiß, grau, ilbitjalbélama herausziehen (z.B. den verwelkt. ◇ fair (hair), white, grey, wilted. Speer aus einer Wunde, oder das Ⓛ lililba Zauberholz aus dem Kranken). ◇ pull out ilbata Stoppeln, Baumstumpf. ◇ stubbles, (e.g. spear out of wound or magic-wood tree stump. Ⓛ tamala out of sick person). Ⓛ altakaltanani ilbatilbata cf. ilba willig, zuverlässig. ilbmára Tau. ◇ dew. Ⓛ intjilpi Ⓓ buru ◇ willing, reliable. Ⓛ pinnali ilbmara-ultunda Tautropfen. ilbatjaltjila cf. ilba verständig. ◇ dewdrops. Ⓛ intjilpi ultundu ◇ intelligent, understanding. ilbmarka unbeschnittener (Junge). Ⓛ pinnawolla ◇ not initiated (boy). Ⓛ kurari ilbāta Masern (überall am Körper ilbmarauma um Beistand bitten, bitten, verbreitet). ◇ measles (all over body). flehen. ◇ beg for assistance, beg, Ⓛ mutu implore. Ⓛ wonkatiriñi Ⓓ juajuangana ilbátuma umstoßen (z.B. einen Tisch), ilbmaraulama um Beistand bitten, umwerfen, zerstören (z.B. ein Haus). bitten, flehen. ◇ beg for assistance, ◇ knock over (e.g. table), overturn, beg, implore. Ⓛ wonkatiriraïni destroy (e.g. house). Ⓛ patani ilbmilbmaka rama mit den Augen drohen. Ⓓ kokoterkibana ◇ threaten with eyes. Ⓛ wombanji ilbentjilama herkommen (langsam). inkulanañi Ⓓ milki tekibana ◇ approach (slowly). Ⓛ ngalakutijennañi ilbminja Asche. ◇ ash. Ⓛ tunba ilbatuna Baumstumpf. ◇ tree stump. ilbmana schwarze Honig-ameise. ◇ black Ⓛ tamala mutunta honeyant. Ⓛ ilbmani ilbéuma hinterlassen (des Verstorbenen, ilbminta [Southern dialect] cf. ekalta der sein Weib und Kinder zurückläßt). mächtig. ◇ powerful. Ⓛ kanti ◇ leave behind (deceased man who ilbmanta Honig-Tropfen (die Honig-Blüten, leaves his wife and children behind). die auf den Boden fallen). ◇ drops of Ⓛ alapunkukatiñi Ⓓ delkina, gilbarina honey (honey blossoms that fall to the ilbeulalama verlassen (trotzig seine Eltern). ground). Ⓛ tjilpuntu ◇ to leave (defiantly ones’ parents). ilbilbaraiwulama (Wasser) von sich Ⓛ alapunkukatiñi, alawontikatiñi abschütteln (Tiere). ◇ shake (water) off ilberala sehr schön (daliegen). ◇ very (animals). Ⓛ pinpintapungañi beautiful (lie). Ⓛ taltirknarañi ilboiuma leugnen, nicht glauben, ilberinja sehr schön (aussehen, Farbe). zweifeln. ◇ deny, not believe, doubt. ◇ very beautiful (appearance, colour). Ⓛ woiawatani Ⓛ taltirkumbani ilbórata (auch ilbárata) fleißig. ◇ industrious. Ⓛ atamba Ⓓ jigleri (jiljeri)

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 201 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ilbótilbota Strauch spec. weiße, iliakwata Emu-Ei. ◇ emu egg. Ⓛ kalaia fliederähnliche Blüten und dunkelgrüne, ngokuta nadelförmige Blätter. ◇ shrub species ilénga Emu-(penis). ◇ emu-(penis). with white, lilac blossoms and dark green Ⓛ kalu needle-shaped leaves. Ⓛ mulili ntjiïkaputa kleines Emu. ◇ small emu. ilbotja [Southern dialect] ringneck-parrot. Ⓛ akala, akalba Ⓓ ilbula ◇ ringneck parrot. ilelta der Bast. ◇ fibre.Ⓛ ilelta Ⓓ ilbula ilbula Strauch spec. feine nadelförmige ilíara junge Männer. ◇ young adult men. Blätter (tea-tree, ti-tree, Melaleuca Ⓛ maliara Ⓓ ilbula glomerata). ◇ shrub species with fine iliárra Verwandtschaft, Vaters Schwesters needle shaped leaves (Melaleuca Tochters Mann und Mutters Bruders glomerata, tea tree, ti tree). Ⓛ ilbili Tochters Mann. ◇ kinship, father’s ilbulata eine Mulgaart mit hellen Blättern. sister’s daughter’s husband and mother’s ◇ mulga species with light coloured brother’s daughter’s husband. Ⓛ altali? leaves. Ⓛ manjiri (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓓ ilbula ilbuma auffangen (tjata oder jelka beim ililbera [Northern dialect] der graue Reinigen). ◇ catch (tjata or jelka when Stamm (der ilbula) (ila-ilbera). ◇ grey trunk cleaning). Ⓛ mamani (of ilbula) (ila-ilbera). Ⓛ ngana lililba ilbunkura schmutzig, mit Asche besudelt, ililbmarilbmara vielstandig (Strauch). nicht gereinigt. ◇ dirty, soiled with ash, ◇ bulky (shrub). Ⓛ ngana intjilbatara not cleaned. Ⓛ titi ilina wir beide (ein Bruder zum andern ilelinkinaí? [Eastern dialect] und Bruder). ◇ we two (brother to a brother). [Northern dialect], ilakinaí? [Northern Ⓛ ngali dialect] Was? (iwunai?). ◇ what? ilinanta wir beide (ein Mann zu. s. Frau). (iwunai?). Ⓛ na͡ i? ◇ we two (husband to his wife). ilenga [Northern dialect] weit. ◇ far. Ⓛ ngalita Ⓛ wonma ilinbinja Anführer der Bluträcher. ◇ leader ilengakilenga weit von einander of revenge party. Ⓛ teïra, teïrba entfernt. ◇ far apart from each other. Ⓓ mudlakutja? (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ wonmakuwonma ilinja Bund, Bündel. ◇ bunch, bundle. ilirerama wachsen machen, schwellen Ⓛ tetirba machen (Brüste). ◇ make grow, make ilinjiuma [Northern dialect] einwickeln, swell (breasts). Ⓛ unkañi umwickeln, zusammendrehen (Schnur). ilenkuma hervorkriechen aus dem Boden, ◇ wrap, wind around, roll together aufsteigen gen. Himmel (z.B. die Larven). (string). Ⓛ tetirpungañi ◇ crawl out of the ground, ascend to the ilinjatuma [Northern dialect] binden, sky (e.g. grubs). Ⓛ piralanka̓ ñi fesseln. ◇ tie, shackle. Ⓛ karbini, ilenkupenkuma dupl. hervorkommen, tetirpungañi aufsteigen (wie oben). ◇ (reduplication) ilintarinja (ila+intarinja) dicht zusammen come out, ascend. Ⓛ piralankana̓ ñi stehende Stämme. ◇ trunks standing ilentja Kakadu. ◇ cockatoo. Ⓛ ilentji densely together. Ⓛ alukuru ilia Emu. ◇ emu, Dromaius ilintarintara (ila+intarintara) vielstandig, novaehollandiae. Ⓛ kalaia Ⓓ warugatti vielstämmig. ◇ dense (tree trunks, stems, iliapa Emu-Schwanzfedern, lange bushes). Ⓛ ta̓ tapa̓ rapara Emufedern. ◇ emu-tailfeathers, long ilirra hell (Auge), gutaussehend, schön emu feathers. Ⓛ aturu (Gestalt) (?), klar (Wasser). (‘?’ added ilia punga (Emu-Haare), die kurzen by CS). ◇ bright (eye), good looking, Federn des Emu. ◇ (emu hair), short beautiful, clear (water). Ⓛ kaltaru emu feathers. Ⓛ kalaia ngalbu

202 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ilirrerama hell werden, sich sonnen. ilkaialta Backenbart. ◇ side burns. ◇ become light, sunbathe. Ⓛ kaltaruriñi Ⓛ kantaïntu ilirrilama hell machen (Auge), sich den ilkainama sichten (Sämmereien). Schlaf aus den Augen reiben, sich ◇ winnow (seeds, grain). Ⓛ anparangañi sonnen. ◇ make bright (eye), rub sleep ilkalurkna Ader. ◇ artery, vain. out of eyes, sunbathe. Ⓛ pitaltjiriñi, Ⓛ ilkalurknu kaltarurini ilkala Sodabusch. ◇ saltbush. Ⓛ tjilkala ilirka zusammengetrocknetes Aas (von Ⓓ malto Tieren), trockener Kadaver. ◇ shrivelled ilkalatja rot und weiß gestreifte Larven carrion (of animals), dry carcass. Ⓛ tikila in den ilkala-Büschen. ◇ red and white alkna ilírra ein halb-blindes oder striped grubs in ilkala bushes. Ⓛ tjilkala ausgelaufenes Auge? (‘?’ added by CS). ilkakutja Sturm. ◇ storm. ◇ Possibly meaning ‘half-blind or run out illkaltaltua sehr leicht, nicht schwer. eye’. ◇ very light, not heavy. Ⓛ pirambi ilirtja Furche, Rinne, Graben, Schlucht. ilkalabareria Rückkehr-Bumerang. ◇ furrow, channel, ditch, gorge. ◇ returning boomerang. Ⓛ kikirikunu Ⓛ woltara, ilirtji ilkaiïlkaierama aufständig werden. ilirtjilama Furche machen, Rinne ◇ become rebellious. machen. ◇ make a channel. ilkama schreien, brüllen, krähen. ◇ scream, Ⓛ woltaranañi, ilirtjini roar, crow. Ⓛ merañi Ⓓ maritjina ilirtjibama den Grund graben. ◇ dig in ilkalbilkama fortwährend schreien. the ground. ◇ scream continuously. Ⓛ meramerañi ilita [Northern dialect] testiculi. ◇ testicle. ilkákama einem nachschreien. ◇ shout Ⓛ tulkur after someone. Ⓛ tjitini ilitakama [Northern dialect] kastrieren. ilkalélama schreien machen, brüllen ◇ castrate. Ⓛ tulkur kuntani machen. ◇ make cry, make roar. ilitja [Southern dialect] grün (Früchte), Ⓛ merataljini unreif, ungar (Fleisch). ◇ green (fruit), ilkatjintjima, ilkatnatjintjima schreien unripe, not yet cooked (meat). Ⓛ wonka (Vögel) (beim Aufstehen), krähen (Hahn). ilitjera [Southern dialect] kräftig, gesund. ◇ squawk (birds when awaking); ◇ strong, healthy. Ⓛ linkira crow (rooster). Ⓛ merarakalbañi, jilitjiïla Rauschen (der Flügel), Flattern, meramerarakalbañi Knarren (der Räder). ◇ flapping (of ilkatnitjitnitjalbuma fortwährend wings), flutter, creaking (of wheels). schreien z.B. nach Brot. ◇ scream Ⓛ tirkilwarañi constantly, e.g. for bread. Ⓛ meramerañi ilka ruhig, windstill, seßhaft (Mensch). kulbara ◇ quiet, calm, settled (human). Ⓛ kilki ilkinja Geschrei. ◇ racket. Ⓛ meranji alka Felsplatte, Felsblock? ◇ rock plate. Ⓓ miritja (‘?’ added by CS). Ⓛ palpa ilkamilkama arm. ◇ poor. Ⓛ mar͑alba ilkanga Felsplatte (Palm Creek), Felsblock. ilkánama vergießen. ◇ spill, shed. Ⓛ alani ◇ rock plate, boulder, name of Palm alua ilkanama Blut vergießen. ◇ shed Creek. Ⓛ walu blood. Ⓛ ngurka alani ilkarinjatua böse Wesen, die sich unter ilkanjindama auf dem Ellbogen gestützt Felsplatten aufhalten. ◇ evil beings or bad liegen, sich auf den Ellbogen stützen. spirits who live under rock plates; i.e. ‘the ◇ lie propped up on elbow; prop up on ones living under rock plates’ (Strehlow elbow. Ⓛ nukupiti ngariñi, ngunanpiti 1907: 12). Ⓛ katu bankalangu ngariñi Ⓓ tintiterkana, nankaterina ilkaia Backe, Wange. ◇ cheek. Ⓛ kanta, kantja Ⓓ ngadla

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 203 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ilkánkula sehr schnell (Sturmwind, ilkínjana eine aus Kalk und kemba Pferd). ◇ very fast (storm wind, horse). Blüten hergestellte Masse. ◇ mixture Ⓛ wollatura of limestone and kemba blossoms. ilkántuántua [Southern dialect] Ⓛ tar͑ itar͑ i, aretar͑ itar͑ i (ilkaltaltua) sehr leicht. ◇ very light. ilkitjera Strauch (dead finish) mit kurzen Ⓛ pirambi Stacheln und gelben Blüten. ◇ shrub ilkarkama [Southern dialect] erschrecken. (dead finish) with short needles and ◇ get a fright. Ⓛ kokurkana̓ ñi yellow flowers.Ⓛ kurara Ⓓ pararaka ilkaralama ausstrecken (Glieder, Hände ilkna naß, feucht, weiß (Zahn). ◇ wet, oder Füße) refl. ◇ (reflexive) stretch out damp, white (tooth). Ⓛ topi Ⓓ ngapali, (limbs, hands or feet). Ⓛ tjiraratunañi ngapatjanka Ⓓ ngurakatina ilknamboba mitten auf dem Wasser. ilkartja schuldig. ◇ guilty. Ⓛ tali, talji ◇ in the middle of the water. ilkatnanama einen langen Schrei Ⓛ ilknangururba Ⓓ kunakalu ausstoßen. ◇ utter a long cry. ilknilknilara herabfließende Saft. ◇ juice Ⓛ meraratalkañi flowing down. Ⓛ kurungátanga̓ ta ilkatoa [Northern dialect] Pflanze mit ilknama trs. waschen, reinigen (streicheln). gurkenähnlichen Früchten. ◇ plant with ◇ (transitive) wash, clean (stroke). a cucumber-like fruit. Ⓛ ilkuta Ⓛ urini, paltjiñi Ⓓ kulirkana ílkata; patta ílkata; inka ílkata fig. ilknalama refl. sich waschen. Rücken z.B. ◇ figurative ‘back’.Ⓛ taltu ◇ (reflexive) wash.Ⓛ uriranañi patta ílkata Bergrücken. ◇ mountain Ⓓ kulirkaterina ridge. Ⓛ puli taltu ilknákama absondern, abteilen, auslesen, inka ílkata Knöchel. ◇ foot knuckle. auswählen, abspenstig machen. Ⓛ tjinna taltu ◇ separate, partition, select, choose, ílkata Mulde aus Gummiholz. ◇ bowl made remove. Ⓛ akatatauani Ⓓ mulkana, of gumtree wood. Ⓛ biti tjirimalkana ilkáta schmerzend, Schmerz. ◇ painful, ilknakatnétnama zusammenzählen, pain. Ⓛ mekina, mekinba auslesen und zusammenzählen, ilkatérama Schmerzen, wehe tun. rechnen. ◇ add together, select and ◇ in pain, hurt. Ⓛ mekinariñi count together, calculate. Ⓛ intjiïn̓ tjiñi Ⓓ ketjaketjana, pandrarina Ⓓ windamana ilkatintjama anfangen zu schmerzen. ilknálama sich aufrichen (nach dem ◇ starting to hurt. Ⓛ mekingarañi Schlaf), sich strecken, sich dehnen (nach ilkatilkatoa [Northern dialect] Pflanze dem Schlaf). ◇ get up, stretch (after spec. ◇ plant species. Ⓛ ilkutilkuta sleep). Ⓛ watuni Ⓓ warpina, ngutana ilkelkerindama auf der Seite liegen. ◇ lie alkna ilknalama sich den Schlaf aus on side. Ⓛ ngilingili ngariñi, kultupiti den Augen reiben. ◇ rub sleep out of ngariñi eyes. Ⓛ paltjiñi ilkilja das, was man gegessen hat, das ilknárintja ein Speer aus agia Wurzeln Gegessene; das Verdaute, der Mist. verfertigt. ◇ spear made of agia roots. ◇ food eaten; digested food, stool. Ⓛ mulu Ⓛ ilkilji ilknara nackt, bloß. ◇ naked, bare. ilkēnama überragen, größer machen als Ⓛ ilknari, utita (nackt) Ⓓ palu ein anderer. ◇ tower over, make taller. iknarilama trs. von den Hülsen Ⓛ alau̓ rkuni entblößen (jelka-Körner). ◇ (transitive) ilkinja Zeichen (am Körpe angebracht). strip off husk (jelka-seeds). ◇ designs. Ⓛ (wolkatunata), wolka Ⓛ ilknarinani

~~204 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ilknariuma abhäuten (Tiere), abklopfen ilkwaterilama mit einem anderen (die Rinde von den Bäumen). ◇ skin gehen. ◇ go with someone else. (animals), knock off (bark from trees). Ⓛ malpantanañi Ⓛ ngiripungañi iloa viele, cr. 20. ◇ many, circa 20. ikneléruma [Southern dialect] Ⓛ nguangua (= alkneleruma) Gesicht vergehen vor iloamiloa zu 20 u. 20. ◇ 20 and 20. Erschöpfung, verhungern. ◇ fade from Ⓛ nguanguakanguangu exhaustion, starve. Ⓛ kuruwiaringañi iloamulkurantema sehr viele (wieder). Ⓓ wariwarina ◇ very many (again). Ⓛ nguanguatara ilknua testiculi. ◇ testicle. Ⓛ ngambu ilóara Salz, Salzkruste, Salzsee; in Tjur. ilknuiltuma kastrieren. ◇ castrate. Gesängen: weißes (Stirnband). ◇ salt, salt Ⓛ ngambu kuntani crust, salt lake; Lake Lewis. Ⓛ pando, ilknuinama kastrieren. ◇ castrate. muluuru Ⓛ ngambu manjiñi ilóatja hilflos, sterbenskrank. ◇ helpless, ilkobana Amme, Ernährer. ◇ wet nurse, very sick. Ⓛ aratalenku provider. iltinjingambura Zwietracht. ◇ discord. ilkóta kleine gurkenähnliche Frucht. ilóra Eidechse, sp. (mit großem Kopf). ◇ small gherkin-like fruit. Ⓛ ilkuta, ◇ lizard species (with big head). unbati Ⓛ wollura ilkótilkóta rankende Pflanze mit roten ilta ilanbilanga Festung. ◇ fortress. Beeren (nicht gegessen), Melothria ilta Haus, Hütte. ◇ house, hut, humpy. maderaspatana. ◇ vine with red berries Ⓛ minta, kanku Ⓓ punga (not edible), Melothria maderaspatana ilta-toppa Dach (flache Dach). ◇ roof (flat now Mukia maderaspatana (Latz 1996). roof). Ⓛ minta-tana Ⓓ punga ngalpa Ⓛ ilkutilkuta ilta-kaputa Dach. ◇ roof. Ⓛ minta- alkúlialkúla lama kreuz und katalara quer wandern. ◇ walk aimlessly. iltaljiltalja einsam (im Lagerplatz Ⓛ wabalbiwabalbi jennañi zurückbleiben). ◇ lonely (stay back at ilkuma essen, fressen. ◇ eat. Ⓛ ngalkuñi camp). Ⓛ kutuntu Ⓓ táïna (tajina) iltairama klingen, tönen, lauten (intrs.), ilkulilkulalama eilig essen (vor dem schnalzen (mit dem Munde). ◇ sound, Aufbruch). ◇ eat in a hurry (before ring, toll (intransitive), smack with mouth. departure). Ⓛ ngalkungalkukatiñi Ⓛ nguntalmanañi ilkubilkuma fortwährend essen. ◇ eat iltairatuma klagend zusammen schlagen. continuously. Ⓛ ngalkungalkuñi ◇ hit together wailing. Ⓛ timbilbmanañi, kwakala ilkuma fortwährend essen, viel timbilpungañi essen. ◇ eat continuously, eat a lot. iltinkiltinka Glocke (n). ◇ bell. Ⓛ kututu ngalkuñi iltama schalten, zanken. ◇ scold, quarrel; tnolbala ilkuma unmäßig essen. ◇ eat growl, swear; burn (wood); bark (dog). excessively. Ⓛ bulbanka ngalkuñi Ⓛ warkiñi Ⓓ jatibana, jatijiribana ilkurkna der dicke Saft (der Larven und iltarama sich streiten (mit Worten). Beeren). ◇ thick juice (of grubs and ◇ fight (with words).Ⓛ warkirapungañi berries). Ⓛ alkurknu Ⓓ jatamalina ilkwátera zwei zusammen (sitzen), beide iltalbatuma klatschen (mit den Händen). zusammen, ein Paar, Gesellschaft, ◇ clap (with hands). Ⓛ pantulbmanañi Gemeinschaft. ◇ two together (sit), both iltama ausziehen (Federn), abstreifen together, a couple, society, community. (Tjur. Schmuck). ◇ pluck (feathers), strip. Ⓛ malpa, malparara Ⓓ milpara Ⓛ puntani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 205 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

iltariltara das Klappern, Stampfen (der íltira Steinmesser (spec.) ◇ stone knife Hufe). ◇ clatter, stomp (of hoofs). (species). Ⓛ kaltjiti iltára klappern, dröhnen, lauten. ◇ clatter, iltatuma ausrotten, alle umbringen, roar, sound; sound of feet when someone erschlagen. ◇ exterminate, kill everybody, is coming. Ⓛ talala slay. Ⓛ muriripungañi iltarkama klappern, knarren (Ästen), iltira hell, weiß, Hornhaut auf dem Auge. ächzen (Stämme im Winde). ◇ rattle, ◇ white, cornea (on eye). Ⓛ kaltjiti, creak (branches), groan (trunks in the tinku wind). Ⓛ tirkilbmanañi, tirkiltukariñi iltirerama weiß werden, hell werden. iltarbakaturuma klappernd ◇ turn white, lighten. Ⓛ kaltjitiriñi aneinaderschlagen (Speere, Früchte), ilta [Northern dialect] alta Tag. ◇ day. ächzend sich reiben (Wurzeln). Ⓛ julta ◇ clattering against each other (spears, ílterama[Northern dialect] conf. fruit), rub groaning against each other alterama Tag werden. ◇ become day, (roots). Ⓛ tirkiltukatiñi daybreak. Ⓛ jultaringañi iltarkatnauma klappern (der Speer auf der iltjerkniltjerkna rötlich sein (Känguruh Felsplatte). ◇ rattle (the spear on the rock Haare; Früchte z.B. Feigen). ◇ be reddish plate). Ⓛ tirkilbmara okalingañi (kangaroo hair; fruit e.g. bush figs). iltariltarauma erschallen lassen, Ⓛ taltirtaltira läuten (trs.) ◇ let ring, toll (transitive). iltirbminjatuma Takt schlagen. ◇ beat Ⓛ takaltakaltjingañi Ⓓ katangiribana time. Ⓛ tirkiltipungani, timbilbmanañi (läuten: to ring)? (‘?’ added by CS) iltiakama, iltíltakama schnell töten, iltariltara stampfen (der mit den Füßen zaubern. ◇ kill quickly, make magic. beim gehen stampft). ◇ stomp. Ⓛ putulbmanañi, kutukanañi iltjakilama ausrüsten (zur Reise). iltjalura Handballen. ◇ hand ball. ◇ prepare (for a journey); go on a long Ⓛ marawollura journey, going camping a long way away. iltja Hand. ◇ hand. Ⓛ măra iltjantarba einhändig. ◇ one handed. iltja ulbura die Finger (mit Ausnahme iltemba eine kleine Mulde aus ininta des Daumens). ◇ fingers (except angefertigt, mit welcher Teig in Asche thumb). Ⓛ mara walpuru geschoben wird. ◇ small bowl made out iltjakantja Finger. ◇ finger. of ininta wood, used to push dough into Ⓛ maraakantji ashes. Ⓛ altimbi iltjatjenja Mittelfinger. ◇ middle finger. iltjikelama auf die Hand legen (Tjur. z.B.) Ⓛ marawara ◇ lay on hand. Ⓛ marankanañi iltjatnata Handteller. ◇ palm of hand. iltaratuma klopfen (an der Tür), Ⓛ marawila zerklopfen (Samen). ◇ knock (on the iltjakurkakurka der kleine Finger. ◇ little door), grind (seeds). Ⓛ takaltjingañi finger. Ⓛ mara ngali Ⓓ nandranandrana, tatangiribana iltjatoppa Handrücken. ◇ back of hand. iltjambiltjanga Blasen (in der Hand). Ⓛ maratana ◇ blisters (on hand). Ⓛ biltjinbiltjin iltjamakura, iltjanekua (iltjamēkua) iltankutja friedlich, nicht zanksüchtig. Daumen. ◇ thumb. Ⓛ maramamara, ◇ peaceful, not quarrelsome. Ⓛ ngalutu marapantji iltankua mit Wasser sich bespritzend, sich iltjatuatja [Fingertal] Raum zwischen abkühlend. ◇ to cool with splashes of den Fingern. ◇ [finger valley] space water. Ⓛ altunka between fingers.Ⓛ maratinki iltariuma kneifen, zwicken. ◇ pinch, nip. iltjingiltjala auf [mit] den Händen z.B. Ⓛ mintini Ⓓ milkana ◇ on (with) the hands. Ⓛ maranka

206 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary iltja tulama Hände klatschen. ◇ clap iltjikiltjika, iltjinkiltjika faltig, gerunzelt, hands. Ⓛ mara pulpanjinañi häßlich, mager. ◇ wrinkled, creased, ugly, iltjingiltjala ngama auf den Händen scrawny. Ⓛ wiljiwiljirba Ⓓ winjiwinjiri tragen. ◇ carry in hands. Ⓛ maranka iltjerama ausruhen, ruhen, sich erholen. katiñi ◇ rest, recover. Ⓛ iltjaringañi Ⓓ pillari iltja irkulumbatninama zwei Personen ngamana, ngara ngamana, datturu halten ihre Hände zusammen. ◇ two ngamana people holding their hands together. íltura [unclear]. Ⓛ ilturu Ⓛ mara witira kanjini iltjulbura 10. ◇ does not mean ‘10’ today, iltja rakuinerama Hände halten. ◇ hold but ‘many hands’. Ⓛ marawalpuru hands. Ⓛ mara tintjirapungañi iltjulburaminkulbura 20. ◇ 20. iltja irkuruma Hände halten. ◇ hold Ⓛ marawalpurubatjinna walpuru. hands. Ⓛ mara witirapungañi (Today, the word ‘pala’ is used in Aranda iltjangantalea freigebig, Spender, der and Loritja to indicate numbers, it wirklich austeilt, Wirt (n). ◇ generous, true follows an English number, e.g. 20 pala, giver, host. Ⓛ maramunta 110 pala.) iltjamiltja früh, beim Aufgang der Sonne iltminterama sich steif fühlen. ◇ feel stiff. (die Strahlen der aufgehenden Sonne). Ⓛ tewilarini ◇ early, at sunrise (rays of rising sun). ilulama [Northern dialect] herabsteigen. Ⓛ karawollawolla, purupuru ◇ descend. Ⓛ wararakatini iltjeltja mantis, starkes Vorderbein, grüne ilulintjilama [Northern dialect] cf. Heuschrecken. ◇ mantis, strong foreleg, lulintjilama, herunterkommen. green grasshoppers. Ⓛ wiltjiltji ◇ descend. Ⓛ ngalawararakatini iltjantja Baum, spec. (beefwood), schmale, ilultara Princess Alexandra parrakeet. lederartige Blätter (cr 25 cm lang, ½ cm ◇ Princess Alexandra’s Parrot (Polytelis breit), Grevillea striata. ◇ tree species alexandrae). Ⓛ ilulturu (beefwood), narrow leather-like leaves iluka Fichte. ◇ tree species. Ⓛ wolknati (appr. 25 cm long, ½ cm wide), Grevillea iluma sterben, auflösen, einziehen, striata. Ⓛ iltilba austrocknen (Wasser), auslöschen (Licht). iltutjarenalama zerbrechen (intrs.), ◇ die, disintegrate, dry out (water), umbrechen (Baum), verfallen (Mauer). extinguish, switch off (light), put out ◇ break (intransitive), break (tree), (a fire).Ⓛ iluni Ⓓ palina collapse (wall). Ⓛ bultulukatiñi ilulinlama tot am Boden liegen. ◇ lie iltjarkna Darm, die dünnen Därme. ◇ gut, dead on the ground. Ⓛ ilura ngarini thin guts. Ⓛ bilinji iltulbiuma umbringen, trs. einem das iltuma schneiden, zerschneiden (z.B. Leben nehmen. ◇ to kill, (transitive) Fleisch). ◇ cut, cut up (meat). Ⓛ kuntani to take someone’s life. iltjatua [Northern dialect] cf. altjota. ilunama auslöschen (Feuer). ◇ grass species. Ⓛ iltjota ◇ extinguish (fire).Ⓛ iluntanani iltjeljera [Northern dialect] Eidechse mit Ⓓ palimana Schwanzstumpf. ◇ lizard with knob tail. ilutjikilutjikerama in den letzen Ⓛ iltjiljari Zügen liegen. ◇ dying, passing away. iltjénma Krebs. ◇ yabby, crab, crayfish. Ⓛ iluntakiluntaku ngarini Ⓛ iltjenmi Ⓓ kundidiri (kurundi?) iloatja hilflos, rettungslos. ◇ helpless, (‘?’ added by CS) doomed. Ⓛ aratalenku iltjilitjaltjilerama langsam ilulupuluma langsam herabsteigen. heranschleichen (Katzen). ◇ creep up ◇ slowly descend. Ⓛ wararakatinái slowly (cat). Ⓛ maratjila iltulbailtuia sehr kalt. ◇ very cold. Ⓛ peria, kuntakuntara

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 207 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ilumba Baum spec. (lime-wood) weiße imambula fast tot, dem Tode nahe. Rinde, Eucalyptus tesseralis. ◇ tree ◇ nearly dead, close to death. with white bark (lime-wood), ghost Ⓛ jupataka gum, Eucalyptus tessearis? possibly imakimakerama sich verderben. E. papuana (Latz 1996). Ⓛ tota úlupa ◇ spoil (reflexive). ilumbartja Gummi des ilumba. ◇ gum of imanama hinhalten (einen etwas zu geben). ghost gumtree. Ⓛ úlumbartji ◇ offer.Ⓛ itoanái ilumbalitnana giftige Schlange, cr. 3 Fuß imaninja Preis, Kampfpreis. ◇ price; olden lang. Rücken: grau-grünlich. Bauch: gelb. times, long time ago, very old. ◇ poisonous snake, about 3 feet long. imanai halt es ihm hin (um es ihm zu Back: grey-green. Belly: yellow. Ⓛ tota geben). ◇ offer it to him.Ⓛ titalai! itorai! ilunama auslöschen (Feuer), verderben inkai! halt deine Hand auf! (um zu nehmen)! (trs.) ◇ extinguish (fire), spoil (transitive). ◇ take it! Ⓛ inkai! Ⓛ iluntanani imankarbuna vor cr. 5 Monaten. ◇ circa ilulatanama ersticken (vom Rauch oder five months ago; quite a while ago. wenn etwas [unclear]), verderben. Ⓛ raua kutuba ◇ suffocate, spoil. imankulkura vor cr. 6 Monaten oder ilungangala inama rauben. ◇ steal. länger. ◇ circa 6 months ago or more. Ⓛ kunnabakaranka manjini Ⓛ raua nguanba ilura dick, stark (Mann), fett, fleischig, dicke imanka knara vor cr. 9 Monaten. ◇ about Rinde (Baum). ◇ thick, strong (man), fat, nine months ago; long time ago. Ⓛ raua meaty, thick bark (tree). Ⓛ wolku puntu ilurra Vogel spec. (klein, weiß). ◇ bird imanka indora vor cr. 1 Jahr. ◇ about one species (small, white). Ⓛ ilurru year ago. Ⓛ raua lenku ilura [Northern dialect]; alkna ilura imankaparatoa vor cr. 2 Jahren. ◇ circa entzündet, geschwollen; entzündetes two years ago. Ⓛ rauakatoa Auge. ◇ inflamed, swollen; inflamed eye. imankuntuara vor cr. 4 Jahren. ◇ circa Ⓛ iltilti, kuru iltilti four years ago. Ⓛ rauanka wirili ilutjikilutjikerama in den letzten Zügen imanka einst (vor mehreren Monaten, vor liegen. ◇ dying. Ⓛ iluntakiluntaku cr. 3–4 Monaten). ◇ once (a few months ngarini ago, about 3–4 months ago); long ago; iltjabotta Handballen, Faust, z.B. once upon a time, once; olden time. iltjabottala ilknima. ◇ hand ball, fist. Ⓛ raua Ⓓ waru, warula ilunjunkuna sterblich. ◇ mortal. imankuntuarakala vor cr. 10–16 Jahren. ilunjalkua sterblich. ◇ mortal. ◇ about 10–16 years ago. Ⓛ rauanka ima zum Tod verurteilt, in Todesgefahr. wirilita ◇ sentenced to death, in peril. Ⓛ meri imankinja einstig. ◇ once, former. imilama zum Tode helfen, verurteilen. Ⓛ rauata Ⓓ warawaru ◇ to sentence (to death). imankuramankura weithin reichend Ⓛ meeriwalkuni (Äste). ◇ far reaching (branches). imerinja der Totschläger. ◇ murderer. Ⓛ tuntawoljiwolji Ⓛ muranu imankakata; imankulkura vor sehr vielen imalalkuja in Todesgefahr, Trübsal. Jahren; neulich, vor 6 Monaten. ◇ many ◇ in peril, sadness, sorrow. Ⓛ merimata years ago. Ⓛ rauakata; raua nguanba imalalkura in Todesgefahr, Trübsal. ◇ in imara Mistelzweig (Loranthus linophyllus). peril, sadness, sorrow. Ⓛ meringuanba ◇ mistletoe branch (Loranthus linophyllus imakimaka Trübsal. ◇ sadness, sorrow. now Amyema spp. or Lysiana spp. (Latz 1996)). Ⓛ nenkininba

208 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary imararinja die in Mistelzweigen sich imbakama zurückhalten vom Gehen aufhalt. bösen Wesen. ◇ wicked beings (durch Worte oder mit Gewalt). ◇ hold or bad spirits who dwell in mistletoe; back from leaving (with words or force). ‘mistletoe inhabitants’ i.e. imara Ⓛ walitunañi (mistletoe) -rinja (belonging to) (Strehlow imbana Eigentum, (das ein anderer zu 1907: 12). Ⓛ nenkingurara lassen (imbuma) hat, nicht nehmen darf). imankangaaltjirangamballa von Ewigkeit ◇ property that no other person may her. ◇ an eternity ago, ages ago. take; special, important. Ⓛ matubura Ⓛ rauantitalenku imankangala je, jemals. ◇ ever. imatiuma [Northern dialect] cf. matiuma. imbanakana Almosen. ◇ alm. ◇ bind, wind around. Ⓛ juntunañi iḿbanama vorbeigehen, vorübergehen. imatubara cf. matubara. ◇ shackled. ◇ pass by, go by. Ⓛ mawontiñi Ⓛ junba imbanama einen zurücklassen, ihm imbalama (einen) allein lassen, zuvorkommen. ◇ leave someone behind, zurücklassen. ◇ leave behind. Ⓛ wontira preempt. Ⓛ wontira bakañi jennañi imbanimbana gehörig, zu eigen sein. imbakalama (imbama-kalama) ◇ belonging to. Ⓛ matuburamatubura abfallen, sich ablösen. ◇ fall off, detach. imbaljinama trs. fortschicken. ◇ (transitive) Ⓛ nalburtalkañi send away. imbalalama zurücklassen, verlassen. imbanintuma verschonen, pflegen (einen ◇ leave behind, abandon. Ⓛ wontikatiñi Kranken). ◇ spare, nurse (a sick person). imaturba [Northern dialect] zusammen Ⓛ purintunañi gewickelt, unentwickelt (Brüste). ◇ not imbara ngalakana Vorbild. ◇ (role) model. developed (breasts). Ⓛ mulbakanta imbara Zeichen, Linie, Umriß, Abdruck imbalalbuma verlassen (Lagerplatz). (Fuß), Jahresringe. ◇ sign, design, ◇ abandon (camp). Ⓛ wontirakulbañi line, outline, imprint (foot), year rings. imanka-altjirangamuntuarakala in Ⓛ ninka Ⓓ malka grauer Vorzeit. ◇ before time began. imbara knaragata bunt, bemalt z.B. Ⓛ tukutita, wirilikata mantara. ◇ colourful, painted, e.g. bag. imbalarenama lassen (geschehen), Ⓛ ninka puntutara erlauben. ◇ let (happen), permit. imbarutnulama Schmuck abstreifen. Ⓛ wontirijenni ◇ remove decorations. Ⓛ puntani imba Hülle, die die Larven zurück lassen. imbarakama stehen lassen, nicht umhauen ◇ cocoon left behind by larva. Ⓛ imbu (imperf. imbakaraka er lies stehen). ◇ let imbala(w)uma gehen, scheiden (von stand, not cut down (imperf. he let stand). Seite des Mannes), entlassen, erlassen. imbariuma die Zeichen eingravieren. ◇ go, depart, dismiss. Ⓛ wontiratalkañi ◇ engrave designs. Ⓛ ninkawonniñi Ⓓ worrani patana initjinjima wieder nehmen. ◇ take again. imararutnitjalbuma (viele Vögel) kreisen imbatja Spur (Schlange), Fußabdruck, in der Luft. ◇ (many birds) are circling in Eindruck. ◇ track (snake), footprint, the sky. Ⓛ tariri ninañi kulbara impression. Ⓛ ninka imararutnilitjilama im Kreise inka imbatja Fußabdruck. ◇ footprint. herumfliegen (Vögel). ◇ to circle (birds). Ⓛ tjinna ninka Ⓛ tariripungañi-jenkula imbatabiwuna Spinne (kleinere imbalbimbuma verlassen, im Stich lassen Art). ◇ smaller spider species. (die Angehörigen des Lagerplatzes). Ⓛ imbakunkun ◇ abandon, forsake (kin of a camp). inbatnalama laufen lassen, fahren lassen Ⓛ wontiwontiñi (Kleid), nicht nachgehen. ◇ let go, let slip (dress), not follow. Ⓛ wontirajennañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 209 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

imbatnama einen laufen lassen, nicht inakitja = lalitja Beere spec., Carrissa nachlaufen. ◇ let go, not go after. Brownii. ◇ conkerberry, Carissa Ⓛ wontirabatani lanceolata (Latz 1996). Ⓛ ngamunburu imbembalbanama an einem vorbeigehen, imuntunguntungerama [Northern ihn nicht mitnehmen. ◇ go past dialect] sehr alt werden (Mensch, Baum), somebody, not take him along. zerschlissen (Kleider). ◇ grow very old Ⓛ mawontiraïni (human beings, trees), torn (clothes). imboba halbtot. ◇ half dead. Ⓛ lakalakaringañi imbouma (reife Früchte) inalama reifen (Früchte). ◇ ripen (fruit). abschütteln. ◇ shake off (ripe fruit). Ⓛ panjaruriñi Ⓛ pinpintipungañi inaltjarerama [Northern dialect] einander imbuma lassen, sein lassen, vorübergehen. wiedersehen. ◇ see each other again. ◇ let, let be, pass by. Ⓛ wontiñi inalanga, tjili [Southern dialect] Igel, Ⓓ worrarana Ameisenigel. ◇ echidna, Tachyglossus imbalama allein lassen. ◇ leave alone. aculeatus. Ⓛ inalingi, tjilka Ⓛ wontirajennañi inalbuma zurücknehmen. ◇ to take back. imbalalama zurücklassen, liegen Ⓛ manjirakulban͂ i lassen (s. Eigentum). ◇ leave behind inama nehmen, holen, abpflücken, fangen. (his property). Ⓛ wontikatini ◇ take, fetch, gather, catch. Ⓛ manjini Ⓓ worrarijiribana Ⓓ manina imbalalbuma verlassen (den Lagerplatz) inalama aufnehmen. ◇ pick up. um Heim zukehren. ◇ leave (camp) to Ⓛ manjirangarañi return home. Ⓛ wontirakulbani inalbuma zurücknehmen. ◇ take back. imbalarenama erlauben. ◇ allow, permit. Ⓛ manjirakulbañi Ⓓ manina tikana Ⓛ wontirijenni Ⓓ manunikurana inanama mitnehmen. ◇ take along. imbalawuma entlassen. ◇ dismiss, Ⓛ mamanjini discharge. Ⓛ wontiratalkañi inatnanama schnell nehmen, an imbanama, imbaranama einen sich reißen. ◇ take quickly, seize. zurücklassen, ihm zuvorkommen. Ⓛ manjiratalkañi ◇ leave behind, beat him. Ⓛ wontira initjika lama, kwatja initjika bakan͂ i, wonkirapunkula bakan͂ i lai! holen, hol Wasser! ◇ get, get imbiltja [Northern dialect] menschenleer water! Ⓛ manjintaku jennañi (Platz). ◇ deserted (place). Ⓓ manijiribana imbulkura große graue Heuschrecke. inalala nama sich weithin zerstreuen, ◇ large grey grasshopper. Ⓛ ambulkuri um Wild zu holen. ◇ spread out to hunt imbulkna vernarbt, Narbe, Mal. ◇ scared, game. Ⓛ manjiri-ngarañi scar, mark. Ⓛ melala Ⓓ tjinpiri inbentiuma abwerfen (ein Baum die imbulknerama vernarben, heilen. ◇ scar Früchte). ◇ throw off (tree its fruit). over, heal (wound). Ⓛ melalariñi inbanama einen hinhalten, warten lassen. imintjera [Northern dialect] cf. mentera ◇ hold up somebody, let wait. Fischwehr. ◇ fish weir, fish trap. inarkama glänzen (Sterne). ◇ shine (stars). Ⓛ imintjiri inbarauma nötigen (zum Schwatzen). ímpopa angespeert, zu Tode verwundet. ◇ force (to talk). ◇ speared, mortally wounded. Ⓛ impepi inapa ein breiter über der Brust gemalte imitjima vor langer langer Zeit. ◇ a long, Streifen. ◇ broad stripe painted over long time ago. Ⓛ iwaritamunu chest. Ⓛ ngarkabala imora, antana Opossum. ◇ possum, inangantarba einarmig. ◇ one armed. Trichosurus vulpecula. Ⓛ waiuta, nunta, witjulú, witjulu Ⓓ pildra

210 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary inbakitnanama trs. einen überreden, inara furchtlos, geduldig (die Strafe auf überzeugen. ◇ (transitive) persuade sich nehmen). ◇ fearless, patient (endure someone, convince. punishment). Ⓛ inturku inilalama bekommen, mitnehmen. inangararenalama Hände auf den ◇ receive, take along. Ⓛ manjilkatiñi Rücken legen. ◇ put hands on back. inilalbuma nachdem man erhalten Ⓛ tananguntjiri ninakatiñi umkehren, mit nehmen. ◇ return after inatnanama schnell nehmen, an receiving (obtaining), take along. sich reißen. ◇ take quickly, grab. Ⓛ manjirakulbañi Ⓛ manjiratalkan͂ i ininilalbuma etwas genommen inatnama abtun, wegnehmen, berauben, habend, umkehren. ◇ having taken davontun. ◇ take away, steal. something, turn around or leave. Ⓛ manjiratalkan͂ i Ⓛ manjimanjirakulbañi inangajerama Zweige fortwährend inilopalama einsammeln bewegen. ◇ move branches continuously. (Cikaden). ◇ collect (cicadas). Ⓛ ngungaraninan͂ i Ⓛ manjimanjirangarañi inatjai! interj. nach Konja = Arme, inilabuma ablesen (z.B. Raupen). Bedauernswerter. ◇ interjection ◇ pick off (e.g. caterpillars). after ‘Konja’ meaning ‘poor thing!’ Ⓛ muntupunkulaïni, manjiraïni Ⓛ alturunkai! inanama mitnehmen. ◇ take. imbalalama nachdem man den Ⓛ mamanjini Lagerplatz verlassen hat, weiter gehen. inangiwunjiwunja dünne Arme (haben). ◇ after leaving the camp, move on. ◇ thin arms (have). Ⓛ jerrikewinjiwinji Ⓛ matalkaringañi inangatjulbara dicke Arme. ◇ thick arms. inbuma treten (auf etwas). ◇ tread (on Ⓛ jerri-lunku (sehr groß: very big) something). inangara sehr fest, sehr hart (Felsen), inba übrig geblieben, allein gelassen (Kind). streng (Haar). ◇ very solid, very hard ◇ left over, left alone (child). Ⓛ kulu, (rock), tight (hair). Ⓛ manga umbanki inanga Arm, Vorderbein, Flügel, Ast. ◇ arm, inbakama verbinden, einhacken (Finger in front leg, wing, branch. Ⓛ jerri Ⓓ nguna Finger eines andern). ◇ hold (with finger (Oberarm), ngunakutja (Schwungfeder) someone else’s finger). Ⓛ wollitunañi inangerelalama Kreise ziehen, schweben inbakama abwendig machen (z.B. noa). (Vögel in der Luft). ◇ circle, hover (birds). ◇ entice away (e.g. husband, wife). Ⓛ ngungarirekula jennañi Ⓛ wollitunañi Ⓓ katjirimana inangerelanama fortwährend hin und her inbaratnuma auseinanderziehen (Haar zum bewegen (Körper). ◇ move continuously Spinnen). ◇ pull apart (hair for spinning). back and forth (body). Ⓛ ngungari Ⓛ erewiltjini ninaranañi inbantakama aushacken, auspicken inangara nama bleiben, sich aufhalten. (z.B. Augen). ◇ peck out (e.g. eyes). ◇ stay, remain. Ⓛ ngungari ninañi Ⓛ wintalpungañi inankala weise, gelehrt, bekannt. ◇ wise, inbaraparama auseinanderziehen learned, known. Ⓛ atirbi, taka (weise) (Haar zum Spinnen). ◇ pull apart (hair for Ⓓ milkila spinning). Ⓛ erewiltjiwiltjini inapakaltjia Eidechse (Amphibolurus inbanama überschreiten, überspringen pictus). ◇ lizard (Amphibolurus pictus (über Zaun). ◇ cross, jump over (fence). now Ctenophorus pictus (Atlas of Living Ⓛ matabulukatiñi Ⓓ tankarana Australia. n.d.)). Ⓛ inapakaltji inbánana feuchte Boden, feuchte Erde. ◇ damp ground, damp soil. Ⓛ anbununu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 211 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

inbarka Tausendfüßler. ◇ centipede; an inbotna rurla das Hagelkorn. ◇ hailstone. evil spirit being in the form of a gigantic imbulkura schwarz-graue Heuschrecken. centipede that comes with the south ◇ black-grey grasshoppers. wind or in a storm from the south Ⓛ ambulkuri (Strehlow 1907: 14). When an inbarka indalbaka renama über die Schulter bites a person three times, it is believed legen (z.B. das erlegte Wild). ◇ lay over that death is imminent, because this was shoulder (e.g. killed game). Ⓛ alinba not an ordinary centipede, but an evil tunañi being in the form of an inbarka (Strehlow indalba ngama auf der Schulter tragen. 1907: 13). Ⓛ kanbarka Ⓓ tiltiri ◇ carry on shoulder or carry something inbenba kleiner Vogel, gelber Kopf, over shoulders (e.g. kangaroo). Rückenfedern grau, gelblicher Schimmer, Ⓛ alinba katiñi Flügel und Schwanzfedern grau mit inbintja der sich widerrechlich aneignet, gelben Außenrand, schwarzer Schnabel, Dieb. ◇ one who acquires something schmales weißes Halsband. 1) bee-eater; unlawfully, thief. Ⓛ kankala 2) yellow throated miner (Myzantha indeltja (intéltja) Heuschrecken. flavigula). ◇ small bird with yellow head, ◇ grasshoppers. Ⓛ tjintilka Ⓓ pindri grey back-feathers, yellow gleam, grey inbantatnima herabfallen vom Himmel, wing- and tail-feathers with yellow edge, regnen. ◇ fall down from sky (rain). black beak, small white neckband. 1. Bee indaltja auseinander stehende (Zehen eater 2. Yellow throated miner (Myzantha des Emu). ◇ spread (toes of emu). flavigula now Manorina flavigula (Pizzey Ⓛ andulka and Knight 2007)). Ⓛ bilbil inbalauma sich widerrechlich aneignen, inbititjititja voller Narben, narbig. ◇ full of stehlen (z.B. eine Frau). ◇ acquire scars, scarred. Ⓛ irbinirbini, irtalirtali unlawfully, steal (e.g. a woman). inbalauka sich widerrechlich aneignen, Ⓛ wararakatiñi Dieb (z.B. ebmanna). ◇ acquire unlawfully, indanapanama z.B. tjaia nana thief. Ⓛ wararakatinguta Utnadataka indanapanama führen inbilanama hineinkriechen (in hohlen (Weg). ◇ lead (way). Ⓛ ngarirabakañi Ast). ◇ crawl (into hollow tree). indara Vulva. ◇ vulva. Ⓛ tuka Ⓛ wararakatiñi indama; z.B. nuka mantara knara inbitjera, (arkularkua) Kuckuck-Eule. indama liegen, gehören, haben c. ◇ cuckoo-owl. Ⓛ kurr-kurr gen.; ich habe viele Kleider (wörtlich: inbentitnama abfressen (Raupen), meine Kleider groß liegt). ◇ lie, belong, kahlfressend stehen. ◇ (caterpillars) eat, have c. gen.; e.g. I have many dresses eat bare. Ⓛ karpungañi (literally: my dresses much lie). Ⓛ ngariñi inbia ndarama Frauen austauschen. Ⓓ parana ◇ exchange wives. Ⓛ kutilba jungañi inditjalbuma bei der Rückkehr liegen. inbora schwer (Last). ◇ heavy (burden); ◇ lie down on return. Ⓛ ngariñi heavy, hard, difficult (language). kulbara Ⓛ lauanba Ⓓ mati indapindama fortwährend liegen, inbilinditjalbuma hineinkriechen und fortwährend liegen, sich (dort) befinden, sich in der Hütte niederwerfen (nach der seinen Lagerplatz dort haben. ◇ lie, be Heimkehr). ◇ crawl into hut and throw continuously. Ⓛ ngarianañi oneself down (after returning home). ulbarindama auf dem Bauch liegen. Ⓛ wararakatiñi kulbara ◇ lie on the stomach. Ⓛ watungariñi inbotna Hagel. ◇ hail. Ⓛ mankuta, indalaranama überall sich lagern. ◇ camp kunada [Southern dialect] Ⓓ marda everywhere. Ⓛ ngariratalkanañi buru

212 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary toppalela indama auf dem Rücken liegen. ingalama empfangen (von Seite der Frau). ◇ lie on the back. Ⓛ tanapiti ngariñi ◇ receive (from wife’s side). Ⓛ barkani ultalela indama auf der Seite liegen. ◇ lie inenkakŭa sehr hungrig. ◇ very hungry. on the side. Ⓛ kultupiti ngariñi Ⓛ aïnmatara indanama daliegen (Platz). ◇ lie there inginja Bart, Ziegenbart. ◇ beard, goat’s (place). Ⓛ mangariñi beard. Ⓛ ngankura, ngankurba indatnapitnama auf der Seite liegen Ⓓ nganka (Ochsen), sitzen, hängen. ◇ lie on side antanatopparba Vogel. ◇ bird. (cattle), sit, hang. Ⓛ ngariranañi Ⓛ wolbatitititu inditjalama sich niederlassen. ◇ settle inguaparapara abends, wenn die Sonne down. Ⓛ jenkula ngariñi untergegangen ist. ◇ in the evening, indatjerama Freunde werden. ◇ become when the sun has set. Ⓛ mungapadu, friends. Ⓛ ngaluturingañi mungaparapara indarka weiße Ameise, Termite. ◇ white ingua Nacht, finster. ◇ night, dark (Strehlow ants, termite. Ⓛ mutuinba 1915: 45). Ⓛ munga Ⓓ tinka indarkaputa zerfressenes Holz. ◇ wood ingula in der Nacht. ◇ in the night. eaten away (by ants). Ⓛ mutuinbanti Ⓛ munganka indata [Northern dialect] cf. ndata still. inguarinja Nachtwanderler. ◇ quiet, silent; name of place on Western ◇ sleepwalker. Ⓛ mungala Ⓛ r͑ Aranda territory. ata ingueranama Nacht werden. ◇ become indatoa ◇ schön; schöner Mann. beautiful; night. Ⓛ mamungarekukatiñi beautiful man (Strehlow 1907: 102–3). inguarakua Nachtwandler. Ⓛ indota, kuninjatu ◇ sleepwalker. Ⓛ mungaru inditja gelähmt (nachdem man mit einem ingumurunka sehr finster, dunkel. Messer geschnitten worden ist). ◇ lame, ◇ very dark. Ⓛ mungawonniñi paralysed (after one has been cut with ingumunka sehr finster. ◇ very dark. Ⓛ tanti a knife). Ⓛ mungawonniñi indoala arganka-Blüten. ◇ arganka- ingupuntja, inguapuntja die tiefe blossoms. Ⓛ tutunbiri Nacht, die schwarze Nacht (Zeit um indora sehr. ◇ very. Ⓛ lenku Mitternacht). ◇ deep night, black night indotindota halbkreisförmig gebogen. (time before midnight) (Strehlow 1915: ◇ bent. Ⓛ nunkinunki 45). Ⓛ mungakututu indóta halbkreisförmig gebogen, schön. inguia alt. ◇ old. Ⓛ rauata Ⓓ womala ◇ bent into a semicircle, beautiful. inguatoppatoppala Ⓛ nunki während der ganzen Nacht. ◇ during the whole night. indotilama biegen, schmücken. ◇ to Ⓛ mungawaritiji bend, to decorate. Ⓛ nunkini (biegen: ingunanga to bend), indotaniñi (schmücken: große, weiße Larven unter der to decorate) Ⓓ tjirkatjirkana, Rinde der eßbaren Gummibäume spec. tjirkatjirkaterina ◇ large white grub under gumtree bark Ⓛ analtala inalopalama sammeln (Cikaden). ◇ collect (edible species). inguatoppalta (cicadas). Ⓛ manjira ngaranañi die Zeit nach Mitternacht. ínerra[Northern dialect] cf. nerra ◇ time after midnight (Strehlow 1915: 45). rockhole. ◇ rockhole; place (tree, rock or Ⓛ munga ngururkultu waterhole) where a person’s spirit might injitta urarankarama Flamme lodert have come from. Ⓛ wakula empor. ◇ flame flares up. inealatnuruma [Northern dialect] injipinjatjina Strauchart. ◇ shrub species. umarmen, an sich drücken (2 Freunde). Ⓛ apintapinta ◇ embrace, squeeze one another. inguntingunta früh (vor Sonnenaufgang). Ⓛ ngamankarapungañi ◇ early (before sunrise). Ⓛ mungawapu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 213 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

inguntawara nach einigen Tagen. injalirbuma hinaufreichen (Wirbelwind ◇ a few days later (Strehlow 1915: 46). oder Ranke). ◇ reach up (whirlwind or Ⓛ mungatara wiakutu vine). ingunta (zusammengesetzt von ingua inilalama mitnehmen (Sachen). ◇ take (Nacht) + enta (nur eine) morgen (nach along (things). Ⓛ manjilkatiñi Sonnenaufgang), morgens. ◇ tomorrow ingutjika [Northern dialect] cf. ngutjika (Strehlow 1915: 46), morning (after eine Pflanze mit kleinen fleischenen sunrise); compound: ingua (night) + Blättern, auf Bergen wachsen (ljaua enta (only one): only after one night. ähnlich). ◇ plant with meaty leaves, grows Ⓛ mungatara, unguntara Ⓓ tankubana on hills. Ⓛ epiepi (‘?’ added by CS) inguntakuia übermorgen. ◇ the day injalirbalbinama hinaufreichen after tomorrow (Strehlow 1915: 46). (Wirbelwind). ◇ to reach up (whirlwind). Ⓛ mungatara, kutubaka inilama holen. ◇ to get or to take with inguntarbuna übermorgen. ◇ the you. Ⓛ manjirangarañi Ⓓ maningana, day after tomorrow (Strehlow manijiribana (holen einen andern: fetch 1915: 46). Ⓛ mungatara kutuba, someone) ungutarakutuba Ⓓ tankubana nguru inilarilaralbuma vor sich hertreiben (Wild). inguntingunta früh (vor Sonnenaufgang, ◇ chase (game). Ⓛ mingakurakura wenn die Vögel zu singen anfangen). kulbañi ◇ early (before sunrise, when the inilalbuma mitnehmen (bei der Heimkehr). Ⓛ mungawapu birds start to sing). ◇ take with you (when returning home). Ⓓ tankutankubana Ⓛ manjirakulbañi ingutnala morgens, unmittelbar vor ininba Same (sperma). ◇ sperm. Ⓛ ngutu Sonnenaufgang. ◇ in the morning, just iningukua der Totem-Vorfahr. ◇ totem before sunrise (see Strehlow 1915: ancestor; spirit double. Carl Strehlow 44). Ⓛ mungapurunka, mungawinki (1908: 53–56, 81) called this spirit Ⓓ tinkangulu ‘zweites ich’ (‘the second me’). This ingutna früh vor Sonnenaufgang. ◇ early word appears not to be in use currently, before sunrise (Strehlow 1915: 44). Ⓛ mungapuru although this type of spirit is known and called pmarakutata [Carl Strehlow’s inguntulkura nach mehreren Tagen. spelling: ‘tmarakutata’] by Western ◇ after several days (Strehlow 1915: Aranda people. In a more general context 46). Ⓛ mungatarangana, mungatara nguanba ‘iningukua’ was an alternative term for ‘altjirangamitjina’ (Strehlow 1910b: inguntakalaka nach cr 1 Woche. ◇ circa 7), which means ‘dreaming ancestor’. 1 week later (Strehlow 1915: 46). Ⓛ mungatarakita Strehlow wrote that the altjirangamitjina from whose metamorphosed body the ingunta arbabaka nach langer ratapa [spirit child] emerged was the unbestimmter Zeit. ◇ after a long indefinite time (Strehlow 1915: 47). iningukua of a person (Strehlow 1908: Ⓛ mungatarakaputa, mungataramaninji 53). Western Aranda people consider ingunta arbamaninja nach langer these spirits generally as friendly, they are unbestimmter Zeit. ◇ after a long ‘good spirits’ that ‘look like you or us’, indefinite time (Strehlow 1915: 47). every person has one of them. Ⓛ woltara Ⓛ mungatararauamaninji, mungatara ininjininja kleiner Vogel. ◇ small bird. ngulamaninji Ⓛ wonnapawonnapa inguaparapara Anbruch der Nacht, abends ininja Feind, ein Mann mit Federschuhen, (nachdem die Sonne untergegangen ist). der einen andern erschlagen will. ◇ beginning of night, evening (when sun ◇ enemy, man with feather-shoes, who has set). Ⓛ mungaparapara wants to kill someone. Ⓛ wonnapa

214 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary inintalatuna (ininta-ilatuma) injínama aufsteigen (Rauch), hinaufsteigen kleine Beutelratte (Phascologale (auf den Berg, Leiter). ◇ ascend Macdonnellensis). ◇ small marsupial rat (smoke), climb up (mountain, ladder). (Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis) (Atlas Ⓛ makalbañi of Living Australia n.d.) Ⓛ inintingalulba injipala (trotzig), Mann der mit Tochter ininjalkna feindlich. ◇ hostile. hurt. ◇ (defiant) man, who whores with Ⓛ wonapakuru his daughter. Ⓛ injipali injikaleuma zurückstoßen. ◇ push back. injitjinjima aufsteigen, auffahren. Ⓛ tambirtalkañi ◇ climb up, ascend. Ⓛ kalbarabakani, ininja Hüfte, Schlegel (des Wildes). ◇ hip, kalbakatiñi Ⓓ tarana drumstick (of game); meat from hips and injilarenama hinaufklettern. ◇ climb up. sides of animal. Ⓛ kantumi Ⓛ makalbawonniñi ininta Bohnenbaum, ein Baum, der injentjima hinaufsteigen. ◇ climb up. (rote und gelbe) bohnen-förmige Früchte Ⓛ ngalakalbañi trägt (Erythrina vespertilio). ◇ bean tree injetnima hinaufsteigen. ◇ climb up. with red and yellow beans (Erythrina Ⓛ makalbañi vespertilio). Ⓛ ininti injitjera Frosch, kleiner, in den Creeks sich injatjinja ilkuma alles kahl fressen. ◇ eat aufhaltend (Heloporus pictus). ◇ small everything bare. Ⓛ punarku ngalkuñi frog who lives in creeks. Ⓛ ngangi injítama fressen, viel essen (z.B. Fleisch). injitjinjitja kleiner Vogel, sehr schlank, ◇ eat a lot, eat (e.g. meat). Ⓛ aubakañi hochgewachsen (den Männern injatjinja kahl gefressen. ◇ eaten bare. gehörend). ◇ small, very slim bird Ⓛ punarku (associated with men). Ⓛ injitjinjitji injama, injíma hinaufsteigen, aufsteigen, injíninjína der Reiter (n). ◇ rider. reiten. ◇ climb, mount, ride. Ⓛ kalbani inka latinja frische Fußspuren. ◇ fresh Ⓓ dukana footprints. Ⓛ tjinna kuarita injinja Greis, alter Mann. ◇ old man. inka ngurukinja gestrige Fußspuren. Ⓛ tjilpi ◇ yesterday’s tracks. Ⓛ tjinna injakara schwer (Last). ◇ heavy (burden). mungatita Ⓛ talili inkanabana zuletzt. ◇ finally, last. injitta Flamme. ◇ flame.Ⓛ ti Ⓛ ngantitu injakarilama sich aufladen (Last). inka tnuara Hacke. ◇ heel. Ⓛ tjinna tari ◇ load (burden). Ⓛ tali tunañi inka Fuß, Fußspuren, Fußabdrücke (im injitalama Flamme emporsteigen. Sand). ◇ foot, footprints (in sand). ◇ rising flame.Ⓛ ti jennañi Ⓛ tjinna Ⓓ tidna injakariuma Ⓛ tali talini inkantarba einfüßig, einbeinig. injilalama or injilawoma hinaufklettern. ◇ one‑footed, one-legged. ◇ climb up. Ⓛ kalbaratalkañi inkakantja Zehe. ◇ toe. injilinjilaworama dual. ◇ dual of ‘climb Ⓛ tjinnawalpuru Ⓓ tidnawutju up’. Ⓛ kalbaratalkañi kutara inkanerama dahinterbleiben. ◇ remain injiltjinjiltja kleiner Krebs. ◇ small crab. behind. Ⓛ injiltjinjiltji inkamakura große Zehe. ◇ big toe. injulabaterama Witwer (der die Frau Ⓛ tjinnamamara Ⓓ tidnangandri verloren hat). ◇ widower (the one who inkanekunekua große Zehe. ◇ big toe. has lost his wife). Ⓛ walukutaringañi Ⓛ tjinna mamatura injiranga eine Baumart (Mulgaart). ◇ mulga inkanekua große Zehe. ◇ big toe. species. Ⓛ injirangi Ⓛ tjinna mama inka albara die mittleren Zehen. ◇ the middle toes. Ⓛ tjinna walpuru

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 215 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

inkatnata Fußsohle. ◇ sole (foot). inkamanama oben (sitzen), oben an Ⓛ tjinnawila Ⓓ tidnamandra (sitzen). ◇ top (sit), at the top (sit). inka kurkakurda die kleine Zehe. Ⓛ ngatara ninañi ◇ small toe. Ⓛ tjinna ngalli inkakinkara schlank, dünn, schmächtig. inkatopa Fußrücken. ◇ ridge of foot. ◇ slim, thin, slender. Ⓛ wirunkurunku Ⓛ tjinnatana in̄ ka Geist eines lebenden Menschen, der inkatuatja (Fußtal), Raum zwischen den in Gefahr ist. ◇ spirit of a living human einzelnen Zehen. ◇ (foot valley), space being, who is in danger; soul, spirit of between toes. Ⓛ tjinnatinki a human being; people say that one inka róttukatura kurze Zehen. ◇ short has to lie in a certain position at night, toes. Ⓛ ngali turbu Ⓓ tidna ngalki so the spirit or soul is safe. The spirit or (kleiner Zehe: small toe) soul of a person is also called ‘guruna’ inkalura Fleisch an der Hacke. ◇ flesh on in Western Aranda. No obvious distinction the heel, trotter. Ⓛ tjinnawollura is made today between the words inka inkaïta harte Sohle (der Eingeborenen), and guruna. Inka like altjira (meaning Huf, Klaue (die feste Haut derselben). ‘God’) and other Aranda words have ◇ hard sole (of natives), hoof, claw been used by the Lutheran Church in (hard skin). Ⓛ tjinnabakka their bible translations and have Christian inkaltala Krallen (bei Vögeln, Hunden und connotations. Inka combined with the Katzen). ◇ claws (of birds, dogs and word alkngaltara means Holy Spirit, for cats). Ⓛ tjinnapiri example. While Western Aranda people inkaltala südliches Kreuz. ◇ Southern use inka and guruna interchangeably Cross. Ⓛ waritipiri today, the terms seem to have had inkaïmbatja Fußeindruck, Fußspur. ◇ foot a slightly different meaning in the past. imprint, footprint, track. Ⓛ tjinnaninka Inka according to Carl Strehlow was used inkantama den Fußspuren nachgehen. for the spirit of a living human being, ◇ follow tracks. Ⓛ tjinnawonnañi who was in danger; and the word guruna inkakatakata Fußgelenk. ◇ ankle. was used for the soul of a living person Ⓛ tjinna tata Ⓓ tidnapalka (Fußgelenk: (Strehlow 1907: 15). When a person dies, ankle), (tidnaaipiri: Fußschemel) the soul was called iltana, which means inka intarinja Schwimmfuß. ◇ webbed ‘ghost’, and it was imagined to be white foot. Ⓛ tjinna lapala (Strehlow 1915: 23). The word iltana for inkartja weitauseinanderstehende Zehen ghost can also mean skeleton today. (Emu). ◇ spread toes (of emu). Ⓛ tararba Ⓛ ngoa Ⓓ ngarana? (‘?’ added by CS) inkalalama auffliegen (Vögel). ◇ fly up inkanambenjaka renalama sich unter. (birds). Ⓛ parpakani setzen. ◇ sit down behind or at the in̄ ka jirama die Seele vergeht. ◇ soul bottom of something. passes away. Ⓛ ngoa wiaringañi inkainama aufrichten, aufstellen. ◇ erect, inkalelama anbieten zum Vertausch. straighten. Ⓛ ngaratunañi Ⓓ terkibana ◇ offer for exchange.Ⓛ wonkaltaltunañi inka-kunna ungeheuer steil. ◇ enormously inkai! gieb her! lange her! ◇ give it to me! steep. Ⓛ nganka kuja Ⓛ inkai! inkaia Bandikut (rabbit-bandicoot) von inkama conf. ankama. ◇ say, speak, talk. der Größe eines Kaninchens, dessen inkanakerama sich hinten aufstellen, Schwänze (albitja) von den Frauen hintendrein laufen. ◇ stand at the back, getragen werden. ◇ bilby, Macrotis follow behind. Ⓛ ngantikurekukatiñi, lagotis. Ⓛ talku Ⓓ kapĭta ngantikuriñi Ⓓ ngatjina inkaia albitja Bandikut Schwänze. inkana alle zusammen. ◇ all together. ◇ bandicoot tails. Ⓛ talku kuntu, mani Ⓛ lewara Ⓓ warupoto

216 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary inkanangeralakalama zuletzt inkāra unsterblichen, sicher, geborgen, hineinsteigen (ins Wasser). ◇ climb in last auch die Totem-Götter. ◇ immortal, safe, (into water). Ⓛ ngantiwana rekukatiñi Totem-Gods. Ⓛ wonkaruntu, kanaruntu inkana der letzte, zuletzt, hinten. ◇ the last, inkanjinkanja vormittags um 9 Uhr. at last, at the back, behind. Ⓛ nganti, ◇ in the morning. Ⓛ parpaparpa mala Ⓓ ngadani inkaraka alle. ◇ all. Ⓛ apuara, kútuara, inkananga zuletzt, hinten. ◇ last, at the umuna Ⓓ pratjana back. Ⓛ ngantiwonna, ngantiwana inkanjatnaka nachmittags cr. 3 Uhr. inkaninkana zuletzt, zu spät. ◇ last, too ◇ in the afternoon about 3 o’clock. late. Ⓛ wantiwanti, ngantinganti Ⓛ parpakultu inkana nanginkanerama hinter her laufen inkarinjaka alle zusammen, alles. (zuletzt liegen machen). ◇ walk (run) ◇ all together, everything. Ⓛ kutuli, behind. Ⓛ ngantikungantikuriñi tjiwariwari Ⓓ pratjaterina inkanintalelama huren, nachdem der inkaraka indora alle ohne Ausnahme. Ehemann oder die Ehefrau fortgegangen ◇ all without exception. Ⓛ apuaralenku ist. ◇ (lie at the end); adultery after inkarama rascheln. ◇ rustle. Ⓛ lekiñi husband or wife has gone away. Ⓓ pirungana Ⓛ ngantingariljennani ínkamararanta in einer Reihe inkanapinkana, taia inkanapinkana nebeneinander (fliegen oder sitzen Vögel). der letzte, im letzten Monat. ◇ last, last ◇ beside each other (birds flying or month. Ⓛ wantiwanti, pira wantiwanti sitting). Ⓛ tapiri inkalakalama, inkalangurbalama inkaralelama Geräusch machen, rascheln fortwährend bitten. ◇ continuously beg. machen (vom Wind). ◇ make noise, rustle inkankaulama betteln. ◇ beg. (wind). Ⓛ lekitjingani inkankaulanalana Bettler. ◇ beggar. inkerbintja das Umbiegen der kleinen inkalbinkama fortwährend bitten. ◇ to ask Zehe des ininja. ◇ bending of a or beg continuously. man’s little toe (with feather shoes). inkanga Schulter, Achsel. ◇ shoulder, Ⓛ tjinnakata armpit. Ⓛ jambila inkarérama Hände austrecken (um Gaben inkanja Mittag. ◇ midday. Ⓛ kalala parpa zu empfangen). ◇ stretch out hands Ⓓ toda, toda nagmana (Mittags ruhe (to receive gifts). Ⓛ inkarawonniñi halten: have a midday break) inkarknerama eifrig, hastig, aufgeregt sein inkanjubana unverheiratet, ledig. (impulsiv handeln). ◇ be eager, hasty, ◇ not married, single. excited (act impulsively). Ⓛ ngaruriñi inkantama den Fußspuren folgen, inkaritníma alles auslaufen verfolgen. ◇ follow tracks. (Wasser). ◇ drain away (water). Ⓛ tjinnawonnañi Ⓓ karina Ⓛ apuarapatangariñi (nachfolgen), tajipaterina? warapana inkaualama bitten (um eine Gabe). (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ ask (for a gift). ïnkangankama großer grauer Habicht. inkatjinka blaß, bleich (vor Furcht). ◇ large grey hawk. Ⓛ ngankarangankara ◇ pale (from fear). inkaparerama ausweichen, zur Seite inkarkara menschenleer, öde. ◇ deserted. springen. ◇ avoid, jump to the side. Ⓛ munguna Ⓛ arintjikatiñi inkartja Fußspur, ausgetretene Spur, inkapa Fußstapfen. ◇ foot imprints. Fußweg (track). ◇ footprint, track. inkaninja das jüngste Kind. ◇ youngest Ⓛ ankirtji, tarara, wonbawonba child. Ⓛ malata inkata Häuptling, Herr (allgemein Vater). inkara Baum (spec.) ◇ tree species. ◇ chief, ceremonial leader. According Ⓛ ankara to Strehlow (1915: 1), the chief of a

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 217 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

traditional country was called inkata or alankura, wolkna inkura ausgehöhlte ‘father of all’, but on a general level he Boden, Nische. ◇ niche. Ⓛ narkulta was only a ‘primus inter pares’, and his nkura ununterbrochen, unaufhörlich. position was only hereditary, i.e. not ◇ continuously. Ⓛ ratatura necessarily achieved through knowledge inkua, manna inkua Schilf, dessen or wisdom. Today the word inkata is used Wurzeln gegessen werden. ◇ reed with for Lutheran pastor. Ⓛ tina, atunari edible roots. Ⓛ unka Ⓓ kapara ińkua Zelle (der Nester von Honigameisen), inkata knara große Häuptling. ◇ great dunkle Erdhöhle. ◇ cell (in honeyant leader. Ⓛ atanipuntu nests), dark cave. Ⓛ nurri inkatitja König. ◇ king. inkua fast, beinahe. ◇ almost, nearly. inkatintja Kaiser. ◇ emperor. Ⓛ nguana inkantitja Gefolge eines Häuptlings, der inkualaka; ta manna ndakala, inkualaka Jüngere. ◇ entourage of a chief, the unta lakitjau ‘damit ja nicht’. ◇ under younger one. no circumstances. Ⓛ nguanba-puta; inkilirtja Furche zwischen Steingeröll. ngaiulu mii nuntuna junguta, nguanba ◇ channel between boulders. jenkutjipinka putau Ⓛ múrulmúrula inkua ndama hinhalten, doch wieder inkatérama schreien, heftig weinen. ◇ cry, wegziehen, bevor der andere ergreift. weep violently. Ⓛ urkantjiriñi ◇ hold out, pull away again, before being in̄ kenkantama furchtsam machen, Furcht taken away again. Ⓛ nguana jungañi einflößen. ◇ make fearful. Ⓛ ngoatjiriñi inkulkna der kite-hawk. ◇ kite-hawk. inkenínkena großer grauer Habicht, Ⓛ baninka Ⓓ kukunka auf Berge sich aufhaltend. ◇ large inkunalerama sich umwenden grey hawk living on mountains. (zurücksehen). ◇ turn (look back). Ⓛ ngankarangankara Ⓛ nguntila ngarañi Ⓓ worrakalina inkerara in der Mitte dünn, zu beiden inkulba einheimisches Tabak (Nicotiana). Seiten dick (Stein). ◇ thin in the middle, ◇ highly valued native tobacco thick on both sides (stone). Ⓛ kabajultu (Nicotiana). Ⓛ minkula inkerararara sehr dünn (Stamm eines inkulbinkulba Pflanze, wilder Tabak Strauches). ◇ very thin. Ⓛ inkerarirari (Nicotiana suaveoleus). ◇ plant, wild inkilja zornig, entstellt, böse, sehr tobacco (Nicotiana suaveolens /N. gossei; ärgerlich. ◇ angry, furious. Ⓛ kiltji, may possibly be N. velutina and N. spp. mirbana (Latz 1996)). Ⓛ minkulminkula inkiljérama entstellt werden vor Zorn. ínkunalerelabuma sich umsehen. ◇ look ◇ become distorted from anger. around. Ⓛ nguntilanguntila rekulariñi Ⓛ kiltjiringañi, mirbanariñi inkunjera Larven an Gummibaumrinden. inkineritjalbuma nach der Ankunft alle ◇ grubs in gumtree bark. Ⓛ unkunjeri auf einen Haufen stehen. ◇ after arrival to inkuriwuma herabstreichen, stand together. Ⓛ ngarakatinikulbara herabdrücken, massieren (den Körper). inkinjalkua inkama unverschämt bitten, ◇ rub down, press down, massage betteln. ◇ beg, demand. Ⓛ ngatjintu (body). Ⓛ wonturpungañi inkañi inkurinkura unweglich, voller Löcher inkeralama fortwährend stehen (nicht (Weg). ◇ rough, full of holes (track). weiter gehen). ◇ to stand continuously Ⓛ talatitalati (not move on). Ⓛ walenku ngarañi inkura geschlossener (ausgehöhlter) inkeuma hinabstürzen (vom Berge). Raum. ◇ enclosed space. Ⓛ tunu ◇ fall (down from mountain). nkura unaufhörlich (singen). ◇ (sing) continuously. Ⓛ ratatura

218 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary inkurukajatuntja jemanden erwarten. plant with small spear-shaped leaves. ◇ expect someone. Ⓛ unbaringanje Ⓛ inmuta inkurbma Mistelzweigfrüchte, die sich an inmenmankama alle zusammen schreien. Tnima Sträuchern finden. ◇ mistletoe fruit ◇ shout together. Ⓛ ngeljurkani on tnima bushes. Ⓛ wolkamali inmerama sich vermehren. ◇ to multiply. unkutatja gelbe Larven in den Wurzeln der Ⓛ tutaringañi inkuta. ◇ yellow grubs in roots of inkuta inma sehr viele. ◇ very many. Ⓛ tuta bush. Ⓛ puntiti inmota eßbare Pflanze (Lepidium inkuta kleiner Strauch mit nadelförmigen phlebopetalum) mit kleinen hellgrünen Blättern und gelben lanzenförmigen Blumen. ◇ edible plant Blüten (Cassia). ◇ small bush with with small spear-shaped leaves (Lepidium needle-shaped light green leaves and phlebopetalum). Ⓛ inmúta yellow blossoms (Cassia now Senna ínola Spinne. ◇ spider. Ⓛ inula artemisiodes (Latz 1996)). Ⓛ punti Ⓓ marankara inkutinkuta krumm. ◇ crooked. inna Baum, Holz. ◇ tree, wood. Ⓛ ngana, Ⓛ kalikali punu Ⓓ pita inkuta krumm. ◇ crooked. Ⓛ kali innabotta Knorren am Baum. ◇ knots on inkutinkuta krumm, schief, verkrüppelt. a tree. Ⓛ talta ◇ crooked, crippled. Ⓛ nunkinúnki, inōta sehr viele, ein großer Haufe (Vögel). kalikali Ⓓ kundikundi, kutiri, ◇ very many, big flock (birds).Ⓛ len̄ ku kutikutiri, kudiri ínnoputa Glieder am Leibe anliegend oder inkurkna zerrissener Boden (vom Regen). angewachsen, zusammengewachsen. ◇ riven ground (from rain). Ⓛ unkurknu ◇ limbs joined to body, grown together. inkutilama biegen, krumm machen. Ⓛ turbu ◇ to bend. Ⓛ nunkini inpanama sieben, sichten. ◇ sieve, sift. inka inkutinkuta krumme Beine. Ⓛ winpungañi ◇ crooked legs. Ⓛ tjinna inna kwalinja, inna inkulia Ebenholz (n). kúnkalikúnkali ◇ ebony, black wood. inmalinja Fremdling, in der Fremde sein. inna retjingana Ruder (n). ◇ oar. ◇ stranger, foreign. Ⓛ barkanta, barkara inkuenkua das Rohr (n) (zum Messen Ⓓ waiarka, marka und Schlagen). ◇ stick (for measuring or inmanmaraulama schütteln (Kopf). hitting). ◇ shake (head). Ⓛ pinpintipungañi intatjila allenthalben, unter. ◇ wherever, Ⓓ wiltjana under. Ⓛ banbanka inmanmaraíwuma schütteln (Baum). alkira intatjila unter dem Himmel. ◇ shake (tree). Ⓛ pinpintipungañi ◇ under the sky. Ⓛ ilkari banbanka inmara Wellen. ◇ waves. Ⓛ inmari intalauma in liegender Stellung sein Ⓓ mandikila (Mond). ◇ be in a lying position (moon). inmaralama kleine Wellen schlagen. Ⓛ mangariñi ◇ make small waves. Ⓛ inmarijennañi inta Spindel, Fischspeer, Stecken. inmateolama große Wellen schlagen. ◇ spindle, fish spear, stick.Ⓛ wili ◇ make big waves. Ⓛ paparariñi Ⓓ jadi inmarakaturuma alle zusammen wickeln, inta Felsen (häufig gebraucht in sich herumwickeln. ◇ to wind (together Zusammensetzungen). ◇ rock, cliff (often or around). Ⓛ kulakularapungañi used in compounds). Ⓛ katu inmatoa [Northern dialect] cf. intakata eine kleine Mulde aus Gummiholz. inmota, inmota eßbare Pflanze ◇ small bowl made of gumtree wood. (Lepidium phlebopetalum) mit kleinen Ⓛ arri lanzenförmigen Blumen. ◇ edible

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 219 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

intalbmerama Krampf haben. ◇ have intanga larra die Frau des jüngeren a cramp. Ⓛ tjilunariñi Ⓓ matata Bruders. ◇ wife of younger brother. intalelama bemalen (Körper), Zeichen Ⓛ toari wongu machen, schreiben. ◇ paint (body), make intangukua Schwägerin eines Andern. (de)signs, draw, write. Ⓛ wolkatunañi ◇ sister-in-law of someone else. intalerakara ehrbar, geehrt. ◇ respectable, Ⓛ toarira honoured. intanalauma totstechen, totspeeren. intalelanelana der Schreiber. ◇ writer. ◇ stab or spear to death. intalinja Zeichen, Schrift. ◇ signs, script, Ⓛ wakaratalkañi writing. Ⓛ wolka, ninka intangatja eigene Schwägerin cf. intalja Haube (Kakadus). ◇ crest Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen. ◇ own (cockatoo); crested cockatoo. sister-in-law, cf. kin terms. Ⓛ toarina Ⓛ pankupanku íntingera beim Spiel sich anstoßen, einen intalinja knaragata; mantara intalinja Klaps geben, fechten, spielen. ◇ knock knaragata mit großen Zeichen; ein against (at play), give a slap, fence, play. Druckkleid mit großen Feldern. ◇ with Ⓛ kintingeri large (de)signs; a printed dress with large intangarara große, grüne Frösche. ◇ large patterns. Ⓛ wolkapuntutara; mantara green frogs. Ⓛ intingarari wolkapuntutara intama sehr müde. ◇ very tired. Ⓛ kobañi intela jelka Halm. ◇ jelka blade. intantjima [Southern dialect] cf. Ⓛ katititara intjentjima. ◇ come up. Ⓛ ngalakalbañi intalinja irkaiagata mit kleinen Zeichen. intarama [Southern dialect] cf. ntjarama ◇ with small (de)signs. Ⓛ wolkairkaiitara schnarchen. ◇ to snore. Ⓛ ngurbmanañi intalinja lanjatara (mantara) gestreift. intara mehr, weiter (gehen, arbeiten). ◇ striped (dress). Ⓛ wolkaminpurutara ◇ more, further (go, work). Ⓛ kutururu intalintatnama ganz niedrig über das intarinja alle auf einen Hauf, Ziel hinweg fliegen, vorüber fliegen allgemein (Regen), dicht (Speer), nicht treffen. ◇ fly very low (Wände), zusammengewachsen, over target, fly past (spear), miss. aneinandergewachsen. ◇ all in a mob, Ⓛ mamangariratalkañi general (rain), solid (wall), grown together. intalta viele Schößlinge: Ⓛ intirintji, lewara (alle zusammen: Feigenbaumschößlinge. ◇ many saplings. all together) Ⓛ nañi intarinjilama vereinigen, versammeln. intalurka Grasart (spec. curly-grass, ◇ unite, assemble. Ⓛ intirintjinani Eleusine aegypticea?). ◇ curly grass intarintara viele zusammenstehend species. Ⓛ intilirki (Stämme), zusammengewachsen, intaminja lange Fischspeer. ◇ long fish verbunden (dicht Schwimmhaut). ◇ many spear. Ⓛ wiliwara standing together (trees), grown together, intanga, intanga, intangatja joined. Ⓛ mintirbmintira Schwägerin (F: die Frau des intatjatuma spalten (Strauch um Speere zu Bruders und die Schwester des verfertigen). ◇ split (bush to make spears Mannes), Manns Schwester cf. from it). Ⓛ patalpungañi Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen. ◇ sister- intjiíntjia süße Masse, die die iwunjiwunji in-law (brother’s wife and husband’s in die argankunba legen, aus welcher sister); see kin terms in Strehlow (1913). die Larven hervorgehen. ◇ sweet Ⓛ toari, toarina Ⓓ kamari substance, which the iwunjiwunji lay into intanga knara die Frau des älteren the argankunba (bulb); from which grubs Bruders. ◇ wife of older brother. Ⓛ toari hatch. puntu interarpa Wespen. ◇ wasps. Ⓛ jelili

220 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary interarparapa Wespen. ◇ wasps. intjitakilama annehmen (als etwas). Ⓛ intirirpirirpi ◇ accept (as something). intata wollama nachfolgen (wenn intirtna eingetrocknet (Ei). ◇ dried recht viele einen nachfolgen). ◇ follow up (egg); stinking, rotten. Ⓛ tamala (when quite a few are following). Ⓓ tabalju Ⓛ wollankarini intiítjintítja hinkend, Bein nachziehend. intareuma hochheben. ◇ to lift up. ◇ limping, drag leg. Ⓛ tun̄ ga Ⓛ untuni intitja steif, Bein nachziehend. ◇ stiff, drag intatala lama nachfolgen (einige). leg. Ⓛ tanti ◇ follow (some). Ⓛ wollanka jennañi intitja [Northern dialect] junger Mann. intauintaua lang, langschwänzig. ◇ long, ◇ young man. Ⓛ wongu long-tailed. Ⓛ kakunkakun intitjera [Southern dialect] conf. injitjera intatakerama nachgehen, nachfolgen. Frosch. ◇ frog. Ⓛ ngangi ◇ follow, pursue. Ⓛ wollankariñi intitjiuma unterrichten, unterweisen, intatjintama [Southern dialect] ‘einweihen’. ◇ instruct, teach, show how hinaufsteigen, hinaufklettern. ◇ climb up. something is done. Ⓛ tintinpungañi Ⓛ kalbarabakañi intitatja sehr große Larven (spec.) ◇ very intētnanama sich ausstrecken (zum large grubs (species). Ⓛ intitatji Schlafen). ◇ stretch out (to sleep). intitjimelanka sehr schön gefärbt. ◇ very Ⓛ lurkungarañi beautifully coloured. Ⓛ kuninjatu inteïtnama reichen, langen (bis). ◇ reach intitjeritjera sehr viele, circa 40 Personen (to). Ⓛ mangarini oder Gegenstände. ◇ very many, circa intia Steinhöhle. ◇ stone cave. Ⓛ kulbi 40 people or objects. Ⓛ taua alkarinji Ⓓ minka? (‘?’ added by CS) intjanga Wasseransammlung, Wasserloch, inteltja, intaltja Heuschrecken. Pfuhl. ◇ pool of water, waterhole. ◇ grasshoppers. Ⓛ tjintjilka Ⓛ muruntu (pando) nindri intenbara Gras (spec. Panicum). ◇ grass intiljabilapa [Northern dialect] (Panicum species). Ⓛ intenbiri Schmetterling. ◇ butterfly.Ⓛ pintapinta intentituruma Farbe reiben. ◇ rub paint. intiljabarkaborka flügellahm. ◇ cannot fly, Ⓛ ularpungañi broken wing. Ⓛ pantalpantala intiïntia [intjiintjia] kleine rote Beere, intjentjima heraufkommen. ◇ come up, die an einem Busch mit sehr kleinen come back; return. Ⓛ ngalakalbañi dunkelgrünen Büscheln/Blättern wachsen intjima aufsteigen (von Vögeln). ◇ soar (eßbar). ◇ small red berry that grows on (birds). Ⓛ kalbañi a bush with very small dark-green leaves intjilama aufwachsen (Bäume). ◇ grow (edible). Ⓛ witiwita (trees). Ⓛ jerralbakañi intinerama durchstechen, durchbohren intjalka [Northern dialect] Raupenart. (Nasenwand). ◇ pierce (septum). ◇ caterpillar species. Ⓛ kantila Ⓛ wakarapungañi intjika [Southern dialect] cf. ntjaka. intingera fechten, sich mit dem Speer ◇ gone, away. stechen. ◇ fence, stab with a spear. intintilalbuma heraufsteigen (bei der Ⓛ kintingeri Rückkehr). ◇ climb up (on return). intita stinkend. ◇ stink. Ⓛ bokka, ona Ⓛ makalbarakulbañi intiterama stinkend werden, sein. intjinama hinaufklettern. ◇ climb up. ◇ starting to stink. Ⓛ bokkaringañi Ⓛ makalbañi antineretnama schnell laufen, weiter intjikalauma aushöhlen, brechen schießen (Eidechse). ◇ run fast, dart away (Steine). ◇ to hollow, to break (stones). (lizard). Ⓛ intingarañi Ⓛ tatunpungañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 221 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

intjira Eidechse (spec.) cr 2 Fuß lang, inturka furchtlos. ◇ fearless. Ⓛ nguluwia schwarz. ◇ black lizard species circa Ⓓ manubaku 2 feet long. Ⓛ nintjiri inturka Magen, (L[oritja]) cf. knarinja, intōta unbrauchbar, wertlos. ◇ useless, latnara. ◇ stomach. Ⓛ antarka worthless. Ⓛ apunta Ⓓ kudnapiti indóala gelbe, honighaltige blood-wood inturkuna Schlange, nicht giftig (spec.) Blüten. ◇ yellow bloodwood blossoms ◇ snake species, not poisonous; carpet with honey. Ⓛ tutunberi snake. Ⓛ inturkunu intoa Fraus Vaters Schwester. ◇ wife’s inturkura Grasart. ◇ grass species; prickly father’s sister. Ⓛ nankiï and sticky grass. Ⓛ karra intola Habicht. ◇ hawk. Ⓛ tiltila, mentola inturkurinturkura kurze Grasart, mit intjirintjira sehr kleiner Vogel, schwarzer stachlichen Weizenähren-ähnlichen Schnabel, schwarze Beine, grauer Kopf Blüten. ◇ short grass species with wheat- und Flügel, grau und weiß gestreifter like blossoms. Ⓛ karrakarra Vorderkopf, weiße Brust, – so groß wie inura lahm. ◇ lame. Ⓛ numbu Zaunkönig. ◇ very small bird with black Ⓓ tjunduru beak, black legs, grey head and wings, ípita tief, tiefes Loch, Grab, Schlucht. grey and white striped forehead, white ◇ deep, deep hole, grave, gorge. chest (size of wren); bird that makes Ⓛ ngadi, tuku Ⓓ mikari, wali, kudu, a sound to announce that the native dulkeru truffle is coming out of the ground. ipitalama tief machen, Grab machen. Ⓛ intjirintjiri ◇ dig deep, make grave. Ⓛ ngadini intōtintōta unbrauchbar, wertlos. intungulungula wenn im Osten alles licht ◇ useless, worthless. Ⓛ apúntapúnta ist. ◇ when the sun has risen and there intunama abhauen (Bäume), fallen, is light in the east. Ⓛ jultaparapara abschneiden, beschneiden. ◇ chop ipitalukaluka uneben, holperig (trees), fall, cut off.Ⓛ mutuni (Weg). ◇ uneven, bumpy (road). Ⓓ karuwalli ankana, tita ngankana? Ⓛ ngadinkurungadinkura Ⓓ diladila?, (‘?’ added by CS) dulkerudulkeru (‘?’ added by CS) intolintola mantis (die sich an Gräsern iralunba Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard species. aufhält). ◇ mantis (who lives in the grass). Ⓛ utanki Ⓛ intolintola irandinda Enten (art). ◇ duck species. intolintola Grasart. ◇ grass species; Ⓛ urandandi spinifex grass. Ⓛ intolintola iranda schwarze Kakadu. ◇ black intuenta Steinmesser, mit dem sich die cockatoo. Ⓛ irandi jungen Leute die Brust ritzen, um die irandakaljíraljíra Pfanze mit flachen Narben hervorzubringen. ◇ stone knife Blüten. ◇ plant with flat blossoms. that young people use to scar their Ⓛ irandikiljiriljiri chests. Ⓛ tilba irbalalama hineingehen, untergehen intolowintolerama von allen Richtungen (Sonne). ◇ to go into, to go down, to set zu schreien. ◇ to shout from every (sun). Ⓛ tarbaratalkini direction. Ⓛ ngaringariratalkañi irbalakalama (in die Erde) eingehen, inturapurapa dunkle Höhle (dunkle untergehen (Sonne). ◇ to go into (the Steinhöhle). ◇ dark cave (dark stone earth), to set (sun). Ⓛ tarbaraokalingani cave). Ⓛ munganmunganba irbaltala kräftig sein, vermögend sein. intonuranura unbeweglich (dasitzen) ◇ be strong, be able, be capable. im Camp, sitzen nicht fortgehen. ◇ (sit) Ⓛ irbaltanka motionless in the camp, stay, not go irandana der Stamm des agia-Baumes. away. Ⓛ nguramati ◇ trunk of agia tree. Ⓛ irandiñi

222 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary irbalterama übertreffen, mehr vermögen irbatarbeulama sich wälzen (vor als ein anderer. ◇ surpass, be better than Vergnügen). ◇ roll around (in glee). another. Ⓛ irbaltaringañi Ⓛ kutikutikatini irbalauma hineingehen, sich verstecken, irbatatuma zusammenbinden (Stricke), sich verstecken im Gebüsch. ◇ go anspannen (Pferde). ◇ tie together into, hide, hide in the bushes. (ropes), harness (horses). Ⓛ titirpungani Ⓛ tarbaratalkañi irbirberama ehren (cum genit.) irbaltangirbalta kühn, waghalsig, ◇ to honour (cum genit.) sehr kräftig. ◇ daring, very strong. iretatja Stock, Stab, Zepter (n). ◇ pole, Ⓛ irbaltankairbaltanka stick, sceptre. irbaltangirbalterama sehr kräftig sein, irbentjima hereinkommen. ◇ come in. etwas wagen, etwas vermögen. ◇ to Ⓛ ngalatarbañi be very strong, to risk, to be able, to be irbintinerinja verflochten sein, capable. Ⓛ irbaltirbaltaringani verwachsen (2 Gummibäume inua dick (Brei), steif (Bein etc.) ◇ thick nebeneinander). ◇ intertwined, grow (paste), stiff (leg, etc.) Ⓛ ananta together (two gumtrees). Ⓛ waturwatutu intokula Rauchgefäß. ◇ smoking irbonba, z.B. tmara irbonba leer, container. verlassen, z.B. verlassener Lagerplatz; irbana sehr alt (Frau), abgelebt (aragutja), ungewiß, zweifelhaft, verwüstet. ◇ empty, in Samen gegangen (Früchte). ◇ very abandoned, e.g. abandoned camp; old (woman), worn out (woman), gone uncertain, doubtful, destroyed. Ⓛ rumu to seed (fruit). Ⓛ irbini irbonberama leer, verlassen werden; irbalarpa iwulama sich bald hinwerfen, wüste werden. ◇ empty, to become bald dort hinwerfen. ◇ soon throw oneself abandoned, deserted. Ⓛ rumuringañi down. Ⓛ waiapungañi irbonbilama wüste machen. ◇ make irbanama hineingehen. ◇ go into. deserted. Ⓛ matarbani irbota gut, friedlich, gesund. ◇ good, irbanga Fisch. ◇ fish.Ⓛ irbingi Ⓓ paru? peaceful, healthy. Ⓛ indota (‘?’ added by CS) irboterama besser werden. ◇ get better; irbangakarinja Fischer. ◇ fisherman. clever. Ⓛ indotariñi irbanginjirkna Habicht (spec.) ◇ hawk irbilkira grau (Macrop. robust) Haare, species. Ⓛ irbanginjirkni das große Känguruh. ◇ grey (Macropus irbanta Eidechse (spec.), Varanus eremius. robusta) hair, big kangaroo. Ⓛ lililba ◇ lizard species, Varanus eremius (pygmy ireta taub, fast. ◇ deaf, closed; mad. desert monitor) (Atlas of Living Australia Ⓛ rama n.d.) Ⓛ tjirbanti ir͑ etara stark, heftig (Wind). ◇ strong, inturapa ein schwarzer boomerang. severe (wind). Ⓛ turkara ◇ black boomerang. Ⓛ marukurra irbuma hineingehen, einziehen (Wasser), irbantara Kniegelenke. ◇ knee joints. untergehen (Sonne), untertauchen. ◇ go Ⓛ irbantiri into, soak in (water), set (sun), disappear. irbiltiltiltilta Knacken des Kniegelenks. Ⓛ tarbañi Ⓓ wirina ◇ cracking of knee joints. iretaleluma einem etwas entfallen, Ⓛ palturpalturba aus der Hand fallen, aus dem Mund irbaralelama zusammenhäufen, fallen. ◇ fall (out of hand or mouth). aufhäufen (im Vorratshaus). ◇ to pile up. Ⓛ patawollawollañi Ⓛ kutulenani irbalakalama untergehen (Sonne), in die irbaratnauma hineinströmen (viele Erde eingehen. ◇ sink (sun), go into the Menschen). ◇ stream into (many people). earth. Ⓛ tarbaraokaliñi Ⓛ tarbarangariñi Ⓓ jurborina

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 223 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

irbulelama hineinführen. ◇ lead into; irkaiïrkaia kaum sichtbar, kaum erkennbar, put something in. Ⓛ tarbatunañi, unbemerkt. ◇ hardly visible, hardly tarbatiljinañi Ⓓ wirilkana recognisable, unnoticed. Ⓛ arkaiarkaiï irbanama hineingehen. ◇ go into. irkala Wüste, Einöde. ◇ desert, wasteland. Ⓛ matarbani Ⓛ munguna irbulintatnama hineingehen. ◇ go into. irkelaualaua verödet, öde. ◇ desolate, Ⓛ matarbaratalkani deserted. Ⓛ leli irbutjikalama hineingehen (ins Wasser), irkalanga Gerippe, Skelett, abgemagert. untergehen (Sonne). ◇ go into (the water), ◇ skeleton, emaciated; thin (hair or set (sun). Ⓛ tarbaraokalingañi foliage); light (weight). Ⓛ iliri iretinerama [Northern dialect] irkelaualauerama veröden. ◇ become fest zusammen halten (Wurzeln). desert. Ⓛ leliringañi ◇ hold together firmly (roots). irkelaualaua zu Wüste werden. ◇ become Ⓛ ngamirapungañi desert. Ⓛ leli iretinerinja [Northern dialect] irkalentja brauner Habicht (Sp. G.) fest zusammen haltend (Wurzeln). ◇ brown hawk (according to Spencer and ◇ hold together firmly (roots). Gillen). Ⓛ kirkilati Ⓓ kirki? (‘?’ added Ⓛ ngamirapunguta by CS) irenma Cikade. ◇ cicada. Ⓛ mirin irkalla Steinmesser; der an der mēra mirinba befestigte spitze Stein. ◇ stone knife, irenmarenma kleinere Cikade, gebl. pointed stone attached to spear thrower. Körper. ◇ smallish cicada, faded, Ⓛ tula Ⓓ kutawonda, kuduwanda, bleached or yellowish body. Ⓛ tjiririnba kutuwonta iretatuma anstarren (jemanden), fest irkama jucken (intrs.), kratzen. ◇ itch ansehen. ◇ stare at (somebody). (intransitive), scratch. Ⓛ irkini Ⓛ nakulakanjini Ⓓ najina parana irkanama trs. kratzen (Katzen). ireta [Northern dialect] Stock, Stecken. ◇ (transitive) scratch (cats). Ⓛ wirknani ◇ stick. Ⓛ arata irkanalama (refl.) sich kratzen. ◇ (reflexive) iretatja große schwarze Cikade, scratch. Ⓛ wirknani Ⓓ pununu parana, Macrotristria Hillieri. ◇ large black cicada, muruwara, muruana Macrotristria Hillieri now Burbunga hillieri irkarinjagata aufgedeckt. ◇ uncovered. (Atlas of Living Australia n.d.) Ⓛ tjeraiï irkapa Baum (desert-oak), Casuarina iria (irea) Salzbusch. ◇ saltbush. Ⓛ iriï Decaisneana. ◇ desert oak, Casuarina Ⓓ palkalara Decaisneana now Allocasuarina iriaria Cottonbusch. ◇ cottonbush. decaisneana (see Latz 1996). Ⓛ kurkara Ⓛ iriïri irkapantenta Desert-oak Dickicht. ◇ desert iriakurra = jelka zwiebelartige, oak thicket. Ⓛ kurkarakurkara erbsengroße Frucht (Hauptnahrungsmittel irkapara die nächsten Verwandten des der Frauen), Cyperus rotundus. ◇ onion- Beschnittenen. ◇ close relatives of like, pea sized bulb (main food of a boy who has been through ‘business’ women), Cyperus rotundus now Cyperus (initiation). Ⓛ irkapiri bulbosus (Latz 1996). Ⓛ tanmati irkarutnuruma klappern (Speere). ◇ rattle irkaia geblendet, nicht sehen können. (spears). Ⓛ tirkiltukatini ◇ blinded, cannot see. Ⓛ arkaii irkarama fühlen, tasten nach etwas, irkaierama geblendet werden. ◇ be scharren, kratzen (Vögel), umwühlen. blinded. Ⓛ arkaiiringani ◇ feel around for something, scratch irkaiïlama trs. blenden (Sonne). (birds), uproot. Ⓛ jatini ◇ (transitive) blind (sun). Ⓛ arkaiini irkarama aufdecken (Decke wegnehmen). ◇ uncover (take blanket away).

224 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary irkililkilelama jucken (Brüste), kratzen grub that lives under bark of gumtrees. machen. ◇ itch (breasts), make itchy. Ⓛ irkniljikultari Ⓛ irkiïrkini itelínjagunja unbedeckt (Kopf). irkatakama beißen (kwata). ◇ bite, burn ◇ uncovered (head). (smoke). Ⓛ beurtunani irkua Eiter. ◇ pus. Ⓛ urka Ⓓ pua irkentera große, weiße Fledermaus. irkua nerkuma Eiter ausdrücken. ◇ large white bat. Ⓛ irkentiri ◇ squeeze pus out. Ⓛ urka tulkuni irkelka unnahbar, ausweichend. Ⓓ pua jikana, puapuarina (verfaulen: ◇ unapproachable, evasive. Ⓛ arintji to rot) irkelkerama unantastbar werden (ein irkurinja das Joch. ◇ yoke. starker Mann, dem sich keiner naht), irkuanta hartherzig, unbarmherzig, ausweichen (der Gefahr). ◇ become fest, still, klaglos (leiden), apatisch. unassailable (a strong man), avoid ◇ hard-hearted, merciless, firm, silent, danger. Ⓛ arintjiriñi uncomplaining (suffer), apathetic. irkintja Syphilis. ◇ syphilis. Ⓛ kirkni Ⓛ kainkain Ⓓ kududu irkulambetninama oder irkinjirkinja kleiner Busch (sp.) ◇ small erkulambetninama erhalten bleiben. bush species. Ⓛ irkinjirkinji ◇ preserved. irkitja Garn, Faden. ◇ yarn, thread. irtna die Schale (des Krebses), die Haut Ⓛ puturu (der Schlange)? ◇ shell (of crab), skin irkitja womma spinnen. ◇ spin. (of snake). (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ puturu runkani Ⓓ turpana irtneulama sich häuten. ◇ shed skin. irkebara (oder arkēbara) Gummi an Ⓛ neri pungañi ilumba-, arganka- und iltjantja Bäumen. irkungala neben, zur Seite (cum abl.) ◇ gum on ilumba, arganka and iltjantja ◇ beside (with ablative) Ⓛ aiinka trees. Ⓛ arkebiri irkungarbaka daneben. ◇ next to, irkna [auch irtna] Hülsen, Schalen beside. Ⓛ aiïkutuba (Früchten), Schuppen, Gräten (Fischen), irkungala lama neben einander gehen. zwiebelartige Frucht (jelka), – auch ◇ go beside each other. Ⓛ aiinka Schorf. ◇ husks, pods, peel (fruit), scales, jennani fishbones, onion-like fruit (jelka), – also eroalawolla kreisförmiges Zeichen am scab. Ⓛ neri Ⓓ paperi (Hülse: pod, Körper, rundes Wasserloch. ◇ circle husk), baka (Schuppen: scales) design on body, round waterhole. irkneulama [irtneulama] Schorf Ⓛ taburita entstehen, wenn die Wunde heilt; irtjartirtjata Strauch mit eßbaren Früchten. Hülle von sich werfen; Decke von sich ◇ shrub with edible fruit. Ⓛ irtjartirtjáti werfen. ◇ form scab when wound irula Schwanzspitze (von Wallaby). ◇ tail tip heals; throw off cover(ing); throw off (of wallaby). Ⓛ jauali, mulkni blanket. Ⓛ neri pungañi irūla Schwan (der sich jedoch hier nicht irknala Rinde (von Bäumen). ◇ bark aufhält). ◇ swan (not native in central (of trees). Ⓛ lekara Ⓓ pitji (Baumrinde: Australia), Cygnus atratus. Ⓓ kuti bark), Schuppen: scales irulunba Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard irknalbirknalba eingekapselte Früchte (species). Ⓛ utanki (Cycas-Palme). ◇ encased seeds (lit. fruit) irura zornig (Moskito). ◇ angry (mosquito). (cycad palm); Macrozamia macdonnellii Ⓛ ngaru (Latz 1996). Ⓛ neriwinki artnarankama zwitschern (im Haufen) irknalakultara eßbare, lange, rote (grass-parrakeet). ◇ chirp (in a flock) Larven, die sich unter der Rinde der (grass parakeets). Ⓛ banbaworrañi Gummibäume aufhält. ◇ edible long red

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 225 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ita [Southern dialect] conf. itja Laus. iteranga am Ufer. ◇ at the riverbank. ◇ louse. Ⓛ kulu Ⓛ ininjinguru itaia [Southern dialect] cf. tjaia Weg. iteela am Ufer, am Abhang. ◇ at the ◇ path. Ⓛ iwara riverbank, at the slope. Ⓛ ngaiinka ita taub. ◇ deaf. Ⓛ rama Ⓓ kalikali itaïta taub, taubstumm, dumm. ◇ deaf, itenetena Überfluß. ◇ overflow. deaf and dumb, stupid. Ⓛ ramarama iteramitera am Ufer entlang. ◇ along the Ⓓ pattipatti (dumm: dumb, stupid) riverbank. Ⓛ ngaiïwonnawonna iterama taub werden (vom Geschrei). iterekerama am Ufer (Fuß des ◇ become deaf (from noise). Gebirges) entlang gehen. ◇ walk Ⓛ ramaringani along the riverbank (foot of range). itilama betäuben (durch Geschrei), den Ⓛ miminkarini Vestand rauben. ◇ deafen (with noise), itelalbunama bedecken (mit der Haut). rob mind. Ⓛ ramani ◇ to cover (with skin). Ⓛ walturapatani itaïtilama betäuben. ◇ deafen, stun. itelelanama verhüllen, bedecken, Ⓛ rare wonniñi umhängen. ◇ veil, cover, cloak. itaka [Southern dialect] conf. tjaka lose. Ⓛ mularanani ◇ loose. Ⓛ ataki itia [Southern dialect], tjia jüngerer itala tjala [Southern dialect] conf. Bruder, jüngere Schwester, Vaters jüng. ◇ Ⓛ Kniescheibe. kneecap. irbi Bruders Sohn, Mutters jüng. Schwesters Ⓓ pantjamata Sohn, Fraus jüng. Schwesters Mann, itanja [Southern dialect] cf. tjenja lang. Manns jüng. Schwesters Mann, Vaters ◇ Ⓛ wara long. jüng. Bruders Tochter, Mutters jüng. itantara Darmfett. ◇ fat of intestine. Schwesters Tochter, Fraus jüng. Ⓛ ngututari Bruders Frau, Manns jüng. Bruders itarangama [Southern dialect] cf. Frau. ◇ younger brother, younger sister, tjarangama herantragen. ◇ to bring. father’s younger brother’s son, mother’s Ⓛ itarikatiñi younger sister’s son, wife’s younger itarinama [Southern dialect] cf. sister’s husband, husband’s younger tjarinama heranziehen. ◇ to pull. Ⓛ itariñi sister’s husband, father’s younger brother’s daughter, mother’s younger ītata Zeit. ◇ time. Ⓛ antalu sister’s daughter, wife’s younger brother’s itanterelama warten (Zeit lang). ◇ to wait wife, husband’s younger bother’s wife. (a long time). Ⓛ talbaninañi Ⓛ malantu, malangu Ⓓ ngatata itnaritjinjíma hinaufklettern. ◇ to climb itiukua der itia eines Andern. ◇ someone up. Ⓛ mararakalbani else’s itia. itintjiuma [Northern dialect] begraben. itia altjala (iltjala) Vaters jüngere ◇ to bury. Ⓛ totuni itipmara, itapnara [Southern dialect] Schwesters Tochter (♀), Mutters jüngerer ♀ ◇ Finger und Zehennägel. ◇ finger and toe Bruders Tochter ( ). father’s younger nails. Ⓛ piri, miltji sister’s daughter, mother’s younger itelama bedecken (Haut oder Schuppen), brother’s daughter. itiïlatja; itiatja aufsetzen (Hut), werfen auf den Kopf ‘mein’ jüngerer (Staub). ◇ cover (skin and scales), put on Bruder; mein jüngerer Bruder. ◇ ‘my’ (hat), throw on head (dust). Ⓛ wattuni younger brother; my younger brother. itjalama? oder nicht. ◇ or not? Ⓛ malangulu ítera Saum, Rand, Ufer, Grenze. ◇ seam, itinja, itinjawara nahe, ganz in der edge, riverbank, border, boundary. Nähe. ◇ near, very near. Ⓛ ila, ilakarka Ⓛ ininji, ngaii, mimi Ⓓ wondiri Ⓓ karakara (Grenze: border, boundary)

226 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary itinjilama, ilani itinjerama einholen, itninama fallen auf, sich werfen auf sich nähern. ◇ to catch up; approach. jemanden. ◇ fall on, throw oneself on Ⓛ ilaringani Ⓓ karakararina (nähern: someone. approach) itnilelama zum Weinen bringen (durch itinbara [Southern dialect] cf. tjinbara traurige Botschaft). ◇ make someone cry sehr heiß. ◇ very hot. Ⓛ itinbiri (with a sad message). Ⓛ ulajennani itinjerenama sich nähern. ◇ approach. itninjilerama sehr viel weinen, trauern. Ⓛ ilarekukatini ◇ cry a lot, mourn. Ⓛ ulanjinkanta itirka [Southern dialect] Geschwür im itninjalarenama sich dem Weinen Fleisch. ◇ abscess. Ⓛ itirki überlassen, trauern über, weinen über. ititja Mulga Baum (Acacia neura). ◇ Mulga ◇ mourn, cry about. tree, Acacia aneura (see Latz 1996). itnilarenama sehr viel weinen, jammern. Ⓛ kurku ◇ cry a lot, lament. Ⓛ ularawonnani ititjerama ititja werden. ◇ to become itnetneuma [Northern dialect] cf. mulga. Ⓛ kurkuringani tnetneuma fluchen, verwünschen. ititjintja Mulga-Speer. ◇ mulga spear. ◇ swear, curse. Ⓛ iniwonini Ⓛ intiwirki itnaruparuma [Northern dialect] hin und iteelaworrama nachfolgen [unclear]. her rutschen, kreisen (Vögel). ◇ slide back ◇ follow. Ⓛ wollankawollankaringani and forth, circle (birds). Ⓛ ngaranikutara itolelama hin und her schwenken (Zweige) iwatnama herauswerfen. ◇ throw out. hüpfend. ◇ (branches) swing from side to Ⓛ wonnirijenni side bouncing. Ⓛ kauanjingani itnora; knulja itnora wild, Wild; dingo. itia (auch itja) Laus (schwarze). ◇ lice ◇ wild, game; dingo. Ⓛ itnúra; papa (black). Ⓛ kulu Ⓓ kata itnúra Ⓓ jampa itjaworra einmals. ◇ once. itúkula schnell (laufen). ◇ fast (run). itja; atua itja nein, nicht, kein; z.B. kein Ⓛ kutururu Mann. ◇ no, not; e.g. no man. Ⓛ wia iwulalakalama sich hinwerfen. ◇ throw. Ⓓ wata (nicht: not), pani (kein: not, Ⓛ ngarikatira okalingani nein: no) itoa wilde Puter. ◇ bush turkey, Australian itinjitinja nahe. ◇ near. Ⓛ ilakarkakarka Bustard, Plains Turkey, Ardeotis australis. itjima nichts. ◇ nothing. Ⓛ wiamba Ⓛ nganuti Ⓓ kaladura itena Pflanzenkost. ◇ plant food. Ⓛ unita itunta [Northern dialect] Magen. itjititjita Strauch mit glockenförmigen ◇ stomach. Ⓛ ituntu Ⓓ kudnapiti Blüten. ◇ shrub with bell-shaped iwarakananma weglaufen (in ein Versteck), blossoms. Ⓛ kaiurukaiuru sich verstecken. ◇ run away (to a hidding itninjalarenama beweinen, weinen über. spot), hide. Ⓛ mangalbarabakani ◇ cry over. iwopa Spinngewebe. ◇ spider web. etnantambala gleich viele. ◇ as many. Ⓛ won̄ ka Ⓓ karalja Ⓛ tanakutulenku iwuma werfen, wegwerfen. ◇ throw, throw itnarama [Northern dialect], itnaranama, away. Ⓛ wonnini Ⓓ worrana itnarakama rutschen auf den Knien, iwulijinama zu Boden werfen, kriechen. ◇ to slide on knees, crawl. hinauswerfen. ◇ throw to the ground, Ⓛ marani, mamarani, marajurini throw out. Ⓛ wonnirijennani Ⓓ marakana Ⓓ narrana itnima; itnima (iknima) weinen; fallen. iwulama sich hinwerfen, sich ◇ cry, weep; fall. Ⓛ ulani Ⓓ jindrana zurücklehnen. ◇ throw (reflexive), lean itnima (iknima) fallen. ◇ to fall. back. Ⓛ ngarikatini Ⓓ worraterina itnilelama fällen, fallen machen. ◇ to fell, to make fall.

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 227 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

iwulitjalbuma sich (nach der Rückkehr) niederwerfen. ◇ throw J oneself down (on return) (reflexive). jabataratara sehr fett. ◇ very fat. Ⓛ ngarikatinikulbara Ⓛ ngatinpuntu iwutjangera ntjalbanama mit einem jau! Ja und! (so ists). ◇ So! (that’s it!). Ruck aufstehen. ◇ get up with a jerk. Ⓛ watu! Ⓛ wianku bakalkatini jabajaba unkundig sein, nichts gehört iwuliuma wegwerfen, verwerfen. habend. ◇ be ignorant, not heard ◇ throw away, dismiss. anything. Ⓛ kauaru Ⓛ woniritalkani Ⓓ worrarijiribana jabalpa fett, Schmerbauch. ◇ fat, potbelly, iwulítnanama sich hinwerfen (auf den Aranda name of Glen Helen Gorge. Boden). ◇ throw (on the ground). Ⓛ ngatina Ⓛ kulbara ngaikatini jabajaberama sich erkundigen (nach iwonba kleine Stäbe (Zahnausschlagen, etwas), sich befragen. ◇ inquire zum Zusammenschlagen). ◇ small sticks (after something). Ⓛ kauaruriñi (to knock out tooth and clap together). Ⓓ jekijekibana (heimlich: secretly) Ⓛ tururu jabea (z.B. mannaka jabea) arm, iworka Dickicht. ◇ thicket. Ⓛ tata bedürftig. ◇ poor, needy. Ⓛ maralba iwuna? iwunama? was? Was ist los? (z.B. miïku maralba) ◇ what? What is the matter? Ⓛ naii? jabmama beobachten, betrachten. namba? Ⓓ minna? ◇ watch, observe; stare, look hard. iwolkulama im Kreis (um etwas) Ⓛ wombantjinañi herumgehen. ◇ walk in a circle (around jai! heda! Sieh da. ◇ hey! Look here! Ⓛ jai! something). Ⓛ parakulbani Ⓓ mai! iwuka? weshalb? warum? ◇ why? jaia Wassermoos. ◇ watermoss, slime in Ⓛ naku? Ⓓ minnandru? Warum? water. Ⓛ aijaii iwetnanama wegwerfen (Strauch), jaijurumba mit grünem Wassermoos wegreißen (Schutzzaun). ◇ throw bedeckt (Wasser). ◇ (water) covered with away (shrub), tear down (windbreak). green algae or slime. Ⓛ aijaiïkutu Ⓛ wonniwonnirangarini jainama; ekuranga inkananga jainama iwutjintjima vor sich hinwerfen (Schlange wegschicken, wegsenden; ihm – ihren Kopf). ◇ throw in front (snake – its nachschicken. ◇ send away; send after head). Ⓛ wonnirakalbani him. Ⓛ ijani Ⓓ jinpana, tadana iwū́ nja Moskito. ◇ mosquito. Ⓛ kewinji jainaninana Absender. ◇ sender. Ⓓ kunti Ⓛ ijanmijanmi iwunjinbakalama hineinströmen jainala jinama zurücksenden. ◇ send (z.B. in ein Haus). ◇ pour (into a house). back. Ⓛ ijerijani Ⓛ kutuwarakatarbani jainuajainerama sich einander zusenden iwunjiwunja fliegende Ameisen, die aus (Geschenke). ◇ send to each other argankat. Gummibäumen hervorkommen. (gifts). ◇ flying ants that come out of gumtrees. ljaiïnja fauchend, zischend (Schlange). Ⓛ iwinjiwinji ◇ hissing (snake). Ⓛ tulutulu iwuta nail-tailed wallaby. ◇ probably jakkai! Ausruf der Verwunderung, der crescent nailtailed wallaby (Onychogalea Überraschung (z.B. bei einem Kampf) oh! lunata). Ⓛ tauala Ach! ◇ exclamation of astonishment or iwutiwuta schmal (Stirn). ◇ narrow surprise (e.g. in a fight) oh! Ah!; oh!, hey!, (forehead). Ⓛ wotjinkuru wow!, gee! ouch! Ⓛ jakko! Ⓓ jakkaijai! jakkabai! Ausruf des Schmerzes (Oh weh!). ◇ exclamation of pain: ouch! Ⓛ jakkur!

228 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary jainalarenama melden, einem sagen jartja glatt (Stamm), astlos, schlank. lassen (durch einen Boten). ◇ notify, ◇ smooth (trunk), branchless, slim. inform (by messenger). Ⓛ wirunkurunku jakama, jakalelama zureden, überreden jarejara aufgesprungen (Zehen), rauhe oder zu bleiben. ◇ persuade, talk into staying; rohe (Zehen). ◇ cracked (toes), rough. stop someone going. Ⓛ atekurani Ⓛ kirikiri jabalka (auf dem Boden) gebreitete jatjara Besuch, Gesellschaft. ◇ visit, Sträucher. ◇ branches of bushes spread company. Ⓛ maiatari Ⓓ milpara out (on ground). Ⓛ ilkiwonni jartijarta ermattet, ermüdet. ◇ exhausted, jakota Sack aus Fellen, in dem manna tired. Ⓛ walenku (Brot) getragen wird, Schlauch. ◇ skin jatjara lama besuchen. ◇ visit. Ⓛ maiatari bag to carry bread. Ⓛ kunnapatti jennañi Ⓓ junga jartuma zu singen und zu sagen, jakularama erforschen. ◇ explore. vorsingen, vor-sagen (introitus), jakularelama nachfragen, sich vorsprechen, herausfordern, preisen erkundigen (nach einem verlorenen (was der Andere tun wird), auf die Probe Gegenstand). ◇ inquire, search (for a stellen. ◇ prompt, recite, intonate, begin, lost object). Ⓛ turkulturkulbmanañi praise, test. Ⓛ takani Ⓓ jakalkingana jatjara nama (ekurauna) besuchen. jauluralura die Säge (n). ◇ saw (n). ◇ to visit. Ⓛ maiatari ninañi jauluralurala tama zersägen. ◇ to saw. jatu? Nicht wahr? Ist es nicht so? (Sag ist jalama, tungalama vielleicht. ◇ perhaps, es nicht so?) Frageartikel. ◇ Isn’t it? maybe. Ⓛ waputa Question particle. Ⓛ panatoa? jalbijalba lang herabhängende (Zweige, jatuma schwer sein, drücken, zusetzen (mit Haare), mit herabhängenden Zweigen. Fragen). ◇ press, bother with questions. ◇ hanging down (branches, hair). Ⓛ palini Ⓛ jalbajalbi jatajata klagend (unter der Last). jalknajalkna sehr weit entfernt, kaum ◇ complaining (under a load). sichtbar. ◇ very far away, hardly visible. Ⓛ ngalkarangalkara Ⓛ arkaiarkaii jatutjalama intr. drücken. ◇ (intransitive) jatajatilama Last auflegen. ◇ to load. press. Ⓛ palinijenkula Ⓓ jama (Fischnetz: fish net) ja͡ u! Interjection der Zustimmung: So ists! janna nicht vermögend sein, nicht Wirklich! ◇ interjection of agreement: könnend. ◇ not able to; not capable of. Alright! Ⓛ watu Ⓛ butu Ⓓ bulu jearíbara Gabe, Geschenk. ◇ gift, present. jartuma mit Fragen belästigen. ◇ trouble Ⓛ waiïrita with questions. Ⓛ butunba, butu jelabankura unverwandt, fortwährend. jatuntja! Sage! Sag an! ◇ speak, speak up! ◇ continually. Ⓛ ratatura Ⓛ tamili? jelabankurala rama unverwandt ansehen. jartaka, juka vielleicht, ich weiß nicht. ◇ continually look at. Ⓛ ratatura ◇ maybe, I do not know. Ⓛ wombalta nangañi jatjulkara, jatjikuia kleine Beutelratte, jelka (irkna) zwiebelartige, erbsengroße kleine Rattenart. ◇ small marsupial rat Frucht (Hauptnahrungsmittel der Frauen), (species) Ⓛ jatjulkuri Cyperus rotundus. ◇ onion-like, pea sized jaralama suchen nach etwas (was er bulb (main food of women), Cyperus verloren hat). ◇ search for something (that rotundus now Cyperus bulbosus (Latz has been lost). Ⓛ wiakuwiakunangañi 1996). Ⓛ tanmati, neri Ⓓ jaua jarka Asche. ◇ ash. Ⓛ epa jatajatilama auflegen Last. ◇ to load.

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 229 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

jerendama vertauschen, verkaufen. jellara Faß (n), Kiste (n), Tonne (n). ◇ barrel, ◇ exchange, sell. Ⓛ waïirijungañi box, drum. Ⓓ jinkinmalina jelitjajela das Rasseln (der Räder). jenkua sehr alt (Kleid), der sehr alte Mann, ◇ rattling (of wheels). Greis. ◇ very old (dress), very old man. jerrarelinja übel. ◇ sick. Ⓛ multamulta Ⓓ womala jerrarelama sich übel befinden, unwohl jienkua sehr alt, Greis. ◇ very old, old man. sein. ◇ feel sick, unwell. Ⓛ mokunba jibarinama verneinen, verleugnen, jentarpa Vogel (spec.) ◇ bird species. abschlagen (Bitte). ◇ deny, Ⓛ talburatalburu refuse (request). Ⓛ wia wottani jerratja kleine, schwarze, fliegende Ameise. Ⓓ kutikutibana ◇ small, black flying ant.Ⓛ mingata jibarinalama sich entschuldigen. jerra Ameise. ◇ ant. Ⓛ minga Ⓓ mirka ◇ apologise. Ⓛ wia wonkani jerrabottabotta der Ameisen-Haufe; jibelama auf und nieder bewegen, hin und Gruppe von Ameisen. ◇ anthill; group of her bewegen (danna) sichten. ◇ move up ants. Ⓛ mingakaputukaputu and down or back and forth (bowl), sift, jerrajerriwuma unaufhörlich schreien shake. Ⓛ kanini (junge Vögel). ◇ cry continuously (young jibuma [Southern dialect] cf. ortjerama birds). Ⓛ ngeangearbmanañi lügen. ◇ to lie. Ⓛ nguntjiwonkañi jerramba, jerramba Honigameise, die den jibalelama betrügen. ◇ deceive. Honig im Leibe trägt. ◇ honeyant (carries Ⓛ nguntijennañi honey in its body), Camponotus inflatus. jibunakana Lügner. ◇ liar. Ⓛ winaturu, mitala, tala Ⓓ wikana Ⓛ nguntjiwonkamatu jerríuma glattschaben, glätten (tjatta), jibuntja Lüge. ◇ lie. Ⓛ nguntjintji abstreifen. ◇ to smooth (spear), strip off. jikala kleine Mulde. ◇ small bowl. Ⓛ wiripungani Ⓛ nangunba jetnolkuma stöhnen, klagen. ◇ groan, jikalumbalumba Blätterbüschel (an moan. Ⓛ butukuluni Zweigen). ◇ bunches of leaves (on jerrijerriulama (dupl.) einschrumpfen. Ⓛ panmaworranmi ◇ branches). (reduplication) shrink, shrivel. jilajila [Northern dialect] cf. julajula Ⓛ wiriwiripungañi sehr ◇ Ⓛ mingakurakura jerarelama viele. very many. die Hand auf die schmerzende jilbijinama; z.B. apma jilbijinama inka Stelle legen. ◇ lay hand on painful spot. umwickeln, sich um etwas wickeln. jia Nachricht, Botschaft. ◇ message; story, ◇ wind, wrap around something; news. Ⓛ tjiri Ⓓ ninti e.g. snake winds itself around a foot. jentua Schlafplatz. ◇ sleeping place. Ⓛ lau Ⓛ titirpungañi, karbikarbini jilkara grau, weiß (Emu). ◇ grey, white jialbmelama Botschaft bringen, (emu). Ⓛ kipara, mintalbi verkünden, verraten. ◇ bring a message, jimajirka (jimajurka) announce. Ⓛ tjiri wottani Ⓓ jaura leicht zerbrechlich, tikalkana, wondawondana weich. ◇ fragile, soft. Ⓛ mokunba jilbajinama jerruntuma um etwas herumlaufen. ◇ walk ranken (um etwas), z.B. around something. Ⓛ taiïrpungañi Schlingpflanze. ◇ entwine, wrap jiatnankama vorherverkünden. around something (climb, grow around ◇ announce (in advance). Ⓛ tjiri wirkani something), e.g. creeper (plant). jerrama einen nicht antreffen (den man jimbaltjilerama etwas durchsuchen, sucht), nicht finden (Wild zum Jagen). über etwas nachdenken, grübeln. ◇ miss (someone whom one is looking ◇ think about something, ponder. for), unable to find (game during hunt). Ⓛ paraninangañi Ⓓ kurakurana Ⓛ ngokani

230 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary jinama trs. binden, zusammen binden, jírara Norden. ◇ north. Ⓛ alintjara verbinden (Wunde), umwickeln. (alintara) Ⓓ tidnankara ◇ (transitive) tie, tie together, bandage jirarakua nach Norden. ◇ to the north. (wound), wind or wrap around. Ⓛ alintjinalba, alintjaralku Ⓛ waturpungañi, karbiñi Ⓓ karana jirarambinjala nördlich. ◇ north, northerly. jinalama refl. sich etwas umbinden. Ⓛ alintjarakarbaku ◇ (reflexive) tie something around. jirula im Norden. ◇ in the north. Ⓛ karbiñi Ⓛ alintjara jinba Haut, Fell, Schale, Rinde. ◇ skin, jirknininja Nordwind. ◇ north wind. fur, peel, bark. Ⓛ panki Ⓓ dala Ⓛ alintakata (alintjakata) (Haut: skin), pitji (Rinde: bark) jirkna gehässig, neidisch. ◇ spiteful, jinbara Schlangenhaut. ◇ snakeskin. envious. Ⓛ keltji Ⓛ winbiri jirknerama hassen. ◇ to hate. jinbara Strauchart, aus der Speere verf. Ⓛ keltjirangañi Ⓓ kalakalarina werden (Tecoma australis). ◇ shrub jita der herabhängende fette Bauch. species from which spears are made ◇ hanging potbelly. Ⓛ ngatin (Tecoma australis now Pandorea jitala tnara sehr fett (z.B. Schweine). pandorana) (Latz 1996). Ⓛ winbiri ◇ very fat (e.g. pigs). Ⓛ ngatinpuntu jinga ich. ◇ I. Ⓛ ngaiulu Ⓓ ngani jitinama ziehen. ◇ pull. Ⓛ ngaluni jinilama verweigern, abschlagen (Bitte), joa Hüfte, Taille. ◇ hip, waist. Ⓛ kappa abhalten (vom Streiten). ◇ refuse, deny Ⓓ kappa (request), prevent (quarrel). Ⓛ tjirkani joaja Frau, die geboren hat; Wöchnerin. jinilalama refl. sich verweigern, nicht zu ◇ woman who has given birth. Ⓛ ajoaji Willen sein. ◇ (reflexive) refuse, not be joara nama die Spuren der umkehrenden willing. Ⓛ tjirkaraninañi Schlange. ◇ tracks of a returning snake. jipa rankende Pflanze mit hellgrünen Ⓛ matotatura kulbanguta Blättern, kleinen Blüten, deren jotuia (jatuia) schwer, drückend. ◇ heavy, rübenartige Wurzeln gegessen werden pressing. Ⓛ palin (Boerhavia diffusa). ◇ climber with light jotuma (jatuma) drücken (Last). green leaves, small blossoms and edible ◇ to weigh down (load). Ⓛ palini tuber roots; tar vine, (Boerhavia) (see Latz jotuma auflegen (eine Last). ◇ to load. 1996). Ⓛ wajipi jountjia der lange Hals der Vögel (der Emu, jipatja Raupen, die sich an der jipa-Ranken itoa und Pelican). ◇ long neck of bird finden. ◇ caterpillars who live on jipa (emu, bush turkey and pelican). Ⓛ kaua vines. Ⓛ anumara juka ich weiß nicht. ◇ I do not know. jirama aufhören, verschwinden, zu Ende Ⓛ womba Ⓓ anaka (nganako) sein, vergehen. ◇ cease, disappear, end, jukukerinama verziehen (Wolken), pass. Ⓛ wiaringañi Ⓓ mudana weggehen (für immer). ◇ clear jiranama verschwinden, vergehen; z.B. away (clouds), go away (for ever). Wunden, etc. ◇ disappear; e.g. wounds Ⓛ wombarekula bakañi that heal etc. Ⓛ mawiaringañi jukutjikulelama, jakutjikulelama jirarerama, jurarerama ausbleiben, Barmherzigkeit üben, jammern (eines fortbleiben. ◇ stay away. Ⓛ wiarekula Andern), Mitleid haben. ◇ show pity, wonniñi lament, have empathy. Ⓛ umbuumbuni jirangeranga vergänglich. ◇ fleeting, Ⓓ kalumiltjamiltjarina ephemeral. julajula (jilajila) sehr viele. ◇ very many. jiritjikalutja dem Ende nahe (Aufhören). Ⓛ mingakurakura ◇ dying, close to the end or to death. janturbmanama sehr weinen. ◇ cry very jiranjalkua vergänglich. ◇ ephemeral. much. Ⓛ urbmuntala ninañi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 231 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

jukutakuta nama in Sterben liegen. jutapatta Schlafplatz der aranga (Euro). ◇ dying. ◇ sleeping place of euro. julta Sache, Ding (ein von der Loritja jutarka schwer (zu tun). ◇ difficult (to do). Sprache herübergenommenes Wort). jutia Last. ◇ burden, load. ◇ thing (Loritja loan word in Aranda). Ⓛ julta junta Höhlung, Vertiefung im Boden. K ◇ hollow, depression in ground. Ⓛ lau ka (in Zusammensetzungen) = Kopf, Spitze. alknajunta Augenhöhle. ◇ eye socket. ◇ (in compounds) head, point. Ⓛ kurulau ka Bruder. ◇ brother. Ⓛ kuta tmarajunta Vertiefung im Schlafplatz kabana zur Vergeltung, wieder. ◇ in (in der sie schlafen). ◇ depression in retaliation, again; back, in turn, in return. sleeping place (in which they sleep). Ⓛ wakubita Ⓓ kalala Ⓛ nguralau kabanenta juntama ◇ Ⓛ nguriñi ganz umsonst, gratis. suchen. search. ◇ Ⓛ wakurakutu Ⓓ wontina, kulpina completely free, gratis. kabananta ndama umsonst geben, juntalama (sich suchen), sich besinnen, schenken. ◇ give away, give. sich orientieren. ◇ (introspective), Ⓛ wakurakutu jungañi Ⓓ bakueli consider, orientate. Ⓛ ngurirariñi jinkina juramba Zucker an den lalba-Strauch. kātja mein älterer Bruder. ◇ my older ◇ sugar on lalba bush. Ⓛ albitalji brother. Ⓛ kutana jura Baum spec. ◇ tree species. Ⓛ ujúru kabantalabantala jurajura sehr leicht (Kleider), sehr undurchdringlich ◇ dünn (Kleider). ◇ very light (clothes), (Busch). impenetrable (bush). Ⓛ very thin (clothes). Ⓛ rambirambi múnutúrtutúrtu Ⓓ tjankatjanka kabanalkura hinwieder, dagegen. ◇ on the jurankama sausen (Wind), heulen other hand. Ⓛ wakuranguanba (Sturm). ◇ whistle (wind), howl (storm). kabia leise, langsam. ◇ quiet, slow. Ⓛ kurangañi (Rausch, Wind) Ⓛ purinji jurankama rauschen (Meer). ◇ roar or kabia lama leise gehen, schleichen sough (sea). Ⓛ lulumanañi (langsam). ◇ go softly, sneak, creep jurankama fauchen (Schlange). ◇ hiss (slowly). Ⓛ purinji jennañi (snake). Ⓛ wilijiri wonkani kabila arandisiertes englisches Wort jurankinja Rauschen, Brausen. ◇ roar. ‘hobble’ [Pferd? unclear]. ◇ hobble Ⓛ bobuwaranini, karanganmi derived from the English word ‘hobble’. jurka leicht zerbrechlich, zart. ◇ fragile, Ⓛ kabili tender. Ⓛ mokuna kabilja Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard species. jurkerama zerbrechlich werden. Ⓛ daputa ◇ become fragile. Ⓛ mokunaringañi kabiljalkuna Pelikan. ◇ pelican. jurankala renama zu Boden stürzen (vom Ⓛ kabiljalku Ⓓ tampangara Speer getroffen). ◇ fall to the ground (hit kabilunama hin und her stoßen (vom by a spear). Ⓛ walawonniñi Wind). ◇ push back and forth (by the juta porcupine-grass. ◇ porcupine grass, wind). Ⓛ tatunpungañi spinifex. Ⓛ untia Ⓓ kuramala kabitjirka voll sein, bedeckt (mit Wunden). jutalbma Spitzen des porcupine-grass ◇ be full of, be covered with (wounds). Halme. ◇ tips of porcupine grass. kabuluma öffnen (Mund), öffnen (Buch), Ⓛ untia ipiri auftun (Ohr), aufmachen (Hand), jutabintja porcupine-grass Halme. losbrechen (Steine), abstreifen (Zucker ◇ porcupine grass blades. Ⓛ untia von den Bäumen), aufmachen (Buch). tanbi ◇ open (mouth), open (book), open

~~232 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

(ear); open (hand); break of (stones); kakara iwuma nach einer Seite hin werfen strip (sugar from trees); open (a book). (nicht in die Höhe). ◇ throw sideways Ⓛ tankapungañi Ⓓ piltana (not upwards). Ⓛ kikiri wonniñi kabulunja oder kabilunja offen, kakarakana Rückkehr boomerang. aufgeschlagen (Buch). ◇ open (e.g. book). ◇ return boomerang. Ⓛ kikiri, kaburkulta Schlange (spec.), geringelte kikirikunu Schlange, rot und schwarz geringelte kakuma (kokuma) beißen, aufbeißen, Schlange. ◇ snake (species), banded kauen, nagen. ◇ bite, crack, chew, gnaw. snake, red and black banded snake. Ⓛ patani Ⓓ matana Ⓛ kaburpi kakuakakua nagend, zerbeißend. kaditjina [?] conf. tnaminjalkna ◇ gnawing, biting. Ⓛ ketunketunba Jakobsstab. ◇ Orion? (a star kakura Haufe, Vorrat (z.B. der Ameisen). constellation). Ⓛ kaditjina ◇ heap, store (e.g. of ants). Ⓛ akakuru kaëla ilkama bau bau bau schreien kakuta Hut (aus dem Engl.[unclear]). ◇ hat. (Geschrei der Bluträcher). ◇ cry bau, bau, Ⓛ mokkati Ⓓ kakabilli bau (cry of revenge party). Ⓛ meratura kakutjikama ans Herz drücken (aus Liebe). merañi ◇ embrace (out of love). kaíima anfangen zu schlagen. ◇ start to kala (auch kalla) genug, fertig, schon. hit. Ⓛ tjitini ◇ enough, finished, already.Ⓛ bokkana kaia einsam, allein. ◇ lonely, alone. Ⓓ matja Ⓛ kutuntari Kalla! fertig! getan! ◇ done! Ok! kaiala einsam; die Einsame. ◇ lonely; the era kalla pitjima er kommt schon. lonely one (a mythical female being in ◇ he is coming. Ⓛ paluru bokkana Strehlow 1907: 30–31). Ⓛ kutuntarinku ngalajennañi kaiaka zufrieden, glücklich, friedlich. kallabara schon. ◇ already. Ⓛ bokkanaka ◇ content, happy, peaceful. Ⓛ maka kalaka wilde Pfirsiche. ◇ wild peaches. kajurka weiche Stelle auf dem Kopf. Ⓛ totu ◇ soft spot on head. Ⓛ katamokuna kalaka postp. wider, gegen z.B. kakabanama sich fortwährend erkundigen, tjinnakalaka. ◇ (postposition) against; sich erkundigen ob einer eine Botschaft e.g. against friends. oder Arbeit übernehmen will. ◇ to kalakakala unsinnig, verwirrt. ◇ absurd, constantly enquire, enquire whether confused. Ⓛ kauankauana Ⓓ parapara somebody wants to take a message or kalakakalerama verwirrt a job. Ⓛ wonkawonniñi werden. ◇ become confused. kakalala (L) cf. nkuna weißer Kakadu. Ⓛ kauankauanariñi Ⓓ parapara ◇ white cockatoo. Ⓛ kakalala warana kakaraïnbuma; Kakaraïnbaka nicht kalama fließen (Wasser), gießen (Samen durchschauen können, sich nicht in eine Schüssel). ◇ flow (water), pour zurechtfinden können; ‘sie können (seeds into a bowl). Ⓛ okalingañi sich nicht zurechtfinden’ (Platzname). kalambankama sich ausstrecken (nach ◇ not able to see through; place name dem Schlaf), sich aufrichten (Känguruh). (Strehlow 1907: 78). Ⓛ bainkatini ◇ stretch (after sleep), get up (kangaroo). kakatnamakatna den Kopf fortwährend Ⓛ tantarknarañi emporhebend (Raupe). ◇ continuously lift kalantja auseinandergehende Schenkel head (caterpillar). Ⓛ katakattu (Scheide?). ◇ spread thighs (vagina?). kakatuma den Kopf auf und nieder (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ kankala bewegen (beim kriechen, z.B. Raupen). kalantjakalantja ein wenig hinkend ◇ move head up and down (when (gehen), [unclear]. ◇ walk with a small creeping, e.g. caterpillar). Ⓛ peulukatini limp. Ⓛ katarurkatini

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 233 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kalatja mein älterer Bruder. ◇ my older kalintinilama mit dem Kopf aufschlagen brother. Ⓛ kutalamanku (beim Fallen). ◇ hit head (by a fall). kalatoppa Wand, Mauer. ◇ wall. Ⓛ tatulpi Ⓛ multurtjingaraniñi Ⓓ wondiri kalja der ältere Bruder, Manns ält. kalbakaia sehr kalt (schneidende Schwest. Mann, Vat. ält. Br. Sohn, Mutt. Kälte). ◇ very cold (biting cold). ält. Schwest. Sohn, Fraus ält. Schwest. Ⓛ kuntakuntanmi Mann. ◇ older brother, man’s older kalbakama schneidende Schmerzen sister’s husband; father’s older brother’s (im Leibe). ◇ cutting pain (in abdomen). son; mother’s older sister’s son; wife’s Ⓛ kuntakuntañi older sister’s husband. Ⓛ kuta Ⓓ neji kalbalja aufgelöstes Haar (der rukuta). kekua der ältere Bruder (eines Andern). ◇ loose hair. Ⓛ katara ◇ older brother (of someone else). kalbalba die weißen Wolken, die den Ⓛ kutara schwarzen Regenwolken voranziehen. kaljamba (conf. amba) der Schwiegervater ◇ white clouds preceding black rain (der ♀). ◇ father-in-law (of ♀). Ⓛ katta clouds. Ⓛ akalbalbi kaljaua [Southern dialect] conf. kabilja kalbara auf eine Schnur gereihte Eidechse. ◇ lizard. Ⓛ daputa Schwänze, z.B. aroa-parra. ◇ tails kaljitia [Northern dialect], kaljatjia strung on string; e.g. rock wallaby tails. der jüngere Bruder. ◇ younger brother. Ⓛ akaringi Ⓛ kuta-malangu kalbara Gras (art). ◇ grass (species). patta alka Steinbrocken, losgelöste Stein. Ⓛ akalbari ◇ piece of stone, loose stone. Ⓛ puli kalbaralbara aufrechtstehende Blätter an kalka den Zweigspitzen. ◇ leaves sticking up kalkaluntuma voll sein (von Menschen). on branch tips. Ⓛ akalbari ◇ full (of people). Ⓛ perulkañi kalberama im Sterben liegen, Kopf sinken kalkama winseln (Hund). ◇ whimper, lassen. ◇ dying. Ⓛ ngualankañi whine, cry (dog). Ⓛ kelbmanañi kalbatunama in die Knie sinken (vom kalkata Knospe. ◇ bud. Ⓛ muti Speer getroffen). ◇ sink to the knees Ⓓ pumpo (hit by a spear). Ⓛ tulalarani kalkna 1) Schädel, 2) Felsenspalt. kalbita große Wagen (Sternbild). ◇ Big ◇ 1. skull; 2. rock-cleft. Ⓛ 1) katawirra Dipper (star constellation). Ⓛ toralba 2) puli ngara Ⓓ talta kalbatuluma in die Knie sinken. ◇ sink kalkuma [Eastern dialect] beißen, to the knees. Ⓛ tulalarani aufbeißen. ◇ bite, crack. Ⓛ patani kalbminjalbminja mit Blüten kalkuralkura herabhängend (Zweige, bedeckt. ◇ covered with blossoms. Blätter). ◇ hanging down (branch, leaves). Ⓛ untuntuwarapungu Ⓛ ngutungutura kalbakalama hinken. ◇ to limp. kaloïnbara Welt (Inbegr. alles Ⓛ tantikatiñi, kataiakatianañi Geschaffene). ◇ world (including all Ⓓ kunkana creations); everybody and everything. kalijatuja Schlossen, sehr großer Hagel. kalta dicht mit Nadeln besetzt ◇ hailstones, very large hailstones. (Zweigspitze). ◇ densely covered with kalibera Wasserbinsen (Scirpus Meyenii). needles (tip of branch). Ⓛ pulkumba ◇ rushes Ⓛ ikilibiri kaltia dicht behaart. ◇ very hairy. kalintinima mit dem Kopf aufschlagen Ⓛ pulkumba (auf den Boden, beim Hinunterfallen). kaltala Kopfhaar. ◇ head hair. Ⓛ kata ◇ hit head (on ground by a fall). manilba Ⓛ multurtjingani

234 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary kaltarba kahle Stelle auf dem Kopf, kabalbanama senkrecht in den Boden Glatze. ◇ bald patch on head, bald head. stecken (z.B. die tnatantja). ◇ erect Ⓛ katabinā vertical in ground (e.g. ceremonial poles). kaltuntja halbkreisförm. Umzäunung von Ⓛ malantanani Büschen, hinter der sich der Eingeborene kambanka neben (cum abl.) ◇ beside (with versteckt, um Emus zu speeren. ablative). Ⓛ aiïnka ◇ hideout made of bushes from which kamboba Dach (einer Hütte), emus are speared. Gebirgsrücken, gewölbtes Dach, die kaltjirbuma tauchen (intrs.), untertauchen Kuppel (n). ◇ roof (of hut), mountain (im Wasser). ◇ dive (intransitive), ridge, arched roof, dome. Ⓛ katalara dive under (water). Ⓛ lebuntarbani kamerama aufstehen (v. Boden), aufgehen Ⓓ multibana? (‘?’ added by CS) (Samen), wenn (von vielen Menschen) kaltjirbulelama trs. untertauchen. Staub aufsteigt. ◇ stand up (from the ◇ (transitive) dive. Ⓛ lebultiljini, ground), sprout (seeds), rising dust lebuntarbatiljini (many people). Ⓛ bakani, touninañi kaltjikaltjirbuma sich verkriechen Ⓓ jiritjina (unter Steinen). ◇ hide (under stones). kamalelama aufwecken, aufheben. Ⓛ lebulalebulariñi ◇ wake (somebody up), pick up. kaltjirbulakunama hineinströmen (in ein Ⓛ bakatiljini Ⓓ jiritjibana ◇ Gebäude). pour (into a building). kamalelanjalbuma nachdem man kaltjirbulakuninjaka ilta einen aufgeweckt hat zurückkehren. ◇ Versammlungshaus. meeting house, ◇ return after waking someone up. meeting place. Ⓛ ngalabakatiljira kulbañi kaluka Bock, Hengst. ◇ buck, stallion. kamakamerama (duplic.) sich erheben, Ⓛ kaluka, kaluntji aufstehen. ◇ (duplication) get up, stand kalula Mark der Knochen. ◇ bone marrow. up. Ⓛ bakabakani Ⓛ kounba Ⓓ turintji kámalamalérama aufstehen, um kaluta Baum (spec.) mit dicken, herzförm. Sämereien zu rösten. ◇ get up to roast Blättern u. glockenför. Samenkapseln. seeds. Ⓛ bakarangarañi ◇ tree (species) with thick heart-shaped kamakameralbuma aufstehen u. leaves and bell-shaped seed capsules. ◇ Ⓛ kaluti heimkehren. get up and return home. Ⓛ bakarabakara kulbañi kama schneiden, abhauen. ◇ cut, chop off. kamatjoretjorérama Ⓛ kuntani, antanani Ⓓ damona alle sich erheben. ◇ get up (everybody). kanakana einer der fortwährend Ⓛ bakalbakariñi, bakalworrañi schneidet, der Schnitter. ◇ one who kameralalalama sich erheben. ◇ get up. constantly cuts, cutter. Ⓛ kuntanmi Ⓛ mabakalkatiñi kentjalbuma nachdem man etwas kameralalama aufstehen, sich erheben abgeschitten hat, zurückkehren. ◇ ◇ to return after cutting something off. (vom Schlaf). stand up, get up (after Ⓛ ngalaantara kulbañi waking up). Ⓛ bakalkatiñi kameranama kamara eine Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage aufstehen machen, class, subsection, skin name. aufwecken. ◇ rouse, wake (somebody Ⓛ takamara ♂, nakamara ♀ up). Ⓛ mabakani kamba Süßigkeit, Honig. ◇ sweets, honey. kameratnatjintama sich erheben Ⓛ ngumu (vom Schlaf). ◇ get up (after sleep). kamburka die mit Süßigkeit angefüllten Ⓛ bakaratalkañi Leiber (der Honigameisen). ◇ bodies of kameralbanama auf der Heimkehr sich honeyants filled with sweet substance. erheben (vom Schlaf). ◇ get up on return Ⓛ kamburki? (‘?’ added by CS) home (from sleeping). Ⓛ bakarabatani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 235 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kamerentjima aufgehen (Sonne). ◇ rise kangerkuma aufbewahren (etw. für jeman.) (sun). Ⓛ ngalabakani ◇ keep (something for somebody). kameritjikerama anfangen aufzustehen. kānka [Southern dialect] still, ruhig. ◇ still, ◇ start to get up. Ⓛ bakantakitaringani quiet. Ⓛ rata kanaka Bürgschaft, Stellvertretung. kanakarta halb, zur Hälfte. ◇ half. ◇ guarantee, representation, delegation. kankiuma läutern (Gold), reinigen, sieben, kanakakàna Bürger, Stellvertreter. sichten. ◇ purify (gold), clean, sieve, sift, ◇ guarantor, representative, deputy, inspect. proxy. kankia faul, mundfaul. ◇ lazy. Ⓛ kanantu kamuna Onkel (Mutters Bruder und Vaters kankarta schwerhörig. ◇ hard of hearing. Schwesters Mann), Schwiegersohn (♂), kanaka ankama, kanaka ilama Bruders Tochters Mann. ◇ uncle (mother’s zurückfordern. ◇ reclaim. brother and father’s sister’s husband), kankama lieben. ◇ love; be happy, smile. son-in-law (♂), brother’s daughter’s Ⓛ bokulariñi Ⓓ ngantjana husband. Ⓛ kamuru kankanankana Liebende. ◇ lovers. tnēkua kamuna eines Anderen. ◇ someone Ⓛ bokulbokularini else’s uncle. Ⓛ kamuru kankakala geliebt. ◇ loved. kananga die beiden Brüder. ◇ the two Ⓛ bokularinguta brothers. Ⓛ kutarara kankinja freundlich, liebend. ◇ friendly, kanangananga, kanangatua alle Brüder. loving; happy. Ⓛ bokulta Ⓓ ngantjalu ◇ all brothers. Ⓛ kutararawaritji kankinjaka liebenswert. ◇ lovable. Ⓓ nejimara? (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ bokulbaku kinberinja, inka kinberinja verlassend kankuakankerama einander lieben. ◇ (den Boden). abandon (ground). ◇ love one another. Ⓛ purupurunta, tjinna purupurunta kankindama unmittelbar bevorstehen kanaka zu Hilfe (pitjima). ◇ (come) to the (Ereignis). ◇ pending (event). rescue. Ⓛ tjingulku kankuerama lauschen, horchen, kandatandata Blüten an den Zweigspitzen. gehorchen, aufmerksam hören. ◇ listen, ◇ blossoms on tips of twigs. Ⓛ kata obey, listen attentively. Ⓛ kuliñi untuntutara Ⓓ pankina kanga [Eastern dialect] ◇ schlecht. bad. kankuma ◇ Ⓛ kuja schöpfen (Wasser). scoop, Ⓛ taiïrakani, kangalangalerama ladle (water); mop up water. nach Luft schnappen katini (Fische und Ertrinkende). ◇ gasp kankurkna Kopf voller Risse (od. voller for air (fish and drowning people). ◇ Ⓛ akanjinkiririñi Wunden). head full of cracks (or kangaamboa (kanga + amboa) wounds). kanta, kantala Frost, Reif, Eis. ◇ frost, (alte + Mann), ein alter schwacher Mann, ice (see Strehlow 1907: 19–20); Kantala Greis. ◇ (old + man), old weak man. Ⓛ kujatinaburka is a place on the Ellery Creek. Ⓛ wolka Ⓓ taleri kanala (postp.) an statt (eines andern). kantala tuma ◇ ◇ (postposition) instead (of someone frieren. feel cold, freeze. Ⓛ wolkanka pungañi else). kanta kaninka faul. ◇ lazy. Ⓛ kanenku zusammengerollt (Schlange), kangitja Eidechse, spec. ◇ lizard species. zusammen gedreht (Schnur), eine auf Ⓛ wiruwirurba Kopf befestigte Schnur, – der aus Gras kanjankarerama Kopf aus d. Wasser zusammengedrehte Ring, der auf den strecken (Fische), nach Luft schnappen. Kopf gelegt wird, wenn Dinge getragen ◇ stick head out of water (fish), gasp for werden, der große Kopf. ◇ coiled up air. Ⓛ akanjinkiririñi (snake), twisted (string), string fastened

~~236 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

to head, ring made of grass that is placed kantjinja die jüngeren (Brüder, Söhne, on head to carry things, wreath; big head. Onkel, etc.), das zweitjüngste Kind. Ⓛ akanta Ⓓ dambura ◇ younger (brothers, sons, uncles, etc.), kantakanta rund, Kranz. ◇ round, second youngest child. Ⓛ akantji wreath, ring or pad (made of hair) to kanturuba Regenbogen. ◇ rainbow. carry things on head. Ⓛ akantakanta Ⓛ kanturangu Ⓓ dambudambura kapaltarinja Schlange, giftig. ◇ snake, kantakanterama sich zusammenrollen poisonous. Ⓛ unjuratji, katamaru (Igel oder Schlange). ◇ curl up (echidna kapmanta (n) mit Eisenblech ged. Dach. or snake). Ⓛ akantakantariñi ◇ sheet iron roof. kantanama drehen (Schnur), kapmara Hinterkopf. ◇ back of head. zusammenrollen. ◇ twist (string), roll Ⓛ katawira Ⓓ kukati together. Ⓛ akantaninani kapmara tanalama (refl.) s. Haupt kantala ngama auf dem Kopf tragen. hinlegen (zum Schlaf). ◇ (reflexive) ◇ carry on head. Ⓛ akantanka katiñi lay head down to sleep. Ⓛ katawira kantama unverwandt stumm vor sich ngarikatiñi Ⓓ kukati terkana hinsehen. ◇ stare silently in front of kapmara tanama trs. Haupt hinlegen. oneself. Ⓛ kurkanini ◇ (transitive) lay head down. kantatuma befestigen, festnageln. Ⓛ katawira ngaritunañi Ⓓ kukati ◇ fasten, fix to, nail on.Ⓛ palapungañi terkibana Ⓓ warukana kaputanta kamerama den Kopf erheben. kantiantoppanama unverwandt ◇ lift head. Ⓛ katakutu bakañi niedersehen (auf etwas). ◇ stare down kaputa Kopf. ◇ head. Ⓛ kata (at something). Ⓛ kataburknarañi Ⓓ mangatandra kantamilinja n. Zahl. ◇ number. kaputa tjaia Scheitel (gekämmt). kantaralama heruntersteigen (von ◇ parted hair (combed). Ⓛ kata iwara etwas). ◇ climb down (from something). kaputa kantama Kopf wehe tun. ◇ head Ⓛ tarungarañi is hurting. Ⓛ kata kobañi kantamilama, n. zählen (n). ◇ count. kaputata lange weiße Raupe an den tnima- kantaralitjikalama sich niederlassen Sträuchern. ◇ long white caterpillar on (Vögel). ◇ settle down (birds). tnima-bushes. Ⓛ akapatati Ⓛ tarungarala okalingañi kaputa intouma Kopfschmerz haben. kantiltja Haube (von Vögeln). ◇ hood, ◇ have a headache. Ⓛ kata rariwonniñi crest (of birds). Ⓛ pokulu kaputa unkwana Schädel. ◇ skull, kantirkna (kanta-irkna) Brüste cranium. Ⓛ kata tarka (der Mädchen). ◇ breasts (of girls). kaputa kalkna Schädel. ◇ skull. Ⓛ kata Ⓛ akantirkni meka kantja Spitze (von Zweigen, Bäumen, kara Ebene, Lehmebene. ◇ plain, claypan. Schwanz). ◇ tip (of twigs, branches, Ⓛ akiri, pitjiri Ⓓ palara, paluru, trees, tails). Ⓛ akantji palparu, waru parra kantja Schwanzspitze. ◇ tip of tail. karantaka weite Ebene. ◇ wide plain. Ⓛ wipu akantji Ⓛ akiribila kantjira weiße Wolken; die weiße Wolke, karatja Grube auf der Ebene. ◇ ditch die bei Gewitterschauern den schwarzen in plain. Ⓛ eraua Wolken vorangeht. ◇ white clouds; kararinka weite Ebene. ◇ wide plain. the white cloud that precedes black Ⓛ akiriuntubila rain clouds (see Strehlow 1907: 25). karinbanga feste Ebene. ◇ solid plain. Ⓛ akantjirkni Ⓛ akiriti

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 237 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

karinbanga indama auf hartem Boden karitja, ntjerkinta langes Steinmesser. liegen. ◇ lie on hard ground. ◇ long stone knife. Ⓛ kanti, tula kāra flüssige Mark, Honig, dicke Saft. Ⓓ kutuwonda ◇ liquid marrow, honey, thick juice. karitjilama ausgleiten, fallen. ◇ slip, fall. Ⓛ alkurknu Ⓓ turintji Ⓛ wiruntalkañi kārapaltunta Saft-Tropfen (an Bäumen). karitjánkitjanka aufrechtstehendes Haar. ◇ drop of juice (on trees), sap. ◇ hair standing up. Ⓛ kata talarara Ⓛ tjilpititara karka Lauben-Vogel (bower-bird), derselbe kāranenta feste Mark (Knochen). ◇ solid baut sich eine Art Laubeingang, indem marrow (bone). Ⓛ tamala er mit bunten Steinen spielt; dunkelbraun karakara eine Art Trompete. ◇ type of mit gelben Flecken, auf dem Kopf einen trumpet. Ⓛ akirakiri Ⓓ wimmakoko großen rosa Flecken, (Chlamydodera ulbura karakara eine Art Trompete. guttata). ◇ dark brown bowerbird with ◇ type of trumpet. Ⓛ ulburu akirakiri yellow spots and a large pink spot karakarilama fordern (Gabe). ◇ demand on its head; it builds a kind of arcade (gift). and decorates it with coloured stones kararkararka kahlköpfig. ◇ bald. (Chlamydera guttata). Ⓛ akarki Ⓛ katatali karkarénama verschmieren, verkleben. karatja Haube (v. Vögeln). ◇ crest, hood ◇ smear, stick. Ⓛ pantani (of birds). Ⓛ watjinkuru karknanteulama refl. sich anhängen, karritja Bündnis, Freundschaftsbund. hängen bleiben (z.B. Schmutz an ◇ alliance, friendship, bond. Kleidern), sich anhängen (Hunde karatjerama Freunde werden. ◇ become und Schlange, wenn sich festbeist). friends. Ⓛ ngulturingañi ◇ (reflexive) attach, keep hanging on karbatarbatelama kauen (Speise). ◇ chew (e.g. dirt on clothes), attach (dogs and (food). Ⓛ karpungañi snakes when biting). Ⓛ waluringañi kareraua geronnenes Blut. ◇ congealed karkuma zittern, den Körper in zitternde blood. Ⓛ puturingañi Bewegungen setzen (beim Cultus), karbalama vernachlässigen. ◇ neglect. Schwanz hin u. her bewegen (Schlange kariteuma Haare zu Berge stehen (vor und manche Vögel). ◇ tremble, set body Furcht). ◇ petrified.Ⓛ kamarabakañi into trembling motions (at ceremonies), karinbanga (indama) auf hartem Boden move tail from side to side (snake and liegen. ◇ lie on hard ground. some birds). Ⓛ pinpitjingañi karilbmuntuma voll sein (z.B. Haus voller karpalama bereuen (eine schlechte Tat), Menschen), bedeck sein mit (Menschen vernachlässigen. ◇ regret (a bad deed), oder Tieren). ◇ be full (e.g. house full neglect. Ⓛ tomatiriñi Ⓓ burkaljerina of people), covered with (humans or karperama abschneiden, schneiden animals). Ⓛ ninara wonnañi (Getreide). ◇ cut off, cut (wheat, crop). karitjingakaritja Kindermesser (Rinde). karralelama beobachten (trs.) ◇ (transitive) ◇ child’s knife (bark). observe. kariljibatnuma herunterströmen (Regen). karra wach. ◇ awake. Ⓛ kana ◇ pour down (rain). Ⓛ wirurukatiñi karrerama wach werden. ◇ wake up. karitjakalama herunterrutschen (z.B. Ⓛ kanaringañi pattanga). ◇ slide down (e.g. from a rock). karralama wachen, warten (auf Ⓛ kattunguru wirulwarañi jemanden). ◇ keep watch, wait (for karinba Speer (vom Norden eingehandelt). somebody). Ⓛ patañi Ⓓ ngulukana ◇ spear (traded from the north). karta Stoppel, die Stumpfen und Halme; Ⓛ karinba Ⓓ kalti ngaminto Abgebießene. ◇ stubble (crop), stumps and stalks. Ⓛ mutu

238 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary karterama abbeißen, abscheiden (Haar), kātanga klein (von Person), kurz. ◇ small abhauen, schneiden (Getreide). ◇ bite (person), short. Ⓛ murila off, cut off (hair), chop, cut (wheat). katangamakatanga zuletzt Ⓛ kartjingañi, takerpungañi (kommen). ◇ last (to come, arrive). kartakarterama zerbeißen, zermalmen Ⓛ akatangamakatanguru (z.B. Rinde). ◇ bite to pieces, crush katapantapanta Ende der Nacht, (e.g. bark). Ⓛ takirtakirpúngañi Morgengrauen, Zwielicht. ◇ end of night, karratinja die Schlaflosigkeit. ◇ insomnia. dawn, twilight. Ⓛ urelariñi kartjita nama angefüllt, voll sein (z.B. das kātapala klein (von Person), kurz. ◇ small Haus mit Menschen). ◇ full, filled (of stature), short. Ⓛ akatapati (e.g. house with people). Ⓛ utulanbara katapantapanterama Zwielicht werden. ninañi ◇ twilight. Ⓛ kitjalkuriñi kartnagunama Kalk auf das Grab streuen, katana - katana entweder – oder. ◇ either stillschweigen auferlegen (dem neuen – or. Ⓛ kutura – kutura Ⓓ kara – kara Zauberdoktor). ◇ sprinkle lime on grave, kātara windstill. ◇ calm (no wind). Ⓛ rata impose secrecy (on the new witch Ⓓ dalpuru doctor). Ⓛ apurawonniñi katarama (katerama) hinteruntersehen. karuntuma stampfen (den Boden, beim ◇ look down. Ⓛ walunangañi Tanz). ◇ stamp, stomp (ground when kataratja Reihe (hinter einander). ◇ row dancing). Ⓛ kantuni (behind each other), in a row. Ⓛ warata kata Vater, Vaters Bruder (Onkel). ◇ father, (worrata) father’s brother (uncle). Ⓛ katu, tjatji kataratja lama hintereinander gehen. Ⓓ ngaperi ◇ walk behind each other. Ⓛ warata kata knara Vaters älterer Bruder. jennañi ◇ father’s older brother. Ⓛ katu puntu katamaranka renalama die Hände hinter kata larra Vaters jüngere Bruder. dem Hinterkopf falten. ◇ fold hands ◇ father’s younger brother. Ⓛ katu behind head. Ⓛ nguntimar͑ alu tunañi wongu katarenama zum Abschluß bringen (Arbeit). kata kantjinja Vaters jüngere Bruder. ◇ finish (work).Ⓛ akatatunañi ◇ father’s younger brother. Ⓛ katu katatala rama gehend betrachten [unclear]. akantji ◇ look while walking. Ⓛ paranangañi katamata väterlich. ◇ fatherly. Ⓛ katuta Ⓓ naijinaijibana kataltja (katiltja) der eigene Vater. kataratjeramala albuma eins ◇ own father, my own father. [unclear]. ◇ one after the other is Ⓛ katuwolta looking as returning or on return [?] katana; era pitjitjina katana Ⓛ waratararekula kulbañi wahrscheinlich, (postp.) ◇ (postposition) katatarerama sich spalten (Menschen), probably; e.g. he or she will probably sich teilen (Wasser). ◇ split (people), come. divide (water). Ⓛ akatakutarariñi kata Spitze (von Blüten). ◇ tip (of kataterilama trs. abschneiden, teilen, blossoms). Ⓛ akata abreißen, zerreißen. ◇ (transitive) cut off, katakata kleine Stab, Zauberstab. ◇ small divide, tear off, tear.Ⓛ akatakutarani stick. Ⓛ katakata Ⓓ puntibana katakata; intakatakata (Enden [unclear]), katatarerinja die Sekte (die sich Gelenk, Fußgelenk; Zauberholz (altes abgesondert hat). ◇ sect (that isolated Wort). ◇ joint, ankle; magic wood (old itself). word) (Strehlow 1910b: 128). Ⓛ tata katatnama teilen, halbieren. ◇ to divide, Ⓓ tidnapalka (Fußgelenk: ankle) to halve. Ⓛ akatatauani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 239 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

katawuntawunta uneins, geteilter katnataka in die Höhe, höher. ◇ upwards, Meinung. ◇ disagree, different opinion. into the sky, higher. Ⓛ kattukutu katēla nama (katailanama) Augen Ⓓ taranalu niederschlagen. ◇ lower eyes. katnerama erheben, hochheben Ⓛ wollunakanani (Kopf, Hände). ◇ lift, raise (head, hands). katerkaterka die gekrümmten Spitzen Ⓛ katturingañi (der Blätter oder Zweige). ◇ bent tips katnerentjima früh, wenn die (of leaves or branches). Ⓛ núturnúturba Sonnenscheibe sich über den Horizont katimala Kissen, Kopfunterlage. ◇ pillow. erhebt. ◇ early, when the sun rises over Ⓛ katatabala the horizon. Ⓛ katturikulakalbañi katira weiß gestreift (Anspielung auf katnatakakana (n) die Höhe. ◇ height. einen gestreiften Hund). ◇ striped white. katninga oben. ◇ above. Ⓛ kattu Ⓓ miri Ⓛ katiri (schwarz und weiß gestreifter katningala oben. ◇ up, at the top. Hund) Ⓛ kattuwonna katitja lama auf allen Vieren gehen, rollen katningerama c. abl. obliegen, (Wagen). ◇ walk on all fours, roll (wagon). übereinander. ◇ subdue, overcome Ⓛ manmiri jennañi (c. abl.) Ⓛ kattungururingañi katningakatningala ◇ katitjatitja weiße Kopf. ◇ white head. oben, auf. up, on. Ⓛ katawommulutara Ⓛ kattutakattuta katnakatnerama immer höher fliegen. katjulbmanga zuversichtlich. ◇ optimistic. ◇ fly higher and higher. Ⓛ kattukatturiñi katjawara, tjilpa wilde Katze, katnalelama aufrichten, hochheben. Beutelmarder. ◇ native cat, Western ◇ erect, lift. Ⓛ kattuni Ⓓ miri Quoll. Ⓛ malalbara ngankana katjuirbuma versiegen, vertrocknen katningambenja oben (am Tisch, im (Wasser). ◇ dry up (water). Buch). ◇ at the top (of the table, of the katjira, katjiba Busch mit gelben Beeren, book). Solanum ellipticum. ◇ bush with katnanga fort (gehen). ◇ away (go). yellow berries, desert raisin, Solanum Ⓛ akaningi centrale (Latz 1996). Ⓛ praitji, akitjiri, katningambenjaka renalama sich obenan kamburara setzen. ◇ to sit at the top. katjia Kind. ◇ child. Ⓛ pipiri Ⓓ kupa katningakana ekaralama über (etwas) katjiamalkura kindlich. ◇ child-like. anziehen. ◇ put over (something). Ⓛ pipiri nguanba kātnama gebeugt sitzen, trauern, reuen. katakatilama, katjikatjilama kitzeln. ◇ mourn, remorse. Ⓛ katawonkañi ◇ tickle. Ⓛ kitjikitjini kātnalanama gebeugt, traurig katjilka ◇ Schlange (giftig). snake dasitzen. ◇ sit hunched, wretched. (poisonous). Ⓛ akiltjílki Ⓛ katawonkanini Ⓓ munkuru katjanbata die überall angeklebten Daunen katnatnainama sich einmischen (in die (Cultus). ◇ feather down. Ⓛ leoara Arbeit von andern). ◇ interfere (in the katnatnainama sich mischen (in die Arbeit work of others). von andern). ◇ interfere (in the work of katoatoa unschlüssig, sich besinnend. others). ◇ undecided, considering. katna oben, oberhalb. ◇ up, above, over. Ⓛ kauarakauara Ⓛ kattu Ⓓ miri katua Puppe (Chrysalide). ◇ pupa katnatoppa aufwärts, gegen (den Strom). (chrysalis). Ⓛ akuta ◇ upwards, upstream or against kātnua die verdickten Honigtropfen (the current). Ⓛ kattukutu (z.B. am ntjuia-Baum), Klumpen. ◇ thickened honey-drops (e.g. on the ntjuia-tree), lumps. Ⓛ ngumu

240 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary katuluma auflösen (Band, Ehe), scheiden kelkna [Northern dialect] Felsenspalt. (Ehe). ◇ dissolve (tie, marriage), divorce ◇ cleft in cliff.Ⓛ ngarra (marriage). keltja halb, Hälfte. ◇ half. Ⓛ woltara kauakaua sehr lang. ◇ very long. Ⓓ jurra Ⓛ tauitaui keltjilama teilen, halbieren. ◇ divide, halve. kauakaua die sehr hohe Stange mit dem Ⓛ woltarpungañi Federbusch. ◇ very long pole with a kelukeluka aufgelöstes Haar. ◇ loose hair. feather tuft. Ⓛ tauitaui Ⓛ katawolknatiwolknati kaualama schwanken, schwingen, sich kelupa lange, schwarze Schlange, hin und her bewegen in Winde. ◇ sway, giftig. ◇ long black poisonous snake. swing, move back and forth in the wind. Ⓛ mulburtji Ⓛ wollirikatiñi Ⓓ wijawijarina kemba Strohblume (Polycalymma stuartii). kauuta das aufgelöste Haar (eines ◇ strawflower (Polycalymma stuartii). Beschnittenen). ◇ loose hair (of novice). Ⓛ akimba Ⓛ katarara kembakemba kleine Strohblume kawortjawortja mit weißen Blütenköpfen (verschied. spec.) ◇ small bedeckt (Zweige). ◇ covered with white strawflower (many different species). blossoms (branches). Ⓛ kawirtjiwirtji Ⓛ akimbakimba kebenintja Versammlung, Schule. kementerama versinken (im Schlamm). ◇ gathering, school. ◇ sink (in mud). Ⓛ tarbani Ⓓ punpina kebenintjaka ilta Schule. ◇ school. kemintjira Spitze der Zweige. ◇ tip of kebintjibintja aufgelöstes, nach allen branches. Ⓛ imintjiri Seiten herabhängendes Haar. ◇ loose kenkala postp. ähnlich, gleich. hair hanging down on all sides. ◇ (postposition) similar, identical. Ⓛ katamintaminta Ⓛ aranka kebakeba Versammlung. ◇ gathering, kenkunalerama den Kopf nach meeting. rückwärts wenden, sich umsehen. keïntitjeritjera sterblich, in Todesgefahr. ◇ turn head backwards, look around. ◇ mortal, in mortal danger. Ⓛ jupajupa Ⓛ katangantikuturingañi kejalbijalba nach allen Seiten kerama ‘im Halbkreis um sich sehen’, sich herunterhängendes Haar. ◇ hair hanging scheuen, sich genieren. ◇ ‘look around in down on all sides. Ⓛ katamintaminta a half circle’, be timid. kekatalama tadeln, Vorwürfe machen. kintja, kentja lange Schwanz (Vögel), ◇ reprove, reproach. lange Schwanzfedern. ◇ long tail (birds), kekua der ältere Bruder (eines Andern). long tailfeathers. Ⓛ akintji ◇ older brother (of someone else). kepetepata, kepetepeta Hinterkopf (Stelle Ⓛ kutara [unclear]). ◇ back of head (Strehlow kekurutja die älteren Brüder (eines 1910b: 131). Ⓛ kata ngatinkuru Andern). ◇ older brothers (of someone kêrakêra schwarz. ◇ black. Ⓛ ulerulera else). Ⓛ kutanbara jera kêrakêra schwarze Ameisen. kekatalinjagunja untadelig. ◇ impeccable. ◇ black ants. Ⓛ minga ulerulera kelbakerama Person ansehen? ◇ look at keruma (ka + eruma) Kopf schwarz a person? sein. ◇ have a black head. Ⓛ kata kelbara kleine Eidechse (spec.) ◇ small mungawonniñi lizard (species). Ⓛ tantalkatu keritjala unbemerkt (kommen). ◇ (come) keluma ausreiben (Samen), von den unnoticed. Ⓛ arewakawuia Schalen befreien. ◇ rub (seeds) to remove kerbakerba dienstfertig. ◇ eager in one’s husks. Ⓛ notuni duty.

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 241 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kētja Leben (in Zusammensetzungen). knaiïninta Halbgeschwister (Kinder ◇ life (in word compounds). von ein und demselben Vater). ◇ half ketjultakama (Leben-abbrechen), siblings (children from one father). erschlagen, erschießen. ◇ (end life), slay, Ⓛ mamatungu shoot. Ⓛ aluru katantanani knaninja ewig, rein, heilig kēuma anfachen (Feuer). ◇ fan (fire). (z.B. Sonnenlicht). ◇ everlasting, pure, Ⓛ kurkaltunañi sacred (e.g. sunlight). Ⓛ tukutita? kimbara postp. zuerst, vorn. (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ (postposition) first, in front.Ⓛ warika knanakala Totem-Platz. ◇ totem place; arakimbara laka das rote Känguruh liefe dreaming, father’s dreaming. Ⓛ arata vorn an. ◇ the red kangaroo leads [?]. knaritjilama zu viel tun. ◇ do too much. Ⓛ malluwarika jennu knarabana groß dies. ◇ big (this). era kimbala er zuerst. ◇ he first. Ⓛ puntutu Ⓛ paluru warika knara; manna knara groß (Gestalt), viel kirbminjambaralama alles Gebüsch z.B. viel Brot. ◇ big (posture), much niedertretend weiter laufen. ◇ treading (e.g. a lot of bread). Ⓛ puntu Ⓓ pirna knarerama ◇ undergrowth down while pressing or groß werden. to grow up. Ⓛ punturingañi running on. Ⓛ multurkumulturku jennañi knarilama [groß machen] viel sammeln. ◇ collect/gather much [make big]. kintja (kĕntja) Blütenspitzen, Blüten. Ⓛ puntuni ◇ blossom tips, blossoms. Ⓛ akintji knarindora sehr groß, sehr viel. ◇ very kinjinta in Zusammensetzungen: Haupt. big, very much. Ⓛ puntulenku ◇ in word compounds: head. knarintjara sehr viele (z.B. Leute). ◇ very kítjamberutjambara ein sehr großer Haufe many (e.g. people). Ⓛ puntu tjikara (aufgeschüttenen Samen). ◇ very big pile knararbekua Ⓛ alujúrbaalujúrba das zweitälteste (of seeds). ◇ kitjala, irkunjakitjala Kind. second oldest child. postp. vor (zeitlich), Ⓛ puntungakalara vor dem Essen. ◇ (postposition) before knaribata (zusammengesetzt von (temporal), before eating. knara=groß und ata=atua=Mann), (inkata) knaia Vater (gewöhnlich so genannt der große Mann, der ältere Mann in von den erwachsenen Töchtern). angesehener Stellung; der Älteste. ◇ big ◇ father (term commonly used by adult man, elder, the older respected man; the daughters). Ⓛ katu, mama Ⓓ nagperi oldest. Ⓛ puntulara, (tina) Ⓓ pinaru knaia knara ält. Bruder d. Vat. ◇ older knarakata viel (Geld). ◇ much (money). brother of father. Ⓛ katu puntu, knaribatananga Ⓛ puntularakutara mama puntu knaruntulama nicht vermögen, nichts knaia larra jüngerer Bruder des Vaters. ausrichten. ◇ not able to (do, achieve ◇ Ⓛ katu younger brother of father. something). wongu, mama wongu knarinja lange Schlange, nicht giftig knaia kantjinja jüng. Bruder d. Vat. (spec.) ◇ long snake, not poisonous ◇ younger brother of father. Ⓛ katu (species). Ⓛ inturkunu akantji knaramanta teuer, viel kostend. ◇ dear, knaia palla Vaters Mutters Bruder, Fraus expensive. Vat. Vater. ◇ father’s mother’s brother, knaritja Vater (auch Häuptling, Urenkel wife’s father’s father. Ⓛ katu bakali ♂). ◇ father (also chief, great-grandson); knaia ebmanna Fraus Mutters Vater. leader, big. In Carl Strehlow’s work ◇ wife’s mother’s father. Ⓛ katu inkilji ‘knaritja’ is used for father, chief, old man and totem ancestor. Ⓛ katu

~~242 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

knaritja knara Onkel, der ältere Bruder knuljamanina Pflanze. ◇ plant. des Vaters ◇ uncle, father’s older Ⓛ papangalulba brother. The word ‘knara’ with kin terms knuraia eine Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage indicates a more senior individual of class, subsection, skin name. the particular kin category, e.g. father’s Ⓛ tungaraii, nungaraii older brother rather than closer or knurara eßbare Wurzel spec. ◇ edible root biological father. Ⓛ katu puntu species. Ⓛ ungurari knaritja larra der jüngere Bruder des kualbaia beleidigt. ◇ offended. Vaters. ◇ father’s younger brother. kualbaierama beleidigt werden. ◇ become Ⓛ katu wongu offended. knaritja kantjinja der jüngere Bruder kula das Felsenwasserloch, der Krug (n). des Vaters. ◇ father’s younger brother. ◇ rock waterhole, jug. Ⓛ katu akantji kotilja Schüssel, tub (n). ◇ bowl, tub. knartija palla Vaters Mutters Bruder, kollerinjalkua der Übertreter. Fraus Vaters Vater. ◇ father’s mother’s ◇ trespasser. brother, wife’s father’s father. Ⓛ katu kokolura böse Wesen in Hundegestalt. bakali ◇ evil beings or bad spirits in dog shape; knaritja ebmanna Fraus Mutters Vater. they sometimes travel with the west wind ◇ wife’s mother’s father. Ⓛ katu inkilji (Strehow 1907: 11–12, 13). Ⓛ kokoluru knaritjaknaritja kleines Steinmesser koa? betrübt, traurig. ◇ sad. (‘?’ added by zum Bearbeiten von Holz, z.B. eines CS) Speerwerfers mera. ◇ stone knife. koerama leid sein, betrübt sein. Ⓛ katungana ◇ sorrowful. knopaknopa der winterliche Wind, kokutjikama [Southern dialect], der kalte Wind. ◇ cold wind. kwakitjikama [Northern dialect] Ⓛ bobabobarawonnañi umarmen. ◇ embrace. Ⓛ ambuljennañi knubaknutjina Gespräch, Geplapper. Ⓓ munkamalina, munamana ◇ conversation, chat. Ⓛ wataiḯta kotilja ein Gefäß, ? ◇ vessel. (‘?’ added knujilelama grün machen (Bäume by CS) durch Kultus – hat den Zweck, daß die kolera [Southern dialect], ankolera Bäume schön grün werden), Krönen (n). [Northern dialect] Fischfett. ◇ fish fat, ◇ make green (trees through ceremony), fish oil. Ⓛ ankoluru to crown (see Strehlow 1910b: 224). kólerama übertreten (Gebot), nicht Ⓛ nukamununi beobachten. ◇ infringe, not observe. knuerama cf. eknua vergessen. ◇ forget. Ⓛ aliñi Ⓓ tankarana Ⓛ watawatariñi Ⓓ kurutarana kolbmaraïlkalelama durch 2 Feuer die knujabaknuja vergeßlich, töricht. Nähe eines kl. Lagerplatzes ankünden. ◇ forgetful, foolish. Ⓛ kauankauan ◇ announce with two fires the proximity knulja der Hund. ◇ dog. Ⓛ papa of a small camp. Ⓛ pujútujútutjingañi Ⓓ kintala kōlja Pflanze mit blätterlosen Stengeln, knulja nekua der Köter. gelb-weißen Blüten, rübenartige Wurzeln ◇ mongrel. Ⓛ mama (spec.) ◇ plant with leafless stems, knulja itnora der Dingo. yellow-white blossoms and carrot-like ◇ dingo. Ⓛ papa palku roots (species). Ⓛ akulja knuljalknanbulelana Pflanze. ◇ plant; koltjiletanga Äste, die sich (einander) yellow daisy. Ⓛ papakurulba umarmen, umschlingende (Äste). knuljaknulja kleine Insekt, ähnlich der ◇ intertwined branches. Ⓛ karbirarbiri Maulwurfgrille. ◇ small insect that resembles the mole cricket. Ⓛ papapapa

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 243 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kōnja leid (sein), betrübt, traurig, kujulba viele Haufen (v. Schoten). ◇ many Bedauernswerter! ◇ be sad, sad, poor heaps (of pods). Ⓛ alujúrbalujúrba thing! Ⓛ matjutu, matu Ⓓ purka, kŭla; nanakula? (postp.) vielleicht, purkali wahrscheinlich (bei Fragen); ist es kōnjerama intrs. leid tun, bertrübt dies? ◇ (postposition) maybe, probably werden. ◇ (intransitive) feel (in questions); is it this? Ⓛ bilku, sorry or sorrow, become sad. nangatabilku Ⓛ matjuturingañi Ⓓ purkaljerina, kulamakula wahrscheinlich, jedenfalls. purkapurkarina ◇ probably, in any case. Ⓛ bilkultabilku kōnjilama trs. betrüben. ◇ (transitive) kujakuja Mastdarm. ◇ gut. Ⓛ kalupiti sadden. Ⓛ matjutuni kukara (von Dieri: kukuru) Wurfkeule. kubitja (ala) verschwunden vom ◇ (from Dieri: kukuru) throwing club. Erdboden. ◇ disappeared from the face Ⓛ ukukuru Ⓓ kukuru of the earth. Ⓛ kurbalta kula tiefe Loch. ◇ deep hole. Ⓛ wakula kopakopa Pilze mit schwarz farbigen Ⓓ kudu Inhalt, mit den sich die Knaben im Spiel kula nerra tiefe Felsenwasserloch. Bärte machen. ◇ mushrooms with black ◇ deep rock waterhole. Ⓛ wakula coloured substance that boys play with nerru and use to paint beards on their faces. kula rata; Kularata weite Loch. ◇ wide Ⓛ kopukopu hole; name of place. Ⓛ wakula bila kotnakotna weiße Masse, weiße Zucker (in patta kula tief ausgehöhlter Felsen. Bäumen). ◇ white mass, white sugar (on ◇ deep washed out rockhole. Ⓛ puli trees). Ⓛ ngumungumu wakula kotupa Hof, Umgebung des Hauses. kwatja kula tiefe Wasserloch. ◇ deep ◇ court (yard), surrounding of house. waterhole. Ⓛ kapi wakula, tukula Ⓛ tatulbi kulakulelarama sich umfassen (im Zorn) kotjubitjuma schnell zusammen von Hunden, die sich beißen wollen, u. lesen, aufraffen. ◇ to gather quickly. v. Menschen (die sich schneiden wollen). Ⓛ minjiminjini ◇ to clasp each other (in anger); dogs kotjima sammeln, einsammeln, häufen. who are going to bite each other and ◇ gather, collect, pile up. Ⓛ munguni humans who want to stab each other. Ⓓ mapana, kampana Ⓛ kulakularapungañi kotjilauma auflesen, aufsammeln. ◇ pick kulbakakulberama auf dem Bergrücken up, gather. Ⓛ munguratalkañi sich aufhalten. ◇ to dwell or be on the kriteka [Southern dialect] cf. kara Ebene. mountain ridge. Ⓛ tantatantariñi ◇ plain. kulbakulbilalàma den Rücken biegen kubitja Grube, in dem Wasser sich (beim Fressen). ◇ to bend back (while ansammelt. ◇ ditch in which water eating or to eat [?]). Ⓛ nuntununturiñi collects. Ⓛ nerru kulbakunama schnell ausschreitend (beim ku͡ i! Ausruf = ach! (Ausruf der Gehen). ◇ walk quickly. Ⓛ irbirbini Überraschung). ◇ Ah! (exclamation of kulaia mythische Wasser-Schlange (spec.) surprise). Ⓛ puta! ◇ mythical watersnake species; rainbow kwatja kubitja das Wasser in der Grube. serpent. Ⓛ wonnambi, muruntu ◇ water in a ditch. Ⓛ kapi nerru Ⓓ kadimarkara kujurbmajurbmelama wiederkäuen. kulba Spitze (Berges). ◇ summit (of ◇ ruminate. Ⓛ tauurtanañi mountain). Ⓛ tanta kubitjabitjilama in Stücke kulbira großes im Süden sich aufh. zerschlagen. ◇ smash to pieces. Kängaruh. ◇ large kangaroo living in the Ⓛ katalkatálbmanani south. Ⓛ kulbiri

244 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary akuljinga links. ◇ left. Ⓛ tambu kunnilama schlechtes tun. ◇ do bad. Ⓓ worrangantju Ⓛ kujani Ⓓ modlentji ngankana kulalba blind. ◇ blind. Ⓛ kulalbi Ⓓ butju kulbakotjima auflesen (v. Boden), kunkuma darbieten, hinhalten (Preis). aufsammeln. ◇ pick up (from the ground), ◇ offer, hold out (reward). gather up. Ⓛ mungumunguni kultuntatuma weiße Blüten tragen kunnabintjalama zufällig treffen, ohne (Strauch). ◇ with white blossoms (bush). Absicht töten. ◇ to hit by accident, kill Ⓛ katatawaratirangañi unintentionally. Ⓛ kurakatiñi akualelberama rechte Arm steif kuniamba auf einem Haufen stehend werden. ◇ right arm is getting stiff. (Schößling). ◇ to stand bunched together Ⓛ wakualilbariñi (shoots). Ⓛ tapanmara kultuntultunta mit weißen (Blüten) kunba müßig, untätig, unschuldig, bedeckt. ◇ covered with white unachtsam. ◇ idle, inactive, innocent, (blossoms). Ⓛ katatiti inattentive, careless. Ⓛ kunbu, jutu kumata, noa Ehegemahl. ◇ spouse. Ⓓ baku Ⓛ kuri kunbalunbala, kubalubala bell- kumalinja unwissend; einer, (von selbst/ bird (Oreoica cristata). ◇ crested von Natur gemachten) der von etwas bellbird, Oreoica cristata now Oreoica nichts gehört hat. ◇ ignorant; someone gutturalis (Pizzey and Knight 2007). who is ignorant by nature. Ⓛ kulelkulu Ⓛ banbanballala kunjunba der kl. Steinhügel (z.B. bei kŭnja klein, wenig (postp.) ◇ small, little ◇ stock-yard). small stone hill (e.g. at (postposition) Ⓛ tjiri Ⓓ ngalje (wenig: stockyard). little, not much) kumia süß (Früchte), wohlschmeckend kunkurunkura nama mit gebeugten Kopf (Wasser). ◇ sweet (fruit), nice tasting dasitzen, unbeweglich vor sich hinsehen. (water). Ⓛ ulara Ⓓ madu ◇ sit with head lowered, motionless. kumia ntjainama wohlrichend sein. Ⓛ unkurunkuru ninañi Ⓓ kutukurana ◇ be fragrant. Ⓛ ulara pantiñi kunkultjakunkultjala tuma sehr kumbala niederhängend (Zweige, Büsche). ◇ ◇ schnell schlagen. hit very fast. hanging down (branches, bushes). Ⓛ papaltupapaltu pungañi Ⓛ tarukutu kura Mädchen. ◇ girl. Ⓛ okara kumbura Felsen, Felsblock. ◇ rock, kurala, ekungala postp. neben. boulder. Ⓛ pokuti Ⓓ marda ◇ Ⓛ aiinka tjupatjupara (postposition) beside. kurbarenalama sehr stark regnen, kumunka nicht bemerkt, nicht beobachtet, hinunterschütten. ◇ rain very heavily, pour unbemerkt. ◇ not noticed, not observed, down. Ⓛ jelbikulu ninakatiñi unnoticed. Ⓛ ngatapatti kuralja Siebengestirn. ◇ Pleiades (seven kumunka nama heimlich sitzen. stars), Seven Sisters (see Strehlow 1907: ◇ sit secretly. Ⓛ ngatapatti ninañi Ⓓ kurirpi wapana 19–20). Ⓛ okaralji Ⓓ mankaraworra kurbula; kaputa urbula kumunka lama hinschleichen. ◇ creep schwarze Kopf. ◇ up. Ⓛ ngatapatti jennañi Ⓓ kurirpi black head; name of a place in the wapana West MacDonnell Ranges. Ⓛ kata maru kunna schlecht. ◇ bad. Ⓛ kuja kuraiaraíalalankama Ⓓ modlentji (madlentji) verleumden. ◇ slander, defame. kunnunba schlecht riechend, sauer. Ⓛ kambawonnawonna wonkañi ◇ bad smelling, sour. Ⓛ majokuja kununílama (den Tod eines Andern) kunnerama schlecht werden. ◇ become mitansehen, Zeuge sein (von seinem bad. Ⓛ kujaringañi Ⓓ modlentji Tod). ◇ witness the death of someone. pantjina Ⓛ kurakutuni

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 245 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kunbinja zufällig, ohngefähr. ◇ by chance, kuta immer. ◇ always. Ⓛ kutu approximately. Ⓓ milingeru kurkeriltjilelama trs. mehren. kutata fortwährend. ◇ continually, ◇ (transitive) increase. always. Ⓛ kututu, kutulenku kutala nahe bei, ganz in der Nähe. ◇ close kuterama bleiben. ◇ to stay. by, nearby, very close. Ⓛ kuturingañi Ⓓ ngamantina? kurbiltja Vogel spec. [unclear]. ◇ bird (‘?’ added by CS) species kutetalerama im Gedächnis behalten. kutunta Vorläufer. ◇ forerunner. ◇ keep in mind. Ⓛ kutuurukuliñi kunkuma hinhalten (um ihm zu geben). kutata ngambakala ewig. ◇ forever, ◇ hold out (to give to him). eternal. Ⓛ kututu aranka kurka klein, wenig. ◇ small, little, (not kotjirka sehr klein (Fleisch, Kind), much). Ⓛ wimma Ⓓ wakka winzig. ◇ very small (meat, child), tiny. kurka (die Jungen des Wildes). ◇ young Ⓛ wimmalitji, kalkaturu wild animals. Ⓛ tabuna Ⓓ muluru? kutakwa linkshändig. ◇ left-handed. (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ tambupiti kurkakatuia Verlobter, Bräutigam. kutara lange Blüten (der erulanga ◇ fiancé, bridegroom.Ⓛ wimmatara Büsche), die Kolben der Grasbäume, kurkameria, kurkamerila winzig klein, Tannenzapfen. ◇ long blossoms (of the kaum sichtbar (Adler in d. Höhe). erulanga-bushes), the cobs of the grass ◇ tiny, hardly visible (eagle in the sky). trees, pine cones. Ⓛ kalinkalinba, Ⓛ wimmarekula kuntu (Zapfen) Ⓓ wuduwudu? kurkibana (= kurka-nuka) Verlobte, (‘?’ added by CS) Braut. ◇ fiancée, bride.Ⓛ wimmata, kutura lang (Stock). ◇ long (stick). tabunita Ⓛ kuturu kurkna ästig, dicht belaubt, mit dichten kutinja Herr oder Besitzer (eines Hundes). Nadeln besetzt. ◇ branchy, densely ◇ master or owner (of a dog). Ⓛ ungara foliaged, covered thickly with needles. kutakuta Nachtvogel (mit lockender Ⓛ bulkuna Stimme) so groß wie ruilkara, von kurknalelama trs. warnen, zur Vorsicht roter Farbe, frißt Fliegen und Käfer ermahnen, Warnung zurufen. ◇ (transitive) (kutukutukutukutu). ◇ nightbird, warn, caution, call out a warning. spotted nightjar (Eurostopodus argus). Ⓛ kurkurkutjingañi Ⓛ kunkutukuta kurknalelama trs. einem zustimmen, kutulba kleine weiße (Wolken). ◇ small beistimmen. ◇ (transitive) agree with white (clouds). Ⓛ kutanpi someone. kutungula Untertan, Diener. ◇ subject, kurkunta Knecht, Nachfolger, Untertan. servant; traditional owner through ◇ servant, follower, subject. Ⓛ tabunbiti mother’s father, mother’s mother or kurunta Ratte (ohne Beutel). ◇ rat (without father’s mother; i.e. belonging to country pouch). Ⓛ akuruntu other than through father’s father. This kurra Beuteldachs. ◇ marsupial species. appears to be a Warlpiri term written Ⓛ muta in the Warlpiri language: kurdungurlu kuruntuma aufkochen (Wasser) intr., (see Kenny 2013). Ⓛ pipawonnu Ⓓ mili hervorquellen (Wasser), aufgehen (Gras), kutungula nama dienen. ◇ serve. hervorgehen. ◇ boil (water) (intransitive), Ⓛ pipawonnu ninañi Ⓓ milili gush out (water), sprout (grass), emerge. ngamana Ⓛ mulbakani kuwíljawiljinkínama schütteln (einen kurunga die Blüten der Gummibäume. Baum). ◇ shake (a tree). Ⓛ kuwiluwiluni ◇ blossoms of gumtrees. Ⓛ akurungu

246 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary kwaia iltjala (altjala) Cousine (Mutters kwaljakwalja Emu Federschmuck. ◇ emu Bruders Tochter oder Vaters Schwesters feather decoration. Ⓛ okaljukalji Tochter). ◇ cousin (mother’s brother’s kwalukwala das Fleisch (an den Armen, daughter or father’s sister’s daughter). die fleischigen Teile derselben, femora). Ⓛ kankuru wotjira ◇ flesh (on arms).Ⓛ okalukali kwaia intanga Schwägerin (Schwester kwalintukwala krächzendes des Mannes). ◇ sister-in-law (husband’s Geschrei. ◇ croaking noises. sister). Ⓛ toari Ⓛ wonkakúnankúnanarini kwaia ältere Schwester, Vaters ältere kwalintukwalerama krähen (Hähne, Bruders Tochter, Mutters ältere Krähen). ◇ to crow (roosters, crows). Schwester’s Tochter, Fraus ält. Bruders Ⓛ wonkakúnankúnan Frau (♂), Manns ält. Bruders Frau (♀). kwamalaria tiefe Grube oder Loch. ◇ deep ◇ older sister, father’s older brother’s ditch or hole. Ⓛ wottantari daughter, mother’s older sister’s daughter, kwalanga Päderastin (unbeschnitt. Junge). wife’s older brother’s wife, husband’s ◇ novice. Ⓛ tuka older brother’s wife. Ⓛ kuju kankuru kwalangilama Päderastin treiben. kwaiankura die ältere Schwester. ◇ practice pederasty. Ⓛ tukani ◇ older sister. Ⓛ kankuruna kwalangilana Päderast. ◇ pederast. kwaiankuratja meine ältere Schwester. kwana innen. ◇ inside. Ⓛ ungu ◇ my older sister. Ⓛ kankuruna, totuna kwanala drinnen. ◇ inside. Ⓛ ungunka kwaiitia [Southern dialect] jüngere Ⓓ mandrani Schwester. ◇ younger sister. Ⓛ kuju kwananlantema drinnen. ◇ inside. malangu Ⓛ ungunkakamba kwaiatjia [Northern dialect] jüngere kwanaka hinunter. ◇ down. Ⓛ unguku Schwester. ◇ younger sister. Ⓛ kuju kwaniralakalama untersinken (Sonne). malangu ◇ to set (sun). Ⓛ ungurekula kwaiatjiatja meine jüngere Schwester. okalingani ◇ my younger sister. Ⓛ malanguna kwanerama hinunterbücken, sich kwaiatumba Gras (art). ◇ grass (species). ducken. ◇ to bend, to duck. Ⓛ urúta, kwaiatumba Ⓛ unguringani kwaka unmäßig, unaufhörlich, fortwährend. kwala Gruben in denen ara und aranga ◇ excessive, continuously. Ⓛ bulba gefangen werden. ◇ ditches in which red kwakala ilkuma fressen. ◇ eat. kangaroos and euros are caught. Ⓛ bulbanku ngalkuni kwanama verschlucken, verschlingen. kwakala etaberama sorgen. ◇ to worry. ◇ to swallow, devour. Ⓛ kultunañi kwakaetalingetala nama sorgen, Ⓓ julkana fortwährend (an etwas denken, weinen). kwanaminja totkrank, dem Tode nahe. ◇ worry, continuously (think about ◇ dying, close to death. Ⓛ tunamulala something, cry). Ⓛ bulbankukulilkulilba kwanginja links. ◇ left. Ⓛ tambu ninani Ⓓ worrangantju kwaka [Eastern dialect] conf. arkularkua kwaninga unten. ◇ below. Ⓛ wăta, Eule. ◇ owl. Ⓛ kurrkurr (watta), wata Ⓓ ngarinalu kwala, cf. kula eine tiefe Grube. ◇ deep kwanangananga unter, z. B. unter die ditch. Ⓛ okala Flügel nehmen, zwischen durch. ◇ under, kwalba graue Wallaby zwisch. Porcupine e.g. take under the wings, between. Gras. ◇ grey wallaby between porcupine Ⓛ wottawonna, unguwana grass. Ⓛ okalbi kwaningauna nach unten, hinunter. kwalinja schwarz (Holz). ◇ black (wood). ◇ down. Ⓛ wottatakura, watatakura Ⓛ nukali

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 247 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kwananganangala unter (z.B. Sonne). kwatja Wasser, Regen. ◇ water, rain. ◇ under (e.g. sun). Ⓛ ungurara Ⓛ kapi (kape) Ⓓ ngapa, talara kwaniralakalama untersinken (Sonne). atua kwatja ◇ rain men (see Strehlow ◇ to sink, set (sun). Ⓛ ungurekula 1907: 25–28). okalkingani kwatjarinja Wasserbewohner. kwatiwuma belohnen. ◇ to reward. ◇ waterdwellers; ‘belonging to water’ kwatiwunja Lohn. ◇ reward, payment. or ‘coming from the water’ (kwatja = kwatjamata wassersüchtig. ◇ retaining water, rinja (suffix) = belonging to); one water, oedematous. of the two patrimoieties (exogamous kwatja wapa das in der Ngalta-Wurzel groups) of the Western Aranda. In Carl und in lonkura Stamm befindende Strehlow’s work the earth is described Wasser. ◇ water in ngalta roots and in the as an eternal presence in which at the lonkura-trunk. Ⓛ kapi ngantapiri beginning of time undeveloped humans kwanjilinjala ekaralama über (etwas) were slumbering, they were already anziehen. ◇ pull over (something). divided into the moieties ‘alarinja’ and kwanjalinjala aufeinander (liegend). ‘kwatjarinja’ and into a subsection ◇ (lie) on top of each other. Ⓛ palilkara, system. According to Western Aranda atulkira mythology the moiety called ‘alarinja’ kwanjitarerama sich aufeinander was divided into the Purula, Kamara, legen. ◇ to lie on top of each other. Ngala and Mbitjana subsections Ⓛ katulkiriringañi or ‘skins’; and the other moiety kwanjatara ineinander (steckend). ‘kwatjarinja’ into the Pananka, Paltara, ◇ (insert) into each other. Ⓛ katulkira Knuraia and Bangata subsections kwanjirbera mitten drin (stehend, v. or ‘skins’ (Strehlow 1913). These Baum), zwischen (etwas stehend). anthropomorphic ancestor beings ◇ (stand) in the middle (of tree), stand called ‘altjirangamitjina’ emerged from between (something). Ⓛ katulkirawaritji their underground dwellings (Strehlow kwata worraworrilama große Rauch 1907: 3) and wandered over the aufsteigend. ◇ big rising smoke. shapeless land, creating the landscape Ⓛ pújutujútu tjingañi as it is still seen today, transforming kwara Mädchen, kleines Mädchen. themselves and establishing the world’s ◇ girl, little girl. Ⓛ kujuna, wanji, meta structure and order. Ⓛ kapingurara Ⓓ mankara kwatjakwatja wässerig, dünn. ◇ watery, kwarakaljialjia (aljia=altja=die, mit thin. Ⓛ kapikapi Ⓓ ngapali? ihr oder ihm verbunden) Pflanze mit (‘?’ added by CS) milchigem Saft, Symbol der Mädchen. kwatja atjua Regen, herabfallende ◇ plant with milky sap, symbol of girls Regentropfen. ◇ rain, falling raindrops. (Strehlow 1913: 98). Ⓛ okaro Ⓛ kapiwarala kwarukwara Pflanze mit milchigem Saft. kwatjapara Blitz. ◇ lightning. Ⓛ winba ◇ plant with milky sap. Ⓛ okarokari Ⓓ talarapraitji, pildripildri kwara Eidechse spec. (Geheimsprache). kwatja bartjima blitzen (während ◇ lizard species (alternative or restricted des Gewitters). ◇ lightning (during term). Ⓛ talera a thunderstorm). Ⓛ winbakañi kwata (urakwata) Rauch. ◇ smoke. kwatjankama (Wasser sagt), donnern. Ⓛ puju Ⓓ jukati, turudupu ◇ (lit. water says), to thunder. Ⓛ kapi kwata (deba-kwata) Ei, kleine lankua- wonkañi Ⓓ talarajindrana Früchte. ◇ egg, small lankua fruit. kwatja-urkulta hellleuchtender Blitz. Ⓛ ngokuta, ngambu Ⓓ kapi ◇ bright lightning.

~~248 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kwatjinkatja Donner. ◇ thunder. kwatukwata die Wurzeln oder Früchte des Ⓛ kapiwonka Ⓓ talarajildri latjia, die fleischigen Oberschenkel des kwatjabartjinja Blitz. ◇ lightning. Emu, Leistengegend. ◇ roots or fruits kwatja kula tiefe Wasserloch. ◇ deep of latjia (edible root), meaty emu thighs, waterhole. Ⓛ kapi tukula groin region. Ⓛ akutakuta kwatjalŭralŭra Regenguß, schwere Regen. ◇ downpour, heavy rain. Ⓛ kapilenku Ⓓ talara kuditji L kwatjambenka Flut. ◇ flood.Ⓛ kapibila laba Feuerbrand, Fackel. ◇ blazing fire, Ⓓ ngapamila? torch. Ⓛ danni kwatjatoatoa leichte Regen. ◇ light rain. laba heruntergetretene Erde. ◇ flattened Ⓛ kapi toatoïnba Ⓛ nuru kwatja ínera soil. Wasser (in ausgehöhlten labalelama ◇ überwachsen (Gras), bedecken Felsen). water (in washed out rock). ◇ Ⓛ kapi wakula (den Boden). overgrown (by grass), cover (ground). Ⓛ nuruni kwatjintjanga Wasseransammlung in labarinja mythische Weiber, die niemals der Creek. ◇ banked up water in creek, heiraten. ◇ mythical women who never waterhole. Ⓛ kapi muruntu marry. Ⓛ ilibirinji kwatja ankala Regenwolke. ◇ rain labara (ljabara) kleine Stücke Rinde (zum cloud. Ⓛ kapi ngankali Spielen). ◇ small pieces of bark (for kwatjaïnbanginba Pflanze, mit hellgrünen playing). Ⓛ ngantapi Blumen und Samenkapseln; wurde als labilama Medizin gegen Kopfweh gebraucht. intrs. hineinrollen (Sand ins ◇ plant with light green blossoms Wasser), trs. heruntertreten (das Ufer), ◇ and seedpods; remedy for headache. in den Boden stampfen. (intransitive) Ⓛ kapiïnbinginbi roll (sand into water), (transitive) tread kwēba Beutelratte von der Größe einer down (river bank), stomp into the ground. Katze. ◇ marsupial rat about the size Ⓛ totuni of a cat. Ⓛ kujuka labilkabilka das herabfließende Blut. kwatjalibara ganz niedrig über dem ◇ pouring blood. Ⓛ ngurkakarikari Wasser. ◇ very low over the water. labinbenba überhängende Fels, abfallende Ⓛ kapinkuparuparu Fels. ◇ overhanging cliff.Ⓛ tarutaru kwenja Schutzzaun, Einfriedigung. labulburerama sehr hungern, verhungern. ◇ windbreak, enclosure. Ⓛ unta ◇ be very hungry, starve. Ⓛ aluulturiñi kwatja-erulinja ein Mann, dem ein lada Baumstamm. ◇ tree trunk. Ⓛ wollati langer Bart gewachsen ist, wenn der ladakara Fußbank. ◇ footstool. Bart beim Trinken ins Wasser (kwatja) Ⓛ wollatata reicht. ◇ a man who has a long beard ladna sehr viele. ◇ very many. Ⓛ tuta that touches the water when drinking. ladnerama sich vermehren. ◇ multiply. Ⓛ paluruwarata Ⓛ tutaringañi kwerama winken, Zeichen geben. ◇ wave, ladneratama sich vermehren. ◇ multiply. beckon, make a sign. Ⓛ wakujuriñi Ⓛ tutawirkanañi kwerinja Zeichensprache. ◇ sign ladnilama trs. mehren. ◇ (transitive) language. Ⓛ wakujurinmi increase. kwatja ntuma Wasser fallen, regnen. laga Dorn, Stachel, Stacheln (des Echidna). ◇ water falls, raining. Ⓛ kapi ◇ thorn, prickle, quills (of echidna). patangarañi Ⓛ tjilka Ⓓ dilka kwatja tuljatulja schmutziges, laia jikarikara weiche Rand des Sees. schlammiges Wasser. ◇ dirty, muddy ◇ soft edge of a lake. Ⓛ wollaijikirikiri water. Ⓛ kapi-paki laia das Meer. ◇ sea. Ⓛ wollaiï

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 249 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

laiila sehnsüchtig wartend auf einen, lakerama herbeiströmen, hin und ungeduldig auf (wartend). ◇ wait longingly zurückschwimmen (Fische). ◇ stream for someone, impatient (waiting for). together, swim back and forth (fish). Ⓛ alaialaiï Ⓓ wolkareli Ⓛ kunkujuriñi laiilaierama sehnsüchtig oder ungeduldig lakarelama nicht kennen, nicht erkennen. (auf jemanden warten). ◇ longingly ◇ not know, not recognise. Ⓛ butu or impatiently waiting for someone. ekuntani Ⓛ alaialaiiriñi Ⓓ wolkarina (sehnsüchtig lakaruntuma zittern (vor Furcht). warten: wait longingly) ◇ to tremble, shake (from fear)́. laiakama fragen. ◇ ask. Ⓛ tabini Ⓛ tjilkabakani Ⓓ jekibana lakara (luakara), ulakara? Vorsprung laiïnkama auffliegen. ◇ fly. Ⓛ purbakani (des Felsens). ◇ cliff overhang. laínama abschütteln, abstäuben, abklopfen Ⓛ ulakirulakiri (Schoten), ausdreschen. ◇ shake off, lakina so, so sehr. ◇ thus, this much. dust off, pat (pods, husks), thrash. Ⓛ alatji Ⓓ jeruja Ⓛ patatjingañi, patapungañi, jelkani lakinibera so gerade so. ◇ just like that. Ⓓ kantikantina Ⓛ alatjitaka lainopinama abschüttelnd nehmen lakanturtukanturta sehr nahe zusammen (Fische). ◇ take or grab (fish) shaking it. stehende Stämme oder Stauden. Ⓛ patapunkanañi ◇ trunks or shrub standing very close lainalama refl. sich (den Staub) together. Ⓛ tumbutumbu abschütteln, abfallen (die reifen Früchte lakinakatutja so groß. ◇ so big. vom Baum). ◇ (reflexive) shake off Ⓛ alatjikutata Ⓓ jerunia (dust), fall off (ripe fruit from tree). lakinaka geradeso, auf diese Weise. Ⓛ patapunkanañi ◇ just like that, in this way. Ⓛ alatjikula, lainalabuma schütteln (den Baum). alatjika ◇ shake (tree). Ⓛ patatjingarariñi lakinja (lakinja) so viele. ◇ this many. lakatalakata mäßig (im Essen). ◇ moderate Ⓛ alatjiru Ⓓ jeruntjaia (eating). lakinakalakina gerade so wie ein lakinjatjatalkara so lange. ◇ so long. [unclear]. ◇ just like a [unclear]. lakama jagen (Wild). ◇ hunt (game). Ⓛ alatjimurkalatjimurka maramara Ⓛ wonnañi lakinantema in gleicher Weise. ◇ in the lakabara schwarze Habicht. ◇ black hawk. same way. Ⓛ alkitjika Ⓛ alakabara lakinjakakata so viele. ◇ this many. lakalama fortgehen, fortwährend Ⓛ alatjirumurka gehen (auch um zu jagen). ◇ go lakua Strauch spec., stachlicher, mit (away), go continuously (e.g. to hunt). kleinen Blättern, gelben Blüten und Ⓛ jurikunkuninañi Schotenkapseln (Akacienart). ◇ bush lakakía ein Angehöriger derselben species, prickly, with small leaves, Gruppe. ◇ member of same moiety. yellow blossoms and pods (Acacia Ⓛ ngananakurpiti species); mimosa bush, Acacia farnesiana ljakaljaka Strauch (spec.) mit langen (Latz 1996). Ⓛ aluku Blättern und roten Beeren (nicht lakula sumpfig, morastig. ◇ swampy, gegessen). ◇ bush species with long marshy. Ⓛ tunmirtara Ⓓ kinkalju leaves and red berries (not edible). lalaia kata vor einem her (gehen). ◇ walk Ⓛ tjilkartjilkara in front of someone. Ⓛ múlankakata lakalerama ertrinken, ersticken (im Brei). lalaka lieb, wert. ◇ dear, worthy. Ⓛ ngultu ◇ drown, choke (in swampy waterhole). lalakerama freundlich bleiben. ◇ remain Ⓛ mulakuturingañi friendly. Ⓛ ngulturingañi

~~250 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lalaka irkuma lieb halten. ◇ hold dear. lálilama hervorbringen (Früchte), Ⓛ ngultu witini wachsen lassen. ◇ yield (fruit), produce. lalakakalalaka irkuma wert behalten. Ⓛ bakatiljini ◇ keep worthy. Ⓛ ngultangultu witini lalinakaguia damit, sodaß. ◇ so that, in lalbaralalbara Erz, ehern (gelb). ◇ brass order. Ⓛ pallakumaiu Ⓓ punkibana ore (yellow). lalitja ein Strauch mit schwarzen Beeren, lalbara gelb (Geschwür, Blüten). ◇ yellow nicht übel schmeckend, in Gestalt einer (abscess, blossoms). Ⓛ malalbara kleinen Bohne (Carissa Brownii). ◇ bush lalama vertreiben (Feinde), verscheuchen, with black berries, (Carissa lanceolata) wedeln (Fliegen). ◇ drive away (Latz 1996). Ⓛ ngamunburu, manikitji (enemies), scare away, shoo away (flies). Ⓓ jendralia Ⓛ baltunañi lalja Akacien Mehl, Akacien Samen (lupa). lalarkama zittern (vor Kälte). ◇ shiver ◇ acacia flour, acacia seeds.Ⓛ alalji (from cold). Ⓛ ilbiljingañi laljiuma Akacien Mehl machen, Samen lalba 1. Strauch (spec.), hellgrüne, ovale zerklopfen. ◇ make acacia flour, grind um den Zweig sich schließende Blätter seeds. Ⓛ alaljiwonnini (auf Sandhügeln wachsend), Eucalyptus lalkara Gras (art). ◇ grass species. gamophylla. 2. Eine Art Wattle (auf Ⓛ okarita Steinbergen wachsend). ◇ 1. Eucalyptus lalinatara so zwei, beieinander. ◇ two gamophylla (grows on sandhills) 2. kind together. Ⓛ lalatakutara of wattle (grows on stony mountains). lalkara der Knochen, Vogelknochen Ⓛ alalba, ilulbu (von Adler, itoa oder Pelikan), der lalba Steinmesser (spec.) ◇ stone-knife durch die Nasenwand gesteckt wird (species) Ⓛ ulalbi (Nasenschmuck von den Männern und lalbalanana Schlange (giftig) spec. Jungen getragen). ◇ bone, bird-bone (of ◇ poisonous snake species. eagle, bush turkey or pelican) worn by Ⓛ alalbankaninami men and boys in perforated nose septum. lalbilalbila viele Halme, Haufen von Ⓛ telunku, mulalkari, marapinti Halmen. ◇ many blades, pile of blades. lalkintinerama Nasenwand durchbohren, Ⓛ albilalbili durchstechen. ◇ perforate, pierce septum lalbalenkuelama freigebig sein, gern of nose. Ⓛ mulalkiri kulturapungañi geben. ◇ be generous, give willingly. lalkinja Keim, die aufgehende Same, Ⓛ indotindotani (Embryo). ◇ germ, sprouting seed. lalalalarama vor sich hin stoßen (mit Ⓛ alelkintji Ⓓ kuri, kuri punkana etwas). ◇ push (with something) forwards. (keimen: germinate) Ⓛ ngu͡ ungu͡ utunañi lalkna in gutem Zustand, in Ordnung, lalarama nach vorn bewegen, nicken geschickt bereitet. ◇ in good condition, [unclear]. ◇ move forward, nod. in order, skilfully prepared. Ⓛ nuka Ⓛ ngu͡ utunañi lalknarerama weiß werden (Halme). lalerama 1. drohen, warnen. 2. zielen ◇ turn white (blades). Ⓛ perulkani (nach jemanden). ◇ 1. threaten, warn. lalknilama in Ordnung bringen, bereit 2. aim (at someone). Ⓛ ngútunani machen. ◇ prepare, make ready. Ⓓ dikidikibana Ⓛ nukani Ⓓ mapana kurana lalejinama fortschicken. ◇ send away. lalkuma [Northern dialect] cf. laleragunama zertreten (Brot) mit Füßen lolkuma. ◇ refuse (request), deny. treten, (in den Boden) stampfen. Ⓛ ngunjipungañi ◇ squash/stamp (bread) with feet, lalknama durchdringen (Schwert). ◇ pierce trample (into the ground). Ⓛ turirbini (sword). lalina so. ◇ so. Ⓛ pallata

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 251 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lalta (ljalta) Holzende (in hohlen Bäumen), lamankauurbmala ndama mitleidig etwas Späne. ◇ wood chips (in tree hollows) or geben. ◇ give something out of pity. shavings; place to the west of Mt Sonder. Ⓛ ngaruta bakara jungañi Ⓛ ilenba lama altjurerama sehr betrübt werden. laltakalbala Schlange, giftig (spec.) ◇ become very sad. Ⓛ alu julturingañi ◇ snake, poisonous (species). lanama wegtreiben (aus dem Weg), Ⓛ ilaltakalbali freimachen (den Weg), wegscheuchen, lalurutnama mischen, vermengen vertreiben (Vögel). ◇ drive (off the (z.B. etwas mit Wasser). ◇ mix, path), clear (path), scare away (birds). blend (e.g. something with water). Ⓛ matjingani tjirini Ⓓ dangina Ⓛ turitarbatunañi lamatnama sich erbarmen. ◇ have pity. lalantanama weit gehen, entlang gehen. lanba Achselhöhle. ◇ armpit. Ⓛ ngakula ◇ go far, go along. Ⓛ matalkanañi Ⓓ kapura lalantanerama weit gehen, entlang gehen lanba geschabte Holzblumen. ◇ wood- (dual). ◇ go far, go along (dual). flowers.Ⓛ ilanbi laltauma weit gehen, entlang gehen lanbulélama überfließen machen (Wasser). (plural). ◇ go far, go along (plural). ◇ (transitive) cause to overflow (water). lama gehen. ◇ go, walk. Ⓛ jennañi, Ⓛ wiltjingañi majennañi Ⓓ wapana lamatnama (Leber weinen) sich erbarmen. lama ◇ wegtreiben, verscheuchen. drive ◇ have pity. (lit. liver cry). Ⓛ tjingani, tjirin̄ i away, scare away. lanbuma überfließen (Wasser). ◇ overflow Ⓓ dangina (water). Ⓛ wilknarañi Ⓓ pinpitarana, lalama gehen machen (Feinde), von kinkaljerina sich treiben. ◇ drive away (enemies). lanbulélama überfließen machen. Ⓛ tjingani ◇ cause to overflow.Ⓛ tulburtjingañi, lapalama ◇ weitergehen. move on. wiltjingañi Ⓛ jenkuntanka jennañi landatandata die an den Stauden lamarinka unbekannt (Person), [unclear]. (Stamm = ila) befindlichen Blüten. ◇ Ⓛ ngatatjinba unknown (person). ◇ lamanitjikana blossoms on stems (trunk) of a bush. (keine Leber haben) = sehr Ⓛ ngana-untuntutara hungrig sein. ◇ (have no liver), be very langama hinzufügen, hinzuschütten, hungry. Ⓛ alu wiata zusammenbinden, zusammenschütten, lambalaia Meer. ◇ sea. Ⓛ wollaiï vereingen, zusetzen, c. genit (ekura). lama Leber. ◇ liver. Ⓛ alu Ⓓ kalu ◇ add, tie together, unit, c. genit (ekura). lamaknarilama froh machen (durch ein in Ⓛ tunguni Ⓓ punmana (zusammen Aussicht gestelltes Geschenk), verheißen. legen) ◇ make happy, promise. Ⓛ alupuntuni langerintja das Zusammenschütten, lamaknarilinja Verheißung. ◇ promise. Ⓛ alupuntunmi Mischen. ◇ mixture. Ⓛ tungulka langankaia ankama lambilkala große, graue Ente, grau und durch die Nase ◇ weiß gefleckte Brust und schwarze reden? speak through nose. (‘?’ added Ⓛ Schwanz. ◇ large, grey duck, grey and by CS) mula-urba wonkañi langamaĕla rama white spotted chest and black tail. mit der Hand die Ⓛ alambilkiri Augen beschatten, um besser zu sehen. lambulamba Säbler, Schnabel mit aufwärts ◇ shade eyes with hand, to see better. gekrümmter Spitze (Recuvirostra). ◇ bird Ⓛ karawolkani with beak bent upward (Recurvirostra langinbanilama bedungen or bedingen [?] now Recurvirostra novaehollandiae), ◇ to condition, cause. red-necked avocet (Pizzey and Knight langara gerade, aufrecht. ◇ straight, 2007). Ⓛ ulambulambi upright. Ⓛ jukaruru Ⓓ ngaranan

252 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary langerkuma gerade halten (in der Hand). lankua ein Junges (Kängaruh oder inkaia). ◇ hold straight (in hand). Ⓛ jukaruru ◇ young kangaroo or bilby. Ⓛ tjila witini lanta Flamme. ◇ flame.Ⓛ kala lanja Steinbeil. ◇ stone axe. Ⓛ wonnanta lanta unfruchtbar. ◇ infertile. Ⓛ barkakutu Ⓓ kalara lantama herschicken, übergeben, lanjalanja wertvoll, kostbar, geschätzt überbringen. ◇ send to, hand over, (z.B. ihre Waffen). ◇ valuable, precious, deliver. Ⓛ tantajungañi valued (e.g. weapons). Ⓛ anini lantera Honig der Bienen. ◇ honey of bees. lanjarantunana Schlange, giftig. Ⓛ alantiri ◇ poisonous snake. Ⓛ ilinjimutulba kēnkunna eine Nase mit pimples lanjaltja Nasenknorpel, Nasenmurkel [?] (Mitesser). ◇ pimples on nose ◇ nose cartilage; beard. Ⓛ ngurngurba (blackheads). Ⓛ lăntinja lanjima hertreiben, herführen. ◇ drive lantja Aufseher. ◇ overseer. Ⓛ atantji, together, bring. Ⓛ ngalatjingani alintji lanjantariworrama von allen Seiten lanjararantunana Schlange, giftige heranstürmen (auf die Feinde). ◇ rush spec. ◇ snake, poisonous species together from all directions (Strehlow Ⓛ ilinjimutulba 1915: 13). Ⓛ pilpipungañi lara Sehne an den Beinen, Muskel. ◇ sinew lankaia übel zugerichtet (durch of leg, muscle. Ⓛ paltara Schlagen). ◇ badly hurt (from a beating). lapalama fortwährend gehen, weiter Ⓛ makamunu wandern. ◇ walk constantly, walk on. lanmankama schlechtes reden (über Ⓛ jenkuntanka jennañi jemanden), verleumden. ◇ speak badly lapata gut (Brot), sauber (Platz). ◇ good (about somebody), defame. (bread), clean (place). Ⓛ wotinba lankama schmähen, schimpfen. ◇ abuse, laraka rama mit den Augen drohen. scold. Ⓛ niñipungañi Ⓓ kalana ◇ threaten with eyes. Ⓛ intani Ⓓ milki lankerinjagata bekannt. ◇ known. tekibana laritnama hoch stehen. ◇ stand high. larra Creek, Fluß, Milchstraße. ◇ creek, larana die Welt (Inbegriff. alle Menschen). river, Milky Way. Ⓛ karu Ⓓ kaiari ◇ the world (including all people). larra Milchstraße. ◇ Milky Way. Ⓛ karu, laranapa die Welt. ◇ the world. mer͑ awari, tukalba lankualankerama sich einander erkennen. Larrabenta Salzfluß (Finke). ◇ Saltriver ◇ recognise each another. (name of Finke River). Ⓛ karu-apinti lankerama erkennen. ◇ recognise. Larrambonta [Southern dialect] Ⓛ ekuntani Ⓓ ngujamana große Fluß (Finke). ◇ big river (Finke). lankalaria bekannt. ◇ known. Ⓛ karu-apinti Ⓛ ekuntara Ⓓ ngujangujara larrabilarra Binsen (Cyperus vaginatus). lankiwulama sich verstecken, ◇ rushes (Cyperus vaginatus). sich verstellen. ◇ hide, pretend. Ⓛ ankarankara Ⓓ kalku Ⓛ jerkatarbañi lanta eine kranzförmig gewundene laga- lankibuma trs. Riß machen, einreißen Ranke auf dem Kopf. ◇ head wreath (Kleid). ◇ (transitive) tear (dress). made of laga runners. Ⓛ akanta Ⓛ lambini larrajilkara weiße Fluß (= große Fluß). lankinjamekana vorzeitig, Urzeit. ◇ white river (great river). Ⓛ karu tjilpi ◇ primeval. Ⓛ iwaritamunu larakulara cf. ularakulara. ◇ against, lankua Pflanze mit birnenförmigen (stand) opposite each other. Ⓛ ngapara Früchten, in denen eine eßbare Blume ngarini miteingeschlossen ist. ◇ bush banana. larrintjinga kleine Creek. ◇ small creek. Ⓛ unturknu Ⓛ karu papipi

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 253 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

larralelama wegspülen, wegwaschen larierama genesen, stark, gesund werden. (Flut). ◇ erode, wash away (flood). ◇ recover, become healthy. Ⓛ lenkirariñi Ⓛ untartjingani laroalara zum gehen bereit, zum Ausflug laranga hoch. ◇ high. bereit. ◇ ready to go. Ⓛ atambatamba larralama schwimmen (Menschen). ◇ swim larkama wetterleuchten. ◇ sheet lightning. (people). Ⓛ katurujennañi Ⓓ tarakana Ⓛ pinbani larridama cf. larrapallanama, pallanama larkinja Wetterleuchten. ◇ sheet schwimmen (Vögel). ◇ swim (birds). lightning. Ⓛ pinbami Ⓛ katurauuringañi larurbarurberama gähren, aufgehen laralabuma Treibjagd veranstalten. (Brotteig). ◇ ferment, rise (bread dough). ◇ organise hunt. Ⓛ ulurupungañi Ⓛ rarariñi larangerama intrs. sich erhöhen. larra schlummernd. ◇ slumber. Ⓛ arari ◇ (intransitive) elevate oneself. larra nama schlummern. ◇ to slumber. lataka für jetzt, für einen Augenblick. Ⓛ arari ninani ◇ for now, for a moment. Ⓛ kuariku laruntuma spielend im Kreis herumgehen. latakama für jetzt, für einen Augenblick. ◇ go playfully around in a circle. ◇ for now, for a moment. Ⓛ kuarikumba Ⓛ taiirpungani latawara erst jetzt, erst heute. ◇ only now, latalata die obere Seite des Schenkels. only today. Ⓛ kuari wiakutu ◇ upper part of thigh. Ⓛ munturu larumbarumba schwellenden Brüste. lata jetzt, heute. ◇ now, today. Ⓛ kuari ◇ swelling breasts. Ⓛ rumburumbu Ⓓ karari larumba schwellend, geschwollen (Brust). lata ntama jetzt wieder. ◇ now again. ◇ swelling, swollen. Ⓛ rumbu Ⓛ kuarikutuka larrapallanama umherschwimmen (Fische, lata Speer mit breiter Spitze. ◇ spear with Vögel, Menschen). ◇ swim around (fish, broad spearhead. Ⓛ wolla birds, people). Ⓛ ararijenkaniñi latalata Holzart, aus der Speere gemacht larawulara Rand (des Nestes). ◇ edge werden. ◇ wood species used to make (of nest). Ⓛ atambatamba spears. Ⓛ ilitiliti larba bekümmert, traurig, betrübt. latakuia gerade jetzt. ◇ just now. ◇ worried, sad, sorrowful. Ⓛ kuarilenku larberama sich bekümmern, trauern, Leid latarbatura (ila-tarba-tura kurz) kahlen tragen (um einen Toten). ◇ grieve, mourn Baumstumpfen. ◇ bald tree stump. (someone’s death). Ⓛ altururiñi Ⓛ warpili larenatnama einritzen, einschneiden (Loch latakara nama oben sitzen (auf dem in das [unclear] des Zauberdoktors). Baum). ◇ sit at the top (of a tree). ◇ incise, engrave. Ⓛ wartnuni Ⓛ wollatata ninani larbiuma mahlen, zerreiben auf Steinen. ladakara Fußbank. ◇ footstool. ◇ grind on stones. Ⓛ ularpungañi Ⓛ wollatata Ⓓ turara ngankana latenba scrotum. ◇ scrotum. Ⓛ walakulu larbiwutjintjima schlängelnd den Kopf laterala lama verlassen (einen Ort). ◇ leave werfend (Schlange). ◇ fling head to move (a place). Ⓛ jengarikula jennan͂ i forwards (snake). Ⓛ ularpunkula kalbañi latilkama [Southern dialect] Getönn larrerama schwimmen (Menschen). ◇ swim machen, schnurren (Spindel). ◇ make (people). Ⓛ katuringañi sound, hum, purr, whirr? (spindle). larumbarumba schwellende (Brüste). Ⓛ teltara wonkani ◇ swelling (breasts). Ⓛ rumburumbu latinja neu, jung. ◇ new, young. Ⓛ kuarita laria furchtlos, kühn. ◇ fearless, daring. Ⓓ marra Ⓛ onara latinjerama neu werden. ◇ become new. larinja Mond. ◇ moon. Ⓛ kinara Ⓛ kuaritaringani Ⓓ marrarina

~~254 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

latinjilama neu machen. ◇ make new. latupulata (dupplik.) tiefe Sand in der Ⓛ kuaritani Ⓓ marraribana Creek, Creek-Sand. ◇ (reduplication) latitja Stab (zum Gehen), Stütze. ◇ walking deep sand in creek, creek sand. stick. Ⓛ tukara Ⓛ ulatupulati latia der Monat, wenn die Kälte abnimmt lauarenama einen besänftigen, versöhnen. (August). ◇ month when the cold ◇ calm someone, reconcile. subsides (August). Ⓛ kutuwara (August) lauarenalama sich besänftigen, in latirkuma zusammen halten (Wurzeln). ‘Gleichgewicht’ bringen. ◇ calm down, ◇ hold together (roots). Ⓛ ngalunbinani to bring into ‘balance’. latitjikalama kreuzweise übereinander laua, lauala, (aloala) ähnlich, gleich. legen (Hände). ◇ lay crosswise over each ◇ similar, same. Ⓛ ekuntara other (hands). Ⓛ wollatataku tunani Ⓓ jenildramata latambala gegenwärtig (Zeit). ◇ present laualintjanga 2 gleiche Seen. ◇ two (time). identical lakes. Ⓛ pulamuruntu latjia eßbare Wurzeln (spec.) ◇ edible root, laualintjara gleichgesinnt, einmütig. ◇ like yam, Vigna lanceolata. Ⓛ wapiti, ngalatji minded, unanimous. Ⓛ tanatanamurka latjingatjora Schlange (giftig). ◇ snake lauilaua schwarz (Erde, Vögel). ◇ black (poisonous). Ⓛ mulatitu (soil, birds). Ⓛ marurmarura latjingatjura mit weißer Stirn (z.B. lauma, lēuma verbergen, verstecken. Hund). ◇ with white forehead (e.g. dog). ◇ conceal, hide. Ⓛ jerkatunani Ⓛ ngalawilunta Ⓓ kutibana latoa dieser, jener. ◇ this one, that one. laulama refl. sich verstecken. ◇ (reflexive) Ⓛ alangata hide. Ⓛ kumbini Ⓓ kutina latjintara, itirkitirki (widerspenstig) ein laulinja versteckt, verborgen, heimlich. Mann, der mit seiner Klassenschwester ◇ hidden, concealed, secretly. Gemeinschaft hat. ◇ stubborn man Ⓛ jerkata (who has a forbidden relationship with his leaka unfruchtbar (Weib). ◇ infertile classificatory sister) (Strehlow 1913: 103). (woman). Ⓛ putapatti Ⓛ alutirkitirki, putalputalja lealea (ljealjea) Abendstern (= Zwillinge). latjapurpa versammelt (stehen), ◇ evening star (twins). Ⓛ mulati Haufen (gehen). ◇ assembled (stand). lebmarilama (sich) entschuldigen Ⓛ ngaralawonnani (zu kommen). ◇ apologise (to come). latjarinka böse Wesen in Menschengestalt. Ⓛ ngutapirini ◇ evil beings in human shape. lĕba; pennaleba halb; halfpenny. latukuna dorthin. ◇ over there. ◇ half; halfpenny. Ⓛ alabanatu lebmar͑ ila renama zurückweisen latiltja feige. ◇ cowardly. (etwas). ◇ decline, reject (something). latna Stirn. ◇ forehead. Ⓛ ngala Ⓛ ngunjipunkula jenni Ⓓ milperi lebarenama dichtes Gebüsch, verhindern latea vollendet. ◇ accomplished. (die Aussicht, den Ausblick), großer latnama den eigenen Finger auf eine Stelle Regen verhindert das Weitergehen. legen. ◇ place finger on something. ◇ thick bushes obstruct (view), heavy rain latnara Schlange, nicht giftige spec. prevents from proceeding. Ⓛ patini ◇ snake, not poisonous species. lebmerama wehren (zu kommen), Ⓛ inturkunu verhindern am kommen. ◇ resist lataburinja kürzlich, vor Kurzem. ◇ lately, (to come), prevent (from coming). not long ago. Ⓛ ngunjipungani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 255 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lebmintjerama hinterlassen (seine lelkerama ausgleiten. ◇ slip. Güter), verlassen (seine Verwandten, Ⓛ wirularingani z.B. der Verstorbene). ◇ leave behind lelkeranama herausgleiten, geboren (possessions), leave (relatives, e.g. the werden (Kinder). ◇ slide out, to be deceased). Ⓛ emintjirini born (children). Ⓛ mawirularingani, lēkara Hülsen, Borke. ◇ pods, bark. mawirultalkani Ⓛ rarininani lelkilama glätten, ausgleiten machen, lekara (likira) rein, schön glänzend, gut, massieren, den Leib drücken. ◇ smooth, schön gebogen (Regenbogen). ◇ pure, make slip, massage, press body. beautifully shining, good, beautifully bent Ⓛ wirulanani, wirultungani (rainbow). Ⓛ warikiri lĕlkara [Southern dialect] (ululkara) lekitjulbitalama Unordnung machen. Stirnband (aranga Fell). ◇ headband (euro ◇ make a mess. fur). Ⓛ erowara lekarelama gutes sagen, gutes wünschen. lelkirbota schöngeglättet, schöngestaltet. ◇ wish well; today used in the Lutheran ◇ smoothed, well formed. Ⓛ wirulpalla context for ‘bless’. Ⓛ pinjipinjini lelknaralknara die frischen Schößlinge, die lekarambartja ankama gutes neben den alten Büschen hervorkommen. anwünschen. ◇ wish well. Ⓛ pinjipinjira ◇ young shoots that appear next to the wonkani old bushes. Ⓛ ? talta lelama versprechen. ◇ promise. lelinjala in Kurzem [Kürze?], in Zukunft. Ⓛ tankuni Ⓓ talpadakana; ◇ shortly, in the future. talpadakaterina (sich verloben: get lelinja bald (nach mehreren Tagen). ◇ soon engaged) (after a few days). Ⓛ ngulaku lelbeuma unschädlich machen [unclear]. ljelinja (lēlinja) Regenbogen. ◇ rainbow ◇ make harmless, difuse. (This Aranda word was not known; today lelangalatnama fortwährend versprechen, the word ‘mbulara’ is used for ‘rainbow’.) vertrösten. ◇ continuously promise, put Ⓛ kanturangu off.Ⓛ tankuntatankuntaninani lēlta[Southern dialect] (= lēltja) lelangantama ermahnen, antreiben zur abnehmende (Mond). ◇ wane (moon). Arbeit, unterrichten. ◇ remind, drive to Ⓛ tankili work, instruct, teach. Ⓛ tintinpungani leltankama hervorsprossen (Saat). lelara Steinmesser. ◇ stone knife. Ⓛ alelari ◇ sprout (crop). Ⓛ bulbulbakani lelba starr, steif. ◇ rigid, stiff.Ⓛ alilba lēltja abnehmend. ◇ wane, diminish. lelberama steif werden. ◇ become stiff. Ⓛ tankili Ⓛ alilbaringani taia lēltja Mondsichel. ◇ sickle moon. lelbilama steif machen. ◇ make stiff, Ⓛ pira tankili stiffen. Ⓛ alilbani lĕltja Feind. ◇ enemy. Ⓛ tjinarki, lelbmara Eidechse spec. [unclear]. ◇ lizard wonnapa species. Ⓛ akilbara leltjakaleltja feindlich. ◇ hostile. lelbankama sich heben von seiner Stätte Ⓛ wonnapakuwonnapa (Berg). ◇ rise from one’s site (mountain). lēna (lēnja) jener, dort. ◇ that one, there. lelera Busch (Cassia Sturtii). ◇ bush Ⓛ pallata (Cassia sturtii now Senna artemisioides lengankana dort! da! ◇ over there! there! (Latz 1996)). Ⓛ alelari Ⓛ pallakutu lelirtja Steingeröll, Kies. ◇ boulders, lenkana? danna nuka lenkana? – gravel. Ⓛ malkarmalkara lengankana! wo? Wo ist meine Mulde? lelka eben, glatt, schlüpfrig. ◇ even, – dort! ◇ where? where is my bowl? smooth, slippery. Ⓛ wirula, wirulba – there! Ⓛ pallawata? punna ngaiuku pallawata? – pallakutu!

256 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary lengankana! dort! ◇ there! Ⓛ pallakutu! linjiriuma herausziehen (z.B. den lenatoa jener. ◇ that one there. Fischspeer). ◇ pull out (e.g. fishspear). Ⓛ pallatatoa Ⓛ koinpungani leona dort überall. ◇ there everywhere. lenjilkna dicke, feste Eiter (Eiterpfropfen). Ⓛ pallatu ◇ thick, solid pus (pus plug). Ⓛ alinjilkni lenama abschütteln (Früchte vom lenkunja hübsch, schön. ◇ pretty, Baum). ◇ shake (fruit from a tree). beautiful. Ⓛ kunjinji Ⓛ patatjingani lenkunjilama schmücken, sich lenarenara Turm. ◇ tower. schmücken. ◇ to decorate. lênga, lenga; alinga[Northern dialect]; Ⓛ kunjinjatuni tarka, rarka [Eastern dialect] Sonne. lenkuilama schmücken, sich ◇ sun (Strehlow 1907: 16). Ⓛ tjintu, schmücken. ◇ decorate. nilba [Southern dialect] Ⓓ ditji pirna Ⓛ kunjinjatuni lênga ntalta Sonnenstrahlen lenkuinkupa sehr hübsch. ◇ very pretty. (Schamhaare der Sonne). ◇ sunbeams Ⓛ kunjinji lenkutu (pubic hair of sun) (Strehlow 1907: 17). lentama führen (den Weg). ◇ lead Ⓛ tjintu uru (the way). lênga iltjamiltja die langen Strahlen lentanàma[Southern dialect] (Hände) der aufgehenden Sonne. heranschleichend (mit gebeugter Stirn). ◇ long sunbeams (hands) of the rising ◇ creep up (with lowered forehead). sun. Ⓛ tjintu karawolla Ⓛ mauurakatini lêngarenarena Uhr. ◇ clock. lentitjalama heranschleichend. ◇ creeping Ⓛ nilbanangami up. Ⓛ ngalaúrakatini lênga tjulkuma Tag anbrechen. lentara früh vor Sonnenaufgang, ◇ daybreak. Ⓛ perulkani, jultaringani Lichtstreifen im Osten sich zeigen (Hähne lênga irbulakalama Sonne untergehen. krähen), Morgengrauen. ◇ early in the ◇ sunset. Ⓛ tjintu tarbara okalingani morning, early before sunrise, first light lênja Zunge. ◇ tongue. Ⓛ talinja Ⓓ tali in the east (when roosters crow), at the lênja kantja Zungenspitze. ◇ tip of crack of dawn, dawn (Strehlow 1915: 44). tongue. Ⓛ talinja akantji Ⓛ ulentiri lênja tnata Zungenbauch [?], auf der leoa unterhalb, stromabwärts. ◇ below, Zunge. ◇ tongue belly [?], on the downstream. Ⓛ wăta tongue. Ⓛ talinja wila leongantabana von unterwärts lênja toppa Zungenrücken?; unter der (kommen). ◇ from below (come). Zunge. ◇ under the tongue. (‘?’ added Ⓛ watangurukutu by CS) Ⓛ talinja tana leontoppa unterwärts, stromabwärts. lênjirkna das Loch in der Zunge (der ◇ downstream. Ⓛ watankutu Zauberer). ◇ hole in tongue (Spencer leotaka stromabwärts. ◇ downstream. and Gillen 1904: 524). Ⓛ talinja-ala Ⓛ watakutu lenjiuma Zunge ausstrecken. ◇ poke leotakeritjikalerama stromabwärts tongue out. Ⓛ talinmanani hinabgehen. ◇ go downstream. lenjanbererama (lenja=Zunge, Ⓛ watakuturekula okalingani anbererama=austrecken und wieder lêralêra von Loritja: ulêratêra. Ⓛ uleratera einziehen) Zunge (Raben cult). ◇ poke lêrama begehren, verlangen. ◇ desire, tongue in and out. Ⓛ talina waintarini demand. Ⓛ ulkani lênja bakaba nama stottern. ◇ stammer. lera Vogel, Wasservogel (spec.) ◇ bird, Ⓛ talinja burka waterbird (species). Ⓛ aleri Ⓓ milkirina lênga ragata das Steigen des Tages (Sonne [unclear]). ◇ daybreak, sunrise.

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 257 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lêrra; lerra[Southern dialect] Sohn, Neffe; likebala getrost. ◇ confident, reconciled. Sohn, Tochter (♂), Bruders Sohn, Bruders lgurba Schaum. ◇ foam. (Aranda entry Tochter, Urgroßvater (♀). ◇ son, nephew; deleted by CS) Ⓛ talji son, daughter, brother’s son, brother’s lgurbilama schäumen. ◇ to foam. (Aranda daughter, great grandfather. Ⓛ kata entry deleted by CS) Ⓛ taljini woialêrra Bruders Sohn. ◇ brother’s son. likira [Northern dialect] gewölbt, kwaialêrra Bruders Tochter. ◇ brother’s halbkreisförmig gebogen (Regenbogen). daughter. ◇ arched, shaped in a semicircle lêrratjurutja alle Kinder (von Vater so (rainbow). Ⓛ warikiri genannt). ◇ all children (term used by libarkalabarkala Zickzack des fathers). Blitzes. ◇ zigzag of lightning. lêrrukua Sohn, Neffe (eines Anderen). Ⓛ pinpakulantakulanta ◇ son, nephew (of someone else). libarkalabarkala nama Ⓛ katara Ⓓ ngatamura blitzen. ◇ lightning. lêrrakunjêrra die Kinder (Nachkommen). Ⓛ pinpakulantakulantarini ◇ children (descendants). libiljenkama sich entfalten (Wolken), Ⓛ kataramurka aufbrechen (Knospe). ◇ unfold lerrakunja Taube spec. (Sinnbild der (clouds), burst open (buds) or to bud. Frauen). ◇ small pigeon species (symbol Ⓛ biljalankani of women). Ⓛ kokoku lilika bald (nach mehreren Tagen). ◇ soon lerralama [Southern dialect] sich sonnen, (after a few days). Ⓛ ngula (den Leib glänzen machen). ◇ sunbathe, liljaua Cormoranart. ◇ cormorant species. (make body shine). Ⓛ tjilpatjilpani Ⓛ tjilewi letakama auslesen. ◇ select. liljirkaratnuruma fortwährend (pfeifen), Ⓛ akatatauani laut miteinander sprechen. ◇ continuously latilkama (letilkama) brummen (whistle), speak loud with each other. (mythische Wesen). ◇ hum (mythical Ⓛ ngaljerbmanái beings). Ⓛ tiltaramerani liljaka (liljerka) eßbare Beeren von der letirba kleiner Vogel (spec.) ◇ small bird Größe einer Stachelbeere mit widerlichem (species) Ⓛ aletirba Geschmack. ◇ edible berries (size of lētja[Southern dialect] lange Stecken, gooseberry). Ⓛ aliljaki Balken, Bahre. ◇ long stick, beam, rafter. liljemba (ljelimba) ein Stück Holz mit Ⓛ tabalpa geschabten Blättern. ◇ piece of wood letjaletja kleine latjia Früchte. ◇ small latjia with carved leaves [?]. Ⓛ melili (meljilji) fruit. Ⓛ ilitjilitji liljoa nackten (kleine Vögel). ◇ naked letoppetoppa in einer Reihe (liegen), (little birds). Ⓛ ililjoa reihenweise. ◇ (lie) in one row, in rows. limba Pflanze mit fleischigen eßbaren Ⓛ palilkara (ngarini) Blättern (Parakilia) Claytonia (art). ◇ plant leuma umreißen, umstürzen, umhauen, with fleshy edible leaves (species); umsägen, fallen. ◇ pull down, parakeelya, Calandrinia balonensis overturn, cut down, saw down, fell. (Latz 1996). Ⓛ tungi Ⓓ parakilja Ⓛ katawonnini linbaralinbara ein auf Säulen ruhendes leurbalea große Haufe, Vorrat (v. Samen). Dach, Halle. ◇ roof resting on pillars, hall. ◇ big pile, provision (of seeds). lingintjia Wasservogel. ◇ waterbird. Ⓛ utulanbara Ⓛ alingintjiï lewerama ringen, streiten. ◇ wrestle, fight. linama zucken (nach dem Sterben), das Ⓛ antawonnirapungani Fleisch nach dem Schlachten. ◇ twitch limintjala ankama plappern. ◇ chatter. (after death), flesh after slaughter. limintja? fortwährend. ◇ constantly. Ⓛ numbani

258 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ljinga [Southern dialect] penis. ◇ penis. litja Speerwunde, Wunde (durch Stich oder Ⓛ kalu Schlag hervorgebracht). ◇ spear wound, lingatjakua linkshändig. ◇ left handed. wound (caused by a stab or blow). Ⓛ tambupiti Ⓛ itila, itilba linjalenga graue Habicht. ◇ grey hawk. litjitja weiße Ameisen larven (spec.) Ⓛ ilinjilingi ◇ species of white ant larva. Ⓛ alitjitji linjatuma binden, fesseln. ◇ tie, shackle. litjilba Bote. ◇ messenger. Ⓛ alurkuni Ⓛ juntúnani ljartjimbuma vertrocknen, verdorren. linbilanga [Southern dialect] cf. ◇ dry out, wither, shrivel. Ⓛ kerkambani elanbilanga. Ⓛ toturtara ljartjinja verdorrt. ◇ withered. Ⓛ kerba linjiuma [Southern dialect] einwickeln. ljaba die Löcher der Honigameisen. ◇ nest ◇ wrap. Ⓛ junmanái of honeyants. Ⓛ piti linjirbma Zweigunterlage, dichte Zweige ljakaljaka behaart. ◇ hairy. (Adlersnest). ◇ pad of twigs, dense twigs Ⓛ meninjimeninji, tjilkatjilka (eagle’s nest). Ⓛ ilinjirbmi ljaiinja das Rauschen, Rasseln (der Flügel), linjiulama sich einwickeln (refl.)◇ wrap flattern (Federn). ◇ rustle (of wings), (reflexive).Ⓛ paluru junmanái flutter (feathers). lingintjira dicht zusammen stehende ljaiama fauchen (Schlangen), flattern Zweige, dichtbelaubt (Mistelzweige). (die Federn im Winde). ◇ hiss (snakes), Ⓛ ◇ dense foliage (mistletoe branches). flutter (feathers in wind). tuluni, Ⓛ warbili karalbmanani ljalangarerea ◇ línjíriùma ausringen (Kleider). ◇ wring Schlange (giftig). snake Ⓛ warurunkalba (cloths). Ⓛ kowinpungani (poisonous). ljala; pata ljala Steingeröll, lose Felsen; ljurkna, (liorkna) Reis, Schössling. Kies. ◇ boulders, loose rocks; gravel, ◇ sprig, shoot. Ⓛ tabanba pebbles. Ⓛ ilili, malka Ⓓ paltiri lipa Schnur, mittels deren die Mulden (steiniges Land) getragen werden, Hymen, z.B. lipa- ljala alkurumba ◇ umherliegende kama. string to carry bowls, hymen. ◇ Ⓛ ngarkinti Felsblöcke. rock boulders lying around. Ⓛ ilili alkurumba linjilinja Ausschlag. ◇ rash. Ⓛ puretu ljartjilelama verdorren (Äste), verwelken linjírkuia die Muskeln (am ganzen Körper), (Blätter) (von der Sonne). ◇ dry out die das Fleisch zusammen halten. ◇ body (branches), wither (leaves) from sun. muscles that hold the flesh together. Ⓛ kerkambatiljini Ⓛ taratăra ljaua Pflanze mit fleischigen, eßbaren ljola bitter (Worte). ◇ bitter (words). Blättern (Claysonia Balonnensis nach ljaiinja Flügelschlag. ◇ beat of wing. Stirling). ◇ plant with fleshy, edible ljía[Southern dialect] zugehörig (sex leaves (Claysonia Balonnensis according totem). ◇ belonging to. Ⓛ inankutu to Stirling). Ⓛ wakati Ⓓ manjura lirtjina kleiner grüner Papagai (spec.); (auf clay-pans: on claypans), winkara (shell-parrot); Bauch und Rücken (auf Sandhügeln: on sandhills) hellgrün, Kopf und Flügel gelb und ljaualjaua kleine schwarze Käfer mit grau gestreift, blaue Flecken an beiden erhobenen Rückenplatte (coakraches). Wangen, Schwanzfedern gelb und grau ◇ small black beetle with elevated (Melopsittacus undulates). ◇ budgerigar backshield (cockroach). Ⓛ wakatiwakati (shell parrot), Melopsittacus undulatus nēka eßbare Frucht. ◇ edible fruit. Ⓛ ljella (Pizzey and Knight 2007). Ⓛ kuljirtji, ljelama singen. ◇ sing. Ⓛ warani ngatitjiri Ⓓ katatara Ⓓ wonkana ljerra Klopfstein. ◇ grinding stone. ljelinja Gesang. ◇ singing. Ⓛ waranka Ⓛ apata Ⓓ wimma

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 259 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ljelinjamea Lied. ◇ song. Ⓛ waranta ljola (lola) anus, Boden. ◇ anus, ground. palla Ⓛ manna Ⓓ piti ljelknankama krächzen, krähen. ◇ croak, ljirraljirra sehr schön, sehr gut. ◇ very crow. Ⓛ ngelbmanani beautiful, very good. Ⓛ palapala ljerka tnatanbuma Gummizweige ljota (lota) zum Schein. ◇ pretend. umherstreuen. ◇ scatter gumtree ljota ndama zum Schein geben, necken. branches. Ⓛ tjaljirba pulknarái ◇ pretend, tease. Ⓛ iljota jungani ljelta Bast. ◇ fibre.Ⓛ ilenbi Ⓓ jinkapitji lkurbilama schäumen (aus dem Mund). ljerka Gummibaumlaub (trockenes und ◇ froth (from mouth). grünes). ◇ gumtree leaves (dry and lkurba der Schaum. ◇ froth. green). Ⓛ tjaljiri, tjaljirba lulba Zucker auf den Lalba-Blättern. ljerba ältere Bruder. ◇ older brother. ◇ sugar on lalba leaves. Ⓛ iljulbu Ⓛ kuta ljunga agia-Beere. ◇ agia berry. Ⓛ iljungu ljerra Stein mit dem die Steinmesser ljurkna Reis, Schößling. ◇ sprig, shoot. abgespalten werden. ◇ stone to work Ⓛ tutula, tabanba stone knives. Ⓛ apata ljuntintja viele (nebeneinander stehende) ljiljangerama zischen (Wasser), anfangen Schößlinge. ◇ many shoots (beside each zu kochen. ◇ hiss (water), start to boil. other). Ⓛ talta Ⓛ tjiljiliïrini Ⓓ tilitilingana ljeljentanama grimmen im Bauch. ljerkuerama zusammen pfeifen (Vögel), ◇ pain (in stomach). schwätzen, viele Worte machen. ◇ whistle (a)lkenkarenama [Southern dialect] in concert (birds), chatter, talkative. bezeugen, beteuern, fortwährend falsches Ⓛ ngeljerbmanani bezeugen. ◇ testify, affirm, constantly ljerkueranerana der Schwätzer. assert untruths. Ⓛ turkulkata tunan͂ i ◇ gossiper. (a)lkutakalkuta brechübel. ◇ very sick. ljerkuljerkuerama ◇ pfeifen (viele). whistle Ⓛ ulkabulkaba (many). Ⓛ ngeljerngeljerbmanani (a)lkutakalkuterama sich brechen. ljima (Zauberworte) murmeln. ◇ mumble ◇ vomit. Ⓛ ulkabulkabarin͂ i (magic words, spells). Ⓛ initunani lkurbalkurberama ausschäumen (Meer). ljirra gut, (besonders von Verstorbenen). ◇ foam (sea). ◇ good (especially coming from the loapatilama gewinnen. ◇ win. deceased). Ⓛ patupala ljoaljoa schlecht schmeckend. ◇ taste bad. ljerruntuma (um die Lagerbewohner) Ⓛ kaljilkaljilba herumgehen. ◇ walk around (people in loapata Gewinn, Nutzen. ◇ win, use. a camp). Ⓛ areoakani loanilama umrühren. ◇ stir. Ⓛ wu͡ itikini ljirraljirra sehr kleiner Vogel, dunkelblau loantawonta aufgeschichtet (Felsen). mit schwarz und weißen Rücken, Kopf ◇ piled up (rocks). Ⓛ talatitalati und Brust dunkelblau oder lilablaue Brust, Ⓓ duldruwana Schwanz lang blau, Flügel grau und weiß, loatjira = ramaia mit schwarzen Streifen [unclear]; Malurus Eidechse, gelb mit Melanopten? oder Malurus Leuconotu? schwarzen Streifen (varanus gouldii). ◇ (‘?’ added by CS) ◇ very small bird, dark Varanus gouldii (yellow lizard with black blue with black and white stripes, head stripes). Ⓛ kurkati, larkiti, panka and chest dark blue or lilac blue, tail lola conf. ljola. ◇ anus. long blue, wings grey and white, with lolandama unterweisen, unterrichten. ͂ black stripes (now Malurus (Musciparus) ◇ instruct. Ⓛ tintinpungani leucopterus (Atlas of Living Australia lolja Maus, in Felsspalten sich aufhaltend. n.d.)). Ⓛ iljirriljirri ◇ mouse that lives in rock cracks. ljirramea sehr gut (Fleisch, Freunde). Ⓛ ulila ◇ very good (meat, friends). Ⓛ palamba

260 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary lolkuma abschlagen (Bitte), ilura (lorra); alkna ilura entzündet; verweigern. ◇ refuse (request), deny. entzündetes Auge. ◇ inflamed, inflamed Ⓛ ngunjipungan͂ i eye. Ⓛ iltilti, kuru iltilti loaloalelama (tmatala) heimtückisch lôra kleine Eidechse, spec. ◇ small lizard handeln. ◇ act treacherously. species. Ⓛ waluru lolouma auswählen, verschmähen lŭrralŭrra Larve spec. ◇ grub species. (das nicht Gewünschte). ◇ choose, scorn Ⓛ uluruluru (the undesired). Ⓛ ekuntani ilarakultakulterama anschwellen [von loaloala Mühe. ◇ trouble. [unclear]). ◇ swell. Ⓛ unkarapata loltalauma mit Ausnahme, ausgenommen. patanarin͂ i ◇ except. Ⓛ markuratalkan͂ i lorinja fremd (Sprache), Fremder. ◇ foreign Ⓓ kalitakali? (language), stranger. Ⓛ urila (fremde loltama fest drücken, auf etwas, Sprache), ngatari (fremde Mann) Ⓓ tula niederdrücken. ◇ press (hard) down on lurka trübe Himmel, leicht bewölkt, trübe something. Ⓛ palin͂ i (Wasser), unrein. ◇ dull (sky), cloudy, loltalelama eindrücken. ◇ press in. muddy (water), unclean. Ⓛ ulbata Ⓛ paliranan͂ i Ⓓ murka loai! (Ausruf) o! ◇ o! (exclamation). lurkiulama sich reinigen, entleeren lumba Waise. ◇ orphan. Ⓛ tjitula (Samen). ◇ to clean, empty (seeds). Ⓓ ngamuru, matjumatju Ⓛ kaltarurini lona ◇ Ⓛ lauanba dick, breit. thick, broad. lorra voll, satt (vom Trinken). ◇ full (from Ⓓ wondre drinking). Ⓛ tjiuri Ⓓ kaljura longa der mit Honig angefüllte Leib lorrerama voll. ◇ full. Ⓛ tjiuriringan͂ i der jerramba. ◇ honey-filled body of Ⓓ turibaterina honeyant. Ⓛ piti lorrilama tränken, bewässern. ◇ to longa (ilenga) weit entfernt. ◇ far away, water. Ⓛ tjiurinani Ⓓ turina, Ⓛ wonma Ⓓ worita distant. turibana longakalonga, ilengakilenga weit von lorrambartjalama reichlich einander entfernt. ◇ far from each Ⓛ wonmakuwonma überlaufen, überschwemmen other. ◇ longalinja (Land). flooded, inundated (land). sehr weit, tagesweite, (cr. 15 Ⓛ alurumburtjijennan͂ i Ⓓ tundribana engl. Meilen). ◇ very far, day trip away lorra Großmutter. ◇ grandmother. Ⓛ kami (appr. 15 miles). Ⓛ wonmakatu Ⓓ kami lon̄ ga Höhle (eines inkaia oder Kaninchen). lorra aranga Fraus Vaters Mutter. ◇ wife’s ◇ burrow (of a bilby or rabbit). Ⓛ piti father’s mother. Ⓛ tamu longilama sich versöhnen. ◇ reconcile. lorrakana Ⓛ neun͂ i Tränke (n). ◇ watering place. lorra ebmanna Mutters Mutter, Mutters longulambaia halbreif, halbgrün. ◇ half Mutters Schwester. ◇ mother’s mother, ripe, half green. Ⓛ katalarakambanta Ⓛ kami inkilji longulpura forellenähnliche mother mother’s sister. Ⓓ kanini Fische. ◇ trout-like fish; Spangled lorra ebmanatja grunter (Leiopotherapon unicolor). Mutters Mutter. Ⓛ ilongulpuru ◇ mother’s mother. Ⓛ kami inkiljina lonkunka Nasenbein. ◇ nosebone. lorra palla (Großmutter) Vaters Mutter. Ⓛ murburiri ◇ father’s mother. Ⓛ kami bakali lonkura Grasbaum (Hanthorrhoea). ◇ grass lorra pallatja meines Vaters Mutter. tree (Xanthorrhoea). Ⓛ ulunkuru ◇ belonging to my father’s mother. longateta weiße Streifen quer über der Ⓛ kami bakalina Nase. ◇ white stripes across nose. Ⓛ mulatitu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 261 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lurrulelanama kräftig umfassen ltana, iltana Geist (losgelöst vom Körper). (trs.) ◇ clasp firmly (transitive). ◇ spirit or soul (detached from body), Ⓛ kapulkumawitin͂ i ghost; when a person died, the soul was lŭrailknalama (lorraïlknalama) sich called iltana and it was imagined to be reinigen; sich den Schlaf aus den Augen white (Strehlow 1915: 23). The word iltana reiben. ◇ clean, rub sleep out of eyes. for ghost can also mean skeleton today. Ⓛ paltjini; kuru úrini Ⓓ turibaterina Ⓛ ngoa Ⓓ jaola louma baden, waschen, auslöschen ltanaka tmara Geisterland, Toteninsel. (Geschriebenes). ◇ bath, wash, erase ◇ land of the spirits, island of the dead. (writing). Ⓛ urini Ⓓ ngapangana, (tmara kutata) Ⓛ ngoaluruku-ngura kulirkana ltambiwomma [Southern dialect], loulama sich baden. ◇ to bath (reflexive). ultambiuma [Northern dialect] viele Ⓛ uriranani Brote machen. ◇ make many breads. lotjungutjura [Southern dialect], Ⓛ nummawonnini latjingatjura [Northern dialect] weiß ltarama knistern (Feuer). ◇ crackle (fire). bemalte Nasenrücken, mit weißer Stirn Ⓛ arban͂ i (ula). ◇ nose bridge painted white, with ltarbamenta sehr traurig. ◇ very sad. white forehead (ula). Ⓛ ngalawilunba, iltarba betrübt, traurig. ◇ sad. Ⓛ alturu ngalawilunta Ⓓ purka ltaberama einladen, den Gast auffordern, ltarberama betrübt werden. ◇ become sich zu setzen. ◇ invite, ask guest to sit sad. Ⓛ altururin͂ i down. Ⓛ pailbmanan͂ i (a)ltarba [Southern dialect], kwatja ltaba Fußaufschlag (des aroa), auf den altarba clay-pan. ◇ claypan. Ⓛ altarba, Boden. ◇ foot thump (of rock wallaby) on kapi altarba ground. Ⓛ pantulba (a)ltarba [Southern dialect] kahl, haarlos, ltairama [Southern dialect] in die kahle Fläche, kahle Boden. ◇ bald, Hände klatschen, läuten. ◇ clap hands. hairless, bare landscape, barren ground. Ⓛ takalbmanan͂ i Ⓓ totungana, Ⓛ altarba deltjingana ltarbakaturuma aneinanderstoßen, ltairama knistern (die Finger). ◇ crackle, Geräusch machen. ◇ knock together, crack (fingers). Ⓛ pultapungan͂ i make noise. Ⓛ tarkulti pungan͂ i ltala kleine Wolke. ◇ small cloud. Ⓛ iltali ltarkama klappern (Speere), iltalbatuma klatschen (mit den Händen). tönen. ◇ clatter (spears), sound. ◇ clap (hands). Ⓛ pantulbmanan͂ i Ⓛ tirkilbmanan͂ i Ⓓ darringana? ltala Haare (des Wildes). ◇ hair (of animals). ltarkalelama Geräusch machen. ◇ make Ⓛ iltali noise. Ⓛ tirkiltjingan͂ i ltalaltala behaart, rauh. ◇ hairy, rough. ltatjiltatja einsam. ◇ lonely. Ⓛ iltaliltali ltarkna gesund, kräftig, laut. ◇ healthy, ltaltuka nama sich zu einem halten, bei strong, loud. Ⓛ lenkira Ⓓ katukatu, ihm bleiben. ◇ stay close to somebody, jiltara, katitepi stick to him. ltarknerama gesund, stark werden. iltaljiltalja einsam, allein? ◇ lonely. ◇ healthy, become stong. Ⓛ lenkirarin͂ i, Ⓛ kutuntu lenkiraringan͂ i Ⓓ katukaturina tulunkalunka voller Geschwüre. ltarknilama gesund machen. ◇ make ◇ covered in ulcers. Ⓛ altartji, nunguru healthy. Ⓛ lenkirbmanani Ⓓ katukatu ltaltua [Northern dialect] cf. ltolta ngankana verfault. ◇ rotten. Ⓛ ultultu ltata Tanz, kurz vor der Einweihungsfeiern ltalterama [Northern dialect] cf. aufgeführt. ◇ public dance performed not ltolterama. ◇ to rot. Ⓛ ultulturingan͂ i long before initiation ceremony; public

~~262 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ceremony (also called ‘ndapa’ meaning ltulba Knöchel, Enkel, Geschwulst. women’s dance that is part of the ◇ knuckle, tumour, growth. Ⓛ taltu initiation ceremonies). Ⓛ pulapa Ⓓ kima ltatama plätschern (Regen). ◇ patter (rain). ltulberama aufschwellen, zunehmen Ⓛ palkurbmanani (Mond). ◇ swell, wax (moon). ltemba, ltembaltemba Fisch spec. ◇ fish Ⓛ talturingan͂ i Ⓓ kimarina species. Ⓛ altimba, altimbaltimba ltolbambarinja unversöhnlich. ltauirbala geschnürt, mit Schnüren ◇ irreconcilable. Ⓛ ataltukulu geschmückt. ◇ laced, decorated with ltolta faul (Holz). ◇ rotten (wood). strings. Ⓛ warbilinji Ⓛ ultultu altarama Speerwunde beibringen, blutig ltolta verfault, verrottet. ◇ rotten, decayed. schlagen, Schlag (so das die Haut Ⓛ ultultu durchschnitten wird). ◇ wound with ltolterama verfaulen. ◇ to rot. spear, beat bloody, blow (that cuts skin). Ⓛ ultulturingan͂ i Ⓓ puapuarina Ⓛ witarpungan͂ i ltolinama umfassen (den Sterbenden), der altárama finden. ◇ to find. Hund das Wild anpacken. ◇ embrace ltjarkula eine kleine weiße Larve in lupa- (dying person), catch (dog the game). Wurzeln. ◇ small white grub in lupa roots. Ⓛ matulani Ⓛ katati ltolinanama erhaschen (der Hund iltjambiltjanga Blasen (in der Hand). das Wild). ◇ catch (dog the game). ◇ blisters (on hand). Ⓛ biltjinbiltjin Ⓛ matularabakan͂ i ltjarama, ltjerama zerteilen, ltulama verbergen, trs oder intrs? ◇ hide durchschneiden z.B. den Ochsen (transitive or intransitive?). (‘?’ added by halbieren, zertrennen, abtrennen, CS) aufschneiden (der Länge nach). iltuma schneiden, abschneiden, ◇ divide, cut e.g. cut ox in halve. zerstücken. ◇ cut (off or into pieces). Ⓛ woltarpungan͂ i Ⓛ kuntan͂ i ltjarilkna ala Toteninsel. ◇ island of the iltulama sich ritzen, sich schneiden (refl.) dead. Ⓛ tupaku-ngura ◇ scratch, cut (reflexive).Ⓛ palurunku ltjikiltjika häßlich, mager. ◇ ugly, thin, kuntan͂ i scrawny. Ⓛ wiljiruwiljiru iltulbatuja sehr frieren. ◇ feel very cold. ltjeljera Eidechse mit Schwanzstumpf. Ⓛ kuntakantaranganan͂ i ◇ lizard with a knob tail. Ⓛ iltjiljeri ltumba rauflustig, geschickt im Werfen. iltjamiltja die aufgehende Sonne. ◇ rising ◇ rowdy, skilled throwing. Ⓛ ultumbu sun. Ⓛ karawollawolla lturbarenama durchschneiden, (i)ltjerknambuma rot, rötlich, rufus durchdringen, tödlich treffen (tjatalela). sein (das Känguruh). ◇ red, reddish. ◇ cut, penetrate, hit mortally. Ⓛ taltirkamban͂ i Ⓛ bulturpungan͂ i ltjerkniltjerknambuma lturkarawuma warnen (mit Worten), Du Ⓛ taltirtaltirkamban͂ i wirst bald sterben; den Tod androhen. altjiroambala unaufhörlich. ◇ incessantly, ◇ warn (with words) ‘you will die soon’; never ending. Ⓛ tukutita, tukurita threaten with death. Ⓛ jupairbini iltjerkniltjerkna von rot, rötlich sein ltulberitjintjima aufgehen (Känguruh), die Früchte rot sein. ◇ be red, (Brotteig). ◇ rise (bread dough). reddish (kangaroo). Ⓛ taltirtaltira Ⓛ talturekulakalban͂ i ltjumburkerama aufhören zu wachsen. lturkitjara dem Tod nahe sein, in ◇ to stop growing. Ⓛ nitiraringan͂ i Todesgefahr sein. ◇ be close to death, be ltjumbarka verdorrt (Hand). ◇ withered in mortal danger. Ⓛ jupakuru (hand).

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 263 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lturkna löchrich (Schilde, Mulden), rissig lukulbura kwanangananga zwischen (Kleider). ◇ full of holes (shields, bowls), die Beine hindurch. ◇ between the legs. torn (clothes). Ⓛ lara ulturknu Ⓛ alar͑ara watawana, wottawona lturtnarenalama sich etwas zerbrechen lulelama herunternehmen. ◇ take down. (z.B. Bein beim Fallen). ◇ break lukara kleine Maus mit schwarz und grauen something (e.g. leg from a fall). Punkten (ohne Beutel). ◇ little black and Ⓛ nalburtalkan͂ i white speckled mouse without pouch. lturuma reinigen (mit den Händen). ◇ clean Ⓛ iljukuru (with hands). Ⓛ lauani lukata eine Scheibe aus Gummiholzrinde luakara, lakara (pata) Felsen. ◇ cliff. rollen lassen. ◇ to roll a gumtree bark Ⓛ alala disk. Ⓛ tukatta lualba, lalba Fremder, Feind. ◇ stranger, lukatnerama schnarchen. ◇ snore. enemy. Ⓛ tanba Ⓛ ngurpiltipiltin͂ i luanja dem Tode nahe, totkrank. ◇ close to lukultmunta der heranziehende Regen, death, dying. Ⓛ tjilunba der alles weiß einhüllt. ◇ approaching luara Bräutigam, der Verlobte. rain that envelopes everything in white. ◇ bridegroom, fiancé.Ⓛ ngaru Ⓛ bujulutu luatninja sehr gut (Gott, Mensch). lukulumbalumba Blätter-Büschel (tea ◇ very good (God, human). Ⓛ kunjinji tree). ◇ bunches of leaves (tea tree). (kunjinjatu) Ⓛ ljikilimbilimbi luatninjilama gut machen. ◇ make lukumukuma Dunst, dunstig good. Ⓛ kunjinjinani (Hohenrauch?). ◇ haze, hazy. lubaluba, lĭbalĭba ganz erschöpft sein, Ⓛ anutumuru am Verschmachten. ◇ completely lukalukanjima brünstig sein, Verlangen exhausted, parched. Ⓛ wolbawolba nach vielen Männern haben. ◇ in Ⓓ warriwarrina heat, have desire for many men. lubulubalerama aus dem Versteck den Ⓛ ngalakukalbani verfolg. Feind beobachten. ◇ from hiding lukuna dort, anderswo. ◇ there, elsewhere. watch enemy. Ⓛ kumbila ninan͂ i Ⓛ panata, narata lubunbara sehr viele, sehr viel. ◇ very lukura Witwen oder unverheiratete many, very much. Ⓛ pankir͑ iri Mädchen. ◇ widows or unmarried girls. luetnakaluetna verschiedenartig, die Ⓛ alukuru Partei verschiedene (Arten), allerlei tmara lukara Witwen-Lagerplatz, Platz (Krankheiten). ◇ diverse. der unverheirateten Frauen. ◇ widows’ ulenta nama nachschleichen, schleichend camp, camp of unmarried women; verfolgen (Katze den Vogel). ◇ sneak, women’s camp. Ⓛ ngura alukuru creep up, prowl, hunt (cat the bird). lukurarinja Witwen (Bewohner der tmara Ⓛ maúrakatini lukura). ◇ occupants of women’s camp. luetna Gegner, Gegenpartei. ◇ opponent, Ⓛ alukurita Ⓓ mangawaru opposing party. Ⓛ akatakutara Ⓓ kana lukurkuna Waise (vaterlose Halbwaise). jutjunto ◇ orphan (fatherless half orphan). lujalupa mehr als …, sehr viele. ◇ more Ⓛ tjitulu Ⓓ matjumatju than, very many. Ⓛ tjikaralenku lukuta eine Pflanze mit fleischigen Blättern. luka Steinmesser sp.; Australische Fichte. ◇ plant with fleshy leaves.Ⓛ atauilba ◇ type of stone knife; Australian pine. lulama heruntersteigen. ◇ climb down. Ⓛ iljuku Ⓛ wararakatin͂ i Ⓓ ngarina lukaduradura Wasserhuhn. ◇ waterfowl. lulalakalama hinuntersteigen. ◇ climb Ⓛ pititalili down. Ⓛ wararakatira okalingan͂ i

~~264 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lulelalakalama hinterunterlassen. ◇ let luma lösen, erlösen, auflösen, ausziehen down. Ⓛ wararataljiru okalingan͂ i (trs.) Kleider, öffnen (Buch), aufmachen, Ⓓ ngarilkana aufrollen, abbrechen (Haus). ◇ loosen, lulintjilama herunterkommen. release, undo, take off (transitive) clothes, ◇ descend, come down. open (book), open, unroll, break off, pull Ⓛ ngalawararakatin͂ i down (house). Ⓛ aran͂ i Ⓓ dukarana? lulitnenama heruntersteigen. ◇ climb pirakana. down. Ⓛ wararakatira talkan͂ i lulama sich ausziehen (refl.), abnehmen lulitjatnakalama herunterklettern (vom (Hut). ◇ undress (reflexive), take off Baum). ◇ climb down (from a tree). (hat). Ⓛ palurunku aran͂ i Ⓛ okulikula talkan͂ i luma postp. vielleicht. ◇ (postposition) lulknumbaralama sehr schnell perhaps, maybe. Ⓛ puta Ⓓ kara? davonlaufen. ◇ run away very fast, hurry lumaka graublau (Känguruh). ◇ grey blue away. Ⓛ totijennan͂ i (kangaroo). Ⓛ tarutu lulura stark, mächtig (Mann, Anführer). lumanama Knospe hervorbrechen. ◇ to ◇ strong, mighty (man, leader). bud. Ⓛ buturtninan͂ i Ⓛ aluluru lumanama beobachten, ausgucken, lulurabaterama mächtig werden. einen aus einem Versteck ausspähen, ◇ become mighty. Ⓛ alulururini͂ hervorsehen. ◇ observe, look out, spy on lularenama Streifen von der Schulter zum (from hiding), peer out. Ⓛ milini Gürtel malen, herabmalen. ◇ paint stripes lumba (lômba) mutterlose Halbwaise. from shoulder to belt. Ⓛ ngaratunan͂ i ◇ motherless half-orphan. Ⓛ apunta lulbalulba voll. ◇ full. Ⓛ katawiliwili lumaninjila rama beobachten (die Stirn Ⓓ mannamiri vorstreckend). ◇ to observe, to watch. lulbara Baum (spec.) ◇ tree (species). Ⓛ ngalamilini Ⓛ ilulburu luminka unbekannt (niemals luljeribama Grund legen, in eine Furche zuvorgesehen). ◇ unknown (never seen einen Stein stellen. ◇ lay foundation, put before). Ⓛ nulurba a stone in a groove. Ⓛ alukulurin͂ i lumintiltjarenama auf der Lauer liegen, (lu)lkurtjulkura salzigen Schleim auf aus dem Loch hervorlugen (Maus). dem Wasser. ◇ salty slime on water. ◇ ambush, peep out from a hole (mouse). Ⓛ taljitalji Ⓛ kuruwokkin͂ i lulkara [Southern dialect] Stirnband. lumunjamunja voll sein (von ◇ headband. Ⓛ roara Leuten). ◇ crowded (with people). lultja Eis, Reif. ◇ ice, frost. Ⓛ walka, Ⓛ ngeljingeljini ngin̄ ga lunakalantalunama fortwährend lulentjilama herunterkommen. ◇ come verfolgen. ◇ pursue continuously. down. Ⓛ ngalawararakatin͂ i Ⓛ wonnantanka wonnan͂ i lulitjikalama heruntersteigen. ◇ descend. uluna Brot, Pflanzenkost, Mahlzeit. Ⓛ ngalawararakatina okalingan͂ i ◇ bread, plant food, meal. Ⓛ mirka lultara conf. ilutara Papagei. ◇ parrot. lunama verfolgen, jagen, nachspüren (inka). Ⓛ ilulturu ◇ pursue, hunt, track (inka). Ⓛ wonnan͂ i (i)lulama sich herniederlassen. ◇ descend Ⓓ tajipaterina, tirikaripaterina (reflexive). Ⓛ wararkatini lunintjilama verfolgen, hintreiben. lultultaturuma hineindrücken. ◇ press in ◇ pursue, drive. Ⓛ ngalawonnan͂ i (Strehlow 1910b: 137). Ⓛ tartarani lunbatunbata mürrisch, unzufrieden. luluruka mit Blut überströmt. ◇ covered in ◇ surly, discontented. Ⓛ mularamúlara blood. Ⓛ ngurkaburu luninjilama entgegen fliegen (Vögel). ◇ fly towards (birds). Ⓛ ngalawonnan͂ i

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 265 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

lunerama fangen, erhaschen. ◇ catch, lupalupa Akacien-Strauch (klein). ◇ acacia capture. Ⓛ wonarapungan͂ i (small). Ⓛ ulupulupu lungulalungulelama sich erbarmen. lupalupa Larven in den lupalupa Wurzeln. ◇ take pity. Ⓛ nujunujuni ◇ grubs in lupalupa roots. Ⓛ ulupulupu lunja Schatten (von Bäumen, Laubhütte). lupatja weiße Larven in Akacien-Wurzeln. ◇ shadow; shade. Ⓛ puri, watuti ◇ white grubs in acacia roots. Ⓛ ulupiti Ⓓ pungala, pungalkuru libaliba (lubaluba) sehr müde. ◇ very lungerama zusammenkommen. ◇ gather. tired. Ⓛ wolbawolba Ⓛ tunguringan͂ i Ⓓ dankamalina lupaia Ratte (ohne Beutel), Hapalotis (zusammen kommen: gather, sich Mitchilli. ◇ rat (without pouch), hopping begegnen: meet), manduina. mouse, Notomys mitchellii (Atlas of Living lunka Haken, Widerhaken (am Speer), Australia n.d.) Ⓛ ulkunba Anker. ◇ hook, barb (on a spear), anchor. lupara Oberschenkel, Ober-Beine, Rebe, Ⓛ nangu Ⓓ ngami Ranke. ◇ thighs, upper legs, vine. lunkagata postp. = gata = mit (cum), Speer Ⓛ tunta Ⓓ tara mit Widerhaken. ◇ spear with barb. lupata bleibend, beharrlich. ◇ lasting, Ⓛ nangutara (mit dem Widerhaken) persistent. Ⓛ ngatala lunka [Southern dialect], mannalunka lupaterama bleiben, verharren. ◇ stay. mit [unclear]. Ⓛ mitara Ⓛ ngatalarin͂ i lunkata große Mulde, in der z.B. kleine lupatilama behalten. ◇ keep. Kinder getragen werden aus ininta Holz. Ⓛ ngatalanani, ngatalmanani͂ ◇ large bowl made of bean tree wood; lurilknalama sich waschen, sich reinigen, small children are carried in them. sich den Schlaf aus den Augen reiben. Ⓛ ulunkati ◇ wash, cleanse, rub sleep out of eyes. lunkultja Gewürm, Insekten und Ⓛ kuru urini, paltjini (sich waschen) Schlangen, Tiere. ◇ worms, insects and luraïlknama reinigen, waschen (trs.) snakes, animals. Ⓛ wimmalara Ⓓ tjutju ◇ clean, wash (transitive). Ⓛ paltjini lunkerama hervorkommen, zum Vorschein luralura geschwollen, wülstig. ◇ swollen, kommen. ◇ to come out, to appear. thick. Ⓛ uluruluru Ⓛ wiiwïirkani lurba kalte Wind, kalte Zeit (Winter). lungura gemischt, gemischte ◇ cold wind, cold time (winter). Ⓛ wonta Gesellschaft. ◇ mixed, mixed company. Ⓓ kilpa Ⓛ tungunmannu lurbaka im Winter (Mai-August). ◇ in winter lungurilama mischen, vermengen. (May–August). Ⓛ wontaku Ⓓ kilpali ◇ to mix, blend. Ⓛ tunguni lurbakata der Monat, in dem es wieder Ⓓ duldruwana, duldrungana, kälter wird (Herbst, April und Mai). ngokibana. ◇ month, in which it gets cold again lungurutnama vermengen. ◇ to mix. (autumn, April and May). Ⓛ wontakata Ⓛ turitarbatunan͂ i lurbitja Sehne, Muskel. ◇ sinew, tendon, lunkulbelama zerstören. ◇ to destroy. muscle. Ⓛ bilku Ⓓ tiltja luntalelama aufbieten (zum Kampf). (lurbutja) Sehne. ◇ sinew, tendon. ◇ to summon (to fight).Ⓛ tjipatjipani lurbmeritjilama nicht weiter gehen. lupa Strauch mit hellgelben Blüten und ◇ go no further. Ⓛ ngutapirin͂ i Schotenfrüchten, wilde Akacia, von den lurka hell, bleich, scheinend (Sonne Eingeborenen gesammelt, geröstet und umkehren [auf oder untergehen?]). gegessen. ◇ shrub with light yellow ◇ light, pale, shine. Ⓛ alurka, púnura blossoms and fruit-pods, wild acacia; lurkereulama sehr hell scheinen roasted and eaten. Ⓛ úlupu Ⓓ kalju (Mondschein = der Mond reinigt sich), sich mit roter Farbe bemalen. ◇ shine

~~266 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

very bright (moonshine = moon cleans lutitjala nama die Beine himself), paint oneself with red colour. übereinanderschlagen. ◇ cross legs. Ⓛ topirpungan͂ i Ⓛ alatatji ninan͂ i lurkna Ader, Sehne. ◇ vein, artery, sinew. lutankama stampfen, klopfen mit d. Füßen, Ⓛ bilku Ⓓ tilja (Sehne) sich erheben. ◇ stamp, beat with feet, lurknalurkna sehnig. ◇ sinewy, stringy. stand up. Ⓛ totuni Ⓛ bilkubilku Ⓓ tiltjatiltja lutjala hinten, zuletzt (kommen). ◇ behind, lurknibata Kniekehle. ◇ hollow of knee. the last (to arrive). Ⓛ nganti Ⓛ bilku ngati Ⓓ tiltjagandri lutnarinka Stirn der Berge, Gebirgskamm. lurkiuma reinigen, Schmuck entfernen, ◇ mountain face, mountain ridge. entleeren (Samen?). (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ pulingali ◇ cleanse, remove dirt, empty (seeds). lutula kurz, niedrig. ◇ short, low. Ⓛ pitaltjinani Ⓛ murilji, tarta lurkninama zaubern, Zauber (Sehne) luta immer, ewig. ◇ always, everlasting. entfernen; z.B. ein Gespeerte. ◇ make Ⓛ kutu magic, remove magic (sinew); e.g. lutantjia Honig der Honigameisen. [from] someone who has been speared. ◇ honey of honeyants. Ⓛ alutantjiï Ⓛ bilku manjini lurrulelama fest umfassen. ◇ hold tightly. lurka helle, bleich (Hoingameisen). ◇ light, Ⓛ ngamini pale (honeyants). Ⓛ alurku lutunta ohne, nicht mitgerechnet. lurka Flecken (an der Kleidung). ◇ spots ◇ without, not included. (on clothing). lurkumba Zucker (auf den Gummiblättern). ◇ sugar (on gum leaves). Ⓛ albitalji M lurkagunja unbefleckt. ◇ spotless, ma! Nimm hin! Da! ◇ take this! there! untainted. maia Mutter, Tanta (Schwester der Mutter). lurkuta undeutlich, unverständlich ◇ mother, aunt (mother’s sister). Ⓛ jaku (Sprache), fremd. ◇ unclear, maia knara ältere Schwester der Mutter. incomprehensible (language), foreign. ◇ Ⓛ jaku puntu Ⓛ wabalbi mother’s older sister. maia pmalatja die ältere Schwester lurkutilama alle durcheinander sprechen. der Mutter. ◇ mother’s older sister. ◇ all talk at once. Ⓛ kaualkaualbmanan͂ i Ⓛ jakuna puntu lurpma Frosch (auf clay-pans). ◇ frog (on maia larra jüngere Schwester der Mutter. claypans). Ⓛ ulurpmu ◇ mother’s younger sister. Ⓛ jaku lurkutankama verleumden, schlechtes wongu berichten von Abwesenden. makura [Southern dialect] die Mutter ◇ defame, slander (in the absence ◇ of others). Ⓛ kaualikurawonkan͂ i eines Andern. mother of somebody Ⓓ warawarapana, ngultuterkana else (of a male person). Ⓛ jakura matjinga ◇ lurumbalknilama sich waschen, meine Mutter. my mother. Ⓛ sich baden. ◇ (reflexive) wash, bath. jakuna Ⓛ paltjini mēkua[Northern dialect] Mutter einer lururkna sumpfig, morastig, (ala). Andern. ◇ the mother of somebody ◇ swampy, marshy (soil, ground). else (a female person). Ⓛ jakura Ⓛ ngalngalba maiamaia große weiße Raupe, die sich an lurralurra ein Busch. ◇ bush, shrub. den tnurunga Sträuchen aufhält. ◇ large lurralura, lurralurra eine weiße Larve. white caterpillar that lives on tnurunga ◇ white grub. Ⓛ ulurrulurru bushes. Ⓛ kowiawia lūta kleines Wallaby (spec.) ◇ small wallaby maiïnga [Southern dialect] cf. mara gut. (species). Ⓛ meteki ◇ good. Ⓛ pala

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 267 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

maninta Halbgeschwister (dieselbe malankaia sehr erhitzt, erschöpft. ◇ very Mutter). ◇ half-sibling (same mother). hot, flushed, exhausted. Ⓛ rukurkatji Ⓛ jakutungu malla (inka) sehr kurz und breit (Füße). mainama festhalten. ◇ hold tight. ◇ very short and broad (feet). Ⓛ (tjinna)- Ⓛ ngaluni tata mainalama sich in etwas verwickeln, malakaljialjía Pflanze mit milchigem hängen bleiben. ◇ get tangled up in Saft, Symbol der Weiber und Mädchen something, get caught up. Ⓛ ngaluni (aljia=altja=zugehörig). ◇ plant with milky maka Ellenbogen. ◇ elbow. Ⓛ neku sap, symbol of women and girls (belong makamaka Greuel, Abscheu, Grauen. to). Ⓛ ngutanguta, okara ◇ horror, fear, dread; dangerous, malla Löcher, Gruben der wilden Hunde. dangerous place, sacred site. ◇ holes, pits of wild dog. makalaría gefährlich, ungenießbar, malbamala heiser. ◇ hoarse, husky. unnahbar (den Feinden). ◇ dangerous, Ⓛ amalbamili inedible, unapproachable (the enemy), maljanuka die Angehörigen der anderen blameless, feared (by the enemy). Heiratsgruppe = meine Freunde. ◇ the Ⓛ amakalari ones belonging to the other marriage- makamakerama sich grauen. ◇ to dread. group, my friends; ‘them’, meaning makerama verschonen, unterlassen, nicht the people in the opposite patrimoiety. ◇ ausrichten. spare, fail (to do), not One of the basic divisions of Aranda Ⓛ akangaran͂ i accomplish. society organises all people into two makerelalbuma unverrichteter Sache. groups, i.e. exogamous moieties. These ◇ without having achieved anything. patrimoieties were called ‘Nákarakia’ Ⓛ amekenakula kulban͂ i (our kindred or people) and ‘Etnákarakia’ maker͑ elaùma zurückkehren, schmollen, (those people or that kindred) or launig sein, eigensinnig sein. ◇ return, ‘Maljanuka’ (my friends) by the Aranda. sulk, be moody, be obstinate. These terms were not names for one or Ⓛ akapatiratalkan͂ i the other moiety but were reciprocally makulba Stock zum Schlagen. ◇ hitting used by both groups (Strehlow 1913: stick. Ⓛ kuturu 62). Today Arandic people still refer – makura [Southern dialect] cf. mekua. from an egocentric point of view – to ◇ mother of somebody else. Ⓛ jakuru such groupings that are maljanuka and makuta der hohle Ast, das Loch im Stamm nákarakia. Maljanuka means ‘them’ or des Baumes. ◇ hollow branch, hole in ‘our in-laws’ while nákarakia means ‘us’. a tree trunk. Ⓛ amakuta In one’s own patrimoiety, that is ‘us’, are mala schon, postp. einst, einmal. ◇ already, one’s actual and classificatory fathers (postposition) once, once upon a time. and their siblings, father’s fathers and mala weiblich. ◇ female. Ⓛ jaku son’s children, and also one’s mother’s kutungula mala Dienerin. ◇ female servant. Ⓛ jaku pipawonnu mother’s patriline which is part of knulja mala Hündin. ◇ bitch (female nákarakia [or ilakakia], i.e. ‘us’. In the dog). Ⓛ papa jaku opposite moiety, maljanuka, in addition malalitjina rankende Pflanze mit to one’s spouse and brothers-in-law milchigem Saft. ◇ plant with milky sap. there are one’s actual and classificatory Ⓛ malalitji, ibiïbi mothers, mother’s brothers and mother’s malamalauma sich stoßen in Gedränge. fathers and also one’s father’s mother. ◇ bump into each other in a crowd. Like the Aranda, the Loritja used Ⓛ tumutumuni particular terms for the members of these melanka sehr gut (Menschen, Häuptling). groups reciprocally. All relatives of an ◇ very good (humans, chief). Ⓛ pala ego’s group (own patrimoiety) were called

~~268 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

‘Ngananukarpitina’ meaning ‘all of us’; mamilama verwunden. ◇ to wound. and all relatives of the opposite moiety Ⓛ pekani were called ‘Tananukarpitina’ meaning ‘all manaltja Schwanzfett (des Känguruhs). of them’ (Strehlow 1913: 79). In societies ◇ tail fat (of kangaroo). Ⓛ nilji organised in this way one should always mananga (conf. maia) Mutter und Kind. marry someone from the opposite moiety. ◇ mother and child. Ⓛ jakurara Ⓛ tananukarpitina manangananga Mutter und 2 Kinder. maljurkurra Beutelratte. ◇ marsupial rat, ◇ mother and two children, place name. rat with pouch. Ⓛ muta Ⓛ jakurarawaritji maljurutnama peitschen oder treiben manangatua Mutter mit 3 Kindern (seien (Sturm, die Wasserwellen). ◇ whip or es Söhne oder Töchter). ◇ mother with drive (storm, waves). three children (irrespective of gender). malkura postp. wie, ähnlich. Ⓛ jakutiturara ◇ (postposition) like, similar. Ⓛ nguanba manantja Schaum, Gischt. ◇ foam, spray. nunamalkura wie wir. ◇ like us. Ⓛ amanantji, talji Ⓓ ngulongaltja Ⓛ nganananguanba manerinja zusammengewachsen, dicht katjiamalkura wie ein Kind, kindlich. ◇ like neben einanderstehend (Bäume), in a child, child-like. Ⓛ pipiri nguanba einander verschlungen (die Wurzeln malkura flügge, ausgewachsen (nur zwischen Bäumen). ◇ grown together, Vögel). ◇ fledged, fully grown (birds only). standing close to each other (dense Ⓛ maraka stand of trees), intertwined (tree roots). malla Höhle (eines wilden Hundes oder Ⓛ ngalurupunguta Känguruhs). ◇ cave (of a wild dog or rella manerinja zusammengewachsene kangaroo). Ⓛ turalba, narkulta Menschen. ◇ undeveloped human beings malta Arm. ◇ arm. Ⓛ ngakulta (at the beginning of time the bodies of maltala ngama auf der Hüfte tragen, auf the rella manerinja were grown together). dem Arm tragen, unter dem Arm tragen. Ⓛ matu ngalulba ◇ carry on hip or arm, carry under the manga Fliege. ◇ fly. Ⓛ amangi, punpun arm. Ⓛ ngakulta katin͂ i Ⓓ muntju maltala inama unter dem Arm nehmen. mangilama Fliegen wedeln. ◇ wave flies ◇ take under the arm. Ⓛ ngakulta away. Ⓛ amangi bailtunani manjini mannaka pallerinja Teuerung (von Brot). maltala unterm Arm. ◇ under the arm. ◇ price increase (of bread). Ⓛ totunka mangaparra böse Wesen in Gestalt von mamantara zerschlagen, verwundet durch großen, schwarzen Vögeln, die in der Schlagen. ◇ break or smash to pieces, Nacht besonders den kleinen Kindern wounded from a beating. nachstellen. ◇ evil beings or bad spirits in malturamba Gummi (auf den Lalba the shape of large black birds who mainly Sträuchen). ◇ gum (on lalba-bushes). stalk small children in the guise of night; Ⓛ ilulbu they travel in hot winds from the west mamuntulama formen, gestalten. ◇ form, and may cause death because they take shape. peoples’ souls away among other things mamiluma Schrof von der Wunde lösen. (Strehlow 1907: 12, 13–14). Ⓛ marali ◇ remove scab from wound. Ⓛ peka mangalkna eben angesetzten (kleine) aran͂ i Früchte. ◇ budding (small) fruit. mama Wunde (Name). ◇ wound, (Name Ⓛ amangikuru of a person) (Strehlow 1920: 28). Ⓛ peka mangala unter, im Schatten. ◇ under, in the Ⓓ dapa shade. Ⓛ wollanka, luntawolla

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 269 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

para mangala unter einem Gummibaum. mankerama aufwachsen, nachwachsen ◇ under a gumtree. Ⓛ itara wollanka (Nachwuchs). ◇ grow up (offspring). mangarabuntja Fliege. ◇ fly. Ⓛ unkarawonin͂ i Ⓛ amangarabuntji mankinja ausgewachsen (Bäume), mangarkunjarkunja eine kleine Eidechse erwachsen (Menschen). ◇ fully grown (spec.); mythisch: der Former der (trees), grown up (humans). Ⓛ unkanta Menschen. ◇ a small lizard species; mankilama beendigen, vollenden. ◇ bring in mythology: the maker of humans. to an end, finish, complete.Ⓛ patini Ⓛ namunaurkúnjurkunju (Schöpfer mankurara Gewühl, Gewimmel, der Menschen: creator of humans), Durcheinanderlaufen, amungurkunjurkunju (kleine Eidechse: Durcheinanderlaufen (beim Spiel). small lizard) ◇ bustle, throng, milling crowd, confusion manjirama sich verstellen. ◇ disguise. (at play). Ⓛ aririninan͂ i mannatulkatulka Drüse, Geschwulst?, mankarama hindern am Weitergehen Schwären? ◇ gland, tumour, growth. (Gebüsch). ◇ prevent from moving on (‘?’ added by CS) (bushes). Ⓛ amikinangan͂ i manginta Eule, große Eule (spec.) ◇ owl, manna Pflanzenkost, Sämerei, Früchte, large owl (species). Ⓛ wiratu Brot. ◇ plant food, seeds, fruit, bread. manjerkuma vorbeiwerfen, verfehlen. Ⓛ miï, mai Ⓓ buka ◇ throw past, miss. Ⓛ wakupinpani mannetanetana Säamann. ◇ sower. manjerkulawuma vorbeiwerfen. ◇ throw Ⓛ miïkutanmi past. Ⓛ mawakupinpani manna unkwaltja Brocken. ◇ piece, manjima eßbare Beere von der Größe lump (bread, food). Ⓛ miï pitjili einer Stachelbeere, gelb mit widerlichem Ⓓ buka worduwordu Geschmack. ◇ yellow edible berry. manna ulba Mehl. ◇ flour.Ⓛ mii pulba Ⓛ kanba Ⓓ buka turara (Mehl: flour) manjura conf. ilbalata. ◇ type of tree. manpa die ersten Funken, die beim Reiben Ⓛ minjura des Feuers in das trockene Gras fallen. manka beendet, fertig (gebaut). ◇ finished, ◇ first sparks that fall into the dry grass ready (built). Ⓛ bokkanita when rubbing fire.Ⓛ ngutulba manjarpa Schlangengestalt, Schlange manna urkna Brotteig, dicke Brei. ◇ bread (genus). ◇ shape of a snake, snake dough, thick paste. Ⓛ miï altji (genus). Ⓛ wonjirpi manna ilbala das Gemüse, Kohl (n). mankalankala erwachsen, flügge (Vogel). ◇ vegetables, cabbage. ◇ grown up, fully fledged (birds). manta dicht, geschlossen (Tür), stumpf Ⓛ parpakajennan͂ i (Messer), taub (Ohr), stumm (Mund). mankama wachsen. ◇ grow. Ⓛ unkani ◇ tight, closed (door), blunt (knife), deaf Ⓓ punkana (ear), mute (mouth). Ⓛ patti Ⓓ njeni mankalelarama groß wachsen (Stumpf), patu (Stumpf) machen. ◇ to make grow large. mantumanta eingeschlossenes Ⓛ unkaljirapungan͂ i (Wasserloch), Damm. ◇ enclosed mankalelama aufziehen (Kinder). ◇ raise (waterhole), dam. Ⓛ manguri (children). Ⓛ unkaljennani mantamanta geschlossener Raum. mankitjintjama aufwachsen. ◇ grow up. ◇ closed room. Ⓛ pattipatti Ⓛ unkarakalban͂ i mantilama schließen (Tür), verschließen, mankarankarerama anwachsen zumachen, zuhalten (Ohr). ◇ shut (Wolke). ◇ increase, grow (clouds). (door), lock, close, cover (ear). Ⓛ tambarknaran͂ i Ⓛ pattini

~~270 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

mantamaleuma trs. drängen (im (Schwiegermutter (M): mother-in-law, Gewühl). ◇ (transitive) pushing (in Schwiegersohn (F): son-in-law) crowd). marra Fraus Mutter, ♂. ◇ wife’s mother. mantara Tasche in Kleidung, inkulba, Ⓛ mokuli, ngomaiï Kleid. ◇ pocket (in garment). Ⓛ mantari marra tualtja eigene Schwiegermutter, Ⓓ kati ♂. ◇ own mother-in-law. Ⓛ tutaltji mantaragata bekleidet. ◇ dressed. marra knara Fraus Mutters ältere Ⓛ mantaratara Schwester. ◇ wife’s mother’s older mantaramantara den Boden bedeckend sister. Ⓛ mokuli p. (Blüten)? ◇ cover ground (blossoms). marra larra Fraus Mutters jüngere (‘?’ added by CS) Schwester. ◇ wife’s mother’s younger matakai [Southern dialect], makuia sister. Ⓛ mokuli w. [Northern dialect] nimm dies! (das ich marra Tochters Mann, ♀. ◇ daughter’s Dir hinhalte). ◇ take this! (that I hold out husband. Ⓛ tutaltji to you). Ⓛ imamaju marra Schwesters Sohns Frau, ♂. marajerama sich zerstreuen, um Fleisch zu ◇ sister’s son’s wife. Ⓛ ngomaiï erjagen. ◇ spread out to hunt for meat. marra Fraus Bruders Sohns Frau, Fraus Ⓛ parajurin͂ i Bruders Tochters Mann. ◇ wife’s mara gut. ◇ good. Ⓛ păla Ⓓ ngumu brother’s son’s wife, wife’s brother’s marerama gut werden. ◇ become good. daughter’s husband. Ⓛ palaringan͂ i Ⓓ ngumu pantjina marrukua Schwiegermutter, -sohn (eines marilama gutes tun. ◇ do good. Andern). ◇ mother-in-law, son-in-law Ⓛ palani Ⓓ ngumu ngankana (of someone else). Ⓛ omarrira maralkura besser. ◇ better. matalkulama (zusammenkommen Ⓛ palanguanba Ⓓ morla nguma von verschiedenen Richtungen), sich marulkura in guter Ordnung niederlassen. vereinigen. ◇ come together (from all ◇ settled down into good order. directions), unite, assemble (Strehlow Ⓛ palanguanba 1907: 69). Ⓛ tintjirapungan͂ i marala, marala böses Wesen in Gestalt matara Halsschmuck. ◇ neck ornament. eines großen Schwarzen Vogels, der Ⓛ amatara Ⓓ jelkara (Faden: thread), in Heißwinden daherfährt. ◇ evil being kaldrati (Halsschmuck: neck ornament) or bad spirit in the shape of a large mataramatara kleine auf Bergen black bird, who travels in hot winds; wachsende Pflanze mit ovalen kleinen ‘marala’ appears to have been used sich gegenüberstehenden Blättern. interchangeably with mangaparra ◇ small plant with little oval leaves that (Strehlow 1907: 13). Ⓛ marali sit opposite of each other, grows on hills. marpara Frucht des Gummibaumes. Ⓛ amataramatara ◇ fruit of gumtree. Ⓛ amirpiri Ⓓ paua matera leichte, weiße Wolken. ◇ fluffy white marra Schulterknochen. ◇ shoulder bone. clouds. Ⓛ matari Ⓛ alipiri mata, raninjamata (posp.) mit; mit Gerät marrukabuta die wohllüstige oder Sachen. ◇ (postposition) with; with Schwiegermutter, begierig nach dem utensils, things. Ⓛ tara, jultatara Schwiegersohn [unclear]. ◇ lusting matakataka eine Kreuzweise über der mother-in-law, desirous of son-in-law. Brust gebundene Schnur. ◇ string tied Ⓛ omarripanti crosswise over chest (used by women). marra Schwiegermutter (M), Ⓛ amitikitiki Schwiegersohn (F), Schwesters matiuma, matitjiuma binden, umwickeln, Tochters Mann (♂). ◇ mother-in-law umbinden, fesseln, zusammenwickeln, (m), son-in-law (f). Ⓛ omarri Ⓓ paiara zumachen (Buch), kräuseln. ◇ to tie,

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 271 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

bind, wind, tie around, wrap together, maramoka, maramokala tuma Faust zum close (book), curl. Ⓛ juntunan͂ i, [Schlagen]. ◇ fist (to hit). tetirpungan͂ i Ⓓ dupudupu ngankana, marurkabuma sich freuen (über die workumandrana Arbeit und Vorsicht eines Anderen). ◇ be matubara gefesselt. ◇ tied up, shackled. pleased (about someone’s work and Ⓛ tetirba diligence). Ⓛ palalkunku palani maturba zusammen gewickelt, mbaljilkaljílka sehr glatt (Stein), eben unentwickelt (Brüste). ◇ wrapped up, (Boden). ◇ very smooth (stone), even not developed (breasts). Ⓛ umuturba (ground). Ⓛ wir͑ ul, wir͑ ulba Ⓓ pankara matjintara sehr trotzig, widerspenstig. mbaiamba sehr eben, sehr gut (Weg). ◇ very obstinate, refractory. ◇ very even, very good (path). Ⓛ bauali Ⓛ alutirkitirki, putalputalja mbaia heiß, warm. ◇ hot, warm. Ⓛ aranta matunja-konja betrübt, traurig oder mbaieleela sehr heiß. ◇ very hot. Bedauerswert! (der Arme). ◇ sad or poor Ⓛ arantaranta Ⓓ karareli thing! Ⓛ matutu mbaia artjima sich wärmen, sich matjaunga ausgestorben (Leute). ◇ extinct, sonnen. ◇ to warm, to sun (reflexive). died out (people). Ⓛ merimatu Ⓛ arantakamban͂ i matja ◇ Feuer, Brennholz. fire, firewood. mbanambana Kochgefäß (n), Topf (n). Ⓛ waru Ⓓ turu ◇ cooking pot, pot. matjakauma, matjakëuma Feuer mbaka anlehnend (an etwas). ◇ lean anfachen. ◇ fan fire.Ⓛ waru (against something). Ⓛ ngambal kurkaltunan͂ i mbaka indama (sitzend) sich anlehnen. matjakapa Feuerbrand, Fakel. ◇ blazing ◇ lean against something (sitting). Ⓛ warutani fire, torch. Ⓛ ngambalngarin͂ i matjangera feurig. ◇ fiery. mbaka tnama (stehend) sich Ⓛ warunguanba ◇ matjatara anlehnen. lean on (standing). großes, aufloderndes Feuer. Ⓛ ngambaltnaran͂ i ◇ Ⓛ kurkala, waru big, flaring fire. mbakanama ◇ kurkalta, waru kurkalba sich anlehnen. lean against or on. Ⓛ ngambalninan͂ i matja-ilirtja Grube, in der Feuer Ⓓ jenina angezündet wird. ◇ fire pit.Ⓛ waru mbakerenama ilirtji zusammenfügen, -halten, -drücken, vereinigen, übers Kreuz matja-taba, matja tuāba heiße Asche. halten (Hände), fest an etwas drücken, ◇ hot ash. Ⓛ waru epa aufmalen (Schmuck). ◇ join, hold matja-kwata Rauch. ◇ smoke. Ⓛ waru puju Ⓓ turudupu (Rauch: smoke), together, press together, unite, cross turukunna Rauchwolke (fern) (hands), press hard on something, Ⓛ ngambaltunan͂ i matja-alknanta Feuer Flamme. ◇ lit. fire paint (decoration). Ⓓ flame.Ⓛ waru kala, waru teli jelaribana, manduibana mbakiwunja renama mbabuta eine trockne Stelle (wenn sich zusammenfügen, das Wasser verläuft). ◇ dry spot (when zusammendrücken, fest vereinigen, water has subsided). Ⓛ mbabibi verbinden. ◇ join, press together, ma͡ uia Gift (das Männer und Frauen mit unite, connect. Ⓛ ngimbingimbi = sich tragen) vom Norden (von Tennants ninakatin͂ i Creek kommen). ◇ poison (carried by mbakama trs. ausreißen, abbrechen men and women from the north, from (Früchte), abbeißen, abpflücken, Tennant Creek). Ⓛ mauiï abtrennen (Beine). ◇ (transitive) pull mbabuterama verlaufen (Wasser), trocken or tear out, break off (fruit), sever werden Erde. ◇ subside (water), dry out (limbs). Ⓛ warpuni Ⓓ tampurinbana? (ground). Ⓛ mbabibirin͂ i (‘?’ added by CS), murtjana (abfressen)

272 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary mbakalama intr. zerreißen (Kleid), imbiltja, mbaltja menschenleer. einstürzen (Haus), abfallen (Frucht). ◇ deserted. Ⓛ ambiltji ◇ (intransitive) tear (dress), collapse mbiltjilkelama zustopfen (Loch). (house), fall off (fruit).Ⓛ nalburtalkan͂ i ◇ fill, plug (hole). Ⓛ ambiltjini Ⓓ tampurina mballatama Onarie treiben. ◇ masturbate. mbakata [Southern dialect] offen (Land), mballa heiß, die heiße Zeit (Oct-Febr.) holzarm, kahl. ◇ open (land), treeless, ◇ hot, hot time period (October to bare. Ⓛ urela, urelba February). Ⓛ lurru Ⓓ woldra mbakatàla außen, auf dem offenen Land. mballaka im Sommer. ◇ in summer, ◇ outside, on open land. Ⓛ ureltanka in the hot time (Strehlow 1915: 47). Ⓓ palarani Ⓛ lurruku Ⓓ woldrakanja mbakatnenama schnappen (nach etwas), mballilama wärmen (Sonne). ◇ to warm, z.B. Hund nach Fleisch. ◇ snap (at heat (sun). Ⓛ lurruni something), e.g. dog snaps at meat. mbalambala Hitzeausschlag. ◇ heat Ⓛ warpuratalkan͂ i rash; duplication of heat. Ⓛ etunituni mbalanama sich teilhaftig machen mbalangambálilama sich mit Farbe [unclear]. ◇ [unclear] schmücken, sich bereiten. ◇ adorn with mbala ihr beide. ◇ you two. Ⓛ numbali, paint, prepare. Ⓛ irbotirbotanan͂ i nubali Ⓓ judla mbalangambala bereitet, geschmückt. mbalbaka rama den ganzen Körper und ◇ ready, decorated. ◇ Person selbst sehen. to see the whole mballatana Onarist. ◇ masturbator. Ⓛ ratatura body as well as the person. mbamara gute Ruf, Name. ◇ good nangan͂ i reputation, name. Ⓛ măka mballa schlecht, sehr schlecht. ◇ bad, very mbana knara Mann der älteren Schwester bad. Ⓛ kulantu (♂). ◇ husband of older sister. Ⓛ marutu mballataka sehr schlecht (Mann), Hurer puntu der seine maia begehrt, heiratet oder mbana larra Mann der jüngeren Schwester mit ihr verkehrt. ◇ very bad man who (♂). ◇ husband of younger sister. has intercourse with his maia (Strehlow Ⓛ marutu wongu Ⓛ kulantu 1913: 93). mbana ♂ mbalilama ◇ Schwager (Fraus Bruder ). unrecht tun. do wrong. ◇ Ⓛ marutu Ⓓ kadi Ⓛ kulantunani brother-in-law. mbanukua Schwager (eines Andern). mballumballa die Hure, die ihren ◇ brother-in-law (of somebody else). Sohn begehrt oder mit ihm verkehrt. Ⓛ marutura ◇ whore who has intercourse mbanama schnell weiter brennen with her son (Strehlow 1913: 93). Ⓛ kulantukulantu (Feuer). ◇ continue to burn fast (fire). Ⓛ kambarabakan͂ i mbaler͑ alera weite Creek. ◇ wide creek. Ⓛ untupila mbanama gebären, legen (Eier). ◇ give Ⓛ wolkani Ⓓ dankana, mbalka; z.B. pata mbalka Stein zum birth, lay (eggs). kantji patana zerklopfen von Sämereien, Klopstein. mbangara ◇ grinding stone. Ⓛ umbalki Busch mit roten mbalkaralkara rein, glänzend. tomatenähnlichen Früchten. ◇ bush ◇ clean, pure, bright. Ⓛ ilkarilkari with red tomato-like berries, name of Ⓓ woldankara outstation in West MacDonnell Ranges. mbalknaninja hoch, himmelhoch. ◇ high, Ⓛ itunbu sky high. Ⓛ ngaiuwila mbanga reif (Früchte). ◇ ripe (fruit). mbalkninama brechen, lösen, hauen Ⓛ unmi (Steine). ◇ break, loosen, hew (stone). mbangara neben einem andern, zur Seite. Ⓛ tambirpungan͂ i ◇ next to someone. Ⓛ ambangara

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 273 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

mbangarilama neben einen stellen oder mbatta kleine Beutelratte (Phasologale legen. ◇ stand or lay next to someone. cristicauda). ◇ small marsupial Ⓛ ambangaranan͂ i rat (Phascologale cristicauda now mbangaratarilama nebeneinanderstellen Dasycercus cristicauda or D. blythi (2 Personen). ◇ stand beside each (Atlas of Living Australia nd.)). Ⓛ murta other (two persons); get married. mbarkama scheinen, glänzen. ◇ shine, Ⓛ ambangarakutaranan glitter. Ⓛ tjoalkamban͂ i Ⓓ tjintina mbangarirbera zusammen sein (viele). mbatjalkatiuma hervorbringen, fruchtbar ◇ together (many); together after machen, in einen besseren Zustand marriage. Ⓛ ambangarara waritji versetzen. ◇ bring about, produce; mbanja katuluma ehebrechen. to bing about, make fertile, improve ◇ adulterous. conditions of. Ⓛ kutintjingan͂ i mbanja Ehe. ◇ marriage. Ⓛ wongi mbata Stengel, Stoppel, Strunk. ◇ stalk, Ⓓ pinta stubble, stem, stump. Ⓛ mutu mbanjagata ehelich, verheiratet. Ⓓ mokku ◇ married. Ⓛ wongita mbatara Bauchfett. ◇ belly fat. mbanja eknuma heiraten. ◇ marry. Ⓛ umbatjiri Ⓛ wongini mbatjamba Bauchfett. ◇ belly fat. mbanja katululinja Ehebrecher. Ⓛ umbatjimbi ◇ adulterer. mbekeuma aufhäufen, auf einen Haufen mbanjambanja Porcupine-Maus. werfen. ◇ heap up, throw on a heap. ◇ porcupine-mouse. Ⓛ umbanjumbanji Ⓛ ngambawonnin͂ i mbanja katulunja der Ehebruch. mbelkalama sich freuen, in froher ◇ adultery. Erwartung. ◇ to look forward to. mbanka übrig, übriggelassen (z.B. Brot). Ⓛ inkapalaringan͂ i ◇ left, left over (e.g. bread). Ⓛ winki, mbelkalelama trs. erfreuen (durch ein kulu umbanki Geschenk). ◇ (transitive) to please mbankinja der übrige Raum. (with a present). Ⓛ inkapalarini ◇ remaining space, empty camp or mbewarenama verbinden (miteinander), place. Ⓛ kulupukuru in Verbindung bringen. ◇ join mbankangaruka das Übrige. ◇ rest, left (together), bring together, connect. over. Ⓛ ngambawonnin͂ i mbankama klagen, seufzen, stöhnen. mbenbalalbuma überschreiten (Gebirge), ◇ lament, sigh, groan, moan. Ⓛ narin͂ i, auf der anderen Seite des Gebirges ngarbmanan͂ i Ⓓ kidakidana heruntersteigen. ◇ cross (mountain), mbantaka eben, Ebene, große. ◇ even, descend on the other side of mountain plain, big. Ⓛ umbantiki range. Ⓛ mawararakatirakulban͂ i mbantua die Creek. ◇ creek; Arandic name mbenja postp. vor (örtlich). ◇ (postposition) of Alice Springs today (see ulbaia (creek; in front (locational). fine sand)). mbenka sehr groß, sehr viel. ◇ very big, mbara Maden, (Wurm). ◇ maggots, very much. Ⓛ tjoariwari (worms). Ⓛ katilka Ⓓ miriwiri roambenka eine große Flut. ◇ big flood. mbarangaranga Ordnung (keine Ⓛ juru tjoariwari Unordnung). ◇ order, tidiness (not a kwatjambenka ein großes Wasser (See). mess); process, protocol. ◇ big water (lake). Ⓛ kapitjoariwari mbarama fühlen, befühlen, machen, tun. matjambenka ein großes Feuer, ◇ feel, touch, make, do. Ⓛ pampuni Feuersbrunst. ◇ big fire, conflagration. Ⓓ karakararina, warpibana Ⓛ warutjoariwari mberuma sterben. ◇ to die. Ⓛ ilun͂ i

274 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary mberakeraka hochmütig, hoffärtig. mbutatjinama biegen (halbkreisförmig). ◇ arrogant, haughtly. Ⓛ mberakeraka [?] ◇ bend (semicircle). Ⓛ niliwitini mbinja (mbunja) Rück-(Weg); den mbobipatipata eine große Menge. Weg, den einer gekommen ist; der ◇ a large amount, mob or crowd. zurückgelegte Weg. ◇ (way) back, path Ⓛ ngururupatupatu someone has covered; distance covered. mbobara kl. Beutelratte. ◇ small marsupial Ⓛ tou rat. Ⓛ ambabara mbinjala (mbunjala) zurück, heim, z.B. mbobitjilóla in der Mitte (des zurückkehren auf dem Wege, den man Lagerplatzes). ◇ in the middle (of the gekommen ist. ◇ go back, go home; camp). Ⓛ ngururpati e.g. return on path that one has come on. mbobudora Insel. ◇ island. Ⓛ tuntoru Ⓛ tounka, ngaparba Ⓓ watiwati mbinjala lama herumkehren. ◇ turn mbobulja Kaulquappe. ◇ tadpole. around. Ⓛ tounka jennan͂ i Ⓛ tjupulupulu Ⓓ Jundajunda mbitja leer, verlassen (Platz). ◇ empty, mbokulba kurz, niedrig. ◇ short, low. deserted (place). Ⓛ tou Ⓛ murila, murilba mbitjana eine Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage mbokulberama sich erniedrigen. class, subsection, skin name. ◇ humiliate (reflexive), degrade Ⓛ tambitjinba (♂), nambitjinba (♀) (reflexive).Ⓛ muriljarin͂ i mboanta amboanta [Southern dialect], mbobunginja das 3. älteste Kind. Versammlungsplatz der Frauen (wo ◇ third oldest child. Ⓛ ngurumatata ◇ Frauentanz). women’s meeting place mbobutinja das 4. älteste Kind. ◇ fourth (where they perform dances); amboanta oldest child. Ⓛ ngururita means ‘cleared one’. Ⓛ amboanta mbobuntunga (= der mittelste), der mboba Mitte. ◇ middle. Ⓛ ngururu kälteste Monat (Juli). ◇ (middle), the Ⓓ terti coldest month (July). Ⓛ ngururkultu mbobala in der Mitte, zwischen. ◇ in mbomberama behutsam sein (mit einem the middle, between. Ⓛ ngururanka Kranken), warten, pflegen. ◇ gentle Ⓓ tertieli mbobantema ◇ (with a sick person), attend (to), nurse. mitten durch. through Ⓛ umbuúmbuni Ⓓ dentjudentjumana the middle. Ⓛ ngururbaka mbomberelabuma auf der Hut sein (vor mbobulkura mitten hinein. ◇ straight dem Feinde). ◇ be weary (of the enemy). into the middle. Ⓛ ngururungana Ⓛ umbuumburin͂ i mboba indora ganz in der Mitte. ◇ right mbonta; larrambonta breit, groß; in the middle. Ⓛ ngururkultu Finkefluß (der große Fluß). ◇ wide (broad), mbobanga ndama weiter geben, big; Finke River (the big or wide river). vermitteln (das Geschenk). ◇ pass on, Ⓛ kultu give (gift). Ⓛ ngururungurujungan͂ i mbontja satt. ◇ full. Ⓛ aubakanta Ⓓ jerto mbobalta Stamm, Baumstamm (mittlern mburpa Teil des Baumes). ◇ trunk, tree trunk beweglich, lose, gewandt, (middle part of tree). Ⓛ ngururkultu ausweichend (dem Hindernis), mbobipatípata eine große Menge, ausgleitend, dahingleitend, eilig. mitten in einer großen Menge. ◇ large ◇ flexible, loose, agile, avoid (obstacle), amount or crowd, in the middle of a slippery, glide along, speedy (Strehlow large crowd. Ⓛ ngururupatupatu 1920: 26). Ⓛ titjuru Ⓓ kekilju mbobakilama umschließen, einschließen. mburperama ausgleiten, lose werden, ◇ surround. Ⓛ ngururkutúnani hinfallen. ◇ slip, come loose, mbobalta Stamm (mittlern Teil des fall (down). Ⓛ titurtiturjenan͂ i Baumes). ◇ trunk (middle part of tree). Ⓓ kekiljerina Ⓛ ngururkultu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 275 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

mburpamburpa schnell dahin mburberama (mpurperama?) ausgleiten, schreitend, sehr beweglich. ◇ stride hinfallen. ◇ slip, fall. (‘?’ added by CS) fast, very agile. Ⓛ titjurutitjuru mburka Leib, Körper. ◇ body. Ⓛ anbara, mbulara Regenbogen. ◇ rainbow. anangu Ⓓ palku, palkumarra (fettleibig: Ⓛ kanturangu Ⓓ kurikira fat) mbulbambakama trs. hin und her zerren, mburtamburta Körper hin und her an sich reißen, zerren. ◇ (transitive) bewegend. ◇ move body back and forth. pull back and forth, seize, tear. Ⓛ ngamburngamburu Ⓛ warpuwarpuni Ⓓ diadialkana mburkagatala offenbar, ersichtlich. mbulbuma pfeifen (wie Mäuse). ◇ whistle ◇ obvious, evident. Ⓛ anbarautita (like mice). Ⓛ mumbulbmanan͂ i mburkagatalelama offenbar machen. mbulbuta renama falsches beteuern, ◇ make obvious. Ⓛ anbara utitanani leugnen, bestreiten. ◇ perjure, deny, Ⓓ kutiri ngankana dispute. Ⓛ palitunan͂ i mbutitjilama biegen (z.B. Stock). ◇ bend mbulkna Narben. ◇ scars. Ⓛ melala (e.g. a stick). Ⓛ nutinutini mbulknerama vernarben. ◇ heal. mekua weiblicher Vogel (spec.), weibliche Ⓛ melaláringan͂ i Larven. ◇ female bird, female grubs. mbulja unschuldig. ◇ innocent. Ⓛ ambiltji Ⓛ jakura mbultarenama durchschneiden, mekua Mutter (eines Andern). ◇ mother durchhauen, durchsägen. ◇ cut (of somebody else). Ⓛ jakura through, hew through, saw through. melanka; andata melanka sehr schön, Ⓛ katurpungan͂ i sehr gut; die schöne Blume. ◇ very mbultjérama heilen (Wunde). ◇ heal beautiful, very good; the beautiful (wound). Ⓛ ambiltjiringan͂ i Ⓓ putarina flower. Ⓛ watinba, untuntu watinba mbultjinja Diarrhöe. ◇ diarrhoea. Ⓓ tintipidi Ⓛ tjilpinmi Ⓓ kapaljerina melba Unterarm, Unterarmknochen. mbultjima Durchfall haben, Diarrhoe. ◇ forearm, forearm bone. Ⓛ amelbi ◇ have diarrhoea. Ⓛ tjilpini Ⓓ kudna mburperama verfehlen (das Ziel). ◇ miss tjurana (target). mbultjita wilde Orangenbaum, (capparis), meltjenterkunja gefaltet (Hände). ◇ folded (Capparis Mitchelli). ◇ bush orange, (hands). Ⓛ marawiti Capparis mitchellii. Ⓛ mbultjati mimbara Zeichen (auf dem Körper mbultuma beißen (Rauch – die Augen). gemalt). ◇ designs (painted on body). ◇ sting (smoke in the eyes). Ⓛ kaltjini Ⓛ mimburu mbuma (wumbuma), mbalanama mimbara knaragata bemalt. ◇ painted. brennen. ◇ to burn. Ⓛ kamban͂ i Ⓛ mimburu puntutara urambuma das Feuer brennt. ◇ the fire meminerama blitzen. ◇ lightning. is burning. Ⓛ waru kamban͂ i Ⓛ ngaralinbin͂ i tnatambuma entbrannt sein (vor Ärger). menda krank. ◇ sick. Ⓛ urini Ⓓ muntja, ◇ very angry. Ⓛ wila kamban͂ i muntjala mbunjala cf. mbinjala zurück, heim, z.B. menderama krank werden. ◇ fall sick. zurückkehren auf dem Wege, den man Ⓛ urinirini gekommen ist. ◇ return, (go back), home; mentera [Southern dialect] Fischwehr. e.g. return the way one has come on. ◇ fish weir.Ⓛ amintiri Ⓛ tounka, ngaparba mēra Speerwerfer. ◇ spear thrower. mbumindama einem obliegen (etwas zu Ⓛ meru Ⓓ mankurara wählen), liegen vor einem zur Auswahl. merakalakala Speerwerfer zum Spielen. ◇ obliged (to choose something), have ◇ toy spear thrower. Ⓛ kalamerumeru a choice.

276 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary mewara Mitternacht. ◇ midnight. mpurakata die Kniescheibe. ◇ kneecap. Ⓛ tukalba Ⓛ mutiwotta merankanka ein böses Wesen in mpara (mpura) Knie, untere Ende des Hundegestalt. ◇ bad spirit or evil being Schenkelknochens. ◇ knee, lower part of in the shape of a dog. Ⓛ merankanka thigh bone. Ⓛ muti urkuralji Ⓓ panja notuta tiefe Mulde. ◇ deep bowl. mpura katnilama Knie hochheben. ◇ lift Ⓛ metuta knee. Ⓛ muti kattuni miniera mythische Weiber der Vorzeit. mpar͑ ela ntjitara nama knieen. ◇ kneel. ◇ mythical women of the Dreaming. Ⓛ mutinkatúra ninani Ⓓ panju terkana Ⓛ minieri mpar͑ ela tunkara nama nieder knieen. miamia vorsichtig z.B. lama. ◇ cautious, ◇ kneel down. Ⓛ mutituru ninani e.g. go, walk. Ⓛ takantakan jennan͂ i Ⓓ panju terkana ngarina minkaltarana Schlange, giftig. ◇ snake, mpar͑ ela ntjitara tnama auf den Knieen poisonous. Ⓛ mantaúntupúlpu, stehen (Emu). ◇ stand on knees (emu). minkiringurara Ⓛ tantarangarani, mutitunkula ngarani malbamanalama intr. sich mparampara gewunden, gebogen, krumm hindurchzwängen, z.B. durch ein Loch. (der Lauf des Creek). ◇ winding, curved, ◇ (intransitive) force through, e.g. through bent (course of creek). Ⓛ nunkinunki a hole. Ⓛ ngalungaluni mpurperama ausgleiten, hinfallen. ◇ slip, minka ◇ Ⓛ Syphilis. syphilis. minki, fall. kirkni mulknara Garn (aus Haaren gesponnen). malbamanalelama trs. hindurchdrücken, ◇ thread (spun of hair). Ⓛ amulknuru ◇ -schieben. (transitive) press through, mulata, tjatta mulata Holzart, Speere. push through. Ⓛ ngalungaluni ◇ kind of wood, spears. Ⓛ mulati, katji monanga Giftstrauch (Duboisia mulati Hopwoodii). ◇ poisonous bush (Duboisia mulkumara Schmeißfliege. ◇ blowfly. Ⓛ tulungu hopwoodii). Ⓛ murumulku, pubuleri monja ◇ langsam, geduldig. slow, patient; Ⓓ muntjurunga careful. Ⓛ purinba, purinja Ⓓ mankali mungilama trs. dämpfen (Feuer). monjamonja langsam, vorsichtig, ◇ (transitive) damp (fire). geduldig, langmütig. ◇ slow, careful, mungerama dämpfen. ◇ dampen. patient, forbearing. Ⓛ purinpurinba multjamalawuruma sich drängen. ◇ push, monjamonjilama Geduld haben, warten crowd, thrust. Ⓛ untuúnturupungani (Kinder). ◇ be patient, wait (children). mulunga Ⓛ purinpurinmanani boomerang von südöstlicher Völkerschaft eingehandelt (ein monjikana mildtätig. ◇ charitable. Queensland Wort = Leben abschneidend). monjikínila ndama milde Gaben geben. ◇ boomerang (Queensland word meaning ◇ give alms. Ⓛ purinmatunka jungani monjamokilama, monjamokilai! ‘cut life off’) traded from south-eastern Ⓛ amulúngu behalten, nicht herausgeben, tribes; killer-boomerang. mulurkulurka zurückbehalten (den Lohn); behalte es! rauh, uneben (Feile, ◇ ◇ retain, keep, refuse to give; keep it! Erdboden). rough, uneven (file, ground). Ⓛ ngatalbmanani Ⓛ umulúrkulúrku monjarelama sich in Acht nehmen. ◇ be multjeratnalama stoßen hin und her watchful, be on guard. Ⓛ purinjarekula (die Wellen ein Schiff). ◇ move back nangani and forth (waves a ship). motjamotjilama alles zermalmen munta; rula munta dicht; Dickicht. (z.B. die Larven, die die Wurzeln ◇ thick, dense; thicket. Ⓛ tata, zernagen). ◇ gnaw everything (e.g. grubs punu tata gnawing roots). Ⓛ kerumútumútuni

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 277 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

muntunguntungerama eintrocknen naka hierher, hier. ◇ here. Ⓛ nangaku (Wasser in der Creek), vertrocknen, nakanara pitjima entgegen kommen, eingehen (Bäume), altersschwach hierher kommen. ◇ come to meet, werden. ◇ dry up (water in creek), dry out, come here. Ⓛ alaúla ngalajennani, die (trees), decrepit. Ⓛ lakalakaringani alaala ngalajenan͂ i munuruta cr. Zehn (Personen und nakerama begegnen [zu einem Gegenstände). ◇ circa 10 (persons and kommen]. ◇ meet. Ⓛ patupatuni objects). Ⓛ kutuluru Ⓓ manduina murilja Vogel (spec.) ◇ bird (species) nakakata so groß. ◇ so big. Ⓛ murila Ⓛ nangakutáta murulunga Gift, [unclear]. ◇ poison. nakara, nuakara Sippschaft, Camp- Ⓛ irati Genossenschaft. ◇ clan, camp, murukarinja Vogel (spec.); scharren residential group. Ⓛ ngananakuarpa wie die Hühner nach Sämereien. ◇ bird nakaratitja wir alle zusammen, wir (species) that scratches like a chicken insgesammt. ◇ we all together, all of us. for seeds. Ⓛ marapurunba Ⓛ ngananakuarpalta muruanga große braune Entenart. ◇ large nakua gesättigt, satt. ◇ satisfied, satiated, brown duck species. Ⓛ marawungi full. Ⓛ aubakana conf. arkulta Gras (Art), Samen. ◇ Grass nakarakia, nákarakia unsere ‘Sippschaft’, (species), seeds. Ⓛ mutimuta unsere ‘Gruppe’. ◇ our clan, our group, mutja Stumpf. ◇ stump. Ⓛ patti our kindred or people; ‘us’, meaning muturba eine kleine angesetzte lankua. the people belonging to one’s own ◇ small lankua fruit; name of an ancestor. patrimoiety. One of the basic divisions Ⓛ amulungu of Aranda society organises all people into two groups, i.e. exogamous moieties. These patrimoieties were N called ‘Nákarakia’ (our kindred or people) and ‘Etnákarakia’ (those people or that Nabinbàra ödes, ausgebranntes Land. kindred) or ‘Maljanuka’ (my friends) ◇ desolate, burnt out land. Ⓛ urela by the Aranda. These terms were not nakabakala Mangel (an Gütern), names for one or the other moiety but unverständig, ohne Verstand. ◇ lack were reciprocally used by both groups (of goods), ignorant, without reason (Strehlow 1913: 62). Today Arandic or sense, senseless. people still refer – from an egocentric nabanturuma brummen, summen point of view – to such groupings that (Insekten, Fliegen). ◇ to buzz, hum are maljanuka and nákarakia [or ilakakia]. (insects, flies).Ⓛ betubetuni Maljanuka means ‘them’ or ‘our in-laws’ nairama kūku-ku schreien, gurren while nákarakia [or ilakakia] means ‘us’. (Taube). ◇ call kuku-ku, coo (pigeon). Ⓛ ngunararini In one’s own patrimoiety, that is ‘us’, are one’s actual and classificatory fathers nar͑ ilanama Augen aufheben (zum and their siblings, father’s fathers and Himmel). ◇ look up (to the sky). Ⓛ eranakanái Ⓓ naiïna tarana son’s children, and also one’s mother’s mother’s patriline which is part of nakabanantama hier an diesem Platz. nákarakia [or ilakakia], i.e ‘us’. In the ◇ here at this place. Ⓛ nangatakalbi opposite moiety, maljanuka, in addition nakaguia deswegen. ◇ for this reason. Ⓛ nangakatulbi Ⓓ jendrangundria to one’s spouse and brothers-in-law there are one’s actual and classificatory nakantema hier wieder. ◇ here again. Ⓛ nangakuka mothers, mother’s brothers and mother’s fathers and also one’s father’s mother.

~~278 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

Like the Aranda, the Loritja used nalbanama Blutschande treiben (Bruder particular terms for the members of und Schwester). ◇ commit incest (brother these groups reciprocally. All relatives of and sister). Ⓛ murarapatani an ego’s group (own patrimoiety) were nalka satt, Bauch gefüllt. ◇ full stomach. called ‘Ngananukarpitina’ meaning ‘all Ⓛ palta Ⓓ jerto of us’; and all relatives of the opposite nalkerama satt werden. ◇ become full. moiety were called ‘Tananukarpitina’ Ⓛ paltaringani meaning ‘all of them’ (Strehlow 1913: naltarerama zusammentreffen (von 2 79). In societies organised in this way feindlichen Parteien). ◇ meet, encounter one should always marry someone from (two hostile parties), clash. the opposite moiety. See Strehlow (1913: naltjarerama, naltarerama [Southern 62, fn. 5) for an elaborate attempt on dialect] cf. inaltjarerama [Northern the possible etymology of this reciprocal dialect] wiedersehen (von Freunden). term. Ⓛ ngananukarpitina ◇ see again (friends). Ⓛ ngaparku nakuna [Southern dialect] jener, dort. nangani, nakula pungan͂ i Ⓓ naiïmalina ◇ that one, there. Ⓛ naratanu naltanalterama röcheln (Sterbenden). na Vater (in Zusammensetzung). ◇ father ◇ groan (at death). Ⓛ unúltunúlturini (in compounds). (See also ninanga below) inaltjinaltja-erama (viele) einander nakura [Southern dialect] Vater (eines sehen, wieder sehn. ◇ see again. andern). ◇ father (of somebody else). Ⓛ nakunakulapungan͂ i Ⓛ mamara namalelama verdolmetschen, übersetzen. natja mein Vater. ◇ my father. Ⓛ mamana ◇ translate. nekua Vater (eines Andern). ◇ father naltauma beisammen sein, versammelt. (of somebody else). Ⓛ mamara ◇ be together, assembled. Ⓛ ninara nala hier. ◇ here. Ⓛ nanganka Ⓓ ninkia, wonini ninkida naltjambarananama hinaufklettern nakua dorthin. ◇ there, over there. (auf Baum). ◇ climb up (tree). Ⓛ naraku Ⓛ kulbarawonnini nakua inkana jener, der zuletzt kommt. nanama dahinfahren. ◇ travel (along). ◇ the one, who comes last. Ⓛ narata nalanama sitzen bleiben. ◇ remain seated. nganti Ⓛ ninanini nalabuma schwimmen (Vögel). ◇ swim nama sein, sitzen. ◇ to be, to sit. Ⓛ ninani (birds). Ⓛ ninararini Ⓓ nganana, ngamana nalakelama umarmen. ◇ embrace. natnanama sitzen bleiben, zurückbleiben Ⓛ ambuni Ⓓ munkamalina (während die andern fortgehen). nalalama fahren, reiten, währen, dauern ◇ remain seated, stay behind (whilst (Leben). ◇ drive, ride, last, continue (life). the others go away). Ⓛ ninaninani Ⓛ manjinái, ninaratalkani natnapatnama dransitzen (Brust). nalangalalama fortwährend sein. ◇ sit at. Ⓛ ninaranan͂ i wongu ◇ be continuously. natnitjinjima hervorkommen nalaüma ein wenig bleiben, (um dann (Brustknospen/warzen?). ◇ emerge weiter zu gehen). ◇ stay a while (to then (nipples). (‘?’ added by CS) Ⓛ ninara travel on). Ⓛ ninaratalkani ? kalbani nalitja Unterlage (von Stecken und n̄ ama Gras. ◇ grass. Ⓛ buta Ⓓ kanta Zweigen – Adlersnest). ◇ base, pad, n̄ ama terka das grüne Gras. ◇ green underlay (of sticks and twigs – eagle’s grass. Ⓛ buta okiri nest). Ⓛ nalitji n̄ ama ntjirka Spreu, Stroh. ◇ hay, straw. Ⓛ buta bilti

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 279 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

nama ntjama die Grasunterlage, die auf naminama, namakantja auf dem grünen dem Kopf gelegt wird, um etwas zu Gras liegen, ‘der auf dem Gras liegende’. tragen. ◇ head pad of grass to carry ◇ to lie on green grass, ‘the one lying on something, wreath. Ⓛ buta banta, grass’ (Strehlow 1913: 92). Ⓛ putapanti, buta tăta wongupanti nametna dicht stehendes Gras, Weide. namintitintita Maus (Porcupine [unclear]). ◇ dense grass, pasture. ◇ mouse species. Ⓛ untiapurilba nalangalalama sich aufhalten (längere nanatitja diese. ◇ this one (female). Zeit). ◇ stay, dwell (for a longer time Ⓛ nangatalta period). nanabara dieser. ◇ this, this one (male). namaltulbatia abends wenn es dunkel ist, Ⓛ nangataka wenn die Nacht das Gras (nama) bedeckt. nana dies, dieses-hier. ◇ this, this one here. ◇ in the evening when it is dark, when Ⓛ nangata, ngata the night envelops the grass. Ⓛ butata nanakantema hier. ◇ here. waltuwaltulba Ⓛ nangankaka Ⓓ ninkida (hier: here) nama bottera Stoppeln (n). ◇ stubbles. nanatara dual, diese beiden. ◇ dual, namalelama verlegen (Hütte, Wohnort). these two. Ⓛ nangatakutara ◇ shift (hut, camp). Ⓛ ararakatini nanakabara dort. ◇ there. Ⓛ nangakuka namintjera geflügelte Ameisen (tonanga). nanankana, nanirbera plural diese. ◇ flying ants.Ⓛ watunuma ◇ plural those. Ⓛ nangatatuta, namanama unstät, bald hier, bald dort. nangatamurka ◇ unsteady, fickel.Ⓛ atambatamba nanatoa dieser. ◇ this one. namantia kleine rote fliegende Ameisen. Ⓛ nangatakamba Ⓓ naupini ◇ small red flying ants.Ⓛ namantiï nanilka zunächst, vorläufig. ◇ first, at this namaneulama sich wälzen. ◇ roll, wallow. stage. Ⓛ nangatatauara Ⓛ kutikutikatini nangantema darauf (zeitlich). ◇ thereon namapalanga die mit Gras bestandene (temporal). Ⓛ nganguruka Ebene. ◇ grass covered plain. nanga damals als, – damals. ◇ at that time, Ⓛ akatabilanka then. Ⓛ pána Ⓓ jendranguta (damals: namara Schwiegervater, Vater des then) Ehemannes, Manns Vater (♀), Sohns Frau nangara jene (bekannten?). ◇ those (♂), Bruders Sohns Frau. ◇ father-in-law, (known?). (‘?’ added by CS) father of husband, son’s wife, brother’s Ⓛ panapaluru son’s wife. Ⓛ katana nanka Brust. ◇ chest. Ⓛ ngarka namaratja eigene Schwiegervater (♀). Ⓓ munampiri, munakadra (Brustkasten: ◇ own father-in-law. chest) namarukua Schwiegervater eines Andern. nanama rutschen (auf dem Hintern), sich ◇ someone else’s father-in-law. auf das Hinterteil stellen, sich erheben namarkulta dick, korpulent, schwerfällig. (Schlange). ◇ slide (on behind), sit on ◇ fat, corpulent, slow, sluggish, clumsy. backside, raise (snake). Ⓛ ninarabakani Ⓛ ninakutakuta nanatnalbuma rutschend namerama Platz wechseln, verändern. heimkehren. ◇ return home sliding. ◇ change place, alter, vary. Ⓛ mabakani Ⓛ ninaninarabakani Ⓓ warkurina nankala [Southern dialect] hungrig. namilama Platz machen (einem ◇ hungry. Ⓛ ainma Andern). ◇ make room (for somebody). nanalintjima emporlodern (Feuer), Ⓛ mauntuni Ⓓ piri pinina, warku auffahren (Äste, Feuer). ◇ flare up (fire), ngankana bounce up (branches). Ⓛ ninarakalbani

280 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary nanankama stampfen (den Boden). nantawuma trs. drücken, drängen, schieben ◇ stamp, pound (ground). Ⓛ popuwarani (einen andern). ◇ (transitive) press, push, nankama klopfen, Aufschlagen mit den shove (somebody). Ⓛ tanakunani Füßen (wenn die Känguruh laufen), napalariwontjima wellenförmig stampfen. ◇ beat, pound with feet (when fliegen. ◇ to fly in wave formation. kangaroos hop). Ⓛ popuwonkani Ⓛ ngalakaturikukatini nankapankama fortwährend stampfen. nantinanta sehr hoch (Bäume). ◇ very high ◇ stamp continuously. Ⓛ totutotuni (tree). Ⓛ wirunkurunku nankalelama klopfen (an die Tür), nanto Pferd. ◇ horse. stampfen (mit den Füßen). ◇ knock (at the nateatapa ratlos. ◇ puzzled, at loss. door), stamp (with feet). Ⓛ talaltjingani natinja Rat, Beschluß (den man selber ([unclear]), mamaltjingani (mit Füßen) fasst). ◇ advice, (own independent) nankilindama im Liegen stampfen (mit decision. d. Füßen). ◇ stamp when lying (with the natalka vorn, im Vordergrund. ◇ at the feet). Ⓛ mamaltjingara ngarini front, in the foreground. narama nankinja; nankinjalbuma Schall nach oben sehen, aufblicken. ◇ Ⓛ Ⓓ (Stampfen); Stampfen kommt her. look up. eranangani najina tarana ◇ sound, thump; a thumping is nearing naritjara ◇ (Strehlow 1907: 35). Ⓛ totu trappeln, stampfen. trample, stomp. Ⓛ kunawonkani nankana hier. ◇ here. Ⓛ nangakutu naranarerama Rad schlagen nankara postp. cum. abl. diesseits. Truthahn. ◇ open its tail (turkey). ◇ (postposition, with ablative) this side. Ⓛ Ⓛ tangati ngúnaringúnararini narangawonna Pardalotus striatus: nankaranitja diesseits. ◇ this side. Ⓛ tangatipiti schwarze Streifen von dem Schnabel über den Kopf, gelbe Streifen über jedem nankurbala (die geschwollene Brust). Auge, fast weiße Brust, schwarz und ◇ swollen chest. Ⓛ ngarkabala braune gesprengelte Flügel mit Reihen nankarakara Brustschmerzen. ◇ chest von roten Punkten. Der Rest ist meistens pains. Ⓛ ngarkar͑ akar͑ aka grau oder hellbraun. ◇ Pardalotus inankuma auffliegen, hochfliegen (von striatus: black stripes from the beak over flüggen Vögeln). ◇ fly up.Ⓛ parpakani͂ the head, yellow stripes over each eye, nanjankama klatschend an den Leib breast is almost white, black and brown schlagen (Speer). ◇ clap on body (spear). speckled wings with rows of red dots. Ⓛ mutultjingani The rest is usually gray or light brown. nanta erschöpft, ermüdet, überladen Ⓛ inaringiunja (Magen), fertig (Speisen), durchbacken, naritjula sehr hoch, steil (Felsen, Berg). ◇ gar (Brot). exhausted, tired, overloaded ◇ very high, steep (cliffs, mountain). (stomach), ready (dish), backed (bread). Ⓛ wararabulka Ⓛ ananta arumbananga Geschwisterpaar. ◇ sibling nanterama fertig werden, erschöpft sein. pair. Ⓛ narumbara ◇ finished, exhausted.Ⓛ anantarini, narknulerama gar braten, weich braten tamalarini (intrs. das Fleisch). ◇ roast until done, nantalerama nichts mehr essen roast tender (intransitive, the meat). können (weil voll; z.B. zu essen zu Ⓛ nanarúrini geben). ◇ cannot eat any more (full). natama unentschlossen sein, sich Ⓛ tomatirini überlegen, mit sich selber zu Rat nantatnama aufstoßen (nach dem gehen, mit sich selber sprechen. Essen). ◇ burp, belch (after eating). ◇ undecided, think about, talk to oneself. Ⓛ ngetaninani Ⓛ untukururini

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 281 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

natanataworrama disputieren, sich nbunba Feuerplatz; die Stelle, wo besprechen. ◇ debate, confer. Sämereien geröstet werden; der Platz, Ⓛ untukururin͂ i wo die Speere geglätted werden, Fabrik natalelama trs. einem abraten, ihn (n). ◇ fireplace; place where seeds are unschlüssig machen. ◇ (transitive) roasted or spears smoothed; factory; advise against, make irresolute. (working place). Ⓛ unbunbu Ⓛ untukurarapungani ndalama [sich geben], stillen, Brust geben. natjerama Leid tragen. ◇ suffer. ◇ (lit. give self) breast feed, nurse (baby). natalatalelerama trs. fortwährend abraten, Ⓛ etetunani Wunsch abschlagen. ◇ (transitive) ndalama übergeben, einweihen. constantly advise against, refuse request. ◇ hand over, initiate. Ⓛ untukurakurarapungani ndalkarinja Eidechse, kleine ilantja spec. natiuma sich nicht erweichen lassen ◇ small lizard species. Ⓛ tuntalpini (durch Flehen), einen nicht zu Willen ndalbarkanama sich hinsetzen mit sein, fortwährend die Bitten abschlagen. untergeschlagenen Beinen. ◇ sit with ◇ not give in (to pleads), refuse request. folded legs. Ⓛ ngatarbaninani Ⓛ tanakunani ndalbarkanitjalama sich niedersetzen. natiá verstockt, ungehorsam, eigensinnig, ◇ sit down. Ⓛ ngatarba ninan͂ i talkala nicht zu Willen. ◇ stubborn, disobedient. ndama geben. ◇ give. Ⓛ jungani Ⓛ tomatitara Ⓓ jinkina natnitjinjima herauskommen, ndalama [sich geben], stillen, Brust ◇ hervorkommen (Samen). come out, geben. ◇ (lit. give self) breast feed, Ⓛ ninarakalbani sprout (seeds). nurse (baby). Ⓛ etetunani, etejungani natalauma drängen, bestürmen nditjalbuma zurückgeben. ◇ give back. (mit Bitten), sich nicht abweisen lassen, Ⓛ kulbarajungani immer wieder bitten oder betteln. ◇ urge, ndentjima hergeben. ◇ give up, part plead. Ⓛ tomatinani with. Ⓛ ngalajungani nātja jämmerlich, bedauernswert, Leid. ndalangurbalama pflegen zu geben. ◇ miserable, pitiable, sorrow. Ⓛ matutu ◇ in the habit to give. natnapatnama oben an sitzen, über etwas ndalkeërama fortwandern, verlassen (eine sitzen, dransitzen (Brüste), an der Spitze ◇ ◇ Gegend für immer). wander away, leave sitzen. sit at or over something, sit at Ⓛ wolkararini Ⓛ ninarakatini (an area for good). the front. ntuarakalerama natnanama bleiben, zurückbleiben (im (untuara=Jungfrau=virgin) nach Lagerplatz). ◇ remain, stay back (in mehr verlangen. ◇ ask for more. camp). Ⓛ ninaninani Ⓓ ngamantina Ⓛ wirilikataringani natnawuma von einem Platz zum indata, ndata schweigsam, betrübt, andern hopsen (das Känguruh beim ruhig. ◇ silent, dejected, quiet. Ⓛ rata Fressen). ◇ jump from one place to Ⓓ kurukutukutu the other (kangaroos when grazing). Ⓛ ninaninarakulbanani indaterama ruhig werden (Meer) oder ◇ naurba Streifen (auf dem Rücken, aufgeregt (Mensch). calm down Eidechse). ◇ stripes (on the back of (ocean), or become excited (human). a lizard). Ⓛ kuntera Ⓛ rataringani Ⓓ dalpuru natoa ohne Mangel, zufrieden, satt. ndartjima (die Sonne) scheinen. ◇ (sun) ◇ without want, satisfied, full.Ⓛ ambaru shine. Ⓛ turangarani nauaia weiße Punkte von Kalk (Männer und indapindapakarama schweben (Vögel). Frauen). ◇ white lime spots (men and ◇ hover (birds). Ⓛ mararukatani women decorate themselves with these nditjalbuma zurückgeben. ◇ return, give spots). Ⓛ anauai back. Ⓛ kulbarajungan͂ i

282 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ntoltatuma zerbrechen (die Schenkel). nealatnáma begrüßen (den Freund), ◇ break (thighs). an sich drücken. ◇ greet (friend), ndolja Bild, Schatten (von Menschen). embrace. Ⓛ ngamini ◇ image, shadow (of humans), film, nēka Schlangenart. ◇ snake species. photograph. Ⓛ undulu Ⓛ ániki ndoljambala Schatten (Laubdach). nealatnarama [Southern dialect] dual, ◇ shade (canopy). sich gegenseitig begrüßen (sich mit ndolka Ast, quer. ◇ branch. Ⓛ antulka verschränkten Armen den Oberkörper hin Ⓓ kunarku u. her bewegend, gegenüberstehen als ndolkakilama kreuzigen. ◇ crucify. Freunde), an sich drücken. ◇ dual, greet Ⓛ antulkakunani each other, welcome (friends standing ndolkarenama übers Kreuz legen. ◇ lay opposite of each other with crossed crosswise. Ⓛ antulkatunani arms and moving upper body back and ltotama der Länge nach aufspalten (Baum). forth), embrace. Ⓛ ngamirapungani, ◇ split lengthwise (tree). Ⓛ katapungan͂ i ngamankarapungani ndolkartjawuja ästig, verzweigt, in viele nēka eßbare Frucht (spec.) ◇ edible fruit Arme zerteilt (Creek). ◇ branched, (species). Ⓛ ljella divided, (e.g. a creek with many nekua conf. kata Vater (eines Andern). tributaries). Ⓛ antulka, murkamurka ◇ father (of someone else). Ⓛ mama ltotalama intrs. der Länge nach sich (der Köter), mamara spalten (Bäume). ◇ (intransitive) split iltjanekua Daumen. ◇ thumb. lengthwise (tree). Ⓛ laratalkan͂ i Ⓛ maramamara ndulbmara Rauch, Weihrauch (n). garra nekua = deba nekua männliche ◇ smoke, incense. Ⓛ toto Tier oder Vogel. ◇ male animal or bird. ndulbmara renama Rauch machen, Ⓛ kuka mamara räuchern. ◇ make smoke, smoke. nenkakua sehr hungrig. ◇ very hungry. Ⓛ toto tjingani, pujurtunani Ⓛ ainmatara ndora zusammen getrocknete Früchte nelkunelkuna gehorsam. ◇ obedient. (Samen). ◇ dry, shrivelled fruit (seeds). nenkama verachten (Menschen). Ⓛ warurba ◇ despise, hold in contempt (humans). ndorerama zusammen trocknen nēla Entzündung (der Augen). (von Hitze). ◇ dry out (from heat), ◇ inflammation (of eyes).Ⓛ nela shrivel. Ⓛ warurbaringan͂ i nelarénama unten an sitzen. ◇ sit at the neka große Erdfrüchte. ◇ large tuber. bottom. Ⓛ jella nelbanelba ungehorsam. ◇ disobedient. neana beieinander (Eheleute, 2 Freunde). Ⓛ tanakutanaku Ⓓ delkijila ◇ together (married couple, two friends). nelbeuma verachten (Rat eines Andern, Ⓛ alangata einen Befehl), nicht gehorsam. neanabara beieinander (leben, von ◇ defy (advice, order), disobedient. Eheleute gebraucht), beieinander wohnen Ⓛ tanapungani Ⓓ delkina (eheliche Umarmung). ◇ with one nelkuma gehorsam, ausführen another (live, used by married couples), (den Befehl). ◇ obey, execute (order). live together (conjugal embrace). Ⓛ ngalangalarini Ⓛ alangatakaru nenka Diamant Sperling. ◇ diamond finch. neanatararpa ntema beieinander, Ⓛ nimanka, tjika Ⓓ tiwilitji, tuwilitja zusammen Leben (Eheleute). ◇ together, nenkanenka eine Grasart mit sehr feinen live together (married couple). Halmen und Blüten (Ziergras). ◇ grass Ⓛ alangatakutaraka species with very fine blades and blossoms. Ⓛ nenkanenka

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 283 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

nenta verständlich, offenbar, sichtbar. nerra Mannes Mutter ♀, Sohns Frau ♀, ◇ understandable, obvious, visible. Schwesters Sohns Frau ♀, Mannes Ⓛ nenti Ⓓ miltiri Bruders Sohns Frau. ◇ husband’s mother, nentarama verstehen. ◇ understand. son’s wife, sister’s son’s wife, husband’s Ⓛ nentiringani brother’s son’s wife. Ⓛ ngunari nentilama erklären. ◇ explain. nerratja eigene Schwiegermutter ♀, eigene Ⓛ nentini Ⓓ miltiri ngankana Schwiegertochter. ◇ own mother-in-law, nentilelama verständig machen. ◇ make own daughter-in-law. Ⓛ ngunarina clear, explain. Ⓛ utitanani nerrukua Schwiegermutter (= Tochter), nentila großer Frosch (spec.), clay pan- eines Anderen. ◇ mother-in-law frog (Chiroleptes platycephalus?). ◇ large (= daughter) of someone else. frog (species), claypan frog (Chiroleptes Ⓛ ngunarina platycephalus?). Ⓛ anintili nerroa Vogel spec. ◇ bird species. Ⓛ nero nentala unwillig, keine Lust haben. nētaneta reich, Überfluß haben. ◇ rich, ◇ unwilling, have no desire. Ⓛ tomati have an abundance. Ⓛ unetuneta nentalerama unwillig werden. ◇ grow neulurra blutige Maul (des Hundes). reluctant. ◇ bloody muzzle (of a dog). nēra Fieber. ◇ fever. Ⓛ úrkilkúrkilka nērka das Junge (von Tieren). ◇ young neulbuta sehr schlecht, sehr böse, sehr animal. Ⓛ wimma Ⓓ kuparu krank. ◇ very bad, very wicked, very sick. nērkama a) sich freuen (über ein Geschenk, Ⓛ urubúta über die Ankunft eines Freundes; b) nga du. ◇ you. Ⓛ nuntu wedeln mit dem Schwanz (Hund). nḗrara Samenstrang (Funiculus spermat.) ◇ a) be pleased (about a present ◇ funiculus spermatozoon. Ⓛ injiriri or the arrival of a friend); b) wag tail ngabitjauma umwenden (z.B. (dog). Ⓛ unbaringan͂ i, wollararini Fleisch). ◇ turn over (e.g. meat). Ⓓ mankina, wondiwondina Ⓛ kambakutiwonini nėrama huren (Vater mit seiner Tochter). ngaiïntalama entrinnen. ◇ escape. ◇ incest (father with his daughter). ngaiamia sehr hungrig. ◇ very hungry. Ⓛ muran͂ i Ⓛ ainmapala nēria Mann (dessen Körper sich auf ngaiala hungrig. ◇ hungry. Ⓛ ainma der Brust mit langem Haar bedeckt). Ⓓ mauali ◇ man (whose chest is becoming hairy). ngaiïka-buta sehr hungrig. ◇ very Ⓛ murpu hungry. Ⓛ ainmatara (Geheimsprache) nerarara Vogel (spec.) ◇ bird (species). ngalkinja das Los. ◇ lot, fate. Ⓛ nerarari ngalkitjala wuma losen, das Los werfen. nerkunjakana Kälter (n). ◇ [meaning not ◇ draw. clear]. ngaljakatara sehr kleiner Same. nerkuma ausdrücken, auspressen (Saft). ◇ very small seed. ◇ squeeze out (juice). Ⓛ tulkuni, tunin͂ i ngalakana Beispiel, Gleichnis, Exempel, Ⓓ jikana Vorbild. ◇ example, parable. neragata offenbar, ersichtlich, erkennend. ngakilkiùma widersprechen. ◇ contradict. ◇ clearly. Ⓛ ekuntari Ⓛ tanapungani Ⓓ tjakakana nerra angesammeltes Wasser im Felsen. ngakurakitjala (von ngama) nach ◇ water collected in rockhole. Ⓛ wakula circa 5 Tagen. ◇ after about 5 days. nerra Schwiegertochter (F), Ⓛ angapalumbakita Schwiegermutter, Mutter des Mannes. ngakuralaka (von ngama) nach ◇ daughter-in-law (W), mother-in-law, circa 6 Tagen. ◇ after about 6 days. mother of husband. Ⓛ nganari Ⓛ angapalumbakita

284 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ngalangala Rachen. ◇ throat. ntēmba Baum, aus dessen weichen Holz Ⓛ ngotulngotula Schilde gemacht werden. ◇ tree (shields ngalangalatnalbuma hin und her bewegen are made from its soft wood). Ⓛ angalta (Schwanz), wedeln. ◇ move from side to Ⓓ mulja side (tail), wag. Ⓛ pirtjipirtjirarini ngaltangalta Blume mit gelben, löwenzahn ngala Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage class, artigen Blüten. ◇ flower with yellow subsection, skin name. Ⓛ Nangala ♀, dandelion-like blossoms. Ⓓ punku Tangala ♂ ngalta ein Busch (Wasser in Wurzeln). ngalabuma mit sich nehmen/tragen ◇ bush (stores water in its roots). (Waffen etc.) ◇ take (weapons etc.) Ⓛ angiltji Ⓛ katianani ngama tragen. ◇ carry; take. Ⓛ katini ngalalbuma umhertragen, mitnehmen Ⓓ mandrana (bei der Rückkehr). ◇ carry around, take ngalalbuma mitnehmen (bei der along (on return). Ⓛ kulbajennani Rückkehr). ◇ carry, take along ngalalama etwas (im Maul tragen) (on return). Ⓛ kulbajennani gehen (Hund); z.B. ein Stück Fleisch ilbarilbara ngama am Rande im Maul haben. ◇ walk and carry (fassend) tragen. ◇ carry at edges. something (dog walking and carrying Ⓛ waralwaralkatini Ⓓ tikalkana? something in mouth); e.g. have a piece ngalabuma mit sich nehmen (Waffen of meat in mouth. Ⓛ katiratalkani etc.) ◇ take with, along (weapons etc.) Ⓓ wijiwijibaterina Ⓛ katianani ngalama zwinkern (mit den Augen), iltjingiltjala ngama mit (auf) den bewegen (Zweige im Winde). ◇ wink (with Händen tragen. ◇ carry with (on) eyes), move (branches in wind). Ⓛ jurini hands. Ⓛ marangurkunka katini Ⓓ wijiwijirina, (milki terkibana) Ⓓ munamana? ngalalarulanama hin und her ngalangalelama fortwährend bewegen bewegen. ◇ move back and forth. (trs.) ◇ move constantly (transitive). Ⓛ pirtjirawonnani indalba ngama über der Schulter hängend ngalanbuntuma aufstehen (um weiter zu [etwas] tragen. ◇ carry something over gehen). ◇ get up (to move on), set out. shoulder. Ⓛ alinji katini Ⓓ wilimana Ⓛ jurikatin͂ i ngamanga geduldig, gelassen (im Leiden), ngalinka eßbare Beeren. ◇ edible berries. langmutig. ◇ patient, composed (in Ⓛ angilinki suffering), silent, forbearing (in sorrow). ngalbangalalama dupl. aufstehen (um ngaleangala Körner, Weizen (n). ◇ grain, weiter zu gehen). ◇ (reduplication) get wheat. up (to move on). Ⓛ jurijuririjennan͂ i kantala ngama auf dem Kopf tragen. Ⓓ wijawijabaterina ◇ carry on head. Ⓛ akantanka katini ngalilbilba Moskito (spec.) ◇ mosquito Ⓓ waltana (species). Ⓛ ngaliïlbilbi maltala ngama unter dem Arm tragen, auf ngaljawaljaua (weiche Sand) in der Creek. der Hüfte tragen (kleine Kinder). ◇ carry ◇ (soft sand) in creek. Ⓛ karu tula under arm, carry on hip (small child). ngaljera Gras (spec.) mit rötlichem Samen Ⓛ totunka katini Ⓓ mandrana und einseitigen, weizenartigen Halmen. tangantangantala ngama über einen ◇ grass (species) with reddish seeds and Stecken etwas tragen (2 Männer). ◇ carry one-sided wheat-like blades. Ⓛ angiljiri something over a stick (two men). ngalelama abschütteln (Früchte vom Ⓛ katatjititjitinka katini Ⓓ mandrana Baum). ◇ shake off (fruit from a tree). tjibala ngama auf der Hüfte tragen. ◇ carry Ⓛ pinpintipungani on hip. Ⓛ nanpanka katini Ⓓ munkana

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 285 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ulkwalala (ulkalala) ngama auf der nganalelama hin und her bewegen, Schulter tragen. ◇ carry on shoulder. schütteln. ◇ move back and forth, shake. Ⓛ ulkalinka katini Ⓓ mandrana Ⓛ juritjingani Ⓓ wijawijabana unjila ngama auf dem Hals reiten lassen nganama ausgraben (Steine). ◇ dig out (Kinder), auf dem Nacken tragen. ◇ carry (stones). Ⓛ ngatini on neck. Ⓛ pininka katini Ⓓ mandrana ngan͂ ka Krähe, Rabe. ◇ crow, raven. ngama (in Zusammensetzungen) weiter Ⓛ kanka Ⓓ kaualka entfernt. ◇ (in compounds) further away. ngapuntara noch mehr (sagen). ◇ (say) Ⓛ ngama more. ngama nguruka vor circa 3 Tagen. ngankara Zauberdoctor, Zaubersteine. ◇ about 3 days ago. Ⓛ ngama mungatu ◇ medicine man, magic stones; healer, ngama untuara vor circa 4 Tagen. ◇ about witch doctor. Ⓛ ngankari Ⓓ kunki 4 days ago. Ⓛ ngama wirili ngankariwuma den Zauber ngama untuarakala vor circa 5 Tagen. entfernen vom Kranken. ◇ remove ◇ about 5 days ago. Ⓛ ngama wirilikata magic, spell (from a sick person). ngama untuarulkura vor circa 6 Tagen. Ⓛ ngankariwonnini ngarangara ◇ ◇ about 6 days ago. Ⓛ ngama wirilita Narr, Tor. fool. ngankariwuma ◇ ngama ingunta nach circa 3 Tagen. zaubern. make magic. Ⓛ ngankariwonini, ngankarinani ◇ about 3 days ago. Ⓛ ngama mungatara nantala tjunama Luftspiegelung. ◇ mirage. ngamara Fasan. ◇ pheasant. Ⓛ wontu nganta Luftspiegelung, Fata Morgana. ngamboba 5 Kind einer Familie von 8 ◇ mirage, fata morgana. Ⓛ anganta, Kindern. ◇ fifth child in a family of eight nin̄ ga Ⓓ nili children. Ⓛ ngurutita nganta Raupe, die Zucker auf die Blätter ngambobibera 6 Kind einer Familie von legt. ◇ caterpillar that deposits sugar on 8 Kindern. ◇ sixth child in family of leaves. Ⓛ anganta eight children. Ⓛ mangururita ngantinganta lange Beine (Vögel). ◇ long ngambakala ewig. ◇ eternal, everlasting. legs (birds). Ⓛ wirunkurunku Carl Strehlow writes that ‘The Aranda nganta eine Gras-Unterlage auf dem Kopf. language has four words to describe ◇ grass pad for head. Ⓛ akantakanta eternal = ngambakala, ngambintja, ngantja in der Erde verborgen, unterirdisch. ngamitjina, and ngarra’ (Strehlow 1907: 1). ◇ hidden in the ground, subterranean, Ⓛ tukurita Ⓓ ngurali underground. Ⓛ angintji ngapuntara weiter, noch mehr (sprechen). kwatja ngantja das in der Erde ◇ further, even more (speak). verborgene Wasser, Quellwasser, ngambintja, ngambitja ◇ ewig. eternal, soakage. ◇ hidden underground water, Ⓛ tukurita Ⓓ ngurali for ever. spring water, soakage; rockhole. ngamitjina ewig. ◇ eternal. Ⓛ tukurita Ⓛ kapi angintji Ⓓ ngapa dirtji Ⓓ ngurangura rella ngantja die in der Erde lebenden ngama Du selbst. ◇ yourself. Ⓛ nuntu Menschen. ◇ people living underground ngamilai Du selbst sagen. ◇ say it (see Strehlow 1907: 31–32). Ⓛ matu yourself. Ⓛ nuntuku wottalai! nguana ngamurkabai tu es selber. ◇ do it yourself. nganuna wir (incl.) ◇ we (inclusive). Ⓛ nuntuku manapirtji Ⓛ nuntugánana, nuranganana nguamanna, ngamina große jelka- ngapa schwarze Krähe, Rabe. ◇ black Knollen. ◇ large jelka bulbs, place in Palm crow, raven. Ⓛ tankilka, kanka Valley (Strehlow 1907: 87). Ⓛ ungamini Ⓓ kaualka ngamiuma hinbreiten (z.B. ein Kleid). takula dunkle Muschel. ◇ dark mussel. ◇ spread out (e.g. dress). Ⓛ ngapulupula Ⓓ kuri

286 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ngara mal. ◇ once, for example. Ⓛ kata ngebeuma aussuchen, austeilen, sortieren. nintangara einmal. ◇ once. Ⓛ kutukata ◇ select, distribute, sort. Ⓛ paranangan͂ i ngarbeuma trs. verändern, anders machen. ngēna starr (sich nicht rühren). ◇ rigid, stiff ◇ (transitive) change, alter. (not moving). Ⓛ kaiuwara ngaraka Ranke mit bohnenartigen Schoten, ngalawutjawutjerama herbeilaufen, die innen eine Blume enthalten (eßbar). schnell herankommen. ◇ come fast. ◇ vine with bean-like pods containing Ⓛ juriwontawontani blossoms (edible). Ⓛ mangaraka ngĕra postp. ähnlich, gleich, wie, in Gestalt. ngarbeulama sich verändern, anders ◇ (postposition) similar, like (in form). werden, sich verstellen (Gesicht, Gestalt). Ⓛ nguanba Ⓓ jeribaka ◇ change (reflexive), become different, katjia ngĕra wie ein Kind. ◇ like a child. disguise (face, shape). Ⓛ pipiri nguanba ngaroa tiefes Wasserloch, Brunnen. ngarangara, ngerrangerra unsinnig, ◇ deep waterhole, well. Ⓛ angaròu verrückt. ◇ absurd, crazy. Ⓛ wapawapa Ⓓ ngapapitjeri, ngapatjilli tjina; nananga tjina; worra nana ngarambinja billig (nicht viel kostend). knarailkura oder knara nananga tjina ◇ cheap (not expensive). comp. als. ◇ as. Ⓛ nguru; nangata ngatota Panzer des Kriegers. ◇ armour nguru of warrior. ngetjilbara Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard ngerarelama sich spiegeln. ◇ reflect. (species). Ⓛ kinkilbari ngerarelana der Spiegel. ◇ mirror. ngetjima bringen. ◇ bring. Ⓛ ngalakatini nuna ngerarelanala tjorerelama wir Ⓓ padakana besehen uns im Spiegel. ◇ we look ngetjalbuma zurückbringen. ◇ bring at ourselves in the mirror. back. Ⓛ ngalakulbaïnani Ⓓ padakana ngēna sehr still (leiden), lautlos (leiden), tikana stoisch. ◇ very quiet (suffer), silent relara ngetjima herbeiführen. ◇ lead to, (suffer), stoic.Ⓛ kaiuwara bring. Ⓛ atakatini ngarra Bäume, Felsen, Wasserlöcher etc., ngelkniuma rechnen als etwas; c. genit. wo sich die ratapa aufhalten, = ewigen ◇ count as something; c. genit. (kutata tnaka). ◇ trees, rocks, waterholes ngetnima, ngetnama in den etc., where ratapa dwell = eternal ones Lagerplatz tragen. ◇ carry into camp. (kutata tnaka). Ⓛ angarra Ⓛ kulbaianani ngeljikara; z.B. aldolataka ngeljikara ngilaka (Vater und Sohn incl.), Mann antakarulkura zwischen (zwei und Frau (incl.) ◇ (father and son Richtungen); nach Südwesten. ◇ between incl.), husband and wife (incl.) (two directions), e.g. in between the Ⓛ nuntungalinba west and the south, i.e. south-west. ngilanta wir beide (d.h. du und ich). Ⓛ karbakarba; wilura-ralku karbakarba ◇ the two of us (i.e. you and I). ulbaiïra nguanba Ⓛ nuntungalintu ngata; unta ngatambenja pitjai diesseits; ngilina 2 Brüder (inclus.) ◇ two brothers du etwas weiter hierher kommen, (inclusive). Ⓛ nuntungali Ⓓ ngaldra diesseits. ◇ this side. Ⓛ kalkuni ngota spärlich. ◇ sparse. ngatambenja andere Seite. ◇ other side. n͂ ima beschlafen (geschlechtlich). Ⓛ kalkuniwana ◇ intercourse. Ⓛ muran͂ i ngeljekatara Fruchtansatz (Fruchtansätze n͂ irima dual. treten (Vögel), begatten. der Feigen) [unclear]. ◇ fruit buds; name ◇ mate. Ⓛ murarapungan͂ i of a Loritja ancestor (Strehlow 1920: 24). ngualka [Southern dialect] cf. kurkna Ⓛ kauatjipa ästig, dicht belaubt. ◇ densely covered with leaves. Ⓛ bulkuna

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 287 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ngotjangotja Pflanzenkost. ◇ plant food. ngurangurerelakalerama gegen Ⓛ mutimuta Abend, untergehen. ◇ towards nguanga freundlich, ruhig, zahm. ◇ friendly, evening, at sunset, sink, go under. calm, tame. Ⓛ ala Ⓓ murlali, manju Ⓛ mungartjimungartji = rekula nguakara Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard okalingani (species). Ⓛ ungakari ngurbmalelama überlegen, nguanta vermögend, fähig. ◇ capable. erwägen. ◇ think about, consider. Ⓛ unba Ⓛ munturmunturmanani ngota mehrere (6–9). ◇ several. Ⓛ anguta nguruka (von ingua+ruka=ruga=vorher) nguenba [Southern dialect] morgen. gestern. ◇ yesterday, before. ◇ tomorrow. Ⓛ mungatara Ⓛ mungatu Ⓓ woldrawirdi nguenbarbuna [Southern dialect] ngurukarbuna vorgestern. ◇ the day übermorgen. ◇ the day after tomorrow. before yesterday. Ⓛ mungatu kutuba Ⓛ mungatarakutaba Ⓓ woldrawirdi nguru ngulangula lau. ◇ mild. ngurukakuia vorgestern. ◇ the day ngula kühl, angenehm, heil. ◇ cool, before yesterday. Ⓛ mungatu pleasant. Ⓛ warri Ⓓ malti kutubaka Ⓓ woldrawirdi nguru ngulerama kühl werden. ◇ cool down. ngurukulkura vor mehreren Tagen. Ⓛ Ⓓ warriringani maltirina ◇ several days ago. Ⓛ mungatu ngulilama kühl machen (Fleisch). nguanba ◇ Ⓛ warrini make cool (meat). ngurukawara vor einigen Tagen. ◇ some ngulbatuma vor dem Loch liegen days ago. Ⓛ mungatu wiakutu (Schlange) um sich zu sonnen. ◇ to lie ngutjika eine Pflanze mit kleinen in front of a burrow (snake) to warm up. fleischenen Blättern, auf Bergen wachsen Ⓛ tjilbatjilbani (ljaua ähnlich). ◇ plant with small fleshy ngūmba Hügel. ◇ hill. Ⓛ tulalu leaves that grows on mountains (similar ngulunba das schöne Geschlecht Ⓛ ungutjiki ◇ to ljaua). (Mädchen und Frauen). the fair sex nuturatura Ⓛ ngulunba sehr niedrig (Strauch z.B.) (girls and women). ◇ Ⓛ kalkaturu nguna? ◇ Ⓛ nganana? very low (e.g. bush). wer? who? nia ◇ Ⓛ akuri Ⓓ kangu Ⓓ worra, worrana Schweiß. sweat. nilanilauna Hurer, Ehebrecher. ◇ whorer, ngula wer (in trans. Sätzen). ◇ who adulterer. Ⓓ nilanila (Luftspiegelung) (in transitive sentences). Ⓛ nganalu? nilauma Ⓓ warle huren, verbotenen Umgang mit einem Weibe aus der richtigen Klasse ngunatara? welche beiden? dual. haben. ◇ have forbidden intercourse ◇ which two? Ⓛ ngananakutara with a woman of the right marriage class. ngunankana? wer, welche (pl.) ◇ who, Ⓛ murara talkani which ones (plural) Ⓛ ngananatuta nilalbuma ngunirbera? wer, welche (pl.) ◇ who, wiederholten, verbotenen which ones (plural) Ⓛ ngananamurka Umgang mit einem Weibe aus der ◇ nguntarakitjala (von ingunta) nach richtigen Klasse haben. repeated circa 4 Tagen. ◇ after about 4 days. forbidden intercourse with a woman from Ⓛ unguntarakita the correct marriage class or subsection. ngurangura; (aus ingua + aragula) Ⓛ murara kulbani gegen Abend, wenn die Sonne untergeht; nilinilauma wiederholt mit ein und (vor der Nacht). ◇ towards evening, when demselben Weibe Umgang haben. the sun goes down; (before nightfall). ◇ repeatedly have intercourse with the Ⓛ mungartji same woman. Ⓛ muramarani nilkna heimlich. ◇ secretly. Ⓛ ngurtu, kanka, mulata Ⓓ kurukuru

~~288 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

nilknala inama heimlich nehmen, ninangananga Vater und seine 2 stehlen. ◇ take secretly, steal. Kinder. ◇ father and his two children. Ⓛ mulatanka manjini Ⓓ kurieli Ⓛ mamararawaritji manina ninangatua Vater und seine 3 Kinder. nilknamba Dieb. ◇ thief. Ⓛ kankala ◇ father and his three children. Ⓓ kurikantji Ⓛ mamararamurka nilknerama verheimlichen, heimlich ningalarama dulden (ein Leiden). halten, verschwiegen. ◇ conceal, keep ◇ endure, suffer (pain). secret, hide. Ⓛ ngurturingani ningalarenama aushalten (ein Leiden). nilknalintalelama [heimlich niederlegen, ◇ stand, bear (pain). machen] huren. ◇ (secretly lie down) ningalauma willig hinnehmen, erleiden, to have intercourse with someone ertragen (Schmerzen etc.) ◇ willing to you are not married to. Ⓛ kankanku suffer, endure (pain etc.)Ⓛ urukulin͂ i ngariljennani Ⓓ kurirpi ngamana Ⓓ ketjaketjana (heimlich sitzen) ninbinjerkama ehren, hochhalten. niltja = iningukua der Schutzgeist. ◇ honour. ◇ spirit that looks after his or her human, ningalarelbarenama zurücklassen, nicht spirit double; today these spirits are mitnehmen (z.B. ein Kind, das gern called pmarakutata (pmara meaning mitgehen möchte). ◇ leave behind, not ‘place, country, home’, kutata meaning take along (e.g. a child, who would have ‘always’), spelled in Carl Strehlow’s liked to join). Ⓛ tulbatunani Ⓛ kutubara spelling ‘tmara kutata’. ninganinga heimtükisch, heimlich n͂ ima ◇ (beschlafen). have intercourse. [Anspielung auf Ningara? unclear]. Ⓛ (tuka) muran͂ i ◇ treacherous, secret. Ⓛ kajuwara n͂ irima sich paaren (Vögel). ◇ mate Ⓓ ngaruni (birds). Ⓛ murarapungan͂ i ninjalkna seßhaft, nicht umherstreunend. nimba Bild, Bildsäule, Gestalt. ◇ picture, ◇ settled, not roaming around. Ⓛ nguana bust, gestalt, shape or form. Ⓛ wanabakuru relaka nimba Stein, der die Gestalt ninjira Anführer der Bienen (‘Königin’ eines Menschen hat. ◇ stone or der Bienen). ◇ queen bee; native bee. boulder that has the shape of a human. Ⓛ anjinjiri Ⓛ matunguana ninjerbminjera Brustbein. ◇ sternum. iliaka nimba Emu-Gestalt. ◇ emu Ⓛ mitjermitjera shape. Ⓛ kalaia nguana ninjalapalapalla Vogel, rote Brust, rötliche nimbutnuma arbeiten, bauen, Federn. ◇ bird, red chest, reddish herstellen, loosen. ◇ work, build, make. Ⓛ aljikirinan͂ i feathers. Ⓛ miteïtú aninjirkni Schwalbenähnlicher Vogel. nimurkurka feuchte Erde (in ◇ swallow-like bird. Ⓛ ninjirkna Mäuselöchern). ◇ damp soil (in mouse ninkabuta holes). Ⓛ muntuna mit weißer Farbe beschmiert ninanga Vater und sein Kind. ◇ father and zum Zeichen der Trauer (Frauen). ◇ his child; father(s) and child(ren); a group smeared with white paint (sign of r͑ of two or more people, one of whom is mourning). Ⓛ ma alaringu father to the other(s); father(s) and their ninkara leer (von Häusern), leer (d.h. ohne child(ren) (of a particular subsection Früchte). ◇ empty (houses), empty pair); a group of people in a ninanga (i.e. without fruit). relationship who are traditional owners ninkarauma geheim halten (z.B. heilige of a country or estate (a traditional Lieder). ◇ keep secret. Ⓛ kutitunani local group country); patricouple. Ⓓ kurukurumalkana Ⓛ mamarara

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 289 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ninkararinja geheim gehalten, nintja Akacienschoten. ◇ acacia pods. Geheimis. ◇ kept secret, secret. Ⓛ worbma, apúlu Ⓛ jerkata nitakataka Schlüsselbein. ◇ collarbone. nintakaninta einer nach dem andern. Ⓛ ngantili ◇ one after the other. njantinjanta hoch, schlank. ◇ tall, slim. njambala rename; njambala Ⓛ wirinkuru reninja Versammlung abhalten; nitia junger, unverheirateter Mann, nach Ratsversammlung. ◇ hold a meeting; Inkura-Aufführung. ◇ young, unmarried counsel. man after ceremony. Ⓛ nitaiï nitjigunja abwesend. ◇ absent. nitiera sehr viele. ◇ very many. Ⓛ nitaiïra ninkia eigensinnig, widerspenstig, nitjinjima hinaufklettern (auf einen Baum). verschlossen, lieblos. ◇ wilful, obstinate, ◇ climb up (on a tree). Ⓛ ninarakalbani reserved, unkind. Ⓛ tomati Ⓓ katina ninkarerama eigensinnig sein, nicht njaia abgefallene (Früchte). ◇ fallen (fruit). Folge leisten (den Befehlen oder Ⓛ intaiï Wünschen). ◇ obstinent, not obey. njaialutnuma schnauben (Pferde). ◇ snort Ⓛ jerkajerkaringani (horse). Ⓛ noaltawarkini nirka = nērka ein Kleines, Junges (von njaiïtnima abfallen (Früchte v. Tieren). ◇ young animal. Ⓛ wimma Baum). ◇ fall off (fruit from tree). nirilauma Frau eines andern Mannes. Ⓛ intaiïpatangarani ◇ with wife of another man. njatnauma sich niederlassen (zum huren). Ⓛ muraratalkan͂ i ◇ settle down (to have intercourse with ninta ◇ Ⓛ kutu Ⓓ kulno eins, einer. one. forbidden person). Ⓛ muntupungani nintamaninta einzeln, einer um dem njakeerama beweinen, beklagen. ◇ weep andern. ◇ single, one after the other. or cry over, lament. Ⓛ urkantjirini Ⓛ kututukututu njatjaurkerama hervortreten (Augen vor nintarinjagata mit nur einem Begleiter. Zorn oder vor Begierde nach Fleisch). ◇ with only one companion. ◇ bulge (eyes when angry or from desire Ⓛ kútuntaritara Ⓛ kuruturintalkan͂ i nintaranga, nintangara ◇ for meat). einmal. once. njakeerala nama ◇ Ⓛ kutukata, kutukata beklagen. lament. Ⓛ urkantjurikanin͂ i nintenta ◇ Ⓛ kututa allein. alone. n͂ amakurka Ⓓ kulnolu der saftige, fettige Platz. ◇ lush, rich spot. Ⓛ muntuna nintarinji allein, einsam. ◇ alone, lonely. namatuata ◇ Ⓛ kutunta feuchte Erde. damp soil. Ⓛ tjipiïntini nintakanintelama zerstreuen, njarama cf. ntjarama schnarchen. auseinandersprengen. ◇ scatter, ◇ to snore. Ⓛ ngurbmanani disperse. Ⓛ kututukututanani njartna (inartna) Schwalbe, Flügel nintarabanantema inner Eine. ◇ inner ◇ one. Ⓛ kutubanabaka schwarz, Bauch weiß. swallow, wings Ⓛ ininjirkni, inartiri ninterama eins werden, black, belly white. njarkuma ◇ zusammentreffen. ◇ unite, join. verbieten. prohibit. Ⓛ kuturingani Ⓛ markuni ninta arbuna eine andere. ◇ another one njoa die Seite (des Flusses). ◇ side (female). Ⓛ kutukutuba (of river). ninteritjitnenama einholen (beim njoatara auf beiden Seiten (des Flusses). Laufen). ◇ catch up (when running). ◇ on both sides (of the river). Ⓛ kutulurinitalkala naltjamànna rote (Früchte). ◇ red (fruit). nintakaia einziggeborener. ◇ only born. Ⓛ ngurkalngurkala Ⓛ kutukuru Ⓓ kunakulno

290 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ntjaua Krume (Brot), Klumpen (Blut). njumataka das hintere (Zimmer), Hinterteil ◇ crumb (bread), clot (blood). Ⓛ lungu (von Raum), das Innere (Zimmer). ◇ back Ⓓ pandra (gestandene Blut) (room), back part (of a space). ntjaua die rot angestrichene (Kemba) Blüte njualelanama vorbeilaufen (einem mit denen die Karakara geschmückt wird. andern) vor demselben das Ziel ◇ red blossom to decorate a karakara- erreichen, übertreffen, ungerecht trumpet. Ⓛ injaua beschuldigt. ◇ overtake and reach the njerama, ntjerama den Boden fegen finish first, surpass, unjustly accused. (Zweig). ◇ sweep floor (with branches). Ⓛ mamalamalani Ⓛ untuni njuminjuma einer hinter – andern njiljarka Kneuel, um das das eigene Haar (gehend). ◇ one behind the other (walk). gewunden wird. ◇ ball used to tie one’s Ⓛ tangatanga hair around. Ⓛ intjiljirki njuma trinken, rauchen (Pfeife). ◇ drink, njirranga Vogel, klein, schwarz, rote smoke (pipe). Ⓛ tjikini, matjikini Brust. ◇ bird, small, black, red chest. Ⓓ tapana Ⓛ intjiringi njunjingambura Säufer. ◇ drunk. Ⓛ njilkilkila zischend (von jungen Vögeln). tjikinmatuta njurula ◇ Ⓛ nantunka ◇ hiss (young birds). Ⓛ ngenmanani durstig. thirsty. njurumea ◇ Ⓛ nantupala ntjilkiïlkibaankama zischen (wie ganz Trank. drink. njumerererama empfangen kleine Vögel). ◇ hiss (like very young (geschlechtlich). ◇ conceive (sexually). birds). Ⓛ ngenngenmanani Ⓛ tangarekurbarini njitta [Southern dialect] cf. injita Flamme. njurala nama sehr durstig sein (auf ◇ flame.Ⓛ ti der Reise). ◇ very thirsty (on journey). njoanjoa böse Geister. ◇ bad spirits. Ⓛ nantunka ninani Ⓓ manjarina Ⓛ njoïnjoï nkalbanketnama njiltja ◇ wiederholt sagen, lesen. der Stamm der agia-Bäume. trunk ◇ Ⓛ mauankara Ⓛ kauartji say repeatedly, read. of agia tree. kulbanani njoka ◇ selbstsüchtig. selfish, egotistic. njutupa ◇ Ⓛ man͂ ga Opossum Magen. possum stomach. Ⓛ waiutu ituntu njokala ilkuma alles allein verzehren. kanjantua Mittags-Regen (Gewitter ◇ consume everything alone. Regen). ◇ midday rain (storm rain). Ⓛ manganka ngalkuni Ⓛ parpawaritji, parpakaiakaiïta n͂ órerama bewundern (einen Bau, eine njukelinja der ältere Bruder, die ältere Person), sich wundern, sich verwundern. Schwester. ◇ older brother, older sister. ◇ admire (a construction, a person), Ⓛ pinita Ⓛ nerarini be astonished. njukelerinja die älteren njilkama zischen (wie ein Geschwister. ◇ older siblings. Bandikut = tnunka). ◇ hiss (like Ⓛ pinirapúnkulapúngata a bandicoot). Ⓛ tenmanani njuleninja der jüngerer Bruder, die jüngere ntjualelama? (ntjuma = ?), njualinjuala Schwester. ◇ younger brother, younger über, übertreffend. ◇ above, surpassing. sister. Ⓛ pininta (‘?’ added by CS) njulenerinja die jüngeren Geschwister. njualélama verfehlen (Ziel), nicht treffen, ◇ younger siblings. Ⓛ punirapunguta ungerecht beschuldigen, einen überholen njukelarinja das höchste Stockwerk (n). (beim Laufen). ◇ miss (target), accuse ◇ highest level. wrongly, overtake someone (running). (a)nkankalalbuma nachsprechen, Ⓛ malamalani nachsagen. ◇ repeat njualelalama die Schuld von sich wälzen. (something someone has said). ◇ shift blame. Ⓛ palurunku malamalani Ⓛ wottawottarakulbanani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 291 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

(a)nkankaworrama beratschlagen nkēra Ufer, Rand. ◇ shore, bank, edge. (die Versammlung). ◇ discuss (the Ⓛ ngankeri Ⓓ dirkala assembly). Ⓛ pinjipinjirapungani nkēla, nkēlala am Ufer, neben, daneben. Ⓓ warawarapana? manumanungana? ◇ at the river bank, beside it. Ⓛ ngaiï, (a)nḱankaulama bitten, betteln. ◇ ask, ngaiïnka beg. Ⓛ wonkawonkini Ⓓ kaukau nkeramantataka sich lang hinziehen wapana Ufer. ◇ a long stretching river bank. nkarba ein anderer. ◇ another one. Ⓛ ngankeriparapara Ⓛ kalki Ⓓ worku? pilki? nkerarelama unterwaschen (Ufer). nkarindana Wasservogel (spec.) ◇ washed out, eroded (river or creek ◇ waterbird (species). Ⓛ unkarindini bank). Ⓛ narkani (a)nkarankara [Southern dialect] Strauch nkintja Männer (in Zusammensetzungen). (spec.) ◇ shrub (species). Ⓛ ankarankari ◇ men (in compounds). Ⓛ ankintji nkátintjara schrecklich. ◇ terrible. nkintjibana unverheiratet, Witwer. nkarkna eifrig, schnell, aufgeregt. ◇ eager, ◇ not married, widower. Ⓛ ankintjita quick, excited. Ⓛ ngaru tmarankintja Männer-Lagerplatz. nkarknerama aufgeregt werden. ◇ men’s camp. Ⓛ ngurankintji ◇ get excited. Ⓛ ngaruringani nkintjirinja ein Bewohner des Ⓓ patijiritjina tmarankintja. ◇ resident of men’s camp; nkarknilama (trs.) aufregen. single man. Ⓛ ankintjingurara ◇ (transitive) excite, stir up. Ⓛ ngaruni nkintjalerama Witwer. ◇ widower. Ⓓ patijiritjibana Ⓛ ankintjinkarini (a)nkauerama beraten, besprechen. nkolinama viel geben, reichlich geben. ◇ advise, discuss. Ⓛ air͑atapirapungani ◇ give plenty, give ample. Ⓛ junkulu (a)nkauma sich erkundigen (ob eine mit patani gehen will). ◇ inquire (if someone wants (a)nkolera Fischfett. ◇ fish fat. to go along). Ⓛ air͑atapini Ⓛ unkolari (a)nkauulama einem ankündigen, nkopia Termitenhaufen. ◇ termite mound. daß man zu ihm kommen will, seinen Ⓛ akururu Besuch in Aussicht stellen. ◇ announce nkualbila Fisch mit spitzigen Stacheln to someone, that one would like to (bony-bream). ◇ fish with spines come, announce a possible visit. (bony bream). Ⓛ unkalbili Ⓛ wonkarakulbani Ⓓ tjampatjampana (u)nkuankua freundlich, liebevoll. nkauurbma sehr schnell (kommen zum ◇ friendly, loving. Ⓛ bokulba Unterricht). ◇ very quick (come to (u)nkuankua Midder. Ⓛ mulkurmulkura instruction). Ⓛ ngaruta nkura immerfort (z.B. singen). ◇ continually ankeankea verlangend (nach Speise), (e.g. sing). Ⓛ ratatura bittend (um Brot). ◇ demanding (food), nkurunkura [Southern dialect] asking (for bread). Ⓛ ngatjingatji fortwährend, wiederholt (singen). (a)nkeabana Gabe. ◇ gift. Ⓛ ngatjita ◇ continuous, repeatedly (sing). nkēbara Cormoran (Graculus Carbo). Ⓛ rataturaratatura ◇ cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) nkulba Tabak (einheimisch). ◇ tobacco (Pizzey and Knight 2007). Ⓛ ankibara (native). Ⓛ minkula Ⓓ malura nkulbinkulba [Southern dialect] Blume, (a)nkelalanama wartend (auf die Gabe) dessen Blätter dem einheimischen Tabak dastehen. ◇ stand waiting (for a gift). ähnlich sind. ◇ flower whose leaves Ⓛ etinka resemble the leaves of native tobacco. nkenkala ähnlich. ◇ similar. Ⓛ aranka Ⓛ kumalta

292 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary inkulbinkurilama sehr erfreut sein (über nkurbmunkuarerama sich räuspern. die Ankunft eines Freundes etc.) ◇ to be ◇ clear throat. Ⓛ urkalarin͂ i very pleased (about the arrival of a friend noakatuia Bräutigam. ◇ bridegroom. etc.) Ⓛ unbaunbaringani Ⓛ kurikatuia nkura die ältere Schwester. ◇ older sister. noakama heiraten. ◇ marry. Ⓛ kankaru Ⓛ kuriwalkuni inkulea sehr dunkel, schwarz. ◇ very dark, noa knara Fraus ältere Schwester, Manns black. Ⓛ marukura, jaltapiri älterer Bruder. ◇ wife’s older sister, ankunjera Holzwurm spec. ◇ woodworm husband’s older brother. Ⓛ kuri puntu species. Ⓛ ankunjeri noa Gemahl, Gatte, Frau, Schwager nkuna weißer Kakadu mit roter Brust. (Schwesters Mann), Schwägerin (Bruders ◇ white cockatoo with red chest. Frau). ◇ husband, spouse, wife, brother- Ⓛ kakalala in-law (sister’s husband), sister-in- nkuratja meine ältere Schwester. ◇ my law (brother’s wife). Ⓛ kuri, minma older sister. [Western dialect] Ⓓ noa nkura die ältere Schwester. ◇ older sister. noa larra Schwägerin, Schwager, (Fraus Ⓛ kankuruna jüngere Schwester, Manns jüngerer nkarbmana Baum (spec.) ◇ tree species. Bruder). ◇ sister-in-law, brother-in-law. Ⓛ ankarbmana Ⓛ kuri wongu kurbiltja elsterähnlicher Vogel (spec.) noagata ehelich. ◇ conjugal. Ⓛ kuritara ◇ bird species. Ⓛ kurbiltji noukua Frau (eines Andern). ◇ wife nkurkuturkuta alle zusammen. (of somebody else). Ⓛ kurira ◇ all together. Ⓛ apuara noatja eigene Frau, eingener Mann. nkurkna zerrissen (Boden), voller Risse ◇ own wife, own husband. Ⓛ kurina (Kopf). ◇ cracked (ground), covered with noataltja die rechtmäßige Frau. ◇ rightful scratches (head). Ⓛ inkurknu wife. Ⓛ kuriwoltaràra nkurbmurbma vertrocknet, dürr noa eknuma heiraten. ◇ marry. Ⓛ kuri (Sträucher). ◇ dry (bushes). manjini Ⓛ kirbmurbmu noankuwonka Schein, Sonnenschein, nkuabara [Southern dialect] Tanz Feuerschein. ◇ shine, sunshine, shine (vor Einweihungsfeiern aufgeführt). of fire.Ⓛ irtnani ◇ dance (performed before initiation noankuwonkilama beleuchten (Feuer), ceremonies). Ⓛ inma bescheinen (Sonne). ◇ light up (fire), nkunaburka die ganz kleinen (noch shine on (sun). Ⓛ irtnairtnani weißen) Cikaden. ◇ very small (still white) noarkama blinken, glühen (Eisen), funkeln cicadas. Ⓛ maliera (Sterne). ◇ twinkle, glow (iron), glitter nkurananga die zwei Schwestern (ältere (star). Ⓛ turakambani Ⓓ makapari und jüngere). ◇ two sisters (older and (Abendrot), nguramarana (Morgenröte) younger). Ⓛ kankurura nobma Pech, das Siegel (n). ◇ pitch, seal. nkurintjara alle (meine) Schwestern. Ⓛ kiti Ⓓ kandri ◇ all (my) sisters. Ⓛ kankururawaritji nobmalelama verpichen. ◇ pitch over. nkunulbunulba rename aufschlitzen (den Ⓛ kitinkanani, kitini Bauch). ◇ slit open (belly). Ⓛ wartnuni nopana ‘der immer bleibt’ Sklave. nkulknunkuàra iluma husten. ◇ cough. ◇ ‘one who always remains’ a slave. Ⓛ kuntalbmanani nombía widerspenstig, ungehorsam. nkurbmunkuara iluma sich räuspern. ◇ rebellious, disobedient. Ⓛ tomati ◇ clear throat. Ⓛ kuntulpungani, nomberama nicht kommen, zögern. urkalba iluni ◇ not come, hesitate. Ⓛ rauaringani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 293 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

nombuma widerspenstig sein, nicht ntakinja ranga wieviel mal? wie oft. gehorchen. ◇ be rebellious, not obey. ◇ how many times? how often? Ⓛ tomatinani Ⓛ jaltjirara? Ⓓ worderuntja nombeulkura widerwillig, ganz langsam ntakina namai? wie ist es? ◇ how is it? (kommen). ◇ reluctant, come very Ⓛ jaltji ninan͂ ai? slowly. Ⓛ tomatitara ntakinjatjatalkura wie lange. ◇ how long? nopanama (duppl. von nama) immer sein, ntala? wo? ◇ where? Ⓛ jalla, jalkutu haben, gehören, sich aufhalten, sitzen Ⓓ woderi bleiben. ◇ (duplication of nama) always ntalama? wo ist er (es)? ◇ where is he be, have, belong, dwell, remain, stay. (it)? Ⓛ jaltanka, jallanka Ⓛ ninaninani (a)ntalabuma beschleichen (Wild). ◇ creep nota [Southern dialect] Schoß. up on (game). Ⓛ urakaterarini ◇ lap. Ⓛ ambu Ⓓ ngalpa ntalanama mitgehen, begleiten. ntailpara, ntailpura Stern. ◇ star. ◇ go with, accompany. Ⓛ wollankarini Ⓛ pintiri ntalama mitgehen, begleiten. ◇ go with, ntailpura ingutnakana Morgenstern. accompany. Ⓛ wollakurini ntalarenama ◇ morning star. Ⓛ tjiltjana Ⓓ ditji lassen, an sich geschehen wakka lassen, sich unterziehen. ◇ allow, notuta eine kleinere Mulde aus Gummiholz. let it happen (to oneself), undergo. Ⓛ junkuliani ◇ small bowl made of gumtree wood. Ⓛ metuta ntalanama belauern (Katze), lauern. ◇ lie in wait (cat), lurk. ntainama speeren. ◇ to spear. Ⓛ wokkan͂ i ntalbantankama nötigen zu kommen. nturbilama den Speer gerade werfen ◇ force to come. Ⓛ antaantawonkani (um zu töten). ◇ throw spear straight (to ntalbmintalbma Ⓛ munturbmanani ästig, mit vielen Ästen. kill). ◇ ntaiuma branchy, with many branches. huren, ehebrechen (mit Ⓛ taratutatuta verschiedenen Frauen oder Mädchen). ntalelama jagen (wenn der Wind weht). ◇ commit adultery (with a number of ◇ hunt (when wind blows). Ⓛ antalunani different women or girls).Ⓛ nenkilanani ntalerama wachsen, größer werden ntakalama Haar ausfallen. ◇ lose hair. (Bäume). ◇ grow, become bigger (trees). ntakakata ◇ wie groß? how big? Ⓛ antalurini Ⓛ jaltjikutata ntalja ins Haar gesteckte Vogelfedern. ntakata kleine Mulde. ◇ small bowl. ◇ bird feathers or bundle of tall feathers Ⓛ wilkiri in hair. Ⓛ pokulu ntakatna (inta: Hals, Genick katna: oben, ntalja die Ähre. ◇ ear (wheat). Ⓛ (pokulu?) ) aufgerichtet, erhoben weißer Stein, ndolkatara Kreuzförmig (Ast). ◇ cross ◇ erhobener Hals. white stone, raised shaped (branch). Ⓛ antulkatara neck, place name (Strehlow 1907: 26). ntalka Spreu, Zwiesel, Ast, Zweig. ◇ chaff, Ⓛ intakatni branch, twig. Ⓛ antalka ntakana [Southern dialect] wie? ◇ how? ntalkaliwunja der mit Spreu vermischte Ⓛ jaltji Samenhaufe (die am Boden liegenden ntakina wie? ◇ how? Ⓛ jaltji Ⓓ wordaru Zweige). ◇ pile of seeds mixed with ntakinakatutja wie groß. ◇ how big? chaff (i.e. small twigs lying around on the Ⓛ jaltjikutata Ⓓ wordajendrania ground). Ⓛ antalkamulala ntakinangakata wie viel (Geld, ntalkalawunama huren (eine Ehefrau Mehl). ◇ how much (money, flour). hat mit einem andern Gemeinschaft, Ⓛ jaltjingurutata Ⓓ worderuntja mit ihrem Cousin Gemeinschaft). ntakinja wie viele? ◇ how many? ◇ wife having intercourse with her cousin. Ⓛ jaltjiru, jaltjiri Ⓓ worderuntja Ⓛ maantalkankarunkani

294 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ntalkawotna (nalka = Spreu; wotna = sehr ntamintana Fisch mit silbergrauen begierig) eine Frau, die mit ihrem Cousin; Schuppen und schwarzen Querstreifen. ‘begierig auf Spreu zu liegen’. ◇ woman ◇ fish with silver-grey scales and black who is eager to have intercourse with cross-stripes. Ⓛ intamintini her cousin; ‘desiring to lie on chaff’. ntambalanama gerötet sein [unclear]. Ⓛ antalkapanti ◇ reddish. Ⓛ warngaranini ntalkilama eine Frau mit einem Mann ntana? wo? ◇ where? Ⓛ jalla Ⓓ woderi? Gemeinschaft haben. ◇ a woman having ntananga? woher? ◇ where from? intercourse with a man. Ⓛ antalkani Ⓛ jalkutunguru Ⓓ woderindru? ntalkalawuma huren, ein Mann mit ntanauna? ntauna? wohin? ◇ where to? seiner Tochter, wonna oder tjirkawotna. Ⓛ jalkutukutu Ⓓ wodajeri? ◇ to have intercourse with a wrong ntanaka? wohin? ◇ where to? (classificatory) kin (e.g. a man with his Ⓛ jalkutuku? Ⓓ wodaninki? daughter or father’s sister). See Strehlow ntanibera woher. ◇ where from. (1913: 93). Ⓛ antalkankarunkani Ⓛ jallata ntalkinjala tuma (in Zusammensetzungen ntauna nga lamai? wo gehst du hin? mit pronom verbunden) schlagen ◇ where are you going to? ◇ (Feinde), besiegen. (in compounds ntanama heranschleichen. ◇ sneak up. with pronouns) hit (enemies), defeat. Ⓛ mawonnan͂ i Ⓛ katungururini Ⓓ kalalu ngankana ntama (postpost) auch, gleichfalls. rantalkinjala tuma er besiegt. ◇ (postposition) also, likewise. Ⓛ -lbi ◇ he defeats. Ⓛ palurukatungururini ntanga Sämerei, Gras-Samen. ◇ seeds, tantalkinjala tuma ich besiege. grass seeds. Ⓛ intoku ◇ I defeat. Ⓛ ngaiulu katungururini ntangaltarangaltara sehr weiche Früchte, ntalkur͑ ulba durchsichtig (Felsenöffnung), aus denen Saft herausfließt. ◇ very klar (Wasserspiegel). ◇ clear (gap in soft fruit from which juice drips out. cliff face), transparent (water surface). Ⓛ tjilpititara Ⓛ alawirili ntanganparana ◇ ntalta ◇ Ⓛ uru große Frosch. large frog. mannbar. marriageable. Ⓛ intangarari lenja ntalta Sonnenstrahlen. ntangerama intrs. untertauchen. ◇ sunbeams. Ⓛ tjintu karawollawolla ◇ Ⓓ ditjimaramara (intransitive) dive, submerge. Ⓛ túlaringani punga ntalta Schamhaar. ◇ pubic hair. ntangilama Ⓛ tnan͂ i trs. untertauchen. ◇ (transitive) dive under, submerge. Ⓛ tulani ntalpa nach auswärts setzend (Zehen, z.B. ntintjalerama vor seinem Ende alle seine Emu). ◇ place outwards (toes, e.g. emu). Ⓛ ngata Sachen verschenken. ◇ before death give Ⓛ junkukatini ntama verfolgen, belauern, nachstellen. away all possessions. ntankama ◇ Ⓛ ◇ pursue, prowl, hunt, track. Ⓛ wonnani rufen. call. antawonkani Ⓓ tirikaripaterina Ⓓ karkana inkantama der Spur folgen. ◇ follow the ntankalama zu sich rufen, locken. track, track. Ⓛ tjinna wonnani ◇ summon, entice. Ⓛ antawonkanái ntanama heranschleichen. ◇ creep up. tankalelama einem zurufen, der Ⓛ mawonnani in Gefahr ist; warnen. ◇ warn. ntambuma sich rötlich färben (Blätter, Ⓛ tankawokkái Rinde). ◇ turn reddish (leaves, bark). ntankatnauma nötigen zu kommen. Ⓛ warngarani ◇ urge to come. Ⓛ jeltijeltini ntambubambuma sich färben, sich rötlich ntanta leer, z.B. Mulde. ◇ empty, e.g. bowl. färben (fliegende Ameisen). ◇ to colour, Ⓛ antanti turn red (flying ants).Ⓛ warwarngarani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 295 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ntantiuma nachlegen (beim Feuer). gespaltene Zunge. ◇ blue tongue lizard, ◇ stoke (fire).Ⓛ ultuúltuni Ⓓ darana, Tiliqua. Ⓛ lunkata, mita Ⓓ jidna wangana ntarbatareērala lama auseinander gehen, ntanteranama aufpassen, bewachen. sich trennen (von vielen). ◇ separate (from ◇ watch out, be on the watch, guard. crowd). Ⓛ tarabantara jennan͂ i Ⓛ maantaantani Ⓓ tarkalkana (wachen ntarba einäugig, taub (auf einem Ohr), lahm in der Nacht: guard during the night) auf einem Fuß. ◇ one-eyed, deaf (on ntanterama bewachen, bewahren, one ear), lame on one foot. Ⓛ antarbi aufpassen. ◇ guard, take care, watch. Ⓓ kutikuteri Ⓛ antaantani ntarbatarirama sich trennen, scheiden. (u)ntantua leicht (nicht schwer). ◇ light ◇ to part, to separate. Ⓛ tarakutararin͂ i (not heavy). Ⓛ rambi ntarbukama trs. zerreißen, zertrennen. ntapa; ntaperama Taube (spec.) ◇ pigeon ◇ (transitive) tear, separate. (species), important women’s dance; Ⓛ tarantanan͂ i Ⓓ purana perform the ntapa dance. Ⓛ manpi ntarbukalama intrs. zerreißen ntapara Schwiegersohn (F). ◇ son-in-law (Kleid). ◇ (intransitive) tear (dress). (W). Ⓛ urati Ⓛ tarantakatin͂ i Ⓓ puraterina untaba [Northern dialect] Gummirinde. ntarbukantarba zertrennt, zerstreut. ◇ gumtree bark. Ⓛ wontapi ◇ torn, scattered. Ⓛ antarbikantarbi ntaperama tanzen (Frauen), Frauentanz. Ⓓ piltjaru ◇ perform the ntapa, dance (women). ntelanelana der Schwefel (n). ◇ sulphur. Ⓛ untini, wipiarini, nanpini ntarinama anzünden, z.B. ein Feuer, Ⓓ wimakilina (?) eine Hütte. ◇ to light, e.g. a fire, a hut. ntapalaunama fortwährend auf- und Ⓛ kalani abtanzen (Frauen). ◇ continuously dance ntariltuma beschatten (von den Wolken). back and forth (women). Ⓛ untira ◇ shaded (by clouds). ïnkatjïngani ntaringama folgen, verfolgen, nachfolgen. ntapikna 11 Zoll lang, 4 Zoll breit. ◇ follow, pursue. Ⓛ wonnani Ⓓ karina, Karpfenähnl. Fischart. ◇ carp-like karipaterina fish, 11 inches long, 4 inches wide. ntareuma wegtreiben (der Wind die Ⓛ antipini Wolken). ◇ drive away (wind the clouds). ntapintapa karama schaarenweise ndartjima Sonne scheinen. ◇ to shine herumfliegen. ◇ fly around in flocks. (sun). Ⓛ turongarani Ⓛ waangarini, joangarini ntartilama schmerzen, Schmerzen haben. ntaputatalelena stachliche Eidechse mit ◇ to hurt (intransitive), to suffer, have Schwanzstumpf. ◇ prickly lizard with pain. Ⓛ antartanái knob tail. Ⓛ papangarpa ntartjibartjuma sich wärmen (am Feuer), ntaramantarauma adv. von allen sich sonnen, sich bescheinen lassen. Seiten. ◇ adverb, from all sides. ◇ warm oneself (by the fire), to sunbathe, Ⓛ wirilakatawirilakata bask in the sun. Ⓛ irtnaranái ntaramantaraumala ankama von ntaritja Bergzüge, Gebirgskette, steil, allen Seiten eine Sache besprechen, senkrecht. ◇ mountain ranges, steep, beraten. ◇ discuss thoroughly. perpendicular. Ⓛ antirtji Ⓛ wirilakatawirilakatarekula wonkani ntaritjinbara viele spitzige Bergzüge. ntaparperama fallen, ausgleiten? ◇ fall, ◇ many sharp mountain ranges. Ⓛ taltal slip? (‘?’ added by CS) (i)ntartnerama zuheilen, verheilen. ◇ heal. ntarata Eidechse (spec.) grünl. braun, Ⓛ pulpurarini Ⓓ parara cr 1 Fuß lang, schwarze Streifen über den Augen u. breite bläulich-schwarze

296 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ntatarka Schlange, nicht giftig spec. ntenta dicht (von Bäumen) zusammen ◇ non-poisonous snake species. stehend. ◇ standing densely together Ⓛ inturkunu (trees). Ⓛ tatajerri ntatjatuma spalten (der Länge nach). interirperírpa rote Libelle. ◇ red dragonfly. ◇ split (lengthwise). Ⓛ patalpungani Ⓛ intererireri ntatna steif, unbiegsam, hoch. ◇ stiff, rigid, interkuma zusammenbinden, anspannen tall. Ⓛ arata (Pferde). ◇ tie together, hitch (horse). ntatnerama steif werden (vom langen Ⓛ tintjini Sitzen). ◇ get stiff (from sitting too long). ntēna graue Maus (ohne Beutel). ◇ grey Ⓛ arataringani mouse (without pouch). Ⓛ iljukuru ntatatnama Schlucker haben, knurren ntatna hoher Baum (gen). ◇ tall tree (gen). (Magen). ◇ have hiccups, rumble Ⓛ tewila (in stomach). Ⓛ ngetaninani ntilja großer pig-toed Bandikut. ◇ large Ⓓ ngankinkuna terdana pig-toed bandicoot. Ⓛ walina ntata drückenden Schmerz empfinden ntiljabilapa [Southern dialect] (im Innern). ◇ have pressing pains Schmetterling. ◇ butterfly.Ⓛ pintapinta (inside). Ⓛ walenku Ⓓ kalibilibili ntatupuntata tief eingesunkene Füße. ntitja [Southern dialect] junger Mann. ◇ deep sunk-in feet. Ⓛ tunirtunirba ◇ young man. Ⓛ wongu ntauērama ◇ weinen, klagen. cry, ntitjimelanka schön gefärbter Mann. Ⓛ urkantjirini Ⓓ ngirikidana, lament. ◇ nicely coloured man. Ⓛ wongu- juajuangana watinba ntaueritnenkama ◇ flöten (Emus). warble, ntitja, tutja ein Sternenpaar (2 junge whistle (emu). Ⓛ bulupungani Männer die einst auf Erden Kanguruhs ntēlpara das eine Knie erhoben (das jagten). ◇ pair of stars (representing two andere Knie am Boden). ◇ kneel on one young men, who once hunted kangaroos knee. Ⓛ talkawaral on earth). Ⓛ induta, indutakutara ntelpara irkuma mit einem erhoben Bein titja ◇ ◇ was bedeutet? Was ist? what does stehen (Vögel). stand on one leg (birds). Ⓛ pitinja Ⓛ talkawarilknarái it mean? What is? ntitjeterintjera kleiner Vogel (spec.), ndebuma auslesen (Beeren). ◇ pick out Flügel schwarz, Brust weiß, Schwanz (berries). Ⓛ alaurkuni fortwährend hin und her bewegend. andeëlerama sich bestreichen (mit Fett). ◇ willie wagtail: small bird species, black ◇ rub (with fat), (reflexive).Ⓛ nitinkarin͂ i Ⓓ jurborina wings, white chest, moves tail constantly from side to side. Ⓛ tjintiratjintira ntemba Baum (spec.) ◇ tree (species). ntitjetjerina Ⓛ antimbi Schlange, giftig (spec.) ◇ poisonous snake species. ntelama anzünden (Feuer), anfachen (a)ntja Gift, Schlangengift. ◇ poison, snake (Feuer). ◇ light (fire), fan (fire).Ⓛ kutani Ⓛ antjikantji ntema; era pitjima ntema wieder (postp.), poison. ntjikantja zum zweiten und dritten Mal; er kommt Giftdrüse der Schlange. ◇ wieder. ◇ again (postposition), for the venom gland of snake (see Strehlow second and third time; he comes again. 1907: 20–24). Ⓛ antjikantji Ⓛ karu, ka; palaru ngalajennani karu ntjabera ganz. ◇ all, entire, whole, ntelauma wetterleuchten. ◇ sheet complete. Ⓛ antapiri Ⓓ purru lightning. Ⓛ pinpani Ⓓ tjintina ntjainama riechen. ◇ smell. Ⓛ pantini ntentilalbuma [Southern dialect] Ⓓ panina, panimana, pantamana behutsam, schleichend umkehren. ntjainanama riechen (fortwährend). ◇ cautious, turn back creeping. ◇ smell (constantly). Ⓛ mapantini Ⓛ úraúrakatirakulbani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 297 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

kumia ntjainama gut riechen. ntjamiuma ausbreiten (z.B. die Decken, ◇ smell good. Ⓛ ulara pantini um darauf zu schlafen). ◇ spread unba ntjainama schlecht riechen. out (e.g. blankets to sleep on). ◇ smell bad. Ⓛ unbu pantini Ⓛ pantatunani Ⓓ jauibana, pirakana? ntjaininja Geruch. ◇ smell, odour, scent. tjetjima einsammeln (den Zucker an Ⓛ pantinma Ⓓ kuli Blättern). ◇ collect/gather (sugar from ntjilbintjainama schnüffeln trees). Ⓛ intjini (von Hunden). ◇ sniff (dogs). ntjaramarbekua viele andern. ◇ many Ⓛ pantipantini others. ntjaka fort, weg. ◇ gone, away. Ⓛ antjaki ntjara viele. ◇ many. Ⓛ tjikara, tuta ntjakama nicht mehr antreffen Ⓓ marapu (Gesuchte), verfallen, nicht mehr zu ntjaraknara sehr viele. ◇ very many. sehen bekommen, weggegangen, Ⓛ tutalenku, tjikaralenku gestorben, nicht mehr am Leben ntjaelatnama schnauben (Pferde). ◇ snort finden. ◇ not encounter, find or (horses). ntjara meet no more; deceased; separate. Tal (zwischen Sandhügeln). ◇ valley Ⓛ malantanani (between sandhills). Ⓛ luntu ntjarama ◇ ntjakalama fortgehen. ◇ go away, leave. schnarchen. snore. Ⓛ antjaki jenani Ⓛ ngurbmanani Ⓓ kandrungana ntjarerkuma festbinden, zusammenbinden, ntjakilarberama lange ausbleiben, zus. fassen, anspannen. ◇ fasten, tie lange abwesend sein. ◇ stay away for together, gather together, harness a long time, be absent for a long time. Ⓛ Ⓓ Ⓛ antjakirini (horses). tintjini tjilpi ngankana, worku mandrana ntjakubma Moloch horridus (Mountain ntjarra ◇ der Schlafplatz der ara (Känguruh). Devil). Thorny Devil, Moloch horridus. ◇ Ⓛ miniri sleeping place of kangaroos. ntjarra ntjala eine weite Fläche (zwischen 2 Zauberknochen, Wadenbein. ◇ ◇ Gebirgszügen). wide plain (between magic bones, calf bone (fibula). Ⓛ unatjiri Ⓛ kuru Ⓓ panji two mountain ranges). ntjartnatnima niesen. ◇ sneeze. ntjala ◇ Wadenbein. calf bone (fibula). Ⓛ nurtjini Ⓓ duntjirina Ⓛ kuru ntjaua Blutklumpen, mit Blut gefärbt, ntjalintjala Wadenbein. ◇ calf bone Krumme (Brot). ◇ blood clot, coloured (fibula). Ⓛ kurukuru with blood, crumb (bread). ntjalinama Zauber entfernen. ◇ remove ntjauintjaua blutrot, Purpur (n), magic. Ⓛ kuru manjini rosenfarben. ◇ blood red, purple. ntjalbiuma stoßen (sich an etwas), ntjelba, (ntjilba) taub (Frucht), leer (von ◇ stolpern. knock (against something), Samen), schlaff, nicht saftig (Gras). Ⓛ stumble, trip. tarbipungani ◇ empty (fruit), empty (e.g. no seeds), ntjalbiwotnama staucheln, stolpern limp, not lush (grass). Ⓛ bilta, kebula machen, fast zu Fall bringen. ◇ stumble, ntjelberama zusammentrocknen, cause to stumble, nearly trip (someone). einfallen. ◇ shrivel up, cave in. Ⓛ parirtalkani Ⓛ biltaringani ntjalka Raupe, die sich von den tnelja- ntjiballa zuchtlos. ◇ immoral. Ranken nährt. ◇ caterpillar that feeds on ntjerama fischen (mittelst Graswehr). ◇ fish tnelja-vines. Ⓛ kantila, intjalki, nimiri (using a grass weir). Ⓛ untuni ntjama ausgebreitet (Zweige oder Decken), ntjibarkabara die Hure. ◇ whore. Bett. ◇ spread out (branches or blankets), ntjeranama ziehen (Wolken), abziehen bed. Ⓛ panta (Fische). ◇ move (clouds), move on (fish). Ⓛ unturabakani

298 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ntjibantja Bett. ◇ bed. ntjipera kleine Fledermaus. ◇ small bat. ntjerka kleine Beutelratte. ◇ small Ⓛ antjipiri, pintangari marsupial rat. Ⓛ tujalbi ntjiltja der Pfahl. ◇ pole. ntjerkinta Steinmesser (sp.) ◇ stone knife ntjinbinba Nest der Emus. ◇ emu’s nest. (species). Ⓛ intjerkinti Ⓛ intjinbinbi ntjia Schweiß. ◇ sweat, perspiration. ntjintjiriuma steigen (Flutwasser). ◇ rise Ⓛ akuri, kulkari Ⓓ kanga (floodwater).Ⓛ kurutuntutuntuni ntjiïlbuma schwitzen. ◇ to sweat, perspire. intjipintjatjina Pflanze mit blauen Ⓛ akuribakan͂ i, akuripunturingani Blüten (in der Nähe von Wasserlöchern Ⓓ kanga ngakana wachsend). ◇ plant with blue blossoms ntjíkaleùma stolpern. ◇ stumble. (grows in the vicinity of waterholes). Ⓛ tanapungan͂ i, tjuanpungan͂ i Ⓛ apintapinta Ⓓ deringana, taringana ntjipintia 1. Stockwerk (n). ◇ first level. ntjiïla ilbanama weiter traben (Pferde, ntjira lange Grasart (ähnlich dem Hunde). ◇ trot along (horses, dogs). Zittergras). ◇ long grass species. Ⓛ mamiri kutujennani Ⓛ antjiri ntjikantja Giftdrüsen der Schlange. ntjiranga [Southern dialect] Mulga (spec.) ◇ venom glands of snakes. Ⓛ antjikantji ◇ mulga species. Ⓛ injirangi ntjila [Northern dialect] Wadenbein. (i)ntjirbma Stiel einer ilapa (Steinbeil). ◇ calf bone (fibula).Ⓛ kuru ◇ handle of a stone axe. Ⓛ intjirbmi ntjilama sich wärmen. ◇ warm oneself. ntjirbmarenama mit Steinen bedecken. Ⓛ ngantjiranani ◇ cover with stones. Ⓛ turultunani ntjilbintjainama schnüffeln (Hunde). ntjirka trocken (z.B. Gras). ◇ dry ◇ sniff (dogs).Ⓛ pantipantin͂ i (e.g. grass). Ⓛ pilti Ⓓ muja ntjilbinja kleine Sumpfvogel (spec.) ntjirkerama vertrocknen. ◇ dry up. ◇ small swamp bird (species) Ⓛ injilbini Ⓛ piltiringani Ⓓ mujarina ntjilbuta aus Versehen, unabsichtlich. ntjoka habsüchtig. ◇ greedy. ◇ by accident, unintentional. Ⓛ wotiba ntjorra Buschfeuer ([unclear]). ◇ bushfire. ntjilbutilama aus Versehen treffen. Ⓛ inana ◇ hit by accident. Ⓛ wotibarunkani ntjuara der blaue Kranich. ◇ blue crane. ntjilkama zischen (kleine Vögel). ◇ hiss Ⓛ untjari Ⓓ wirru (small birds). Ⓛ ngenmanani ntjuia Baum mit langen Nadeln, ntjilkinja stachlicher Strauch (spec.), (Honeysuckle). ◇ tree with long needles etwa 4 Fuß hoch, mit gelben Blüten (honeysuckle). Ⓛ witjinti, piruu und hellgrünen, ovalen Blättern, die ntjuiamba Blüte des Honeysuckle (Hakea in Stracheln auslaufen. ◇ prickly bush flower). ◇ blossoms of honeysuckle species about 4 feet tall, with yellow (Hakea flower).Ⓛ piru͡ u Ⓓ pitjambu blossoms and light green oval leaves with (honeycomb) prickles at its tips. Ⓛ intjilkanji ntjulkuta Vogel (spec.) rötliche Federn, ntjilkinja Larve in ntjilkinja-Wurzeln. den erhobenen Schwanz fortwährend hin ◇ grub in ntjilkinja roots. Ⓛ intjilkanji und her bewegen, zwischen Porcupine ntjilpa das auf Lehmebenen angesammelte sich aufhaltend. ◇ bird species with Regenwasser. ◇ rainwater collected in reddish feathers that moves its raised tail claypans. Ⓛ wonta, tjitjikaka continuously from side to side and lives ntjima trs. wärmen (Feuer). ◇ (transitive) in porcupine grass. Ⓛ tjintjiwili to warm (fire). Ⓛ ngantjini ntjuma vorbei, weg. ◇ past, gone. ntjilama refl. sich wärmen. ◇ (reflexive) Ⓛ tan̄ ga, titu Ⓓ wonta to warm. Ⓛ ngantjirarani Ⓓ talpina, ngarakalina, ngurkumaterina

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 299 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ntjuma lama vorbeigehen. ◇ to go by, ntuara [Southern dialect] jenseits. to pass. Ⓛ tan̄ ga jennani, titu jennani ◇ beyond. Ⓛ wirili Ⓓ wonta wapana ntujantuja ankama sehr freundlich reden. ntjumala ndama verschenken, ◇ to speak in a very friendly manner. weggeben. ◇ give away. Ⓛ tan̄ ganku Ⓛ inkapala wonkani jungani ntumuramurerama sich rüsten (sich ntjumalakintjumala lama nach bereiten). ◇ arm, prepare. verschiedenen Richtungen ntulba Becken, Hüfte. ◇ pelvis, hip. auseinandergehen. ◇ disperse into Ⓛ ankalla different directions.Ⓛ tangakutanga ntulba ilkata Hüftknochen. ◇ hip joint, jennan͂ i hip bone. Ⓛ ankalla taltu ntjilkuma; lênga tjulkuma bleichen ntulula Beckenöffnung (nach unten). (Gras); Sonne bleich (= weißlich) ◇ pelvis opening (downwards). hervorkommen. ◇ bleach (grass); a pale Ⓛ antululu (whitish) sun emerges. Ⓛ perulkani; ntulbala neben, zur Seite. ◇ beside, tjintu terangan͂ i to the side. Ⓛ ankalta njuratja lange Schlange mit schwarzem ntulbankama den Boden durchbrechen Kopf, sehr giftig. ◇ long snake with black (Samen). ◇ break through surface (seed). head, very poisonous. Ⓛ unjuratji Ⓛ pulututubakani ntjurbmanama berghohe Wellen, bewegt. ntulbankama klopfen (das Geräusch des ◇ very high waves, swell. Ⓛ paparurì n͂ i Klopfens). ◇ to knock. Ⓛ tutuni ntjarkula (ntjurkula) Käfer (schwarz) mit ntuma tanzen, stampfen (bei der langen Fühlhörnern. ◇ beetle (black) with Aufführung der Ceremonien). ◇ to long sensor horns. Ⓛ katati dance, stamp, stomp (at ceremonies). ntjuta, ntjita [Southern dialect] Ⓛ kantuni Kreuzbein. ◇ sacrum. Ⓛ titi, mutu, (a)ltulba geschwollen. ◇ swollen. Ⓛ taltu tangántanga Ⓓ kuldru ltulberama schwellen. ◇ to swell. ntoerama sich erbrechen. ◇ vomit. Ⓛ talturingan͂ i Ⓛ ulkabutúnani ntora das erwachsene männliche ntomintoma Fliege (spec.) ◇ fly species. Opossum. ◇ mature male possum. Ⓛ intumintumu Ⓛ anturu ntotnama überladen (Magen), ntura Felsenhöhle (in die sich die Wallaby überfressen. ◇ overeat. Ⓛ ngetaninani, verziehen). ◇ stone cave (of wallaby). ngetininanái Ⓛ unturu Ⓓ talta ntotnerama voll werden (v. Fressen). ntumanama verachten (Befehl). ◇ ignore ◇ become full (with food). (order). Ⓛ ngetaringani nturantura faltig, rissig, runzlig (Gesicht). ntotnia übervoll, überladen. ◇ overfull. ◇ wrinkled (face). Ⓛ wiljiriwiljiri Ⓛ mulkiri Ⓓ winjirinjeri ntotnera die Stirn des lakabara (Habichts). nturanturerama entstellt werden, zornig ◇ forehead of lakabara hawk. Ⓛ tabiti aussehen, faltig werden. ◇ become ntuaba [Southern dialect] Rinde des distorted, look angry, become wrinkly. Gummibaumes. ◇ bark of gumtree. Ⓛ wiljiriwiljiriringani Ⓛ wontapi nturba wahr, gewiß. ◇ true, certain. ntukantuka zerstoßen. ◇ pound. Ⓛ munturu Ⓓ morlalu ntuana [Southern dialect], untana nturbankama wahr reden. ◇ speak [Northern dialect] gelb. ◇ yellow. truthfully. Ⓛ munturu wonkani Ⓛ kantawara, wonkawonka Ⓓ parru? Ⓓ morlalu jatana ntukantukilama zerstechen. ◇ stab.

~~300 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

nturbilama Wahrheit reden. ◇ speak the ntutjarauma, ntutjiriuma eine freudige truth. Ⓛ munturanái Botschaft bringen (z.B. große Flut nturbaka ins Sichere, ins Centrum kommt). ◇ bring good news (e.g. a big (treffen). ◇ (hit) the mark. flood is coming).Ⓛ merawonnini Ⓛ munturaku nuantja Geklapper, Getöne. ◇ rattle, nturkna Gehirn. ◇ brain. Ⓛ unturu clatter, sound. Ⓛ tola Ⓓ pua unara stinkend. ◇ stink. Ⓛ unna nturkna traurig, betrübt. ◇ sad. Ⓛ alturu Ⓓ dunka, pundo pundo (Gestank: Ⓓ ngaurongauro stink, reek) nturknerama trauern, Totenklage unarintjima stinken. ◇ to smell bad, halten, beweinen. ◇ mourn, cry. to stink. Ⓛ unnapantin͂ i Ⓓ dunkarina Ⓛ altururingani Ⓓ milamilarina, nujuna gebeugt, gebückt. ◇ bent, kalu pakina stooped. Ⓛ nuntununtu nturkneranama trauern, klagen nuatnima zögern, langsam kommen. (Heimweh). ◇ mourn, feel sorry, lament ◇ hesitate, come slowly. Ⓛ rauaringani (homesick). Ⓛ maaltururini nuka mein. ◇ my. Ⓛ ngaiuku nturknanturkna [ankama] Ⓓ ngujawakana niedergeschlagen, sehr betrübt nukanalai du bist mein Freund (Wohltäter). [sprechen]. ◇ dejected, (speak) very ◇ you are my friend (benefactor). sadly. Ⓛ alturualturu wonkani Ⓛ ngaiukunitalu Ⓓ ngakani tutibuma dröhnen (hohlen Gummibaum nulanulilama zerhauen (in viele schlagend). ◇ resound, boom (beating Stücke), zerstücken (Fleisch), in Stücke hollow gumtree). Ⓛ bulupungani zerschlagen. ◇ smash (into many pieces), nturuma knurren (Hund), grunzen cut into pieces (meat), break or smash to (Schwein, Emu). ◇ growl (dog), grunt pieces. Ⓛ putaputani (pig, emu). Ⓛ ngunturbmanani (emu), nultanulta voll (von Menschen). ◇ full nganjiririni (Hund: dog), bulupungani (of people). (emu) nultanulterama voll werden (v. Menschen). nturuta Taube, braun mit Haube, rock- ◇ fill up (with people). pigeon, (Lophophaps leucogaster). numba Lahme. ◇ lame. Ⓛ numbu Rotbraune Flügel mit schwarzen Ⓓ kutikuteri Streifen, schwarzer Schnabel, graublauer numatata die weiche, feuchte Erde. ◇ soft, Vorderkopf, rote Stelle um die Augen, moist earth. Ⓛ topilkna rotbraune Haube, weißer Streifen von nuna wir. ◇ we. Ⓛ nganana Ⓓ ngaiani unter dem Schnabel bis unter das Auge, nunata wir (incl.), wir alle. ◇ we (inclusive), unterhalb dieses Streifens ein schwarzer all of us, we all. Ⓛ ngananalta Ring, der bis an das Auge reicht. Weißer n͂ ungan͂ ungerama bereiten, mahlen Bauch vermischt mit braun, zum Schwanz (Grassämereien). ◇ prepare, grind (grass hin dunkler werdend. Rücken braun seeds). Ⓛ ngunjingunjiringani mit schwarzen Querstreifen die langen nunjununja gierig, hastig (essen, fressen), Flügelfedern braun mit schwarzer Spitze, beim Gehen essen. ◇ greedy, hasty (eat), die inneren Flügelfedern violet schwarz. eat on the move. Ⓛ tatjilitatjili (kaiuala) ◇ spinifex pigeon (Geophaps plumifera) nunkara diesseits. ◇ this side. Ⓛ tangati (see Pizzey and Knight 2007). Ⓛ eburu nunkarakua diesseits. ◇ on this side. ntutamea Nahrung. ◇ food. Ⓛ paltapala Ⓛ tangatinguanba ntutilama speisen, füttern. ◇ eat, feed. ñunta Felspitze. ◇ top of rock. Ⓛ kutinba Ⓛ paltani nuntiuma stützen, unterstützen (die ntutakana Futterplatz (n), Krippe (n). Hände eines Andern), anstoßen (Schiff ◇ feeding place, crib. am Lande). ◇ support, prop up (hands

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 301 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

of somebody), push (beached boat). ortjataka (ortja: falsch, talka: groß) Ⓛ toppaltunani Ⓓ jenina Lügner. ◇ liar. Ⓛ ngunjiwottalba nunkarapuntuara diesseits und jenseits, Ⓓ jedikantji sehr vereinzelt. ◇ this side and that side, ortjerama lügen. ◇ to lie. very occasionally. Ⓛ ngatakurapawirili Ⓛ ngunjinjirini nuntjima richen, duften (Blumen ortjerinerina Lügner. ◇ liar. intrs.), Brot. ◇ smell, have a scent Ⓛ ngunjiwottanmi (flowers) (intransitive), bread. ortjaiabieba treulos, bundbrüchig. Ⓛ pantirpantirngarani ◇ disloyal. Ⓛ ngunjimatula nungurerama sich (beim Sitzen) nach ortjabebilama, ortjajibalelama einer andern Seite umdrehen. ◇ (when betrügen (durch falsche Berichte). sitting) turn to a different direction. ◇ deceive (with false reports). Ⓛ anungururini Ⓛ ngunjilinani, ngunji ibilbmanani inura lahm. ◇ lame. Ⓛ inúru Ⓓ jedibana nuranura lahm, gelähmt. ◇ lame, ortjerelelama betrügen (durch falsche paralysed. Ⓛ inúrinúru Berichte), falsches berichten. nuranurerama lahm werden. ◇ become ◇ deceive, report falsely. Ⓛ ngunji lame. Ⓛ inúrinuruŕini jennani nurknunurerama, nurknunarlrama ortjaijibijiba betrügerisch, Betrug. stinkend werden, verderben. ◇ become ◇ deceitful, fraudulent, fraud. smelly, go off. Ⓛ arknultatalkan͂ i Ⓛ ngunjiwonka nurra unbeweglich, still (Menschen), still ortjunbuma verleugnen. ◇ deny. (Wasser). ◇ motionless, still (human Ⓛ ngunjimaturingani beings, water). Ⓛ unuru Ⓓ panpana, ortjaninganinga heimtückisch, List. dapina, dapidapina, datturu ◇ malicious, treacherous, cunning. nurralelama aufhalten, stehen Ⓛ ebilngúntilku Ⓓ ngaruni machen. ◇ stop, to bring to a halt. ortjerilba tnelanama falsch zeugen, Ⓛ unurunani falsches Zeugnis reden (v. Andern). nuruma ausreiben (Samen) mit den ◇ perjure, tell lies about others. Händen. ◇ rub (seeds) with hands. Ⓛ ngunjiwottara talkanani Ⓛ ularpungani ortjána, tjatta ortjana Sträucher, Holzart, nururka Ferse. ◇ heel. Ⓛ moku, (muku) Speere aus ortjana Holz. ◇ shrubs, wood Ⓓ tidnawarda species; spears made of ortjana wood. nūtara lahm, an der Ferse gelähmt. ◇ lame, Ⓛ ortanu, katji ortanu paralysed heel. Ⓛ turbu ortjikaléuma sich verstellen, heucheln. ◇ disguise, fake, feign, be a hypocrite. Ⓛ ngunji jennañi O ortjajibalélama betrügen. ◇ cheat, deceive. Ⓛ ngunjilinañi irkua Leichensaft. Ⓛ oka, tulburu ortjitinjerama hinterlistig sich einem okua [Southern dialect] rechts, nähern. ◇ approach with treacherous rechtshändig. ◇ right, right-handed. Ⓛ waku Ⓓ ngunari intentions, pretend. Ⓛ ngunji ilaringani ortjitinjilama trs. hinterlistig jemanden ortalinja Schlangenfett. ◇ snake fat. Ⓛ lurknupa heranlocken. ◇ (transitive) lure someone. Ⓛ ngunji ilani ortja falsch, nicht wahr. ◇ wrong, not true. ortjitinjilelama Ⓛ ngunji Ⓓ jedi sich täuschen (in Betreffs eines andern). ◇ be mistaken (about ortjalta Lüge, Lügner. ◇ lie, liar. Ⓛ ngunjinju Ⓓ jedi[-jaura] somebody). Ⓛ ngunji ilawetini

302 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ortjungna lang anhaltender Regen. ◇ long- Palla ‘Gemahl’ in der auf und absteigenden lasting rain. Ⓛ ortungu Linie; Großmutter (Vaters Mutter), Enkel otoppeotoppa Weg längs des (♀), Enkelin (♀). ◇ father’s mother; Gebirgszuges, am Rand des Gebirges. ‘Husband’ in ‘ascending and descending’ ◇ path along a mountain range. line (father’s mother), grandson, Ⓛ luntjukutaraluntju granddaughter; people affiliated with a country through their father’s mother are called, in Western Aranda, kutungula. P Their rights to country are usually not paita Schwanz der Schlange. ◇ snake tail. as strong as the rights that people gain Ⓛ apaiiti through their father’s father (aranga) and Ⓛ bakali palai! geh aus dem Weg, sieh dich vor (vor their mother’s father (tjimia). lorra palla einem Feinde). ◇ get out of the way, be Großmutter, Großtante. ◇ Ⓛ kami wary (of an enemy); watch out! Ⓛ palai! grandmother, grand-aunt. bakali balaruka blind, blind geboren. ◇ blind, knaia palla born blind. Ⓛ wapalku Großonkel (Vaters Mutters ◇ palaia sehr weit entfernt. ◇ very far away. Bruder). grand-uncle (father’s Ⓛ tutan mother’s brother). Ⓛ bakali woia palla ♀ ♀ palkanga Vogel schwarzbauner Kopf, Enkel ( ), Großmutter ( ). ◇ Ⓛ bakali dunkelgüne Flügel, rötlich braune Brust, grandson, grandmother. kwaia palla rotbraune Rückenfedern (King-fisher), Enkelin (Sohns Tochter) ♀ ♀ ◇ legt seine Eier im Erdboden, besonders ( ), Großnichte ( ). granddaughter Ⓛ bakali an Creek-Ufern. ◇ kingfisher; bird with (son’s daughter), grandniece. lorra pallatja ◇ a black-brown head, dark green wings, meine Großmutter. my Ⓛ kami bakalina a reddish-brown chest and red-brown grandmother. woia pallatja ◇ back feathers; it lays eggs in the ground, mein Enkel. my Ⓛ bakalina in particular in creek banks. Ⓛ lona, grandson. lonba kwaia pallatja meine Enkelin. ◇ my Ⓛ bakalina palkara Taube (bläulich, auf Bäumen sich granddaughter. pallaparitja ◇ aufhaltend). ◇ bluish pigeon (dwells der Platz des Palla. place Ⓛ bakaliparitja in trees). Ⓛ apilkiri, arelakarinba of father’s mother. Ⓓ mudlabara pallukua Personen, die einander heiraten palba drei. ◇ three. Ⓛ mankuru drürfen (der Klasse nach, palla nach). ◇ balkalaka verblendet, leiblich und geistig people who are allowed to marry Ⓛ bakalira blind, unsinnig, verrückt. ◇ physically and each other. pallaïtaïta mentally blind, crazy. Ⓛ kauankauan Vogel, rot, fortwährend schreit. ◇ pallanapallanama fortwährend red bird that constantly cries/screams. Ⓛ miteïti herumlaufen. ◇ continuously walk around. Ⓛ jenkanara jenkanani pallatama auffliegen (Schaar Vögel), pallanama cf. larrapallanama schaarenweise, voll sein (von Rauch). ◇ umherstreunen, umhergehen, fly up (flock of birds), in flocks; be full Ⓛ ngalamúlani umherkriechen, umherschwimmen (of smoke). palleranama (Enten). ◇ roam, stray, crawl, swim abirren (vom rechten ◇ around (ducks). Ⓛ jenkanani, lerikatini Weg). stray off (the right path). Ⓓ wirarina Ⓛ mamonoringań̃i pallakia pallalama umherstreunen. ◇ to stray. breit, groß (Füße der Vögel). Ⓛ monojenani ◇ broad, large (feet of birds). Ⓛ tjoalpurungu palla Nierenfett. ◇ kidney fat. Ⓛ kabulita

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 303 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

palpaparama mit Gewalt wegnehmen, para Gummibaum (Eucalyptus rostrata). erobern. ◇ take with force, conquer. ◇ gumtree (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ⓛ angangaringani (Latz 1996)). Ⓛ itara, ngapiri Ⓓ patara pallapalla sumpfig (Boden). ◇ swampy para ulkumba die weich geriebene (ground). Ⓛ kurakura Rinde des Gummibaumes. ◇ soft pallitjula etalerama irren (errare). ◇ err, ground gumtree bark. Ⓛ itara mina, to be mistaken, be wrong. ulkulji paltara Federschuh (emu) und Schuh des marpara Früchte der Gummibäume. Opossum. ◇ feather shoe made of emu ◇ fruit of gumtrees. Ⓛ imirpiri feathers or possum skin. Ⓛ tjinnakata Ⓓ paua Ⓓ wakambara paraltja Zucker auf den Blättern des paltjima aufmachen, zerreißen, zerbrechen Gummibaumes (der von Pflanzenläusen (Eier, tjappa, [unclear]). ◇ open, tear, rip, dort niedergelegt wird). ◇ sugar on break (eggs, grubs). Ⓛ talantanái gumtree leaves (deposited by plant paltara Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage class, lice). Ⓛ apiraltji subsection, skin name. Ⓛ tapaltara (♂), para irkilja graue Heuschrecken an napaltara (♀) Gummibäumen. ◇ grey grasshoppers on palupala Busch mit blauen Blüten und gumtrees. Ⓛ itara irkilji gelben Beeren (nicht gegessen). ◇ bush paraljuka kleeartiges Kraut. ◇ clover-like with blue blossoms and yellow berries herb. Ⓓ ngadu (not edible). Ⓛ okalupalu parama aufhalten, hemmen, hindern, pankarapankarerama taumeln. ◇ reel, im Wege stehen. ◇ stop, stand in stagger. Ⓛ kujurkujurkatini the way, hinder. Ⓛ angaringani pananganangerama schweben (Vögel in Ⓓ ngandrawalkana der Luft, Kreise ziehen). ◇ hover, circle parametarka Käfer. ◇ beetle. Ⓛ itirki (birds). Ⓛ wolbangururingani Ⓓ piriwakana pankamiltja (miltja) gebogene Zweig parapara Strauch (mit eßbaren Früchten). [der Bluträcher?], (das ins Haar gesteckt ◇ bush (with edible fruit). Ⓛ apirapiri wird). ◇ small bent twig (stuck into hair). papangulura ein hundartiges Tier, Bär. Ⓛ pankamiltja ◇ dog-like animal, bear. pananka Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage class, pattalankualankua steinicht. ◇ stony. subsection, skin name. Ⓛ tapananka paritjulka Pilze. ◇ mushrooms. (♂), napananka (♀) Ⓛ mantangaljiri panja Pocken. ◇ pox. Ⓛ wapata Ⓓ witja patta latitja Pfeiler, Säule (n). ◇ pillar, pantja Vogelfedern, Gefieder, (Federbusch, column. Schmuck). ◇ bird feathers, plumage, paranama aufhalten, hemmen. (featherplume, decoration). Ⓛ pokulu ◇ stop, inhibit. Ⓛ maangaringani opantji Ⓓ ngandrawalkaterina pantjinga völlig befriedigt, friedfertig, patta mbaljilkaljilka glatter Stein, Marmor vollkommen. ◇ completely satisfied. (n). ◇ smooth stone, marble. Ⓛ maka patta toppangabunga Mauer (n). ◇ wall, pantjuma willig, aufpecken (Samen). (make a wall). ◇ willingly, peck (seeds). Ⓛ munguni parpantema schnell wieder. ◇ repeat pantjupantjuma fortwährend aufpicken. quickly. Ⓛ papaltuka ◇ continuously peck, pick up. parpa schnell. ◇ fast. Ⓛ papaltu Ⓛ mungumunguni Ⓓ nurrujĕli papapapa kleine Fischart. ◇ small fish parraloatjira Schlange (giftig). ◇ snake species. Ⓛ papapapa (poisonous). Ⓛ wiputinitini

304 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary parra das dünne Ende des Speerschaftes. patta ïmbatja Felsenmalerei. ◇ rock ◇ thin end of spear shaft. Ⓛ tapara paintings. Ⓛ puli ninka parra Schwanz, Stiel (des Fruchtkolbens). pattarinja Bergbewohner, z.B. das ◇ tail, stalk (of a cob). Ⓛ wipu Ⓓ nura graue Känguruh. ◇ mountain dweller, paëla tuma mit dem Schwanz e.g. grey kangaroo. Ⓛ pulingurara schlagen. ◇ beat with the tail. pattalakala Felsvorsprung. ◇ rocky Ⓛ wipunkupungan͂ i outcrop. Ⓛ pulimula, mulamula parraluka Schwanzspitze des patta tenta die Steinplatte. ◇ stone Känguruhs. ◇ tail tip of kangaroo. plate. Ⓛ puli walu Ⓓ mardapaltiri Ⓛ wipuakantji patta lakara (luakara) Felsvorsprung. parritjirbirba Schwanzeindrücke (des ◇ rocky outcrop. Ⓛ puli ulakiri Känguruhs). ◇ tail impressions (of patta artjunba mit Steinen übersät kangaroo) in soft ground or sand. (Charl. W.) ◇ covered with stones Ⓛ wipu-ninka (Charlotte Waters). Ⓛ puli parra männliches Glied, (penis). ◇ penis, múrulmurula pattamanina tail. Ⓛ kalu Ⓓ kidni Schlange, nicht giftig (spec.) ◇ parralbeta, parralbitja Schwanzspitze. non-poisonous snake (species). Ⓛ pulingalulba, tatalpa ◇ tail tip. Ⓛ wipu-mani pattantjentja parritja Schwanz (der Schlange). ◇ tail ein kleiner, elsternartiger schwarz und weiß gefiederter Vogel der (of snake). Ⓛ oparatji sein Nest aus Lehm an die Baumzweige parritja karkuma Schwanz fortwährend klebt (mud-mag-pie, Gallina picata). hin und her bewegen (Schlange). ◇ mud magpie (see Strehlow 1907: ◇ constantly move tail from side to side 28–29); Gallina cyanoleuca (Latz 1996). (snake). Ⓛ wipipirirakulbani Ⓛ aputantjentji patta Stein, Felsen, Berg. ◇ stone, patamapatilama anhäufen (Schätze), mountain, rock. Ⓛ puli, apu Ⓓ marda vollfüllen (mit Getreide, etc.) patta naritjula hohe Berg. ◇ high ◇ accumulate (treasures), fill (with wheat, mountain. etc.) Ⓛ patirangaran͂ i patta knara Berg, Gebirge. ◇ mountain, patta alkarimbala Edelstein. ◇ gem. range. Ⓛ puli puntu, apu pulka pattintola = pattintjentja mud magpie, patta intartja Gebirgszug (Range). Gallina picata. ◇ mud magpie; Gallina ◇ mountain range. cyanoleuca (Latz 1996). Ⓛ aputantjentji patta urta Hügel. ◇ hill. Ⓛ puli urta patanba Wade. ◇ calf. Ⓛ aputala Ⓓ mardawonpa Ⓓ kulapalku patta urba Gebirgsrücken. ◇ mountain paterama zusammensickern (Wasser in Ⓛ puli murbu ridge. Brunnen). ◇ seep together (water in well). patta kulba Bergspitze, Felsrücken. Ⓛ mambalurini ◇ summit, mountain ridge, patatoka unfruchtbar, kinderlos. ◇ infertile, top of mountain. Ⓛ puli tanta childless. Ⓛ putapatti Ⓓ mardatuluru (Gebirgsrücken: aralkulama sich zusammenziehen mountain ridge) (Muskeln), steif werden. ◇ contract patta itera Bergabhang. ◇ mountain (muscles), become stiff.Ⓛ pateratera slope. Ⓛ puli ngaiï Ⓓ marda kalikali patinja toperama Knie beugen, pattintaia, patta intaia Gebirgstor, niederknien. ◇ bend knees, kneel down. Gorge. ◇ gorge. Ⓛ puli intaiï Ⓛ turburingani patta alua Felsblock. ◇ rock boulder. patinja itinjilama die Beine an den Leib Ⓛ puli alala, gatu pulka ziehen, zurückbiegen (Toten). ◇ pull patta iltara weiße Felsen. ◇ white cliffs. legs against body, bend backwards Ⓛ puli lilili, puli kaltjiti (the deceased). Ⓛ turbuturbuni

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 305 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

pinta [Northern dialect], larrapinta (Tieren = animals), wulpuru: ungepflegtes salzig; Salzfluß. ◇ salty; salt river, Finke Haar = unkept hair. River. Ⓓ kaldri?, ngarana pungapunga (z.B. ala) behaarte (z.B. patua Schößling, Reis. ◇ shoot, sprig. Nase), von Haaren gemacht. ◇ hairy Ⓛ aputa Ⓓ kurri (e.g. nose), made of hair. Ⓛ intuïntu baulama fortfliegen (Vögel), fortgehen punga ntalta Schamhaare. ◇ pubic hair. (Menschen). ◇ fly away (birds), go away Ⓛ intu tnani (people). Ⓛ pajennani pulalta nama hineingelegt (z.B. ein Stück per͑ iljíkaljika eine junge Schlange. Holz in den Sägebock), hineingesteckt ◇ young snake. Ⓛ wimmalara (Sprossen der Leiter), zusammengefügt tjingangarálbai geht fort von mir! (die rails in Yard). ◇ insert (into each ◇ go away (from me)! Ⓛ ngaililunguru other), join together (e.g. rails of nerknenini stockyard). Ⓛ niljiputurtninani piltjililtjilelama aus dem Ei schlüpfen. purpa viele (Büsche), zusammenstehend ◇ hatch (out of an egg). Ⓛ tepungani (Büsche). ◇ many (bushes), stand of pinpirapinpira der miner-Vogel (Myzantha bushes. Ⓛ wonkuru flavigula), pin-pin-pin. ◇ miner bird purpitatanga viele dicht zusammen (Myzantha flavigula now Manorina stehende Bäumchen. ◇ big stand of flavigula) (Pizzey and Knight 2007). small trees. Ⓛ wonkurabaúrala Ⓛ pinpiripinpiri purpma Strauch, spec. ◇ bush species. pitjima kommen. ◇ to come. Ⓛ purpmu Ⓛ ngalajennani Ⓓ wokarana, kaparau: purula Heirantsklasse. ◇ marriage class, komm, kaparanau/kaparalau: kommt. subsection, skin name. Ⓛ Tapurula (♂), pitjalbuma zurückkommen. ◇ to return, napurula (♀) to come back. Ⓛ ngalakulbani pokula Federbusch (Hauptschmuck). pitjilama kamen (dorthin). ◇ came (to ◇ feather plume (headdress). Ⓛ pokulu that place). Ⓛ ngalajennani pokuta Haarzopf, Gebirgsrücken. ◇ hair pitjintjima ankommen, herkommen. plait, mountain ridge. Ⓛ pokuti ◇ arrive, come or get here. putaba unvorbereitet, unreinlich. Ⓛ ngalakalbakatini ◇ unprepared, unclean. Ⓛ uruputu pitjikalama herniederkommen, putabala lama unvorbereitet darauf heruntersteigen. ◇ to descend, come gehen. ◇ set off unprepared. down, climb down. Ⓛ okalekukatin͂ i Ⓛ uruputunka jennani pitjalbutjikalama wieder herabkommen. pula die weiße Laus. ◇ white louse. ◇ to come down again. Ⓛ kulbakatira Ⓛ pulli okalingani popankatnuma den Boden stechen pitjipitjima herkommen (duplik). [unclear]. ◇ stab ground. Ⓛ popuarani ◇ to come. Ⓛ ngalajenkanái puntutitja Mann mit Federschuhen. ◇ man ponta sehr kalt. ◇ very cold. Ⓛ warri with feather shoes. Ⓛ puntutitji pmopuntja, pmapuntja Tiefe (Wasser?). putaia [oder luta] kleines graues Wallaby, ◇ depth (of water?). Ⓛ muruntu so groß wie ein Kaninchen. ◇ small grey pulla der Platz, wo Beschneidung wallaby, as big as a rabbit. Ⓛ tunku, stattfindet. ◇ ceremony ground. meteki Ⓛ kaltuka puelama [Southern dialect] blasen pulurunga das Junge (von Tieren). [unclear]. ◇ blow. Ⓛ puni ◇ offspring (of animals).Ⓛ apulurungu putalunga Herz. ◇ heart. Ⓛ kutuduru Ⓓ kaparu (Junge Wild [?]) putanba [Northern dialect] Wade. ◇ calf punga Haar (kurze), Wolle. ◇ hair (fibula).Ⓛ aputala (short), wool. Ⓛ ïntu Ⓓ para, njurdu

306 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary pmala Heiratsklasse. ◇ marriage class, raiankama hauchen. ◇ to breathe. subsection, skin name. Ⓛ okari Ⓛ ngalbmanani Ⓓ ngararankama pmalintjara Heiratsklassen. ◇ marriage (atmen = breath), ngara ngankana classes, subsections, skin names. raiankinja Hauch. ◇ breath, whiff, waft. Ⓛ okarirawaritji Ⓛ ngala Ⓓ jaola pintja [Northern dialect] Quelle. ◇ spring. raiankinja Hauch. ◇ breath. Ⓛ tamura Ⓛ apinti raiarerama sich schlagen, sich prügeln. ◇ (have a) fight, beat (up).Ⓛ marararini raiawungawunga großer Häuptling, R reichlich (geben). ◇ great chief, ample Ⓛ atanari Ⓓ muntapirna rabatanama (v. ura + tanama); versengen. (give). raiawungawungala ◇ (from ura + tanama); singe, scorch. reichlich (z.B. geben). ◇ raba, z.B. mannaraba postp. ohne, ohne ample, generous, plenty (e.g. give). Ⓛ atanarinku Ⓓ muntapirna Brot. ◇ (postposition) without, e.g. (u)raiilakuraiïla without bread. Ⓛ mar͑ ala, miïmarala ungleich (z.B. ◇ rabiuma (etwas) ausspeien, schieß. (aus austeilen). unequal(ly) (e.g. distribute). Ⓛ ekuntarakekuntara d. Munde). ◇ spit out (something), eject (u)raiïlakuraiïla ndama (out of mouth). ungleich rabalanga [Northern dialect], (rebilanga) austeilen (für den Einen ein großes Stück weiße Vögel spec. ◇ white bird species. aussuchen, für den andern ein kleines Ⓛ erebilangi Stück). ◇ distribute unequally (e.g. a large raga [Southern dialect] Hand. ◇ hand. piece for one and for the other a small Ⓛ măra piece). Ⓛ ekuntarakekuntara jungan͂ i raiura ◇ rabalelama warnen, Stille gebieten. Regel (monatlich). period Ⓛ uraiuri ◇ warn, order silence. Ⓛ markuni (monthly), menstruation. rabartjima; z.B. lengala rabartjima rakalakàla darbend. ◇ suffering, starving; brennen, z.B. die Sonne brennt. stranded. (a)rakala ◇ ◇ to burn, e.g. the sun burns. begierig (nach etwas). greedy Ⓛ ngarakambani, tjintunku (for something). Ⓛ taku ngarakambani Ⓓ ngurkumana; ditjieli rakilama begehren. ◇ desire. Ⓛ takurini ngurkumana rakalakalerama darben. ◇ suffer, starve; rubarka geröstete ititja Same. ◇ roasted stranded. rakama (mulga) seed (Strehlow 1920: 25). an sich reißen, entreißen, rauben. ◇ rabarknurkna glühende Kohlen. ◇ glowing seize, snatch away, take by force, steal. Ⓛ waiani, tulani coals. Ⓛ waru turkuru rakalalama rabinja eßbarer Same (spec.) ◇ edible seed mit Gewalt an sich reißen. ◇ Ⓛ tulalkatini species. Ⓛ tnukura seize with force. ralinama rabiulama hineingehen, sich verkriechen. Preis anbieten? Ziel vorstecken? ◇ ◇ go into, hide. Ⓛ apurukatini offer a prize?, set a goal? ralininja ragata [Southern dialect] Mund. ◇ mouth. Preis, der vorgesteckt ist, das Ⓛ ta, tamirka Ⓓ manna Ziel. ◇ price, goal, finish. rakitja raiakutakuterama schnell atmen, Ausgang; das Loch, aus dem die röcheln. ◇ to breath fast, to gasp Eidechse aus ihrem Versteck hervorgeht. ◇ Ⓛ katati (for air). Ⓛ ngalkutungalkuturingani exit; exit hole of lizard burrow. Ⓓ pudlapudlangana rakantakanta Strauch, dessen Früchte ◇ raiankinja intita stinkende Atem. giftig sind. shrub with poisonous fruit. Ⓛ irikantikanti ◇ stinking breath. Ⓛ ngalauna rakanmanmerama spielen, sich tummeln (Vögel). ◇ play (birds). Ⓛ inkankararini

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 307 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

rakara eine Art Taube, Rücken und Gesicht: (u)ralitjikalama untersinken. ◇ to sink. rotbraun, Brust und Bauch: bläulich, Ⓛ terbaraokalingani Kehle und Hinterkopf: schwarz, weißen (u)ralilelama versenken. ◇ to Vorderkopf und weiße Flecken an der sink (something). Ⓛ turirbini Kehle. Etwas größer als Tauben, die sich Ⓓ kunakudibana gewöhnlich in porcupine grass aufhalten. (u)raljaperuma untertauchen (im Wasser ◇ pigeon species, red-brown face and Vögel/Enten). ◇ to dive (birds, ducks in back, bluish belly, bigger than pigeon water). Ⓛ karakukatini that usually lives in porcupine grass. ralbarankama weinen, schreien (kleine Ⓛ marukuru Kinder). ◇ to weep, to cry (small children). rakarananama rollen, dahinrollen Ⓛ ngarbmanani (Radscheibe), im Weiterrollen versieg. ralbaruntjuma fortwährend küssen. ◇ to roll, roll along (wheel, disk), run dry. ◇ to kiss continuously. Ⓛ nuntununtuni Ⓛ lanmalanmaninani (u)ralbuma sich teilen (Wasser), rakilama nach Fleisch verlangen. vertrocknen, einziehen (Wasser), ◇ ◇ demand meat. Ⓛ takurini versiegen (Wasser). to part (water), to dry up, to soak in (water), run dry. rakaranama; rakarananama Kreise auf Ⓛ nertninani dem Wasser bilden; im Weiterrollen ralekerinja Schlangenlinie. ◇ snake line. versiegen. ◇ form circles on water Ⓛ nunkinunki surface; seep in, run (eventually) dry raljelba bitter (Wort, Wasser). ◇ bitter (Strehlow 1910b: 133). Ⓛ rarininani (words, water). rakaratnatjinjima Wellenkreis bildend raljuka ◇ ◇ Baum spec. tree species. aufsteigen. emerge forming a circle Ⓛ iljirauü of waves. Ⓛ rarininarakalbani ralkama [Southern dialect] gähnen, kimbara zuerst, z.B. er hat mich ‘zuerst’ aufsperren (Mund). ◇ yawn, open wide geschlagen. ◇ first, e.g. he hit me ‘first’. (mouth). Ⓛ talangarani Ⓓ manna Ⓛ warika terkana rakuanerínja die boomerangs mit ovalen raleraralera gerade (Rücken) (ein Mann, Linien. ◇ boomerang with oval lines. Pferd). ◇ straight (back of a man or Ⓛ palilkara a horse). Ⓛ araleraraleri rakuanerama, rakuanerama ralkulama zurückziehen (Füße), einziehen übereinanderschlagen (Füße), falten (Hände). ◇ pull, draw back (feet or (Hände), zusammenwachsen, über hands). Ⓛ kaputurini ◇ etwas (hinweg) wachsen. cross (feet), raljaralja sehr heiß, glühend heiß (Wasser, fold (hands), grow together, overgrow Stein, Mensch). ◇ very hot, burning hot (something). Ⓛ terbirapungani (water, stone, human). Ⓛ malkarkura Ⓓ workamandraterina raljelberinja Verbitterung. ◇ bitterness. rakuarakuanerama ineinanderwachsen raltaralta kleine Fischart. ◇ small fish (Wurzeln), sich miteinanderverflechten. species. Ⓛ araltaralta ◇ grow into each other (roots), interlace. raltaralta Marienkäfer. ◇ ladybird. Ⓛ terbiraterbirapungani Ⓛ araltaralta rakuanerinja raltutja laut (Stimme), klar. ◇ loud (voice), übereinanderhinwegwachsend (Wurzeln). clear. Ⓛ per͑ altara, teïltara ◇ grow over each other (roots). raltutjaltutja sehr laut. ◇ very loud. Ⓛ palilkara Ⓛ per͑altaraper͑ altara, teïltarateiltara (u)ralama [Southern dialect] einsinken reruarerama sich einander sehen. (im Wasser, im Schlamm). ◇ to sink ◇ see one another. in (water or mud). Ⓛ turitarbini rentjima (herankommen) sehen. Ⓓ punbina, kunakutina, kunakudina ◇ see (approaching). Ⓛ ngalanangani

308 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary rama sehen. ◇ see. Ⓛ nangani Ⓓ najina after the other. (naiïna) rambaltaia zornig (sprechen). alknatera rama mit eigenen Augen ◇ angry (speak). Ⓛ wonkati sehen. ◇ see with one’s own eyes. rambarknara wütend, tobend. ◇ furious, Ⓛ kurultu nangani raging. Ⓛ ngaropitjipitji alknentala rama zur Seite sehen. ◇ look (u)rámbarkama (Feuer) scheinen [unclear]. to the side. Ⓛ talbanku nangani ◇ (fire) shine.Ⓛ turakamban͂ i alkniltala rama schielen. ◇ be cross- rambarambatnanama wegreißen, eyed. Ⓛ kuru niltunku nangani wegschwemmen (reißende Flut das Ufer). alknalaraka rama übersehen. ◇ tear away, wash away (raging flood the ◇ overlook. Ⓛ ninkiltunkula nangani banks). Ⓛ nerkanerkara bakani rentjalbuma bei der Rückkehr rambalkama erweitern. ◇ enlarge, widen. sehen. ◇ see on return. ramintja Lagerplatz der unverheirateten Ⓛ ngalanakulakulbani Männer. ◇ camp of single men. Ⓛ ambiri rinama, arinama [Northern dialect] rambeuma verhöhnen, verspotten. ◇ Ⓛ manangani (liegen) sehen. to see. ◇ deride, mock. Ⓛ ninjipungani relintatnama vor sich liegen sehen. ramurilja [Eastern dialect] ◇ to see it in front of oneself. Witwenschmuck. ◇ widow’s decoration. Ⓛ manakukatini rambintarama schreien (im Kampf), ramaia circa 2 Fuß lange, gelbe Kampfgeschrei machen. ◇ shout (in schwarzgemusterte Eidechse. ◇ yellow battle), yell battle cries. Ⓛ ngiljirā ́tuni and black patterned lizard (about 2 feet randa, iranda [Northern dialect] Busch long); Varanus gouldii. Ⓛ panka, larkiti mit breiten Blättern und stachlichten ritjalama [unclear]. ◇ see ‘ritjilama’ below. Ⓛ nangani-jenkula Stengeln, dessen kirschengroße, grüne Früchte (bitter) gegessen werden ramara Eidechse (im Norden sich (Solanum ellipticum). ◇ bush with broad aufhaltend). ◇ lizard (lives in the north). Ⓛ ramiri leaves, prickly stems and cherry-sized green fruit (bitter) that are eaten (Solanum (era)malkura gleich, gleich groß. ◇ equal, ellipticum). Ⓛ warandi, wanki same, the same size. Ⓛ (paluru)perina ramalkurantemilama (aus ramalkura- ranga mal, dort. ◇ once, there. Ⓛ kata ntema (wieder) – ilama (machen)) Ⓓ pota ninta ranga ◇ eins so groß wie das andere machen. ein mal. one time. Ⓛ kutukata ◇ make one as big as the other. Ⓛ paluruperinmanani rangunterama Hände aufhalten (um Gaben ◇ ramanerinja (era-manerinja) festhaltend zu empfangen). hold hands open im Boden (Wurzeln). ◇ hold tight to the (to receive gifts). Ⓛ marangurkuringani ground (roots). Ⓛ ngalulba rangantanguma treiben (der Wind das ramaramintama mit den Flügeln schlagen Schiff). ◇ drive (wind the ship). (Vögel). ◇ beat wings (birds). Ⓛ kalbi rangarangauma nicht schlichten können pilarikula (den Streit zwischen Kämpfenden), ramarama (von era-ma-era-ma) ohnmächtig zusehen. ◇ not able to settle gleichen, Nachkommen, Geschlecht. (a quarrel or a fight), look on powerless. ◇ alike, descendants, descent group; Ⓛ ngambangambaninani family. Ⓛ palurunganpalurungan, rangataputa Moskito (spec.) ◇ mosquito palurunganbapalurunganba species. Ⓛ kanalapatalba ramaramilama gleich machen, ebenso rangiuma fallen lassen (vor Müdigkeit), machen. ◇ make equal, make likewise. aus den Händen fallen. ◇ drop (due to Ⓛ palurukapaluru wottani tiredness), fall out of hands. Ⓛ (mara) ramantitja alle nacheinander. ◇ all one wirintalkani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 309 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

rangininja Ziel, Preis, Ende. ◇ goal, price, rantjarantja hitzig (vor Zorn), finish. wild aufgebracht (reden). ◇ hot rangiltja; z.B. tjata rangiltja itnima tempered (anger), enraged (speak). unvermögend, nicht halten könnend; z.B. Ⓛ múlakuiamúlakuia der Speer entfällt ihm. ◇ unable, cannot rantjikama zum Streit herausfordern. hold, e.g. drops spear. Ⓛ wirintalka; ◇ challenge to a fight.Ⓛ jerrpungani kata wirintalkani rantjikanakana der Herausfordernde. ranganama ◇ this time. ◇ the challenger. Ⓛ jerrpunganmi rangintarangala (ngama) alle in Reihen rantambala nama übereinstimmen. (hintereinander) stehend (tragen). ◇ agree. ◇ standing in a row (behind each other) rantambala (era-ntambala) (carry). Ⓛ marangúrkungúrkunka übereinstimmend. ◇ in agreement. (katini) erapara schräg (wie ein Dach), abschüssig rangutnantama vollbringen (Arbeit). (Ufer). ◇ slanting (like a roof), steep ◇ accomplish, finish (work). (riverbank). Ⓛ tarutaru raninja Gerät, Sachen. ◇ utensil, (u)rapmara (ura-pmara) abgebrannte equipment, gear, things. Ⓛ julta Ⓓ poto Land. ◇ burnt out land. Ⓛ nunma, naru ranjunganjunga [Southern dialect] urapurapa vom Feuer geschwärzt. Wasser, das sich auf den Ebenen ◇ blackened by fire.Ⓛ warutumúnmún angesammelt hat, das die Känguruh (u)raparenama (urapa-Ofen, rename- trinken. ◇ water that collects on the legen) in den Ofen werfen, einheizen. plains and is drunk by kangaroos. ◇ put in the oven, heat. Ⓛ peurtunani Ⓛ aranjúnganjúngu rapanama einem den Weg verstellen. eranka [Northern dialect] Hund. ◇ dog. ◇ hinder someone from proceeding. Ⓛ papa Ⓛ angangarani rankaia conf. arankaia Fächerpalme. rapmarapma Busch (spec.) ◇ bush ◇ fan palm. Ⓛ aranki species. Ⓛ arumaruma rankara ihr. ◇ you (2nd pl. nom.) rapmarapmara Gaumen. ◇ palate. Ⓛ nurangari Ⓓ jura Ⓛ tamatùla rankaratitja ihr alle, ihr insgesammt. ◇ you rarinja richtige Geschwister [unclear]. all, you all together. Ⓛ nurangarilta ◇ proper siblings. Ⓛ nakulapunguta rankuia conf. arankuia schwarze, eßbare raragunama alles hineinstecken, Früchte (wilde Kirschen). ◇ black, edible vergraben, eingraben. ◇ put all of it in, fruit (wild cherries). Ⓛ kopata bury. Ⓛ apuarairbini rankurankua verrückt, taub (nicht hören rara sehr leicht. ◇ very light. Ⓛ rambi können), unsinnig. ◇ crazy, deaf (cannot rarata Vergeltung. ◇ retaliation, retribution. hear), senseless. Ⓛ ramarama, walwal Ⓛ batjirinka Ⓓ kalala Ⓓ jirijiri raratala tuma strafen, rächen. ◇ punish, rankurankuabaruburkula taubstumm. avenge, revenge. Ⓛ batjirinka pungani ◇ deaf and dumb. raratankama beschwichtigen, zum Frieden rantalkinja nama (era-ntalkinja) reden. ◇ pacify, appease. Ⓛ batjiri überlegen sein, besiegen. ◇ be superior, wonkani defeat. Ⓛ palurukutu ninani Ⓓ kalalu rarambuma sich röten (sich abschälen ngankana Rinde [unclear]). ◇ redden (when bark nunantalkinja nama wir besiegen. ◇ we peels off a gumtree).Ⓛ rarakambani defeat. Ⓛ ngananakutulenku ninani raratilama beschwichtigen. ◇ appease, erantatara [erantatara] beide, gleich groß. soothe. Ⓛ batjirenani ◇ both, same size or hight. Ⓛ pulakutara rarauarara (era-rauara) Altersgenossen. ◇ peers. Ⓛ tunguta Ⓓ kalumara

310 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary raroaïnalama Getümmel machen. ◇ cause Ntaria (Strehlow 1947: 118; 1971). turmoil or a commotion. Spencer and Gillen (1927: 623) use the rarkua Siebengestirn. ◇ Pleiades. word ratapa for a child to which a kuruna Ⓛ okuralji has given rise in the mother and for rarkubarkuma klappern (Speere), a baby immediately after birth. According knirschen (Sägen). ◇ to rattle (spears), to Carl Strehlow the word ratapa derives to grind (saw). Ⓛ rurbmankanani from the verb ratana meaning ‘coming rarkuma klappern, dröhnen, knirschen. from, originating’. The ratapa, which ◇ to rattle, to roar, to crunch, to grind. he also calls ‘Kinderkeime (child-seed)’ Ⓛ roropungani (Strehlow 1908: 52) and ‘Ursprung der rarpa, z.B. erarpa postp. selbst; z.B. Menschen (origin of human beings)’ er selbst. ◇ (postposition) self; e.g. he (Carl Strehlow’s unpublished dictionary), himself. Ⓛ rurpa, palururpa were said to be invisible but fully ratinama heruntersehen (auf ein Wild) um developed children with reddish skin dasselbe zu speeren, aufs Korn nehmen. colour (Strehlow 1908: 52). The human ◇ to look down on (game) to spear it, soul begins its existence when a spirit take aim. Ⓛ walingani child enters a pregnant woman giving rata [Northern dialect] conf. r͑ ata the embryo a soul (Carl Strehlow 1908: Schlange spec. ◇ snake species. 53–56; T.G.H. Strehlow 1971, 1978). Ⓛ mantaramantara Ⓛ aratapi ratnilenja Auszehrung, Schwindsucht. rantanala indatnama heraussteigen. ◇ consumption. Ⓛ kebularini ◇ climb out. Ⓛ matulbakani ratnangiwuma hinunterfallen, ratitjinjima heraufsteigen [unclear]. hinunterstürzen, hineinpacken (den Toten ◇ climb up. Ⓛ wirkarakalbani in ein Loch), hineinstoßen, versinken ratama herausgehen, aufgehen, (im Meer), hineinstoßen einen Stock entspringen, auskriechen. ◇ to go out, in ein Loch. ◇ fall down, put or pack rise, emerge, crawl out; come out. Ⓛ bakani Ⓓ dunkana (deceased into a grave), push in, sink ratalela nama ◇ (in the sea), push a stick into a hole. herausführen. to lead Ⓛ karalawonnini Ⓓ kibana out. Ⓛ mawirkatiljini Ⓓ dunkalkana ratnitjilama hindurchgehen, sich ratintjima herauskommen, aufgehen hindurchzwängen. ◇ go through, force (Sonne). ◇ to come out, rise (sun). or push through. Ⓛ tarungarini talkala Ⓛ wirkanani Ⓓ dunkana tarana ratoppa Brust vor stehen, sehr gerade ratintjilama herauskommen, stehen. ◇ stand very straight. heraustreten, aufgehen (Stern). ◇ to Ⓛ nanartnanara come out, to step out, to rise (star). ratulelama streifen (beim Werfen) [unclear]. Ⓛ ngalabakani, ngalawirkanani ◇ to brush, to graze (with something, Ⓓ dunkana tarana e.g. spear). Ⓛ pulmanani ratanama hervorkommen. ◇ to come ratuntja abgeschlagen, abgespalten out. Ⓛ mawirkani (Steinmesser). ◇ to knock off, to split off ratankama erheben (Wind). ◇ to pick up (stone knife). Ⓛ telpa (wind). Ⓛ múnmulukatini Ⓓ wilparina raua frei, los, abgewickelt. ◇ free, loose, ratapa Ursprung der Menschen, Totem. unwound. Ⓛ altakalta ◇ origin of humans, totem, dreaming rauerama los werden, sich abwickeln, being, mythical twins. In Carl Strehlow’s sich zerstreuen, auffliegen, aufbrechen work ratapa means child spirit, offspring, (Knospen), sich entrollen. ◇ to get rid baby, child, conception dreaming, of, to unwind (reflexive), to disperse ‘totem’. In T.G.H. Strehlow’s work it (reflexive), to fly up, to open (buds), means mythical children or Twins of to unroll (reflexive).Ⓛ altakaltarini

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 311 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

rauilama trs. hinstreuen, säen. relbukinja der Raub (den man dem Feinde ◇ (transitive) scatter, sow. abnimmt), die Beute. ◇ loot (taken from Ⓛ altakaltanani Ⓓ teribana enemies). raualelama trs. hinstreuen, hinwerfen, relara ngetjima herbeiführen (vom Wind). auspacken (Sachen), säen. ◇ (transitive) ◇ to bring (wind). Ⓛ wollakatini scatter, throw down, unpack (things), ar͑ ilaùma zielen (nach einem Ziel). ◇ to aim sow. Ⓛ altakaltanani Ⓓ teriteribana (at something). Ⓛ nakulatalkan͂ i raueritnenkama sehr laut sprechen releuma ansehen (als etwas). ◇ to regard, (Mensch), sehr laut singen (Vögel). to consider (as something). ◇ speak very loud (people), sing very ar͑ ilintaranàma erblicken [unclear]. ◇ to loud (birds). Ⓛ kultuúngutu wonkani see. Ⓛ makurbaraïnini rauerèlalama sich zerstreuen relbaritjima leise sprechen. ◇ to speak (Menschen). ◇ disperse, scatter softly. Ⓛ talbatalbirini (people). Ⓛ altakaltarira jennani relbma glänzend (Stamm der ilbula), rauwiawia große Häuptling. ◇ big chief. scheinend. ◇ shiny (trunk of ilbula). Ⓛ inanari Ⓛ tjilba raunterama pfeifen. ◇ whistle. relbmarelbma sehr glatt, glänzend. ◇ very Ⓛ winpurangani Ⓓ wilpina smooth, shiny. Ⓛ tjilbatjilba raualelama auswickeln (Federn). ◇ unwrap relbmintalama zeigen (Zähne), fletschen Ⓛ (feathers). altakaltanani [unclear]. ◇ to show (teeth), bare teeth. rebatarerama einmal auf eine Seite, Ⓛ ninjirani dann auf die andere Seite etwas relbakama entreißen, mit Gewalt nehmen. herunterschießen (Habichte und Adler). ◇ to snatch away, take with force. ◇ drop down alternating from one Ⓛ waiani Ⓓ mamana side to the other (hawks and eagles). relbarelbakama sich reißen um etwas, Ⓛ tarutaruringani ringen miteinander (um etwas). rebba große Mulde (von Gummiholz). ◇ to scramble for something, to ◇ large bowl (made of gumtree wood). wrestle (something from someone). Ⓛ wirra Ⓓ ngampura pirna Ⓛ waiawaiani rebilanga großer, weißer Vogel. ◇ large relkatantuma Leibschmerz haben. ◇ to white bird. Ⓛ erebilangi have stomach pain. Ⓛ nganurknarani raunteranerana der Pfeifer. ◇ whistler. relbuma [Southern dialect] schmatzen. arílla dort. ◇ there. Ⓛ nara ◇ to smack (lips), eat noisily. relabuma umhersehen, nachsehen (einem). Ⓛ nuntalbmanani ◇ look around, look after (someone). relbubelbuma Ⓛ nakulajenkanani [Southern dialect] fortwährend schmatzen. ◇ continuously relakarelankama (fortwährend ansehend smack. Ⓛ nuntalbmankanini sprechen) lesen. ◇ (constantly look rĕlea dort. ◇ there. Ⓛ naranka at something while speaking) read. Ⓛ nakulakanakula wonkani reljinga [Southern dialect] Kinnbacken. ◇ Ⓛ arilingi, kadidi relalabuma sich besehen, beschauen. jaw bone. Ⓓ Kinnlade ◇ look, examine (reflexive).Ⓛ nakularini mannakira ( ) reljatna relareknuma sich berufen (auf jemanden). Lunge. ◇ lung. Ⓛ tariljakiri n ◇ refer to (someone). Ⓓ bu ̄ ga relinama reichen (bis zu etwas). ◇ to reach relkuma wegschicken, drängen (daß (to something). jemand gehen soll). ◇ to send away, rĕlama; rĕlai! sich vorsehen, vor sich to urge (someone to go). Ⓛ uluni hingehend sehen, vorsichtig sein; sieh Ⓓ walpamalina (einander drängen = dich vor! ◇ be careful, cautious; look out! urge each other) Ⓛ palurunka nangani; nauai! nangami

312 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary rella Mensch. ◇ human, person. Ⓛ matu renalama refl. sich setzen. ◇ (reflexive) Ⓓ kana sit down. Ⓛ ninakatini Ⓓ ngamana rella ngantja die unterirdischen Menschen. ngarina ◇ subterranean humans or people, renalelama trs. auffordern, sich zu i.e. people living inside the earth, rella setzen, begrüßen (den Ankömmling). (meaning ‘person’) ngantja (meaning ‘the ◇ (transitive) invite, to sit down, one hidden in the earth’ or ‘subterranean’ welcome (someone who has just (Strehlow 1907: 5). These hidden people arrived). Ⓛ ninatunani are called today pmarakutata spirits. renalalakalama sich niederlegen. ◇ lie According to a creation narrative, a long down. Ⓛ ninakatira okulingani time ago the people living inside the renalitjikalama sich niedersetzen. earth, the rella ngantja, did not know ◇ sit down. Ⓛ ninakatira okalingani anything about fire, but one day a man Ⓓ ngamana ngarina from another place came who showed renitjalbuma niederlegen (bei seiner them how to make fire (Strehlow 1907: Rückkehr). ◇ lie down (on his return). 31–32). Ⓛ matu nguanba Ⓛ tunanikulbara renalitjilama ◇ rella manerinja die zusammen sich niederlassen. settle Ⓛ ninakatira talkani gewachsenen Menschen. ◇ undeveloped down, sit down. renalitjalbuma ◇ people or beings, i.e. rella (people) sich niedersetzen. sit down. Ⓛ ninakatirikulbani manerinja (grown together); at the renitjalbanama niedersetzen (nach der beginning of time the limbs of the rella Rückkehr). ◇ sit down (after return). manerinja were grown together (see Ⓛ tunani jenkula Strehlow 1907: 2–3). Ⓛ matu ngalulba renamalkurantemilama [rena- rellaka nimba, rella intarinja die malkura-ntama-ilama] genau so aneinandergewachsenen Menschen. setzen oder lernen, wie es gesetzt ◇ grown together people (see Strehlow ist. ◇ to learn exactly how it is (and 1907: 3). Ⓛ matu mintirbmintira reltalea ◇ was) laid down and transmitted. Ente (art). duck species. Ⓛ palununguanba kanani Ⓛ arelteleï ren̄ kulindama nach allen Seiten rellinja böse Wesen in Gestalt von inkaia ausschauen. ◇ look in all directions. ◇ (Bandikut). evil beings or bad spirits Ⓛ minkiltunkula ngarini in bilby shape (Strehlow 1907: 12). renarenalbuma umstellen (Wild). Ⓛ tounita ◇ surround (game). Ⓛ tunkutunkula relpa [Southern dialect] scharf, spitz. kulbani ◇ sharp, pointed. Ⓛ iri Ⓓ tjerkara, tiri renopinama hinlegen. ◇ lay down, relpilama ◇ Ⓛ irini schärfen. sharpen. put down. Ⓛ tunkanani Ⓓ tjerkara ngankana, tiri wikana, renapatupatalama alle sich am Boden dingana hinsetzen. ◇ everybody sits down. relparenama (inka) schnell gehen. Ⓛ ninaninakatini ◇ to walk fast. Ⓛ (tjinna) tunatunani renapalla wenige. ◇ few. Ⓛ narapili remankura breit (Stirn). ◇ broad renkinja nama nötig sein. ◇ be necessary. (forehead). Ⓛ ngala bilalku renga Podargus. ◇ Podargus strigoides; rĕna da, dort. ◇ there. Ⓛ nara Ⓓ jerra tawny frogmouth. Ⓛ ngungi, nguri renama trs. legen, hinlegen, bellen (Hunde). renginja Fisch (spec.) ◇ fish species. ◇ (transitive) put, lay, lay down, bark Ⓛ erengini (dogs). Ⓛ tunani Ⓓ kurana rengaralama den verkehrten Weg gehen renalanama sich setzen. ◇ sit down. (den rechten Weg verfehlen). ◇ take Ⓛ maninakatini the wrong path (miss the right one). Ⓛ kambanka jennani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 313 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

renkama (c. gen.) bedürfen (etwas), retjinga Kamm (bei Vögeln, Gebirgen). willig sein? ◇ (c. gen.) need or want ◇ crest (of birds, mountains). Ⓛ aretjingi (something). retinga in einer Linie stehend. ◇ stand in renjamarenja ankama (genau ansehend one line. Ⓛ tabiri sprechen) lesen. ◇ (speak looking retinja hervortreten (Rückgrat). ◇ protrude closely, exactly, precisely) to read. (backbone, spine). Ⓛ aretinji Ⓛ nakulakanakula wonkani retjingama führen, leiten. ◇ guide, lead. renterama schimpfen. ◇ scold. Ⓛ tarerini Ⓛ atakatini Ⓓ wapalkana rentekula der ring-neck-parrot. ◇ ringneck retinerinja [Southern dialect] fest parrot. Ⓛ tamatùla zusammenfaltend. ◇ fold tightly together. rentua [Southern dialect] vorbei, seitwärts. Ⓛ ngamirapunguta ◇ past, aside, sideways. Ⓛ talba retna Namen, Tj: Gesang. ◇ name. Ⓛ ini rentuerama [Southern dialect] vorbei Ⓓ tala, pinti sehen, seitwärts sehen. ◇ look past, areknuma beim Namen (z.B. rufen). look to the side. Ⓛ talbaringani ◇ by name (e.g. call). Ⓛ amaialtin͂ i Ⓓ mudla walkina retna laulinja Geheim-Name. ◇ secret rentitjerama heilen (Wunde), heil werden. name. Ⓛ ini jerkata ◇ heal (wound). retjabaretja Anführer. ◇ leader. renkuma richten (sein Angesicht richten rilera friedlich, versöhnt, freundlich, zahm. auf etwas, hinwenden sein Gesicht). ◇ peaceful, reconciled, friendly, tame. ◇ turn (face towards something). Ⓛ ngultu Ⓓ murlali reoa, reowa Tür, Eingang. ◇ door, entrance. retnangiuma auswerfen (Anker). ◇ to Ⓛ arewa Ⓓ manna throw out (e.g. anchor). rentunama abschneiden. ◇ to cut off. rilararilara sehr friedlich, sehr ruhig. ◇ very rentunana Sichel (n). ◇ sickle (n). friendly, very quiet. Ⓛ ngultungultu retjinama zähmen, im Zaun halten. ◇ tame, rilarerama sich versöhnen. ◇ reconcile. keep in check. Ⓛ ngulturingani retjingana Zaum (des Pferdes). ◇ bridle (of rilarilama versöhnen. ◇ reconcile. horse). Ⓛ ngultuni Ⓓ murlali ngankana rererera herabfließend (Saft). ◇ flow down rinba vor langer Zeit. ◇ a long time ago. (juice, sap). Ⓛ iririri oder iriri? Ⓛ rauanta rēra Wurzel. ◇ root. Ⓛ ngaturu Ⓓ kapara rinbinba Oberlippe, gerade Schnabel. rerinjiwulàma untertauchen, ◇ upper lip, straight beak. Ⓛ tabinbinba tauchen (Vögel). ◇ dive (birds). Ⓓ mannamimi Ⓛ iriritumbingarani rinjiltjilinama mit dem Schnabel erfassen (a)r͑ erama [Southern dialect] neidig (die Vögel die Fische), mit dem Speer sein, neiden. ◇ be envious, envy. speeren (die Fische). ◇ grab with beak Ⓛ pekaringani Ⓓ nguntjina (birds, fish), to spear with a spear (fish). rĕrka kahl, haarlos. ◇ bald, hairless. Ⓛ talli Ⓛ ariltjiltjinka manjini reruperuma eingehen und wieder rintjingankama murmeln. ◇ murmur. ausgehen, aus u. eingehen, hin und rintjarela Augenschein (nach d. A. richten). zurück schwimmen, hin und her wandern. ◇ appearance. ◇ go in and out, swim back and forth, rinkarinka Leiter, die Einschnitte im Baum, wander around. Ⓛ totulbakanái an denen man hinaufklettert (langer reta [Southern dialect] stecken, steif, fest. Stamm mit Ästen, [unclear]). ◇ ladder, ◇ stuck, stiff, solid.Ⓛ arata tree notches for climbing it, (long trunk ureta graublau, blau. ◇ greyish blue, blue. with branches). Ⓛ bintalba Ⓛ urutu rentuarentua abgewandt (Gesicht). ◇ averted (face). Ⓛ talbatalba

314 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary rirtja trocken (Erde). ◇ dry (earth). rŏkerama ruhig werden. ◇ to become Ⓛ paruru calm. Ⓛ rataringan͂ i rirtjerama trocknen, trocken werden. rokilama beruhigen. ◇ to calm down. ◇ to dry, become dry. Ⓛ parururingani Ⓛ ratani rirtjilama trs. abtrocknen. ◇ (transitive) (a)rolta sehr müde, steif (Glied), stumpf dry, wipe (dry). Ⓛ parurunani (Messer). ◇ very tired, stiff (limb), blunt rinjiltja Stoßzähne, Hauer, Schnabel. (knife). Ⓛ punuru ◇ tusks, beak. ronnaronnilama umschließen, umzingeln. aritjilkanama trs. aufbrechen (Früchte), ◇ to surround, encircle. Ⓛ tulutuluni aufmachen (das Maul). ◇ (transitive) ronta satt, gesättigt, anderen sein Essen break open (fruit), open (mouth). überlassen, nähren. ◇ full, leave food to Ⓛ ninjirpungani Ⓓ pakina others, feed, nourish. Ⓛ uranba (a)ritjankitjanka aufrechtstehend. ◇ stand rontaronta sehr satt. ◇ very full. straight. Ⓛ eriljankiljanki Ⓛ u̒ ranu̒ ranba karitjankitjanka aufrechstehendes roralelama ausschütten, verschütten, Haar der Menschen und der Kakadu. schütteln (Baum). ◇ pour out, spill, shake ͂ ◇ upright standing hair of humans and (tree). Ⓛ pinpintitjingani cockatoos. Ⓛ kata eriljankiljanka ororínjaróralama fortwährend auf (a)ritjima flüstern. ◇ to whisper. und abgehen, fortwährend hin und Ⓛ tailberini zurück gehen. ◇ continuously walk Ⓛ parajenkaniñi, ritjilama auf der Wanderung erblicken. up and down. ngurilingurilijenkanin͂ i ◇ to see on the go or move. Ⓛ nangan͂ i jenkula rowatowata Mitleid. ◇ empathy, pity. rorkintjilama, rurkintjilama ritjinjankama flüsternd reden. ◇ talk in geräuschvoll kommen. ◇ come noisy. whispers. Ⓛ tailbiwonkani Ⓛ ngalararbmanañi roa fließendes Wasser, Flut. ◇ flowing rowatowaterama c. gen. mitleidig sein. water, flood. Ⓛ juru ◇ have pity. roambenka große Flut. ◇ big flood. rurkuma Ⓛ jurutjoariwari Ⓓ ngarimata, Geräusch machen (beim Gehen), ◇ ngapa-kumari (ohne Fische = without klappern, kratzen. make sound (when Ⓛ rarbmanañi fish) walking), clatter, scratch. rorouma langsam dahinschleichen roalama fließen (Wasser). ◇ flow (water). (vor Schmerzen). ◇ creep along slowly Ⓛ jurujenani Ⓓ ngakana (due to pain). Ⓛ tarikatijennani roamba wenig (essen), mäßig (im roroulja Horn, Hörner. ◇ horn, horns. ◇ Essen). (eat) little, moderate (eating). Ⓛ roroulji Ⓓ jurietja Ⓛ kuljangalka Ⓓ kalungeru rotnulama reißende Schmerzen haben roamberama wenig essen. ◇ eat little. (als wenn alles entzwei ist). ◇ have Ⓛ kujangarini great pains (as if torn into pieces). roarka [Northern dialect] abschüssig, Ⓛ bakurtjingani ◇ Ⓛ kaljilkaljil senkrecht. steep, vertical. rotna Kinn. ◇ chin. Ⓛ nguttu roarkitjunama senkrecht abfallen Ⓓ ngankatjendra (Kinn), mannakira (Felswand). ◇ vertically fall away, sheer (Kinnlade) (rock wall). Ⓛ kaljilkaljil ngarani rotnerama drückende Schmerz empfinden. roarkna schnell (gehen, kommen). ◇ quick, ◇ feel pressing pain. Ⓛ murtalkani fast (go, come). Ⓛ roatjibatjiba rottuma; z.B. inka rottuma drücken, roinja Schlange (giftig). ◇ snake erdrücken, quetschen, treten; z.B. auf (poisonous). Ⓛ arantji den Fuß treten. ◇ press, crush, squeeze, rŏka ruhig, schweigsam, still. ◇ quiet, tread; e.g. tread on foot. Ⓛ kantuni silent. Ⓛ rata Ⓓ dauru puruni; z.B. tjinna puruni

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 315 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

rŏtupa gemalte Streifen um den Leib ruilkara grauer Papagai mit gelblich- (Streifen). ◇ stripes painted around body rötlichen Federn am Kopf und einzelnen (stripes). Ⓛ taiïtopi weißen anderen an den Flügeln erŏtupma Landzunge, Streifen Landes zu (cockatoo-parrot). ◇ grey parrot with beiden Seiten vom Wasser umgeben. yellowish-reddish head feathers and ◇ spit of land. Ⓛ tunturu single white wing feathers; cockatoo- roulta lange Hals, lange Genick (der Vögel) parrot or cockatiel, Nymphicus auch Emu und Kamele. ◇ long neck or hollandicus (Pizzey and Knight 2007). nape (of birds as well as of emus and Ⓛ kurankuranba Ⓓ kurinjawiliwili camels). Ⓛ kaua rakantakanta der runde Erdwall, den die roubouma fortwährend zittern. ◇ shake knuljaknulja an ihren Löchern machen. continuously. Ⓛ tjititikanani ◇ earth mounds that insects make ruálba [Southern dialect], uralba around their burrows. Ⓛ arakántakánta [Northern dialect] Ranke mit eßbaren rukatilama versprechen (etwas zu Früchten. ◇ vine with edible fruit. geben). ◇ promise (to give something). Ⓛ uralbi Ⓛ ngulakutankuni ruatnanga [Southern dialect], uratnanga ruka zuerst. ◇ first, to begin with.Ⓛ wara, [Northern dialect] dorniger Bush mit wari großen rosenartigen weissen Blüten, rúkulurúkulaláma eine weite Strecke Capparis nummularia. ◇ thorny bush (gehen). ◇ (walk) a long distance. with large rose-like white blossoms Ⓛ rauankarauajennan͂ i (Capparis nummularia); wild passionfruit. rukantema zuerst. ◇ first (of all).Ⓛ warika Ⓛ uratningi rukuntukunta Aufenthaltsort der Teufel rubulubula ohmächtig, betäubt (durch erintja, Ort der Qual, Hölle, wo es sehr Stoß, Hagel), schwindlig, verwirrt. heiß ist. ◇ place of evil erintja beings, ◇ unconscious, dizzy, confused, place of torment, hell, where it is very hot. stunned (from a blow or hail). Ⓛ pekalatjingani, paltipalti Ⓛ punkurupunkuru, kurerekurere rukuntukuntilama quälen, fortwährend rubulubulerama schwindlig werden, schlagen, foltern. ◇ torment, constantly ohnmächtig werden, verrückt hit, torture. Ⓛ pekalatjingani werden. ◇ get dizzy, faint, go crazy. rukulba (ura & ulba) die fleischige Ⓛ kurerekurererini Brunst. ◇ lust. ruanbierama sich ängstigen. ◇ be afraid, rukutaliuma durch 4 angezündete Feuer be anxious, worry. die Nähe eines größern Lagerplatzes rubottabotterama alle schnell ankündigen. ◇ indicate with four zusammenlaufen, sich zusammenrotten. fires the position of a larger camp. ◇ run or band together quickly. Ⓛ warupunturingani Ⓛ kaputakaputarini rukunjerama ehren. ◇ to honour. ruburkula [Southern dialect] stumm. rukura leicht. ◇ light (opposite of ‘heavy’). ◇ mute. Ⓛ wonkakuraru, tapatti Ⓛ rambi, ranku Ⓓ ngaua rubarabarerama aufschwellen (Wunde, rukuntukuntilama verderben. ◇ to spoil, Teig aufgehen). ◇ swell (wound), rise rot. (dough). Ⓛ rararingani Ⓓ nilji terkana rukurkuatja Ort der Qual, Aufenthaltort rubaruba Wirbelwind. ◇ whirlwind. der Teufel, wo es sehr heiß ist. ◇ place Ⓛ unbalara Ⓓ watara wondru of torment, very hot place of devils. rourkna nachgiebig, sich sagen lassen. Ⓛ pekalatjingani ◇ compliant. rukurkuátja Fieber. ◇ fever. Ⓛ nanarangani

316 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary rukuta (‘der Versteckte’) beschnittener rultanultana Sammler. ◇ gatherer. junger Mann, der sich verstecken Ⓛ pankirirínma Ⓓ kampanietja. muß (= laualinja); Männer so genannt. rultulalbuma wieder mitnehmen. ◇ take ◇ (‘the hidden one’) young man, who away again. Ⓛ pánkirírirakúlbani must hide himself (laulinja = hidden); ruljaperanama fallen (unter die Mörder). men who are hidden are called laulinja ◇ fall (amongst the murderers). (Strehlow 1907: 41). Ⓛ tátata rulukurula Nebel. ◇ fog. Ⓛ urulukurulu rukútukúta sehr große innere Hitze Ⓓ tataru, kunmi (im Leibe), Pein, Qual. ◇ very big rumbara Speer zum Töten von Menschen internal heat (in body), agony, torment. gebraucht. ◇ spear used to kill people. Ⓛ waralurkambani Ⓛ intiwirki rukutukuta Lohe (von Feuer), großer rumerama erscheinen, sich zeigen, aufsteigender Rauch. ◇ blaze (of fire), zum Vorschein kommen. ◇ appear, big rising smoke. Ⓛ pulkátakáta show oneself, turn up. Ⓛ wirkanani rukutukutilama quälen, peinigen. Ⓓ wondraterina (sich zeigen: appear) ◇ torture, torment. Ⓛ kambalbmanani rumeritjalbuma wiedererscheinen, rukuntukunta sehr zornig sein. ◇ be very wieder zum Vorschein kommen. angry. Ⓛ wilawarutarani ◇ reappear, turn up again. rukuntukuntilama sehr zornig machen, Ⓛ kulbarawirkanani zum Zorn reizen. ◇ make very angry, rumunta kleiner (cr. 10 cm lang) schwarzer provoke. Fisch spec. im Schlamm sich aufhaltend. rulaperinja dichtes Gehölz. ◇ dense ◇ small black fish species (circa 10 cm wood, forest, thicket. Ⓛ nganapuru long) that lives in the mud. Ⓛ urumuntu rula Holz. ◇ wood, tree. Ⓛ ngana Ⓓ pita rumbinama sich schließen (Wunde). rula munta Dickicht. ◇ thicket. Ⓛ ngana ◇ to close (wound). Ⓛ opuni tata rumbinelanapanama trs. schließen rulbmerama sich schließen (Wunde), machen (durch Medizin). ◇ (transitive) verheilen (eine Wunde). ◇ heal (wound). make close (heal with medicine). Ⓛ bottirbottirarini Ⓓ parara Ⓛ opuranani rulkalitnuma rauschend hinunterfließen runama den Tod eines anderen (Wasser), (über Felsplatten, in die Tanks). verursachen (wenn sich z.B. der Mörder ◇ flow down rushing (water), (over rock versteckt und der Bluträcher den Vater plates, into tanks). Ⓛ karalbmanani des Mörders dafür umbringt). Schuld ruljarulja Papagei spec. Kopf, Brust und sein (am Tode eines Andren). ◇ cause Rücken grün, Flügel = grün, blau und someone else’s death (e.g. when schwarze Spitze, rotgelb am Vorderkopf murderer hides and avenger kills father und am Flügelgelenk, unten am Schwanz of murderer instead), be responsible for gelb, Schwanzfedern grün mit blauen someone’s death. Ⓛ urtnuni Spitzen (Psephotus multicolour). ◇ parrot rumarumerama ein Geheimnis verraten species: green head, chest and back, (ein Geheimnis). ◇ give away a secret. green wings with blue and black tips, Ⓛ kurukururini yellow-red forehead and wing joints, runbarunga eine schlangenähnliche underside of tail yellow, green tail feathers Eidechse (mit 2 Füßen). ◇ snake-like with blue tips; mulga parrot (Psephotus lizard (with two feet); legless lizard; varius). Ⓛ tjuriltjurilja burrowing skink (Lerista species). rulkumbara sehr schnell (gehen). ◇ (walk) Ⓛ urunburungu very fast. Ⓛ manmiri runga zugehörig. ◇ belong. Ⓛ wolta rultuma sammeln, einsammeln. ◇ collect, rungatja mein, mir zugehörig. ◇ my/mine, gather. Ⓛ pankiririni Ⓓ kampana belonging to me. Ⓛ woltara

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 317 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

rungalura mehrere. ◇ several. rontia Feuershitze (rontia). ◇ heat of fire. Ⓛ angutalitji Ⓛ ngarakambanmi rúmbinama tief atmen. ◇ breath deeply. runtalkniwuma abladen (Güter), Ⓛ goltunani verschenken, austeilen (Gaben). ◇ unload rungara auch. ◇ also. Ⓛ puruna (goods), give away, distribute (gifts). Ⓓ bakana Ⓛ utulutúnani, utuluwónnini rungarankama zu Boden fließen (Saft). runuraïrbuma durchdringen (Sauerteig). ◇ flow to the ground (juice, sap). ◇ penetrate (sourdough). Ⓛ kǔru Ⓛ tulbintini wokkariïni Ⓓ pulkurutjerina rungarunga ankama verbieten (etwas runtjama küssen. ◇ to kiss. Ⓛ nunjuni, zu tun), ermahnen. ◇ forbid (to do nuntuni Ⓓ tapamalina something), admonish. Ⓛ angamenmen runtunerama schlängelnd weiter wachsen wonkani (Wurzeln), nach verschiedenen Seiten rungultilama Zauberei treiben, laufend (Wurzeln). ◇ keep growing Giftmischerei treiben. ◇ engage in winding (roots), grow in different witchcraft. directions (roots). Ⓛ karbikarbini, rungulta [runkulta] [Southern dialect] karbirarbirini ◇ Gift, Zaubergift poison, magic-poison. rupia abgebrannt, mit abgesengtem Haar. Ⓛ irati ◇ burnt down, with singed hair (Strehlow rungultjangùla kühler Wind, Säuseln. 1920: 33). Ⓛ naru ◇ cool wind, rustle. Ⓛ warrinkuru rupïilama Haar absengen. ◇ singe hair Ⓓ katakatana off. Ⓛ nunmani, naruni runguntala ngama mit beiden Händen rurba, z.B. jelka rurba großes (Korn), z.B. umfaßt tragen (z.B. Beere und Früchte große jelka-Zwiebel, dick (Leib), große und die tnatantja). ◇ carry with both Tropfen, große Tränen. ◇ big, fat, e.g. big hands clasped around (e.g. berries, fruit, Ⓛ marangurkunka jelka-bulb, fat body, big drop, large tear. ceremonial pole). Ⓛ palpa katini rurbmarura faul, verdorben (Frucht). rungurkungurka vorschichtig (mit beiden ◇ rotten (fruit). Händen etwas tragen). ◇ carefully (carry rurbmunka ganz taub, verwirrt. something in both hands). Ⓛ katatjititjiti ◇ Ⓛ wala Ⓓ dentjudentjumana completely numb, confused. Ⓓ rungurkungurkala ngama talpakuru rurkuma Ⓛ katatjititjitinku katini Geräusch machen (beim Gehen), klappern, kratzen, Geräusch rungúrpa die Putenhenne. ◇ turkey hen. Ⓛ nganuti jakukata machen mit den Füßen. ◇ make noise runka geübt, geschickt, gewohnt. (walking), clatter, scratch, rattle, rustle. Ⓛ tarulbmanani, rarbmanani ◇ practised, skilful, used to. Ⓛ ninti Ⓓ milkila rurkuburkuma Dupplikation d.v. poltern runkandama, runkundama? (plätschern). ◇ duplication: clatter, unterrichten, üben (trs.) ◇ to instruct, lapping. Ⓛ rarbmankánani to practise (transitive). Ⓛ nintini rurkintjilama geräuschvoll kommen. n͂ runkerama erlernen, sich üben, ◇ come noisily. Ⓛ ngalararbmana i verbrauchen. ◇ to learn, to practise, rurra Raum, Abteilung, Löcher der ramaia to use up. Ⓛ nintiringani Eidechse. ◇ space, division, ramaia lizard runkapata die Gewohnheit. ◇ habit. holes, shelf-like spaces in ground where runtunerela sich schlängelnd. ◇ wriggle. honeyants are lodged. Ⓛ ururru Ⓛ karbikarbira Rutapuruta sagenhafte Weiber. ◇ mythical rungultilinja Zauberei, Giftmischerei. women, wives of arinjambóninja men. ◇ magic, witchcraft. Ⓛ jerati According to a narrative, classified as

~~318 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

a fairytale by Strehlow (1907: 104), many r͑ atamba niedrig, kurz. ◇ low, short. arinjambóninja men and their rutapuruta Ⓛ tatapiti wives lived in the north-east of Western r͑ atatamba demütig. ◇ humble. Ⓛ tatapiti Aranda territory. Ⓛ urutupurutu r͑ atarata kleiner Busch auf Bergen rutja große Mulde. ◇ large bowl, dish. wachsend. ◇ small bush that grows on Ⓛ tartu, tatu mountains. Ⓛ talkutalku Ⓓ mulpa rurbmanknilama rauschen (im Winde). r͑ atar͑ ata, ratarata Strauch mit kleinen ◇ rustle (in the wind). Ⓛ rirbmipungani silbergrünen Blättern, sowie weisse rutjarutja sehr große Mulde, Kasten. Raupe auf ratarata Strauch. ◇ bush with ◇ very large bowl, box. Ⓛ tartutartu, little silver-grey leaves; this term is also tatutatu used for the white caterpillars that live on ruputupunga sehr heiß (vom Feuer) z.B. this bush. Ⓛ talkutalku Fleisch. ◇ very hot from fire, e.g. meat. r͑ atarata Vogel (spoonbill). ◇ bird Ⓛ waru-lunkulunku (spoonbill). Ⓛ talkutalku (spoon-bill) rutjibma Berg Sonder, so genannt, weil auf r͑ ata; tjaia r͑ ata kurz (sprechen); cr ½ diesem Berge vor Zeiten große Mulden englische Meile. ◇ short (talk); circa ½ an (rutja) gestanden sind, die der kulaia Altjira English mile. Ⓛ kutuwara gemacht hat (cr. 4496 Füße). ◇ Mount r͑ aterama kurz werden, einziehen [unclear]. Sonder named after rutja (meaning bowls) ◇ become short, draw in. Ⓛ tatarini that were made by kulaia altjira (the r͑ ata Schlange spec. cr. 3 Fuß lang, rötlich rainbow serpent dreaming being) and braun mit gelben Ringen, giftig. ◇ snake stood on top of the mountain a long time species circa 3 feet long, reddish ago. Ⓛ urutjíbmina brown with yellow circles, poisonous. rurkuma klappern, poltern, knarren, Ⓛ mantaramantara plätschern (Regen), das mit den r͑ ata conf. inkaia rabbit-bandicoot. ◇ rabbit Füßen hervorgebrachte Geräusch, bandicoot, bilby. Ⓛ talku knirschen, klappernd herabfallen (Stein). r͑ atajibalélana = inkaia jibalelama d.h. ◇ clatter, splash, noise made by feet. die Bandikuts verkriechen sich in ihre Ⓛ rurbmanan͂ i, rarbmanan͂ i Löcher, die Zeit vor Tagesanbruch, cr. 3 runkunja das Klappern der Mühle (n). Uhr nachts. ◇ when bandicoots crawl into ◇ noise made by a mill. their holes before daybreak at about 3am. r͑ akua sehr weich (die Larven vor der Ⓛ talku nguntiljinami Verwandlung). ◇ very soft (grubs before r͑ atambilama verkürzen. ◇ shorten. transformation). Ⓛ auka Ⓛ tatani r͑ ada bald. ◇ soon. Ⓛ ngulaku r͑ atara, rátara Westwind. ◇ west wind. r͑ adalama aufbewahren, aufheben (um es Ⓛ turkara später zu verteilen). ◇ keep, store (to r͑ atjileuma sich rüsten (um die Feinde zu distribute later). Ⓛ ngulaku ngarini schlagen). ◇ prepare, arm oneself (to r͑ aiankinjar͑ aiakinja keuchend. ◇ panting. defeat the enemy). Ⓛ untunkátuni Ⓛ ngalkulangalkula r͑ atjara der gerade Weg. ◇ straight path. r͑ akua roter Ocker. ◇ red ochre. Ⓛ r͑ atjiri Ⓛ mokuna, mokurkuru r͑ atjinar͑ átjinalama den anus schnell von r͑ alpara unterirdische Höhle. einer Seite zur andern bewegt gehen. ◇ subterranean cave. Ⓛ r͑alpiri ◇ walk moving bottom quickly from one r͑ arka [Eastern dialect] Sonne. ◇ sun side to the other. Ⓛ nununtunununtu (Strehlow 1907: 16). Ⓛ tjintu Ⓓ jiraua jennani Ⓓ tiltjangura r͑ ata Platz zum Reinigen des jelka, Tenne. r͑ atjua Kniekehle. ◇ back of knee. ◇ place to clean the jelka, threshing floor. Ⓛ bilkungadi Ⓛ ata

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 319 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

r͑ atérama sich einziehen, sich kurz machen, r͑ irka Sandhügel. ◇ sandhill. Ⓛ tali sich zusammen ziehen. ◇ shorten, Ⓓ dako contract (reflexive).Ⓛ tatarini, r͑ irkamulka Spitze des Sandhügels. tataringani ◇ top of sandhill. Ⓛ talimanta r͑ atïlama übrig bleiben. ◇ left over. r͑ irkalurka die roten Sandhügel. ◇ red Ⓓ kinkalju, mita jeljujelju sandhills. Ⓛ taliïtina r͑ ear͑ ea weich, Fontanellen, Schläfe, r͑ irtankama laut den Boden stampfen mit sumpfig. ◇ soft, fontanelle, temple, seinen Füßen. ◇ stamp ground loudly swampy. Ⓛ ngalngal Ⓓ pilpa, ngalki with feet. Ⓛ karalárani (Schläfe: temple) relara ngetjima Ⓛ atakatini r͑ atarka schlangenartiger Wurm. ◇ snake- like worm. Ⓛ wonnatjirki r͑ altja Zauberdoktor. ◇ witch doctor. T Ⓛ ngankari Ta [ǎta] ich, verbunden mit verb transitiem. r͑ eberama zusammenfließen, ◇ I, connected with transitive verb. zusammenziehen (Wolken). ◇ flow Ⓛ ngaiulu Ⓓ ngato together, draw or come together (clouds). Ⓛ kutulurini ta Frageartikel: ‘was soll ich’? ◇ question particle: ‘what shall I (do)?’. Ⓛ atu? r͑ edilja wütend. ◇ furious. Ⓛ pekati, pekala tabala ich (verstärkt). ◇ I (emphasised). r͑ elinjataranama (abgeleitet von rama) Ⓛ ngaiuluka tabana ◇ erblicken (einen Ankommenden). ◇ to see ich (verstärkt). I (emphasised). (someone arriving). Ⓛ ngaiulutu r͑ elkama [Northern dialect] Tag werden, taba; matja taba verloschen; z.B. Morgen grauen. ◇ dawn. Ⓛ rakatini verloschene Feuer, heiße Asche. ◇ spent, r͑ elkinja [Northern dialect] e.g. spent fire, hot ash. Ⓛ eba, waru-eba Tagesanbruch. ◇ daybreak. tabataba finster. ◇ dark. Ⓛ jultaringani Ⓛ mungaparapara r͑ ēlara Horizont (vor sich erblicken). ◇ (see) tabilja Mahlstein. ◇ grinding stone. horizon (Strehlow 1910b: 39). Ⓛ ujuru Ⓛ tjiwa (Mahlstein) r͑ embantama fortwährend schlechtes tun, tabitja das eine Bein flach über das andere schlechte Arbeit leisten. ◇ continuously Bein legend. ◇ put one leg flat on top of do bad, perform bad work. the other. Ⓛ turbu Ⓛ katurtúnani tabitja [Eastern dialect] pig-toed Bandikut. r͑ ena Eidechse (Varanus gilleni). ◇ lizard ◇ pig-toed bandicoot. Ⓛ takana (Varanus gilleni). Ⓛ inari taia Mond. ◇ moon (Strehlow 1907: 17–18). r͑ enba [Southern dialect] vor langer Zeit. Ⓛ pira, kinara (W) Ⓓ pira, kota ◇ a long time ago. Ⓛ raua taia borkerama der Mond nimmt r͑ ēna störrisch, widerspenstig, gefühllos. ab. ◇ the moon is waning. Ⓛ pira ◇ stubborn, obstinate, without feelings. patanarini, pira burkaringani Ⓛ ilbintji taia knarerama der Mond nimmt r͑ enina Schlange cr. 4 Fuß lang, nicht giftig. zu. ◇ the moon is waxing. Ⓛ pira ◇ snake circa 4 feet long, not poisonous; punturingani Ⓓ pira parina, woma, sandhill carpet snake. Ⓛ kunnea pira kodana (zunehmen) r͑ erama [Southern dialect] (von ar͑ érama) taia lorka abnehmender Mond, neiden. ◇ to envy. Ⓛ pekaringan͂ i Mondsichel. ◇ waning moon, sickle r͑ eunja Luft, Windzug. ◇ draft (wind). moon. Ⓛ pira alurka Ⓛ nguru Ⓓ ngarana r͑ euntama sich üben. ◇ to practice.

~~320 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

taia lelta oder leba zunehmender Mond. takalama (refl.) zerbrechen, in Stücke ◇ waxing moon. Ⓛ pira tankili Ⓓ pira zerbrechen (wenn ein Baum umfällt und worra zersplittert). ◇ (reflexive) break, break into taia arkapala, taia tnata knara pieces (when a tree falls over and breaks Vollmond. ◇ full moon. Ⓛ pira into pieces). Ⓛ kirbmuntukatini arkápala, pira wilapuntu Ⓓ pira takabuma zurückziehen (z.B. den Fuß). parina ◇ pull back (e.g. foot). Ⓛ antangarani taia borka müde Mond. ◇ tired moon. takalama zerfallen (Haus), einfallen Ⓛ pira patanba (z.B. Haus) und Dach in Stücke. ◇ fall taiandama leihen. ◇ lend. apart (building), collapse (e.g. house and taiataia runde Schneckenhaus. ◇ round roof). Ⓛ kirbmuntukatini Ⓓ tampurina snail shell; moon grub. Ⓛ pirapira takalama sich schnell bücken, sich tada, jinga tada postp. sogleich, folgend. ducken. ◇ duck quickly. Ⓛ aparukatini, ◇ (postposition) following. Ⓛ karu, pelukatini Ⓓ puruna ngaiulu jennano karu takilélama umwerfen, einreißen taiapitaia ilkama bau, bau, bau rufen (z.B. Wind). ◇ push over, overturn, (um böse Einflüsse fernzuhalten). ◇ call tear down (e.g. wind). Ⓛ peluntana̍ ni out ‘bau, bau, bau’ (to keep away evil Ⓓ tampuribana influences). Ⓛ meratura merani Ⓓ bau, takalélama antreiben (z. Arbeiten). bau, bau ◇ drive (to work). Ⓛ ngalanggalani taiaúma leihen. ◇ lend. takinjilama umwerfen (z.B. der tailbile̍ lama stoßen (Fuß an etwas), Wind). ◇ push over (e.g. wind). stolpern. ◇ knock (foot against Ⓛ ngalapeluntanani Ⓓ tampuribana something), stumble. Ⓛ tarbikurani takalalakalama sich ducken. ◇ to duck Ⓓ dankaterina, dakaterina. (reflexive). Ⓛ lebulukatini taia ilata Neumond. ◇ new moon. takara Wurzel. ◇ root. Ⓛ ngaturu taia ngumunta Neumond. ◇ new moon. Ⓓ kapara taka sehr groß (Holzblock, Baumstamm). takarantùnga sehr groß, ungeheuer, riesig. ◇ very big (block of wood, tree trunk). ◇ very big, huge, gigantic. Ⓛ pintalba Ⓛ limalima, lunku takerama schnell sein (im Kommen), takaba für kurze Zeit. ◇ for a short time. eifrig sein (bei der Arbeit), unablässig taka; ekurataka; nunataka? postp. (schlagen). ◇ quick (to come), be verbunden mit Gen.: nötig sein; z.B. eager (at work), unremitting (beat). er hat etwas nötig; verbunden mit Ⓛ ngalangalarini Nom: sollen, auch, mit: Was sollen wir takiuma ausbreiten (Wäsche zum tun? ◇ (postposition) associated with Trocknen), breiten (Fleisch über Feuer). genitive case: it is necessary, be in need ◇ spread out (to dry washing), spread of, e.g. he is in need (of something); (meat over fire).Ⓛ tjitjaku tunani associated with nominative case: shall, takiwúnama aufhängen (Wäsche also, with: what shall we do? Ⓛ marri; zum Trocknen). ◇ hang up (washing palumbamarri; ngananamarri? to dry). Ⓛ tjitjaku tunkula bakani tjatataka mit einem Speer. ◇ with a Ⓓ witjibana, katibana spear. Ⓛ katjimarri takinbuma erben. ◇ inherit. takama ein Loch in einen hohlen Baum Ⓛ marakunani Ⓓ maratunka hauen (mit dem Beil). ◇ chop a hole in ngamalkana a hollow tree (with an axe), smash, break. takinbuninbúna Erbe. ◇ heir. Ⓛ alani Ⓛ marakunanmi takintjara Eidechse (spec.) ◇ lizard species. Ⓛ bilanba

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 321 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

takitja auf etwas gebreitete Stecken, Stuhl, (i)talbatama ausbreiten, niederlegen, Tisch. ◇ spread over something (stick, der Länge nach auf etwas legen (trs.) chair, table), lay down. Ⓛ atakitji ◇ spread out, lay down, lay lengthwise on takitjinbanba große rote Ameise (bull- something (transitive). Ⓛ mámamámani dog–ant). ◇ large red ant (bull ant). talbatánama strecken, gerade biegen Ⓛ kaltuka (Speer). ◇ to stretch, to straighten (spear). takua die aus Laub hergestellte Ⓛ ngaritunani Umzäunung, Laubhütte. ◇ enclosure or talbatakálama einsinken (in tiefen hut made of branches. Ⓛ unta Sand). ◇ to sink (e.g. in deep sand). takula weiße Muscheln, die von Norden Ⓛ pilupilukatini eingehandelt. ◇ white shells traded from talbiulama vor Zorn den Staub in die Luft the north. Ⓛ takulu Ⓓ kuri werfen. ◇ in anger throw dust into the air. takurindama sich auf etwas stützen, auf Ⓛ tunumúlalarini etwas lehnen. ◇ lean on something. talja ruhig, besänftigt, leise (singen). Ⓛ njukupiti ngarini ◇ calmingly, soothingly, softly (sing). takutja mein Onkel (Mutter’s Bruder). ◇ my Ⓛ talu uncle (mother’s brother). Ⓛ kamuru taljerama ruhig werden, sich legen talabànga die Augen fest geschlossen (Zorn). ◇ to become calm, to calm (im Schlaf). ◇ eyes closed tightly (while down, subside (anger). Ⓛ taluringani sleeping). Ⓛ kuru ngalulba taljilama beschwichtigen, besänftigen. talaka lang. ◇ long. Ⓛ raua ◇ appease, calm. Ⓛ taluni etata talaka langes Leben. ◇ long life. Ⓓ wadlimana Ⓛ kana raua taljilinilina Friedensstifter. talakaúma lange zuhören. ◇ listen for ◇ peacemaker. Ⓛ talunmi a long time. Ⓛ rauakulini Ⓓ wadlietja talakirkuma lange festhalten, umfassen, talbatankama schnell auffliegen (ein umspannen. ◇ hold tight, embrace, Vogel). ◇ fly up quickly (a bird). grasp for a long time. Ⓛ rauanku Ⓛ titjurtitjura ninara jennani witini talkua Strich, Linie (über den Augen talambata sehr lange, fortwährend. gemalt). ◇ line (painted above eyes). ◇ very long, constantly. Ⓛ rauakaiïkaiï Ⓛ kattakutara talambata ankama fortwährend tulkartja roter Vogel, Art Wachtel [?]. sprechen. ◇ talk continuously. ◇ red bird species. Ⓛ murukarinji Ⓛ rauakaiïkaiï wonkani talpatalpa kleine Muscheln, längliches (i)talalanama etwas bedecken, über etwas Schneckenhaus. ◇ small shells, longish breiten. ◇ cover something, spread over snail shells. Ⓛ pirapira something. Ⓛ walturanani talkutanama den Speer auf das Genick talama ausgießen, ausschütten. ◇ pour (der in einer Reihe steht) legen. ◇ lay out, spill. Ⓛ tutini Ⓓ nangana spear on the back of neck (on the talalama herabfließen (Wasser, one who is standing in the row). Blut). ◇ flow down (water, blood). Ⓛ katakutara tunani Ⓛ tutiránani Ⓓ nangaterina talbatantama picken nach jemanden talbatákalinja der zerbröckelte (Felsen). (Vögel nach Schlangen). ◇ peck someone ◇ crumbled (rock). Ⓛ pilupilukatinta (birds snakes). Ⓛ wokkawokkani talbatébama hineinstecken (in den Boden talpa [Southern dialect] Mond. ◇ moon. oder ins Wasser). ◇ stick (in the ground or Ⓛ pira into the water). Ⓛ ruraruraringani taltja unreif, grün, weich, frisch. ◇ unripe, talba fortwährend, wiederholt. green, soft, fresh. Ⓛ tula Ⓓ waltowalto, ◇ continuously, repeatedly. tjanka

~~322 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

taltjilama biegen. ◇ bend. Ⓛ tulani tana dort, da, jener. ◇ there, that one. alkna tiltjatiltja große (Augen) = (Eule). Ⓛ nara Ⓓ naka, jera ◇ big eye (= owl). Ⓛ kuru pintiri tanauna dorthin. ◇ there, to that place. taltjagula Mulgaäpfel. ◇ mulga apples. Ⓛ narakutu Ⓓ jerana Ⓛ takatura, tarulki tananga von dort. ◇ from there. taljiuma (ins Wasser) springen. ◇ jump Ⓛ naranguru Ⓓ nakandru, jerandru (into water). Ⓛ tapulukatini, tululukatini tanama gerade biegen (Speer), glätten taljiunama ins Wasser springen. ◇ jump (Speer), niederdrücken (Kopf in die into the water. Ⓛ matululukatini verschränkten Arme), durch die Nase talua Ende (z.B. der Arbeit, des Lebens). stecken (den Nasenknochen). ◇ to ◇ end (e.g. of work, of life). Ⓛ talumba straighten (spear), to smooth (spear), Ⓓ dia to press (head in folded arms), to insert talerama intrs. aufhören, fertig werden, (nose-bone). Ⓛ ngaritunani Ⓓ ngutana? ein Ende nehmen. ◇ (intransitive) tanalama, tanalanama sich strecken, cease, end. Ⓛ talurini Ⓓ mudana sich dehnen (nach dem Schlaf), der taluilama trs. beendigen. ◇ (transitive) Länge nach hinlegen, sich ausbreiten (bring to an end) finish.Ⓛ taluni [unclear]. ◇ to stretch (after sleep), to talutaliïbuma schruppen (den Boden), spread. Ⓛ watuni, mawaturabakani scharren [?]. ◇ scrub (floor), scrape. Ⓓ ngurakatina Ⓛ turbi, turbipungani tanalarulanama sich ausbreitend vorgehen tama abfließen. ◇ drain, flow off.Ⓛ tani, [unclear], in einer geschlossenen Linie ngurka tani vorgehen. ◇ advance spreading out, tamma knallen (Peitsche). ◇ crack (whip). advance in a closed line. Ⓛ ngaritunkula Ⓛ tani wonnani tama reiben (auf Steinen), zerreiben, tánalanáma sich umbinden (tjilara). mahlen. ◇ grind, rub (on stones). ◇ to tie (e.g. headband around head). Ⓛ runkani Ⓛ ngaritunkanáñi tánkalánkala lama auffliegen (viele tananama sich ausbreiten (Wolken), Vögel 2?). ◇ fly up (many birds). überziehen (der Himmel), sich ausbreiten Ⓛ parbakarajennani (Fische) nach verschieden Richtungen. tamana eßbare Pflanze spec. ◇ edible plant ◇ to spread (clouds), become overcast species. Ⓛ utamini (sky), scatter in different directions (fish). taluwia endlos, eine sehr lange Zeit. Ⓛ ngaritunkula bakani ◇ endless, a very long time. tanitjalama sich ausbreiten (Fische). ◇ to tamalka die leeren eriltja Hülsen. ◇ empty spread (e.g. fish). Ⓛ ngaritunani jenkula eriltja pods. Ⓛ atamalka tanbananbanga Vogel (spec.), tamba lose, beweglich, watschlig (Enten), schwalbenartig. ◇ swallow-like bird schnell, fleißig. ◇ loose, flexible, waddle species. Ⓛ inertni (ducks), quick, industrious. Ⓛ ataki tanbatanga undurchsichtig, dicht, taub, atamba (?) stumm, blind geboren. ◇ opaque, tamberama anbieten (zum Verkauf), los dense, deaf, mute, born blind. Ⓛ patti, werden, feilbieten (Sache). ◇ offer (for pinnawala, kurupatti, tapatti sale), get rid of. Ⓛ atambarini tanga conf. tjuanba ein Baum, iron-wood. tanalama sich aufrichten (aus liegender ◇ ironwood tree. Ⓛ untari Stellung). ◇ stand up (from a lying tangatja gelbe Larve, die sich an den position). Wurzeln des tanga aufh. ◇ yellow grub tanalbanama sich ausstrecken in the roots of ironwood. Ⓛ untari (Regenbogen). ◇ stretch (rainbow). Ⓛ ngaritúnkula patani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 323 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tangaltja Steingeröll, mit Steinen bedeckt. tangitja im Kreis. ◇ in a circle; gang ◇ boulders, covered with stones or up. Ⓛ tatu Ⓓ ngokana, ngokibana, boulders. Ⓛ atangaltji kapikapi belagern tangamalauma umfassen (jemanden), tangitjalama, tangitja pitjima umarmen, zusammenfassen (etwas). einschließen, im Kreis umstehen. ◇ to clasp or hold (someone), to ◇ enclose, surround; gang up. embrace, to hold or gather (something). Ⓛ tatujenani, tatungalajennani Ⓛ ambutuljini Ⓓ kapikapina tanbatanga stocktaub, garnichts hören tangitjala pitjima zu Hilfe können. ◇ completely deaf, cannot hear kommen. ◇ come to the rescue. at all. Ⓛ wāla, pinnawala Ⓛ tatungalajennani Ⓓ marangokana tanganka nunlich, vor kurzem, vor einer tangitjerama umstehen etwas. halben Stunde. ◇ recently, a short time ◇ surround something. Ⓛ taturingani ago, half an hour ago. Ⓛ atanganki tangitjala ntankalama zu Hilfe tangantánama umschließen, umzingeln, rufen. ◇ to call for help. Ⓛ tatunku umstellen. ◇ surround, enclose, encircle. antawonkani Ⓛ tatulbinani tangitjama umstellt, umzingelt. tangantja zu hilfe (pitjima). ◇ come to ◇ surrounded. Ⓛ tatumba help, come to the rescue. Ⓛ tatu tangutangilama abwechseln, (ngalajennani) abwechselnd etwas tun. ◇ take turns, tangántangantala ngama mit beiden alternate. Ⓛ alilkara alilkararini Händen vor sich tragend (z.B. lange tanka große ramaia – Eidechse. ◇ big Stecken). ◇ carry with both hands ramaia lizard. Ⓛ larpati in front of oneself (e.g. long stick). tankanama – Hinterteil, – Boden wühlen Ⓛ kattatjititjiti katini, kataparpanku (Frösche). ◇ backside, dig in the ground katin͂ i (frogs). Ⓛ tjilinjinan͂ i tanba ein kleiner Flußlauf mit hartem tanka schnell, hurtig. ◇ quick, swift. Untergrund (nicht Sand). ◇ hard bed of Ⓛ atamba a small stream (not sandy). Ⓛ tartarba tankerama schnell sich erholen. tangaparama im Kreise umstellen, ◇ recover quickly. Ⓛ atambaringani umzingeln, aufhalten, nicht entweichen tankalélama schnell zu Hilfe kommen, lassen. ◇ to surround, to trap. erretten (aus der Gefahr). ◇ come Ⓛ arknatarini quickly to the rescue, rescue (from tangamatanga Abteilung, Ordnung, danger). Ⓛ atambanani Ⓓ kulkana (Luc. 1), (Nacheinander des Dienstes). tankama entwischen, entschlüpfen. ◇ section, order. ◇ slip away, escape. Ⓛ titurtninani tangatanga Kreuz (Kreuzbein). ◇ sacrum. tankalélanilana Retter. ◇ saviour. Ⓛ akurúrbmurúrbmu Ⓛ atambanmi Ⓓ kulkanipirna tanganbanganba bartjima umleuchten. tantanantana Stachel (des Skorpion). ◇ shine. ◇ sting (of scorpion). tanganbanganba um-herum, im Kreise tankuma schöpfen (Wasser). ◇ scoop, herum. ◇ around, around in a circle. draw (water). Ⓛ katini Ⓓ kaluana, tangerama herumlaufen (um etwas). ◇ walk kaluwana around (something). Ⓛ kaltupungani tantama stechen, hineinstoßen (in tangilama Platz machen, einem das Brot). ◇ stab, push (into bread). zuvorkommen (z.B. der Erstgeborene von Ⓛ kultuni Ⓓ dakana (stechen: stab), Zwillingen), umwechseln (Plätze). ◇ make karpana (nähen: sow) space, precede somebody (e.g. the first tantana schwarzer Reiher. ◇ black heron. born of twins), change (places). Ⓛ alini Ⓛ atantànba

324 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tantja; era nukalela tantja nama bei ihm Adler), die langen Haare (von Hunden), seiend, Gesellschaft leistend. ◇ be with zottig, Federbusch (Kopfschmuck bei him, keep company. e.g. he or she den Ceremonien). ◇ long (emu or eagle) is accompanying me. Ⓛ alintji feathers, plumage (headdress), long hair tarakalaka nach circa 2 Wochen. ◇ after (of dogs). Ⓛ aturu Ⓓ watawata about 2 weeks. Ⓛ kutarakita tara Adlerfedern, lange Federn, zottig, tara abgestumpft, steif, gefühllos, lange Adlerfedern. ◇ eagle feathers, long gichtbrüchig oder der große Junge. feathers, shaggy, long eagle feathers. ◇ stiff, unfeeling, decrepit or the big boy Ⓛ aturaturu (Strehlow 1907: 87). Ⓛ lanmalanma tarama lachen, wiehern (Pferde). ◇ laugh, taratara taubstumm. ◇ deaf and dumb. neigh (horses). Ⓛ inkani Ⓓ kinkana tapatapa finster. ◇ very dark. tarinjaranga fröhlich, ausgelassen. Ⓛ mungulmungul ◇ merry, frolicsome. Ⓛ inkabi tĕratĕra Netz, Netzfett. ◇ tissue fat. tarilbatarilba ankama Gelächter Ⓛ atiïnti ausstoßen, lachend erzählen. ◇ laugh, tara zwei. ◇ two. Ⓛ kutara Ⓓ mandru, tell laughingly. Ⓛ inkapuntuinkapuntu mandruluko (zu zweien = in twos). wonkani taramininta ◇ drei. three. tarakélukélua lange Federn ins Haar Ⓛ kutarabakutu Ⓓ parkulu, gesteckt. ◇ long feathers in hair. Ⓛ aturu parkuluko (zu dreien = in threes), taltaku parkuluntja (nur drei = only three). taratara taub. ◇ deaf; closed. Ⓛ patti taramatara vier. ◇ four. tarinjima hinaufklettern. ◇ climb up. Ⓛ kutarabakutara Ⓛ kalbarawonnani Ⓓ mandrujamandru taréuma heruntersteigen, sich taramapulba fünf. ◇ five. herniederlassen. ◇ climb down, descend. Ⓛ mankurkata, mankurabakutara Ⓛ taruwonnini tarataraka zum 2. Mal (z.B. geben). taraunama ◇ ◇ hinabsteigen. climb down. for the second time (e.g. give). Ⓛ mataruwonnini Ⓛ kútarakútaraku tarangaltja [Southern dialect?]. tara-ma-tara ◇ zu zweien. in twos. ◇ Ⓛ kutarabakútara Schambedeckung. pubic covering. Ⓛ tarangaltji tara lang, hoch. ◇ long, high. tareranama herabsteigen. ◇ climb down. tara kurkindora das sehr kleine Kind. Ⓛ matarungarani, matarurekukatini ◇ very small child. Ⓛ tjitji tokutoku tareratnama heruntersteigen (vom Berg), worra tara der große Junge. ◇ big boy. Ⓛ tjitji herabkriechen, herabrutschen. ◇ to tara knara das große Kind. ◇ big child. descend, to climb down, to crawl down, Ⓛ tjitji katu to slide down. Ⓛ tarungarala okalingani tarauma matja tara ein hochaufflackerndes Feuer. auf und nieder bewegen ◇ big flickering fire.Ⓛ waru kurkala/ (Wasser). ◇ move up and down (water). kurkalba/kurkalta Ⓛ taretunani tarabanba große geschabte Holzblumen tarinjinama hinaufsteigen. ◇ climb up. (Schmuck der Bluträcher). ◇ large Ⓛ makalbarawonnani wood flowers (decoration of avengers). taraunjinama Feuer anmachen, Ⓛ ilanbi aufflackern, anfachen. ◇ fan fire on, light n͂ taraeróra der junge Mann. ◇ young man. fire.Ⓛ pintjijunga i Ⓛ wonguero̍ ra taratara abschüssig, herunterhängen. tara, tara die langen (Emu)federn, ◇ steep, hang down. Ⓛ tarukutu Federbausch (Kopfschmuck), die langen Haare/die langen Federn (der Emus oder

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 325 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tarerama herauskommen, heruntergleiten, alknara tataka Abendrot. ◇ evening red, geboren (Kind). ◇ come out, slide down, sunset. Ⓛ kalkara inini̍ tini born (child). Ⓛ tarungarani tatakama schalten, Vorwürfe machen, tareritjikalama hinabsteigen. ◇ to bedrohen. ◇ scold, reproach, threaten. descend, to climb down. Ⓛ tarungarala Ⓛ arawolkuni okalingani tatala sehr schnell (schlagen). ◇ very fast taretnama herunterhängen, sinken lassen (hit). Ⓛ wollarini (Hände). ◇ to hang down, to sink (e.g. tatama glühen. ◇ glow. Ⓛ ininmanani hands). Ⓛ tarungarani Ⓓ waluwalungana tarerama herabschießen (Habicht), tatara Hölle, Wohnung der bösen Wesen. hinunterschießen (Fische), sich stürzen ins ◇ hell, home of evil beings. Ⓛ wottatari (Wasser), herunterhängen, abfallen (Ufer), tataramba Zucker auf den lalba- herabfallen. ◇ to shoot or drop down (e.g. Sträuchern. ◇ sugar on lalba-bushes. Ⓛ hawk), dart down (e.g. fish), plunge into albitalji tatata ◇ Ⓛ átatáta (the water), hang down, fall away (bank), unmündig. underage. tateúlama fall down. Ⓛ tarungarani den Kampf für einen andern bestehen. ◇ fight for someone else, stand tarerinja herniederhängend (z.B. in. Ⓛ parpatarini Ast). ◇ hanging down (e.g. branch). tatja Ⓛ tarungaranmi Bandicoot (pig-toed) mit rotem Fell, zwei langen Zehen an jedem Fuß und taruwara nach unten gebogen (z.B. Ast). langen Ohren (choeropus castanotis). ◇ bent down (e.g. branch). Ⓛ tarukutu ◇ pig-toed bandicoot with red fur, two taritja windstill. ◇ calm (no wind). Ⓛ rata long toes on each foot and long ears taritjerama Wind sich legen. ◇ to abate (Chaeropus castanotis now Chaeropus (wind). Ⓛ rataringani taretambuma ecaudatus) (Atlas of Living Australia n.d.) rot werden, sich röten. Ⓛ takana ◇ turn red, redden. Ⓛ tariltingani tatnara lau. ◇ lukewarm, mild. tarta flach (Wasser). ◇ flat (water).Ⓛ atárta tatóa [ta-toa] ich selbst. ◇ I myself. Ⓓ buta (flach) Ⓛ ngaiulurpa tarta Blume, Blüte. ◇ flower, blossom. tatura Vogel (spec.), der immer Emueier Ⓛ muntu frist. ◇ bird (species) that always eats tartatarta (duplikat) Blumen. ◇ (duplication) emu eggs. Ⓛ etátura Ⓛ untuntu flowers. taua Tasche. ◇ bag. Ⓛ ataua Ⓓ billi tarinama; z.B. moggetalela tarinama taualama sich aufblähen (Frösche). ◇ schießen. shoot, e.g. shoot with a gun. ◇ inflate (frogs). Ⓛ wilitunani taúatàra ich selbst (verstärkt). ◇ I myself tata naß, feucht. ◇ wet, damp. Ⓛ topi (emphasised). Ⓛ ngaiulukaúala tatagunama ins Wasser werfen. ◇ throw taualawollintama sehr schnell laufen. into water. Ⓛ turirbini ◇ run very fast. Ⓛ taualknaríni tatilama naß machen. ◇ make wet. tauatjipa schwarzer Kopf, rote Kehle, Ⓛ topini weiße Brust, so groß wie eine Schwalbe. tatala lama Ⓛ topilkatini ◇ bird with black head, red throat, white tata Funke. ◇ spark. Ⓛ ti Ⓓ turotiwilka chest, size of a swallow. tarabara schwarze Flecken auf der Stirn teelabia nama sich scheuen, sich (Schmuck) (der Zauberer). ◇ black spots fürchten. ◇ dread, fear (reflexive). on forehead (decoration of witch doctor). Ⓛ ngulukurkurini Ⓛ tatabara teelabulabulélama furchtsam machen, tarumbara schräges Dach. ◇ slanting roof. warnen. ◇ to make anxious, to warn. tataka rot, scharlachrot. ◇ red, scarlet. Ⓛ ngulungulutjingani Ⓛ taltiritaltiri, itinitini Ⓓ maralje

326 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary teelabultjabula voll Furcht. ◇ full of fear, tenteranama zusammenfließen, säuseln fearsome, anxious. Ⓛ ngúlugúlutu (Wasser), Laufe bilden, abfließen, teelabultjabula nama sich fürchten (vor herabfließen. ◇ flow together, off or down. der Strafe). ◇ be afraid (of punishment). Ⓛ mapaluringani Ⓛ ngúlutungúluturini tēnta glatt (Stein) Felsplatte. ◇ smooth teelantama, teelintama Furcht einflößen, (stone or rock plate). Ⓛ wallu (wollu) bange machen. ◇ to scare, to make Ⓓ pankara (‘?’ added by CS) anxious. Ⓛ ngulutjingarapungani, pata tenta Felsplatte. ◇ rock plate. ngulujingan͂ i Ⓛ puli wallu Ⓓ marda paltiri tekua Ratte (ohne Beutel). ◇ rat (without tēntilama glätten. ◇ to smooth. Ⓛ walluni pouch); mouse. Ⓛ pátiki tentatnama fortwährend herabfließen. telaëlaláma fliehen, entlaufen. ◇ flee, run ◇ flow down continuously, cascade. away. Ⓛ ngulunakukatini Ⓛ tutirapungani telama zeigen. ◇ show; teach. Ⓛ nintini (tentama) herabfallen (z.B. Baum). ◇ fall Ⓓ wondrana down (e.g. tree). Ⓛ tultungarani telaláma sich zeigen. ◇ show oneself tentia seitwärts stehend (Ast), (reflexive). Ⓛ itonini Ⓓ wondraterina. halbkreisförmig gebogen. ◇ bent to telekélaka Schlüsselbein. ◇ collarbone. the side (branch), bent in a semicircle. Ⓛ ngantuluru Ⓛ tarukutu tēlja die hintere Hälfte (des erlegen Wildes), tentuma gerade abfließen. ◇ flow off das Hinterteil, anus (ohne den Schwanz). evenly. Ⓛ tutirapungani ◇ hind quarter (of game), back part tĕratĕra Vogel spec. (schwalbenähnlich). (without tail). Ⓛ kar͑ ila ◇ bird species (swallow-like). Ⓛ teruteru telkiuma sich stützen (auf den Ellbogen). (taratara) gefühllos, abgestumpft, ◇ lean on (elbow). Ⓛ ngunanpiti ngarini abgemattet. ◇ numb, exhausted, flat. tembanama aufheben (Gebot), abschaffen. Ⓛ lanmalanma ◇ abolish (order). (tarérama) matt werden. ◇ become ténama [Southern dialect] zeugen, exhausted. Ⓛ lanmalanmaringani hervorbringen, aufgehen (Saat), taratarerama abgestumpft werden, heraufbringen (der Sturm die Wolken). dickfellig werden, matt werden. ◇ produce, bring out, germinate, sprout ◇ become indifferent, exhausted. (crop, seed), bring about (the storm the Ⓛ lanmalanmaringani clouds). Ⓛ paluni terēltjilama sich fürchten, fliehen tentapentama sich ausbreiten (Botschaft). vor. ◇ be afraid of, flee from. ◇ to spread (a message). Ⓛ wonka- Ⓛ ngulukurkuringani taualknarini tĕra, tēela furchtsam. ◇ fearful, anxious. tenjima [Northern dialect] cf. tenama. Ⓛ ngulu, ngulunku ◇ produce, bring out, sprout (seed), bring tĕralama furchtsam gehen, fliehen. ◇ to about. move or be fearful or anxious, to flee. tentalelama schräg vor sich haltend (beim Ⓛ ngulujennani Ⓓ japamindrina Tragen). ◇ carry something at an angle teralta, terélta furchtsam, feige. ◇ fearful, (in front of oneself). Ⓛ taualtunani anxious, cowardly. Ⓛ nguluntu tenkuérama [Northern dialect] cf. terabuljabuljilama trs. Furcht tangérama. ◇ go around (something). einflößen. ◇ (transitive) scare. tenkuilama [Northern dialect] cf. Ⓛ ngulungulutjingani tangilama. ◇ make room, come first. terabanawata sehr furchtsam. ◇ very tenteratnama abfließen. ◇ drain, flow off. fearful, anxious. Ⓛ ngulutumantu Ⓛ palungarani teratjankama im Chor sagen (summen). ◇ say in chorus (hum). Ⓛ terewonkani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 327 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tērba geschickt, erzogen. ◇ agile, terkaluma grün färben (Regenbogen). educated. Ⓛ takka ◇ to turn or colour green (rainbow). terbanama erziehen, geschickt machen. Ⓛ okiriltini ◇ educate, make skilful. terkalama grün und gelb werden (vor teretankama trrr schreien (quacken) Zorn). ◇ to turn green and yellow (from (Cikaden) auch bei Kultus. ◇ cry, croak, anger). Ⓛ okiriltini call trrr (cicadas). Ⓛ terewonkani tetnama sich auf dem Boden setzen mit vor terbinama unterrichten, einpauken, fest sich übers Kreuz geschlagenen Beinen. eindrücken. ◇ to teach, to instruct, ◇ sit down on the ground with crossed to impress. Ⓛ tintinpungani, legs. Ⓛ tjilinínani takkapungani terkateratera ein kleiner grauer Taucher terelka furchtsam. ◇ anxious. Ⓛ nguluntu mit gespaltenen Schwimmfüßen. ◇ small Ⓓ japali grey diver (bird) with split webbed-feet. terenta größerer Frosch in Lehmebenen Ⓛ itirkiteriteri sich aufhaltend. ◇ larger frog that lives terkintaterkinta gelb gestreift, gelb in claypans. Ⓛ aterintji gezeichnet. ◇ striped, marked yellow. terilkalama (quaken) schreien (Frösche). Ⓛ okirilbátuni ◇ croak, cry (frogs). Ⓛ terbmanani téuma abkratzen, abreiben, abschaben. terka Strauch, an den Ufern der ◇ scrape off, rub off, scratch off. Wasserläufe wachsend, mit langen, Ⓛ putipungani schmalen, lederartigen Blättern. Wenn ein tingirkuma umfassen (von hinten). Insekt seine Eier in die Stengel niederlegt, ◇ clasp, hold (from behind). Ⓛ niniwitini nehmen die an demselben befindlichen teunama ausfegen, reinfegen. ◇ sweep Blätter eine längliche ovale Gestalt an. out, sweep clean. Ⓛ maputipungani (Acacia saticina). ◇ shrub with long, Ⓓ darpana (fegen: sweep) narrow, leather-like leaves that grows tingara lange Stange, bei religiösen on the banks of watercourses. When Ceremonien. ◇ ceremonial pole. an insect deposits its eggs in its stalks, Ⓛ tingari its leaves take on a longish oval shape. tia böses Wesen, Teufel in Gestalt eines The Loritja term ‘Watarka’ is the name of schwarzen Vogels. ◇ evil being or bad Kings Canyon. Its current scientific name spirit in the shape of a black bird; when is Acacia ligulata (Latz 1996). Ⓛ wottarka this spirit being stands in front of the sun (watarka) it causes an eclipse (Strehlow 1907: 17). terbanánanana Erzieher. ◇ educator. Ⓛ mamakuia terkambilara Grasdickicht, grüne tintjera dicht (Gras, Sträucher). ◇ dense Grasfläche. ◇ grass thicket, green (grass, bushes). Ⓛ tatulba meadow. Ⓛ ókirípárapára tilirkilirka alle zusammen (kommen), alles terka grün, gelb. ◇ green, yellow. Ⓛ okiri (z.B. leugnen). ◇ all (come) together, terkaterka grün, gelb. ◇ green, yellow. everything (e.g. deny). Ⓛ apuàra Ⓛ ókirókiri Ⓓ kulja kulja. tĭnapalka Schuhe. ◇ shoes. alkna terkaterka [grünes Auge], Ⓛ tjinnapalka Ⓓ tidnapota Schimpfwort, wenn der andere Teil titjitjerina Schlange (spec.) giftig. Ehebruch [im Grünen d.h. draußen] ◇ poisonous snake species. getrieben hat. ◇ (green eye) insult Ⓛ kaiarakuntilba used for a marriage partner who has tintjiuma begraben. ◇ bury. committed adultery (in the green, Ⓛ tunutunani Ⓓ totina, nampana meaning outside). Ⓛ kuru ókirókiri titja bedeutet. ◇ signifies.Ⓛ pitin͂ a terkerama grün werden. ◇ to turn green. titjera [Eastern dialect] conf. lirtjina grüne Ⓛ okiringani Ⓓ kulja pandrina. Papagei. ◇ green parrot. Ⓛ kuljirtji

328 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary títjeritjera, titjeritjera kleine Vogel tjalbalelama sich anstoßen, Anstoß (Art wag-tail) oben schwarz, Bauch weiß, nehmen. ◇ to knock (oneself), to take Sauloprocta motacilloides. ◇ small bird offence. (willie wagtail species) with a black top tjalapálapa Nabel. ◇ navel. Ⓛ puli and a white belly (Strehlow 1907: 100), Ⓓ bida Rhipidura leucophrys (Pizzey and Knight tjalbulelama trs. stechen. ◇ (transitive) 2007). Ⓛ tjinteritjinteri Ⓓ tindritindri stab. Ⓛ wiltjingani tjaia Weg. ◇ path. Ⓛ iwara Ⓓ palto tjalawunja eßbare Wurzeln. ◇ edible roots. tjaia mbinja zurückgelegte Weg. Ⓛ itjaliwinji ◇ distance covered. Ⓛ iwara wonnu tjálbmaraláma die Rinde verlieren (dürre tjaiïlama Weg machen, Bahn machen, Äste). ◇ shed bark (dry branches). Scheitel kämmen. ◇ make a path, cut Ⓛ lakalakaringani a trail, part hair. Ⓛ iwarani tjalbma (tjĕlbma) Splitter. ◇ splinter. tjaia tjarilbinja gerade Weg. ◇ straight Ⓛ lambi, pitjili, talbira Ⓓ pita tiwitiwi path. Ⓛ iwara warilkara tjalinja das porcupine grass, von tjaíarama aussehen (nach jemanden). dem tjalanka Pech hergestellt wird. ◇ look out (for someone). Ⓛ iwara ◇ porcupine grass used to make tjalanka nangani resin or pitch. Ⓛ itjálinji tjaiarélama warten (auf jemanden). ◇ wait tjalka Fleisch. ◇ meat. Ⓛ iltana Ⓛ (for someone). iwara patani tjalbakama sich anstoßen. ◇ knock tilbaranama hüpfen, hopsen (Känguruh, (reflexive). ◇ Kind beim Spielen). skip, jump tjalknarérama verwittern, weiß werden (kangaroos, children at play). (Knochen). ◇ weather, bleach (bones). Ⓛ maralkatini Ⓛ pelumpurpurini tjaka lose, beweglich. ◇ loose, moveable. tjalbalakama einen zu Fall bringen. ◇ bring Ⓛ ataki someone to fall. tjakilama lose machen, hin und her tjalkuarénama herabströmen [unclear]. bewegen, bewegen (durch anhaltender ◇ flow down.Ⓛ éreringárini Bitten). ◇ loosen, move back and tjamalarelka ehrlich, ehrenhaft. ◇ honest, forth; stir (through constant begging). Ⓛ wirulpala Ⓛ atakanani honourable. tjamurilja Witwenschmuck [unclear]. tjakalama losgehen, davon fliegen ◇ widow’s decoration (Strehlow 1915: 23 (Vogel). ◇ go or fly away (e.g. birds). Ⓛ ataki jennani (Fig. 3)). tjambarambareleláma sich schmücken, titjagunja silberhelle Wolke, Seide, seiden sich bemalen. ◇ to decorate, paint (n). ◇ silvery cloud, silk, silken. (reflexive).Ⓛ irbotirbotartingan͂ i tjakama töten (mit einem Schlag), nieder tjánatjánalánama rücklings gehen. ◇ walk schlagen, nieder schießen, erschießen backwards. Ⓛ murumurukatin͂ i (Ochsen). ◇ to kill (with one blow), to tjana knock down, to shoot (down), shoot dead postp. durch, hindurch. ◇ Ⓛ tatini (e.g. bullock). Ⓛ butulbmanani (postposition) through, cross. tjanama ◇ tjakilinja Zoll, Abgabe. ◇ tax, duty, share. überschreiten (Creek). cross tjakilinalina Zöllner n. ◇ tax collector. (creek). Ⓛ tatinínani tjala, itala [Southern dialect] Kniescheibe. tjananama hindurchgehen (z.B. durch ◇ kneecap. Ⓛ irbi Ⓓ pantjamata Wasser). ◇ go through (e.g. through patta tjala harter (Felsen). ◇ hard (rock). water). Ⓛ matatinínani Ⓓ pararana Ⓛ manpamanpa tjanalélama hindurchführen, tjalanka Pech (hergestellt aus Porcupine- übersetzen. ◇ lead through, transfer. grass). ◇ resin, pitch (made from spinifex, Ⓛ tatiwonnini i.e. porcupine grass). Ⓛ kiti Ⓓ kandri

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 329 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tjaninjalbuma bei der Rückkehr tjaralbinja lama schnurstracks weiter hindurchgehen. ◇ go through on gehen. ◇ walk straight ahead without return. Ⓛ tatinginara kulbani, stopping. Ⓛ waralkara jennani ngalatatinginarakulbani tjarandama nachspüren, nachsehen. tjania jenseits, am anderen Ufer. ◇ to track, trace. Ⓛ nakularini ◇ beyond, on the other side of a river. tjapinba Schwäre, Geschwür. ◇ abscess, Ⓛ wirilipiti ulcer. Ⓛ matinkíri tjanalelalalbuma herbeiholen. ◇ to tjarangama herantragen. ◇ to bring. fetch, to bring. Ⓛ tatiwonnirakulbani Ⓛ itarikatini Ⓓ ?anina tikana pararana tjárinama der Länge nach spalten (ein tjanalelamala ngama hindurchtragen. Strück Holz). ◇ split lengthwise (a piece ◇ carry something through. of wood). Ⓛ larapungan͂ i tjandura stark, hoch (Baum), steif (von tjarinama ziehen, heranziehen. ◇ pull, Toten). ◇ strong, high (tree), stiff (the draw close. Ⓛ itarinani, itarini deceased). Ⓛ tekila Ⓓ parumana tjanga das Geliehene, Zins n. ◇ loan, tjaritíbuma eine Furche im Sand ziehen. interest. Ⓛ alinji ◇ make a line in the sand. Ⓛ totutunani tjania jenseits, am andern Ufer. ◇ beyond, tjarita tiefer Einschnitt, Furche (Zeichen, on the other side of the river. Ⓛ wirilipiti Nachricht). ◇ deep incision, groove (sign, tjanka Flechte, Haarflechte. ◇ braid, hair message). Ⓛ itjariti, ninka plait. Ⓛ wakitji tjatjagata (tjartjagata) Zeichen, Zeugnis, tjánka Kopfschmuck, Bohnen mit Pech Wunder. ◇ sign, testimony, miracle. befestigt. ◇ headdress, beans attached Ⓛ turkalkata with tar. Ⓛ wakitji tjatjagatilama wahre Auskunft geben, tjankutnuma flechten (Haare). ◇ to plait bekräftigen, bezeugen. ◇ give (hair). Ⓛ wakitjinan͂ i accurate information, confirm, testify. tjan̄ ka bull-dog-ant. ◇ bull ant. Ⓛ kaltuka Ⓛ turkulkátanáñi tjankala zuletzt, Ende. ◇ last, at the end, tjartja (der Leib), Körner, Sämereien, end. Ⓛ kutuwara (der Leib der Sämereien!). ◇ (body), tjankalerama fertig werden (Arbeit). seeds, (the body of the seeds); person. ◇ finish (work).Ⓛ kutukataringani Ⓛ anangu tjanka Ende, Spitze (Zweigen), die tjatjatuma (tjartjatuma) eingestehen erulanga-Blüten. ◇ end, tip (branches), (sein Unrecht) bekennen. ◇ confess Grevillea juncifolia blossoms. Ⓛ wakitji (admit to be wrong). Ⓛ turkulbmanani tjankana die Mistelzweige auf den tjartjiuma durch Rauch seine tnima-Sträuchern und Mulga-Bäumen. bevorstehende Ankunft anzeigen, ◇ mistletoe on tnima bushes and mulga Feuersignal geben. ◇ to notify arrival with trees. Ⓛ itjankini smoke, give smoke signal. tjantinama fortwährend (den Boden tjatjerama, tjotjerama sich dehnen (nach schlagen mit den Füßen). ◇ constantly dem Schlaf), sich erheben, sich strecken. (hit the ground with feet). Ⓛ kantuni ◇ rise, stretch (after sleep). Ⓛ watuni tjantjurantjura überströmt (mit Saft, mit tjatjeruma (tjatjerama) sich erheben, Blut). ◇ covered (with juice or blood). aufstehen. ◇ to get up, stand up. Ⓛ lurknulurknu Ⓛ watuni tjappa Larve. ◇ larva; witchetty grub, tjatjeruperuma dupl. sich erheben. edible grub (generic). Ⓛ maku, ngalurba ◇ reduplication of ‘to rise’. Ⓛ waturánani tjapatía der große Anführer (der Ⓓ duntjirina Bluträcher), Hauptmann. ◇ great leader tjartjuatjartjatuma einander ermahnen. (of revenge party). Ⓛ teïra ◇ remind each other. Ⓓ tjatjerama

330 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tjarantalama nacheinander alles erzählen. tjekula die Cycas-Palme. ◇ Cycad. ◇ narrate everything in chronological Ⓛ utukákili order. Ⓓ tjatjerama tjelkuma gehorsam. ◇ obedient. tjatjikata cf. tjartjagata. ◇ sign, evidence, tjelja kleine Mulde, mit der Wasser, Asche miracle. oder jelka geschöpft wird. ◇ small bowl to tjatna conf. iltjantja. ◇ tree species. scoop water, ash or jelka. Ⓛ kuntilba Ⓛ iltilba tjengakata Öffnung im Hause, Fenster. tjatta Speer. ◇ spear. Ⓛ katji Ⓓ kalti ◇ opening in house, window. Ⓛ katati tjauara verschieden, Arten. ◇ different, tjenja indora (tingara) sehr lang. ◇ very different species. Ⓛ alatjimurkamurka long. Ⓛ warambatjipamunu Ⓓ nguja, paka, talka tjenja hoch, lang. ◇ high, long, tall. tjauerilja Abgabe (an die knaribata oder Ⓛ wottawara, watawara Ⓓ paieri, an die Zauberdoktoren). ◇ payment wirdi, wutju (to senior men or medicine men), share. tjenja indora sehr lang. ◇ very long. Ⓛ itauerilji Ⓛ waralitji, wara tjēba Stück, Glied, Teil, gespalten. ◇ piece, tjenkama fortwandern (die Seele des limb, part, split. Ⓛ tăra Ⓓ burru, Verstorbenen). ◇ wander away (soul of tjalatjala deceased). Ⓛ piraljanbákani tjebakintja ein einzelnes Stück. ◇ single tjintja die Spitzen der Zweige. ◇ tips of piece. Ⓛ tarantanuta branches. Ⓛ walpuru tjebakama in Stücke zerschneiden oder tjentjima aus einer Versammlung einen zerbrechen, spalten. ◇ cut or break oder mehrere Personen besonders zu into pieces, split. Ⓛ tarantanani sich rufen (Geschichte [unclear]). ◇ to call Ⓓ tjelapalkana one or more persons specifically up at tjebiatjeba Glied (einer Kette). ◇ part a meeting or gathering. Ⓛ alurkuni or segment (of a chain). tjerilkna blaß (der Tote), fahl (Pferd). ◇ pale tjebakalama intr. in Stücke zerbrechen. (the deceased), pallid (horse). ◇ (intransitive) break into pieces. tjeririnja kleine Cikade. ◇ small cicada. Ⓛ tarantakatini Ⓓ tjalatjala Ⓛ tjeririnba ngankana tjeria kleinere Cikade (an porcupine gras) tjebarkatilama zerscheitern, in 2 Stücke (Burbunga venosa?). ◇ smaller cicada (on zerspalten. ◇ split, split into two pieces. porcupine grass). Ⓛ tjeraiï Ⓛ tarakútaranáñi tjerama braten, backen [kochen]. ◇ roast, tjeberama intr. zerbrechen, zerspringen. bake (cook); shoot. Ⓛ kuntini, bauani ◇ (intransitive) break, crack. Ⓓ ngurkumana, wajina [wai̍ ïna] Ⓛ tarantarini tjéritjéra Stock zum Laufen, Stützen. tjebatarerama in zwei Stücke zerbrechen ◇ walking stick. Ⓛ tjukara oder zerspringen. ◇ break or crack into tjetta weit entfernt. ◇ far away. Ⓛ wonma two pieces. Ⓛ kutararíñi tjettakitjetta weit von einander tjebakata zum Teil. ◇ partly, in part. entfernt. ◇ far away from each other. tjebma Rippe. ◇ rib. Ⓛ nimiri Ⓛ wonmakuwonma Ⓓ bankitiri tjerbatuma zerteilen, Bahn brechen tjebma ula falsche Rippe. ◇ false rib. [unclear]. ◇ divide, make a passage. Ⓛ nimiri akata Ⓛ lalalpungani tjekua der Großvater (tjimia) eines andern. tjiala(lama) auf allen vieren gehen. ◇ walk ◇ grandfather (tjimia) of someone else. on all fours. Ⓛ mamnirajennani Ⓛ tamura tjia [Northern dialect] conf. itia jüngere tjelkunelkuna gehorsam. ◇ obedient. Bruder (oder Schwester). ◇ younger brother or sister. Ⓛ malangu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 331 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tjinkua der itia eines Andern. ◇ younger tjilpitjeria (bratende Heißwind) der brother or sister of someone else. Monat, in dem es heiß wird, October Ⓛ malangura und November. ◇ (scorching wind) the tjiankama zischen. ◇ hiss. month when it gets hot, e.g. October and Ⓛ tjoïnmanani, winmanani November. Ⓛ kuntikuntira ngarini tjiberawuma, tjiparawuma nachspüren, tjileulama fortwährend verfolgen untersuchen, richten. ◇ track, investigate, (z.B. Wild). ◇ continuously pursue judge. Ⓛ kutupinjinjiwonnini (e.g. game). Ⓛ watjilinani tjiberawunawuna, tjilpa wilde Katze, Beutelmarder (Dasyurus) tjiparawunawuna Richter. ◇ judge. von brauner Farbe mit weißen Flecken. Ⓛ kutapinjinjiwonnimi ◇ native cat, western quoll, brown tjikara rißig, gesprungen, aufgesprungen. with white spots, Dasyurus geoffroii. ◇ full of cracks, cracked, cracked open. Ⓛ malalbara, kuninka Ⓓ jikaura Ⓛ ngara Ⓓ wirka tjilparatjilpara kleiner Vogel, anthus tjikatjira Medizin, Heilpflanze. ◇ medicine, Australis. ◇ small bird, anthus plant remedy, bush medicine. Ⓛ tikitiki Australis now Anthus novaeseelandiae tjila; era litjika tjila postp. bald, z.B. er (Australasian pipit) (see Pizzey and Knight soll bald gehen. ◇ (postposition) soon; 2007). Ⓛ tjalpuritjalpuri e.g. he shall go soon. Ⓛ kita, palaru tjilpita Blume spec. ◇ flower species. kenkuntakita Ⓛ tjilpiti tjilala lunama erjagen [unclear]. ◇ hunt. tjima Flechte, Haarflechte. ◇ braid, hair Ⓛ wotjilenku wonnani plait. Ⓛ wakitji tjilara Stirnband. ◇ headband. Ⓛ wollaru, tjimatnama [Southern dialect], ngalilkiri Ⓓ tjarapu tjimutnuma [Northern dialect] tjilarala lorultaiwulama (lorulta- flechten, zusammendrehen. ◇ to plait iwulama) sich das Stirnband umbinden. (hair), wind together. Ⓛ wakitjipalan͂ i ◇ to tie on a headband. Ⓛ wollaru Ⓓ wonjunkana pilkungarin͂ i tjimara Reihe, Linie (nebeneinander). tjilararama beobachten, nach allen ◇ row, line (beside each other). Ⓛ tapiri Seiten Umschau halten, von allen Seiten tjimaralama nebeneinander gehen, betrachten. ◇ observe, to keep watch in in einer Linie gehen. ◇ go side by side, all directions, to look at from all sides. go in one line. Ⓛ tapiri jennani Ⓛ wollaranangani tjimarandama Rechenschaft geben, tjileuma hineinpfropfen (Zweig), zusetzen Rechnung tun. ◇ be accountable, to (seine Länge etwas). ◇ to graft into give account. (branch), add (to length). tjimarantáma eingestehen (Schuld). tjilarelalama beobachten [unclear]. ◇ confess (guilt). Ⓛ turkulbmanani ◇ to observe, watch. Ⓛ ngirkikatini tjimbarkna böse Wesen in Weibergestalt. tjilaritjalama hervorlugen, aus einem ◇ bad spirits or beings in the shape of Versteck hervorsehen. ◇ to peer out from women (see Strehlow 1907: 12); today a hiding place. Ⓛ ngirkinijenkula these female evil beings are usually tjilarama hinuntersehen (vom Berge), called ‘aragutja erintja’ or in English ‘wild hineinsehen (in eine Höhle). ◇ look down women’. Such female spirit beings want (from a mountain), look inside (a cave). a man and a baby, they are known to Ⓛ ngirkini steal children and take men. To avoid an tjilaralama den Kopf von einer Seite zur assault, a man having spotted such a andern bewegen. ◇ move head from one spirit must not turn his back towards her. side to the other. Ⓛ ngirkiranáñi He has to move out of her way walking tjilba grau (Haar). ◇ grey (hair). Ⓛ tjilba backwards. Ⓛ tjimbirkni

332 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tjimbala Zauberstäbe des Ulbaritja tjinanama hineinsehen. ◇ to look inside Stammes. ◇ magic sticks of Ulbaritja or into. Ⓛ manjirkini tribe. Ⓛ tjimbili tjinintjima hereinsehen. ◇ to look in. tjimbili Speer mit vielen Widerhaken Ⓛ ngalanjirkini (vom Norden und Westen). ◇ spear with tjinintjilama hereinsehen. ◇ to look many barbs (from the north and west) or inside. Ⓛ ngalanjirkikatini magic sticks carried about by the aranga. tjinankerama bald sterben. ◇ to die soon. Ⓛ tjimbili Ⓛ eralknaríña tjimia Großvater (der Vater der Mutter), tjinánkilàma aufbewahren, aufheben Großonkel, Enkel, (Tochters Sohn), Enkelin (für einen andern). ◇ keep, preserve (Tochters Tochter), Großneffe, Großnichte. (for somebody else). Ⓛ amalanáni ◇ mother’s father (grandfather), tjipi Schaf (n). ◇ sheep. grandchild, grandson (daughter’s son), tjipi-punga Wolle. ◇ wool. granddaughter (daughter’s daughter), tjinba langsam, geduldig. ◇ slow, patient. grand-nephew, grand-niece; people Ⓛ purina affiliated with a country through their tjinbalama warten (auf jemanden). ◇ wait mother’s father are called, in Western (for somebody). Ⓛ patani Ⓓ kalkana Aranda, kutungula. They have right to tjinbalélama zutraulich machen country that are complementary to the (Kinder). ◇ make trustful (children). rights that people gain through their Ⓛ purinmanani father’s father (aranga). Ⓛ kunarbi tjinnapalka Schuhe, n. ◇ shoes, n. Ⓓ kalti windunto tjinbara sehr heiß. ◇ very hot. tjimia altjala mein Großvater (Mutters Ⓛ talkámbani Vater). ◇ my grandfather (mother’s tjipurkula kostbar, Kleinod. ◇ valuable, father). Ⓛ kunarbina precious. tjimia knara Großvaters älterer Bruder. tjinganalai ‘du bist sehr freigebig’. ◇ ‘you ◇ mother’s father’s older brother. are very generous’. Ⓛ ngaiukúnitàlu Ⓛ kunarbi puntu tjinnantuma Ehre erweisen (den Alten). tjimia larra Großvaters jüngerer Bruder. ◇ honour (elders). ◇ mother’s father’s younger brother. tjitja Fleisch (von den kleinen Kindern so Ⓛ kunarbi wongu genannt). ◇ meat (word used by children). kwaia tjimia Großvaters Schwester. Ⓛ tíïta ◇ mother’s father’s sister. Ⓛ puliri tjintjurkna Toten-Vogel. ◇ the death bird kwaia tjimia Bruders Tochters Tochter. (or the bird of the dead) is a small bird ◇ brother’s daughter’s daughter. that calls at night tjitjurk, tjitjurk (Strehlow Ⓛ puliri 1915: 6); people try to move such a bird woia tjimia Bruders Tochters Sohn on by calling out to it and throwing (m&w). ◇ brother’s daughter’s son. a stone at it. Ⓛ witjutjurkna Ⓛ kunarbi tjininja Sachen, Eigentum. ◇ things, lorra tjimia die Mutter der property. Ⓛ pauali Schwiegermutter. ◇ mother of mother- tjininjinangala rama von der Seite in-law. Ⓛ puliri beobachten, Kopf auf die Seite legen tjimiatja der eigene Großvater (resp. und beobachten. ◇ look at it sideways, Großonkel, Enkel, Großneffe). tilt head sideways and observe. ◇ one’s own grandfather (grand Ⓛ wa̍ ringirkira nangani uncle, grandson, grandnephew). tjinna Freund, Wohltäter, Spender. ◇ friend, Ⓛ kunarbina benefactor, donor. Ⓛ wolta ngultu tjinama hineinsehen (in eine Hütte). Ⓓ kamaneli ◇ to look into (a hut). Ⓛ njirkini

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 333 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tjinnamanturka Wohltäter, tjiratjirerama den Todeskampf kämpfen reiche Spender. ◇ sponsor. [unclear]. ◇ agony, death throes. Ⓛ woltantamantu Ⓛ tjiritjiriringani tjinnakatjinna freigebig, wohltätig, tjiratjira (Erde) stechend (mit einem Stock) freundlich mit einander. ◇ generous, beim Spazierengehen. ◇ stab ground charitable, friendly with each other. (with a stick) on a walk. Ⓛ túkaratúkara Ⓛ woltakawolta tjiratjira sterbend, dem Tode nahe, im tjinkara Pflanzenkost [?], Mahl [?]. ◇ plant Todeskampf. ◇ dying, close to death, food. Ⓛ itjinkiri in death throes. Ⓛ tjiritjiri tjipantapantiuma sich ausbreitend, lang tjirkererama weiß reiben oder färben machen (Bart). ◇ spread, grow long (Stirnband an der weißen Rinde des (beard). Ⓛ wonpularani Gummibaumes). ◇ to colour white tjintalbintanintja voller Flecken, gefleckt. (headband with the white bark of ◇ full of spots, spotted. Ⓛ níntaníntana a gumtree) (Strehlow 1910b: 95). tjintatjinta Blume mit kleinen weißen Ⓛ pirapirarini Blüten (Senfgeschmack). ◇ flower with tjirka kleine Geschwür im Fleisch. ◇ small small white blossoms (mustard taste). abscess in flesh.Ⓛ itirkĭ Ⓛ tjintitjinta tjirkoa Entenart. ◇ duck species. tjintatnuma zerfetzen, in kleine Stücke Ⓛ itjirkoa zerreißen. ◇ tear into small pieces. tjita weich, biegsam, klein, schwach. Ⓛ pitjilenani ◇ soft, supple, small, weak. Ⓛ tola tjintjiriuma herausfließen (Blut bei der tjitatjita ziemlich klein. ◇ quite small. Regel), herabfließen. ◇ flow out, flow Ⓛ tólatóla down. Ⓛ topaltjingani tjitilama biegen. ◇ bend. Ⓛ tolani tjiparipara schnell laufend. ◇ run fast. Ⓓ kutiri ngankana Ⓛ tjipiripiri tjirkawotna (sehr widerspenstig) in tjipa Gürtel. ◇ belt; piece, part. Ⓛ nanpà Frau, die mit ihrem Vater hurt. ◇ (very Ⓓ mandamanda rebellious) a woman, who has intercourse tjipala ngama im Gürtel tragen. with her (classificatory) father; (Strehlow ◇ carry on belt. Ⓛ nanpanka katini 1913: 93). Ⓛ puta Ⓓ munkana? tjitaminjaminja Blume (der Kornblume tjipitja Ein Stück Holz, zum Spuren und ähnlich). ◇ flower (resembling cornflower). Figuren im Sand zu zeichnen. Ein Spiel. Ⓛ tjitiminjaminja ◇ a piece of wood, to draw tracks and tjirkawara äußerst widerspenstig im Mann, shapes in sand; a game. Ⓛ ninka der seine Schwester hurt. ◇ (extremely tjipara Eigentum, etwas, das mir gehört, rebellious) a man who has intercourse das ich nicht weggeben will. ◇ property, with his sister. Ⓛ itjirkitirki something that belongs to me and I do tjitara Schlange spec. nicht giftig. ◇ non- not want to give away. Ⓛ matupura poisonous snake species; bad spirit Ⓓ judujudu being in the shape of a large green snake tjirpatjirpa die mit der mera auf dem that comes from the south. It may enter Fischspeer (inta) eingeritzten Ringe. a person and devour his or her internal ◇ circles engraved with the ‘mera’ on fish organs causing death. This evil being’s spear called ‘inta’. name tjitara means ‘the one with a small tjipatjipa fleißig. ◇ hard working, head’ (Strehlow 1907: 13). Ⓛ nantala, industrious; energetic, lively, healthy. tjitari Ⓛ rotjípatjípa Ⓓ marapakapirna, tjítalapárinja Lerche (trillerend auf). ◇ lark maranurru (rise warbling). Ⓛ tjituluperinji

334 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tjiteraterélama erziehen, wachsen tjoarka honighaltige Blüten des ntjiuia. machen. ◇ to educate, to make grow, ◇ honey containing blossoms of to grow up. Ⓛ unkaljenani honeysuckle. Ⓛ tjoarki tjitjina die Schleuder. ◇ sling. tjoankua der Zwillingsbruder eines tjitatja kleiner Speer (womit Kinder Andern. ◇ twin brother of someone else. spielen). ◇ small spear (children’s toy). Ⓛ inanku Ⓛ tatjitatji tjoananga Zwillinge. ◇ twins. Ⓛ inarara, tjitjitánama vorhersagen, weissagen. mulati ◇ predict, foretell. Ⓛ wottalbmanáñi tjointjara Altersgenossen. ◇ peers. tjitjata nama herrschen (Häuptling). Ⓛ inarara, mulati ◇ rule (chief). Ⓛ atani ninani tjontama anfangen (zu arbeiten). tjiteratjitera kleine gelbe Vögel. ◇ small ◇ begin, start (to work). Ⓛ ngarutaríni yellow birds. Ⓛ tjituratjitura Ⓓ wonnina tjitjibura lange, schmale (Stirn), lange tjontinja Anfang. ◇ the beginning. schmale (Früchte z.B. ngaraka). ◇ long Ⓛ ngarutarinmi narrow (forehead), long narrow (e.g. bean- tjoarbánama ranken (um einen Baum). like pod of a vine species). Ⓛ watjinkuru ◇ entwine, wind (around a tree). Ⓓ wirdi Ⓛ titirpungani tjitjatérama herrschen, befehlen. ◇ rule, tjôra Schlange, giftig. ◇ poisonous snake. command; rules. Ⓛ átanariñi Ⓛ mutuka tjiuka der jüngere Bruder (eines Andern). tjorra Bein, Schienbein, Pfeiler (oder kleine ◇ younger brother (of someone else). rote Ameise). ◇ leg, shin, pillar (or small Ⓛ malangura red ant). Ⓛ eka; tjirara Ⓓ nguramokku tjitjirkuma zusammen halten (Wurzeln). tjôra kleine rote Ameisen. ◇ small red ants. ◇ hold together (roots). Ⓛ ngalunbinani Ⓛ mutuka tjitjinelama etwas (z.B. ein Stock) gerade tjŏra; era ilutjika tjora postp. bald in der Hand halten, zielen (mit dem (Absicht, daß etwas geschehen soll); Gewehr). ◇ hold something (e.g. stick) er soll gleich sterben. ◇ (postposition) straight in the hand, aim (with rifle). soon (intention that something shall/will Ⓛ tjerinpungani happen); he shall die soon. Ⓛ ngula, tjorrarenarena Wage. ◇ scale. paluru iluntakita ngula tjorrerama sich ansehen, messen. tjorawunga der Schlafplatz der aroa. ◇ look at each other, size up. ◇ wallaby sleeping place. tjorrerinja das Maß. ◇ the measure. tjŏrabitjŏra Sonnenschein. ◇ sunshine, tjorrerinjaka inkuenkua das Maßrohr (n). warmth. Ⓛ linkirabura ◇ measuring rod. tjorrerama etwas besehen, gesehen, tjorrelelama zwingen. ◇ to force. messen, [unclear] (Creek). ◇ to look at tjorrelarenama zwingen. ◇ to force. something, to examine, to measure. tjoa mager. ◇ thin. Ⓛ nurka Ⓓ jeranja, Ⓛ ekuntani, intani jeltja, marki tjorerama sich sonnen, (Sonne). ◇ to tjoatjoa duplik. mager. ◇ very thin. sun, (sun); sunbath. Ⓛ titakambani Ⓛ nurkanurka Ⓓ nitaterina (sich sonnen). tjoerama abmagern. ◇ lose weight. Tjoritja, Tjorritja? McDonnell Ranges. Ⓛ nurkarini ◇ West MacDonnell Ranges. Ⓛ eritni tjorrelarenama zwingen. ◇ to force. tjotjikalama um Hilfe bitten, flehen (um), tjoa Zwillingsbruder. ◇ twin brother; mate, um Hilfe rufen. ◇ beg for help, implore, friend; person born on the same day; two call for help. men who have been through ‘business’ together. Ⓛ ina

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 335 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tjortjikama, tjôtjikama um Hilfe bitten, tjularka mit weißer Stirn. ◇ with white flehen (um), um Hilfe rufen. ◇ ask or beg forehead. Ⓛ tularka for help. Ⓛ arawolkuni Ⓓ winpana tjulbakama beißen (Rauch – die Augen tjôtjerama sich strecken (nach dem oder die Kehle). ◇ bite (smoke in eyes or Schlaf). ◇ stretch (after sleep). Ⓛ watuni throat). Ⓛ nelkuni tjotjerama ausstrecken (Hand). ◇ stretch tjulberama ausstrecken (Füße). ◇ stretch out (hand). out (feet). Ⓛ watuni tjuanba Baum mit kleinen, in Büscheln tjulka Kalk. ◇ lime, limestone. Ⓛ kaltji herabhängenden Blättern, iron wood, Ⓓ tudna (Acacia estrophiolata). ◇ ironwood; tjulkulintama bescheinen (Sonne), im Acacia estrophiolata (Latz 1996). Sonneschein liegen. ◇ shine on (sun), Ⓛ untari, utanti, tanbana? lie in sun. Ⓛ bilbirangani tjorulbma der Stich eines Insekts tjulkura weiß. ◇ white. Ⓛ titi Ⓓ warru (die Wirkung desselben). ◇ insect sting ilknua? testiculi. ◇ testicles. Ⓛ tulkurba (and its effect). tjunama heben, aufheben, hochheben. tjukara Stock (auf dem man sich beim ◇ lift, lift up, raise. Ⓛ talini Gehen stützt). ◇ stick; walking stick Ⓓ makumanina (Strehlow 1910b: 99). Ⓛ tukara tjunalama sich selbst (Sachen) auf den tjuára Strauch mit glänzend grünen, Kopf legen. ◇ put (things) on head. linienförmigen Blättern und Ⓛ talilkatini hopfenblütenähnlichen Blüten (Dodonaea tjulitja Pflanze mit großen gelben Blüten. viscosa). ◇ bush with bright green, ◇ plant with large yellow blossoms. narrow leaves and blossoms like hop Ⓛ úntunúntana flowers; Dodonaea viscosa (Latz 1996). tjunba Große Eidechse, bis 6 Fuß lang, Ⓛ wottara, menjinka Haut teppichartig (Varanus giganteus). tjueta Schlange (spec.) ◇ snake species. ◇ large lizard, can grow up to 6 feet Ⓛ wommi-ngana in length, carpet-like skin (Varanus tjubmara Fingernägel, Zehennägel, Krallen. giganteus, Perentie) (Atlas of Living ◇ fingernails, toenails, claws.Ⓛ piri, Australia n.d.) Ⓛ pulalba, wongapa miltji Ⓓ piri Ⓓ pirinti iltja-tjubmara Fingernägel. ◇ fingernails. tjunta Magen. ◇ stomach. Ⓛ ituntu Ⓛ mara piri Ⓓ mara piri tjunkuna Stock zum Schlagen. ◇ hitting inka-tjubmara Zehennägel. ◇ toenails. stick. Ⓛ tjunkunu Ⓛ tjinna piri Ⓓ tidna piri tjununkara Totenopfer, bestehend tjukugula die Fruchkolben der Cycas- aus Knochen, die auf das Grab der Palmen. ◇ seeds of cycad. Ⓛ utukákili Verstorbenen niedergelegt werden. tjukapulapula dicht zusammen stehende ◇ offering for the dead, consisting of Bäume. ◇ dense stand of trees. bones that are put on the grave of the Ⓛ tjúkupúlupúlu deceased. Ⓛ itjárilkni tjukunja ruhig, schweigsam, still. ◇ quiet, tjununkara ndama Totenopfer geben. silent, still. Ⓛ rata or rata Ⓓ ngapu. ◇ give offering to the deceased. tjukunjerama schweigen, ruhig werden. Ⓛ jungani, itjarilkni ◇ be silent, say nothing, become calm. tjupularra guter Weg, gerader Weg. Ⓛ rateringani Ⓓ ngapurina ◇ good path, straight path. Ⓛ ántara tjukunjilama trs. beruhigen. tjurbmunta geschlossen, verschlossen, ◇ (transitive) calm. Ⓛ ratani Ⓓ ngapu regenlos. ◇ closed, rainless. paribana? Ⓛ purpunba tjukaralama an Krücken gehen. ◇ go on crutches. Ⓛ tukarajennani

~~336 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tjurbmunterama (z.B. mama) die Wunde tmaiatuma fragen (in der Schule fragt?). schießt sich, verheilt. ◇ wound closes, ◇ ask (question at school). Ⓛ aiatapini heals (e.g. mama). Ⓛ purpunárini Ⓓ jekibana tjurka Feigenstrauch (rötliche Schößlinge, tmakuka, tmakurka, kmakurka Schnur, dicke lanzenförmige Blätter, roten lange Schnur, die Frauen um sich Früchten) groß wie Stachelbeeren, schnüren. ◇ long string that women tie eßbar (Ficus platypoda). ◇ fig tree around themselves. Ⓛ wolluwonnu, (reddish shoots, thick spear-shaped makutji leaves with edible berry-sized red fruit); tmalabartja fette Schenkel. ◇ fat thighs. Ficus platypoda var. minor (Latz 1996). Ⓛ ilbinkinji Ⓛ witerka, ili tmakupita sehr hoch (= tiefer) Haufe (von tjurkatjurka Strauch mit dicken, Schoten), ein sehr große Haufe (von hellgrünen, lanzenförmigen Blättern, Raupen), eine Menge (Raupen). ◇ very weißen Blüten und roten erbsengroßen high (deep) pile (of pods), a very large Beeren, nicht eßbar. ◇ bush with thick, pile (of caterpillars), a lot (of caterpillars). light green, spear-shaped leaves, white Ⓛ makungarini blossoms and red pea sized berries, not tmalba wilde Pfirsichbaum (Santalum edible. Ⓛ witerkawiterka, iliïli acuminatum). ◇ wild peach or quandong tjurbiatjurba Boomerangs mit \\\//// \\\/// tree; Santalum acuminatum. Ⓛ imilbi, Linien. ◇ Boomerangs with \\\//// \\\/// mangata Ⓛ warpilikura lines. tmalbatmalba Strauch mit kleinen tjurunga die heiligen Lieder, Hölzer und kirschenartigen Früchten. ◇ bush with Steine, auch die Aufführungen der little cherry-like fruit. Ⓛ imilbimilba, heiligen Gebräuche. ◇ sacred objects, tjuturu [Southern dialect] songs and ceremonies. Ⓛ kuntanka tmalbambaralenana, tjurungerama Tjurunga werden, in tmálbambaralénana (tmalba = Flamme, ◇ Tjurunga verwandelt werden. become baralenana = bartjilelama = scheine) or change into something at the end Venus (Morgen oder Abendstern) = of creative activities (see also Strehlow Licht-Spender. ◇ Venus (morning or 1908: 77). tjurunga-retna evening star) = light-giver (see Strehlow heiligen Gesänge. Ⓛ intjilpi [Southern ◇ 1907: 18–19). sacred songs. dialect], intjilpikujinina, mulati tjutalpa Vogel specie, Ruf dem der Ⓓ ngamaturukura, ngamaturukuru Wachtel ähnlich, (Sphenostoma cristata). tmalkara sehr weiß, sehr hell (Blitz). ◇ very ◇ Bourke’s Parrot, Neopsephotis bourkii white, very bright (lightning). Ⓛ tïtï (Pizzey and Knight 2007). Ⓛ tjutalpi, tmaltakalta tjituntjitun fertig, beendet. ◇ ready, finished.Ⓛ unbapalla, pepala tjurtjatjurtja Beine lupara – Knacken (der tmaltakalterama fertig werden, Känguruh). ◇ break legs or thighs (of ◇ kangaroo). Ⓛ tjilkirtjilkir vollenden (Zeitraum). finishing, Ⓛ unbaringani, tmaiatuma prüfen (was der Andere gelernt complete (temporal). hat) scherzen? ◇ test (what the other has pepalaringani tmaltakaltilama learnt), joke? beendigen. ◇ finish, tmakunama besiegen (Feind). ◇ defeat to prepare something, to make ready. (enemy). Ⓛ pepalani tmakuinama Stillschweigen auferlegen tmaltakaltaïlalajinama den Genuß des (den Lebendigen) und den Toten (=Kalk Totem-tieres freigeben. ◇ release totem auf das Grab streuen). ◇ impose silence animal for consumption. Ⓛ pepalarajani, on (the living and) dead (scatter lime on pepalaraijani grave). Ⓛ ápurawonnini

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 337 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tmaltaramba süße Saft an den lalba- 238–39). He recorded the term ‘tmara Sträuchern. ◇ sweet sap on lalba bushes. altjira’ meaning ‘the place where mother Ⓛ amalturumbu of the dead person was born’. Likewise, tmakatalama sich unmäßig freuen, Carl Strehlow mentioned, as one of frohlocken. ◇ be very pleased, be jubilant. his first encounters with connection to tmarawonka Lagerpl. der unverheiat. country, mother’s conception dreaming, Männer. ◇ single men’s camp. called in Aranda ‘altjira’. He described the Ⓛ nguratara relationship of an individual to mother’s tmana leise, still (nicht redend), dreaming, ‘altjira’, also called ‘garra schweigsam. ◇ quiet (not talking), silent. altjira’ or ‘deba altjira’, and to mother’s Ⓛ kanmara, wombata Ⓓ ngaruni? conception site, called ‘tmara altjira or, tmanerama heranschleichen, spionieren. more precisely, tmara altjirealtja, i.e. the ◇ creep up, spy. Ⓛ wombataringani place of the totem associated with me’ tmanatmana heuchlerisch, (Strehlow 1908: 57; 1910b: 2). Altjira is schleichend. ◇ hypocritical, sneaky. used in this context as meaning mother’s Ⓛ wombatawombata conception dreaming. He lists these in tmarkintja, tmarakintja Platz (cultus). his published family trees (Strehlow 1913: ◇ cleared space where ceremonies are Attachments) as ‘ara’ (kangaroo), ‘ilia’ performed. Ⓛ amboanta (emu), ‘jerramba’ (honeyant), etc. and tmangna kleines (schlechtes) Feuerholz, mentioned how to ask properly about Reißig. ◇ small (bad) firewood, twigs. this particular place: ‘unkwanga ntana? Ⓛ amila i.e. Where is the place of the totem tmara lukura Weiber-Camp (der Witwen). associated with you?’ (Strehlow 1908: ◇ women’s camp (widows). Ⓛ ngura 58). Ⓛ ngura altjiriwolta alukuru tmara Lagerplatz. ◇ camp, home, land, tmǎ̍ njinga Grashalm. ◇ grass blade. country. Today, Western Aranda people Ⓛ injirari refer to countries that they may claim, tmanjirama Alpdrücken, im Schlaf usually through their grandparents, and stöhnen. ◇ nightmare, moan in sleep. its associated esoteric knowledge, as Ⓛ ngunkupungani ‘tmara’, called ‘country’ in Aboriginal tmanjirpa Schlangen (genus). ◇ snakes. English and ‘estate’ in the anthropological Ⓛ wonjirpi literature. Loritja call it ‘ngura’. Ⓛ ngura tmanjiritjilama erscheinen (Geister), Ⓓ ngura spucken. ◇ appear (spirits), haunt. tmara inkárkara verlassener Platz. Ⓛ ngunkupungani ◇ abandoned camp. Ⓛ ngura tmara ulba der weiche Lagerplatz. inkírkari ◇ comfortable, soft camp. Ⓛ ngura tmara irbonba verlassener Platz. pulpa ◇ deserted camp. Ⓛ ngura munguna tmapala lama schwimmen (Menschen Ⓓ ngura walpa und Hunde). ◇ swim (humans and dogs). tmararinja Bewohner eines Lagerplatzes Ⓛ tarekatini ‘Bürger’; die Endung ‘rinja’ drückt tmara runga der persönliche Totem Platz. aus: bewohnend, zu etwas gehörend. ◇ personal totem place, conception site. ◇ someone belonging to a place, Ⓛ ngura ngainku, ng. woltara ‘citizen’, traditional owner; ‘rinja’ tmara altjira (altjirealtja) der mütterliche is a suffix meaning ‘belonging to’. Totem Platz. ◇ maternal totem place. Ⓛ ngurakututu, ngurarita The first remark on matrifiliation to tmarajunta [Höhlung], Schlafplatz. Aranda country was made by the ◇ hollow, sleeping place. Ⓛ nguralaiï, Lutheran missionary Louis Schulze (1891: nguratoku

~~338 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tmarankintja Lagerplatz der tmataka voller Geschwüre, wunde Stelle, unverheirateten Männer. ◇ single men’s wundgelegen. ◇ full of abscesses, sore camp. Ⓛ ngurankíntji, ngura tauara spot, hospital sores. Ⓛ womitara tmara kenka Vaterland, Umgebung, tmatja Larve, sehr kleine Raupe, die sich in ([unclear] Stammesgebiet). den Stengeln der terka-Sträucher aufhält. ◇ fatherland, surroundings, tribal ◇ grub, very small caterpillar that lives on territory. Ⓛ ngura aranka the stems of terka-bushes. Ⓛ amita tmariltja Bewohner desselben tmatjoïlama mißhandeln, fortwährend Lagerplatzes. ◇ inhabitant of the same schlagen. ◇ abuse, hit continuously. place, spirit of a place; today these Ⓛ wominúrkani spirits are called pmarakutata (in Carl tmatjerilkama sehr weiß sein (Knochen), Strehlow’s spelling ‘tmarakutata’, i.e. bleichen. ◇ to be very white (bones), tmara (place, country, home) kutata bleach. Ⓛ lírbmirani Ⓛ Ⓓ (always). ngurarita ngurala tmauerkama zittern, sich schütteln tmara Mulde, aus Gummiholz gefertigt. (vor Kälte). ◇ to tremble, shiver (from ◇ bowl (made of gumtree wood). cold). Ⓛ árbmárbma ngarani Ⓛ pitila, wilkiri, membu, meka Ⓓ pirra tmēba eben, glatt (Felsenplatte). ◇ even, tjapa? smooth (rock plate). Ⓛ walu tmarama fragen. ◇ to ask. Ⓛ tabini tmekaina kleine Eidechse. ◇ small lizard. Ⓓ jakalkana, jakalkingana (den ?) Ⓛ ngurakatikanilba tmaratjua Gebiet. ◇ area, region. tmekua Strauch mit mulgaähnlichen Ⓛ nguratáti Ⓓ milila Früchten. ◇ bush with mulga-like fruit. tmaratmara Käfer, Land oder Wasser Ⓛ mintju ◇ Käfer, (genus). beetle, land or water tmekua Ⓛ opmaripmari Larve (weiß) in tmekua Wurzeln. beetle. ◇ tmarawonka grub (white) in tmekua roots. Lagerplatz der verheirateten Ⓛ alkunari, mintju Männer, der verheiratete Mann. ◇ camp tmeljara stone curlew (Steinwälzer) mit of married men, the married man. ◇ Ⓛ nguratara, ngurakambanta blaugrau und braunen Federn. stone curlew with blue-grey and brown tmariltja Bewohner desselben feathers. Ⓛ wilu Ⓓ wiljaru Lagerplatzes, Bürger. ◇ inhabitant tmeljalkara Nasenknochen (Schmuck), of the same place or camp, citizen. Ⓛ ngurarita Ⓓ ngurala Knochen von Adler, itoa und Pelikan von ◇ tmararbanana von einer Stadt zur andern. Männern und Jungen getragen. nose ◇ from one place to the other. bone (adornment), bones of eagles, bush tmarkintja, tmarakintja Platz auf dem turkey and pelicans worn by men and Kinder und Weiber. ◇ cleared (public) boys. Ⓛ telunku, marapinti place where ceremonies are performed. tmeta [Southern dialect], tmatja Larve, Ⓛ amboanta sehr kleine Raupe. ◇ grub, very small tmaroaroa alle junge Schlangen, die caterpillar. Ⓛ amita sich um die alte gewickelt haben, auch tmora Baumstamm. ◇ tree trunk. Ⓛ mutu die Spuren dieses Schlangenknäuels. tmoara Zeichen auf dem Rücken. ◇ sign ◇ young snakes who have wound on back. Ⓛ minburu themselves around the old one; tracks of tmoara ilkinja Zeichen auf dem Rücken. this bundle of snakes. Ⓛ kárbirarbiri ◇ sign on back. Ⓛ tana minburu tmata heuchlerisch, falsch. ◇ hypocritical, tmorinja Steinmesser, im Südosten deceitful. Ⓛ talu Ⓓ jeljujelju angefertigt (von den Loritja nicht gekannt). tmauulama in Verwesung oder Fäulnis ◇ stone knife, made in the southeast (not übergehen. ◇ decay, rot. Ⓛ tulalárani known among the Loritja).

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 339 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tmulpura Hals, Kehlkopf. ◇ throat, larynx. tnáburùta kurz, klein (von Steinen). Ⓛ leri Ⓓ jerkola ◇ short, little (stones). Ⓛ ngatapatti tmultura trocken, abgeschälte Rinde; die tnaiangúnjangúnjalama rückwärts gehen. Rinde, die sich von selbst abgeschält hat. ◇ walk backwards. Ⓛ murumurukatini ◇ dry, bark that has peeled off by itself Ⓓ ngadatikana (Strehlow 1910b: 63). Ⓛ lakalaka tnaiïnga hinter (z.B. einem Baum). tmultatja [Northern dialect], tmultitja ◇ behind (e.g. a tree). Ⓛ mala Rohr. ◇ reed, cane. Ⓛ amultatji tnainama hüten, behüten, bewahren. tmurunta abgeschälte (Stamm), ohne ◇ guard, protect, keep. Ⓛ ngaraljennani Rinde. ◇ peeled (tree trunk), without bark. Ⓓ ngamalkana, pariparibana, marapana Ⓛ mutukuta Ⓓ kulakaru tnaininanana Hirte. ◇ shepherd. tmurka [Southern dialect] cf. nguruka Ⓛ ngaraljennami Ⓓ ngamalkanietja gestern. ◇ yesterday. Ⓛ mungatu tnainarinja Hirte. ◇ shepherd. tmurkarbuna [Southern dialect] cf. Ⓛ ngaraljennami Ⓓ ngamalkanietja ngurukarbuna. ◇ the day before tnainalanama aufbewahren (jemanden yesterday. Ⓛ mungatukutuba Sachen). ◇ keep, save (things for tmurkakuia [Southern dialect] somebody). Ⓛ ngaraljenkanáñi ngurukakuia. ◇ the day before Ⓓ kurijinbana, ngulukana yesterday. Ⓛ mungatumaiu utnánjima auf einen losfahren (um zu tmurkalkura [Southern dialect] cf. beißen). ◇ attack (to bite). Ⓛ ngalapatini ngurukalkura ◇ . several days ago. tnadata [Southern dialect] Mulgablüten, Ⓛ mungatunguánba Akacien-Kätzchen. ◇ mulga blossoms, tnakinjarara Gläubiger, der Leihende. acacia catkin. Ⓛ unatjiti ◇ creditor, lender. tnalakarelama groß achten. ◇ to respect tnanjantambala standhaft. ◇ firm. highly. tnanjuntura standhaft. ◇ firm. tnakama 1. glauben, für wahr halten, tnaltjima treten [?]. 2. absondern, austeilen (Geschenke). tnabarka Mist der Känguruhs (zum Feuer- ◇ ◇ 1. believe (to be true), 2. separate, Reiben). kangaroo dung (used to rub Ⓛ 1. bulkawonnini, Ⓛ anunkulu distribute (gifts). fire) (Strehlow 1920: 13–14). 2. akatatauani tnabantalaka von atna (vagina) und tnakalama sich rühmen, sich brüsten, bantalaka (fortwährend gehend) um sich selbst vertrauen. ◇ boast, brag, be zu huren. Eine Frau, die mit ihrem confident. Ⓛ bulkawonnini Onkel hurt. ◇ woman who has a tnékanerama einen abraten, etwas forbidden relationship with her uncle. ◇ Ⓛ kunnajunkuta (junkuta: fortwährend ausreden. dissuade someone, talk out gebend: give continuously) of something. Ⓛ minurarini (u)tnaka der (?) Camp dunkel [unclear]. tnabitjaralenama rückwärts gehen. ◇ walk Ⓛ ngurapatipati backwards. Ⓛ murunúntunúntu katini Ⓓ ngadatikana? tnákerkerama nicht glauben (eine ◇ tnabitjeralama zurückweichen (von Botschaft). not believe (a message). Ⓛ Feinden). ◇ retreat (from enemy). panpurangani tnalbitnama tnabata große Laus. ◇ large louse. sich aufrecht hinstellen. Ⓛ putinba ◇ stand up straight. Ⓛ ngarangarani ͂ tnabitjerana weichen (vor den Feinden). tnalama sich kratzen. ◇ scratch. Ⓛ tauani ◇ give way, yield (to enemy). tnalkintjiuma austeilen, verteilen tnabuta (atna = vagina, buta = groß) (Kleider). ◇ distribute, hand out (clothes). geil, wollüstig (von Frauen). ◇ horny, Ⓛ ilkiwonini voluptuous (women). Ⓛ kunnala Ⓓ palakantji

340 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tnalbaleala auf dem Hinterteil sitzend tnatamatnama hochaufgerichtet, (Menschen), am Boden hinwankend gebieterisch dastehen. ◇ stand upright, oder am Boden sich hinlegend (niedrige imperiously. Ⓛ wilalbingarani Bäume oder Sträucher und Büsche). ◇ sit tnaltjama zertreten, zerstampfen (mit den on behind (humans), low lying (trees or Füßen). ◇ tread or stamp (with feet). bushes). Ⓛ mannapiti Ⓛ lurpani Ⓓ nankana, nankanankana tnakitja rote Kernfrucht, etwas größer als tnaljurbara night-parrot. ◇ night parrot. Kirschen. ◇ red stone fruit, slightly larger Ⓛ analtjirbiri than cherries. Ⓛ kura, peki tnatjilama still stehen, warten. ◇ stop, tnalba, tnalba Schwanz (Vogel); wait. Ⓛ ngarakatini Schwanzfedern. ◇ tail (bird), tail feathers. tnama aufrechstehen, stehen. ◇ stand Ⓛ mannata-aturu upright, stand. Ⓛ ngarani Ⓓ terkana tnalama von sich treiben. ◇ drive away. tnátnanama aufstehen, sich erheben. Ⓛ tjingani ◇ stand up. Ⓛ ngaralatalkani tnalangatnalélama antreiben zum tnapitnama dastehen, in Reihen Weitergehen. ◇ urge to go on. stehen. ◇ stand there, stand in rows. Ⓛ ngalangalani Ⓛ ngarangarani tnalanama aufrecht stehen. ◇ stand tnǎma Stock (zum Schlagen), Stecken, upright. Ⓛ ngaranini Stange. ◇ stick (to hit with), pole, rod; tnalapaltarkna species of night heron digging stick. Ⓛ wonna Ⓓ wonna (Reiher). ◇ species of night heron. tnamitoppatoppa Stock über den Rücken Ⓛ analapaltarkna (gelegt). ◇ stick (placed) over back. tnalbatnauma treiben, nötigen zu gehen. Ⓛ tapala ◇ drive, force to go. Ⓛ wollawollatunani tnatjalbuma (aus ‘tnama: graben, kratzen’ tnalkinjiuma ausbreiten (um etwas und ‘albuma: umkehren, heimkehren’) zu suchen). ◇ spread out (to look for nach seiner Rückkehr kratzend stehen something). Ⓛ ilkiwonnini Ⓓ pirakana, oder auf seiner Heimkehr kratzen. ◇ dig piltana after return or dig during return trip home. tnalta Fußweg, track, (z.B. der Känguruh Ⓛ ngaranikulbara oder der Ochsen). ◇ footpath, track tnama graben, kratzen. ◇ dig, scratch, (e.g. of kangaroos or bullocks). Ⓛ analti scrape. Ⓛ tauani, wirkani Ⓓ bakuna tnaltja Exkremente der Raupen. (graben: dig) ◇ excrement of grubs. Ⓛ analtji tnatjarakalama tief graben. ◇ dig deep. tnalbatnanbuma hüpfen mit in die Höhe Ⓛ tauaraokalingani geworfenen Knien. ◇ hop throwing knees tnatnilauma scharren, kratzen. ◇ scrape, up high. Ⓛ wárawárarakátini scratch. Ⓛ tauatauani tnanopanama (k. tnama: stehen + tnatjalbuma bei der Heimkehr, nopanama: bleiben) immer nach einiger kratzen. ◇ scratch returning home. Entfernung stehen bleiben; nachdem Ⓛ nauurpungani man gegangen ist, stehen bleiben, tnamatora in einer geraden Linie dann weiter gehen, dann stehen (kommen). ◇ (approach) in a straight line. bleiben, u.s.w.; fortwährend, nachdem Ⓛ warata ngalajennani man einige (Schritte gegangen ist?), tnamatnama [Southern dialect] stehen bleiben, wieder und wieder Strauch. ◇ shrub, Canthium (species). stehen bleiben. ◇ constantly stop and Ⓛ kundikarka start walking. (A compound of tnama tnaminatuka gerade, rechtschaffen, gut. ‘stand’ and nopanama ‘continue’.) ◇ straight, just, good. Ⓛ pauali Ⓛ mangaralabakabakani tnapmagunia bodenlos, Abgrund. ◇ bottomless, abyss. Ⓓ mariwirri

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 341 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tnamiwia nachmittags (3 Uhr). ◇ in the tnanjama loben, rühmen. ◇ to praise. afternoon (3 o’clock). Ⓛ bulkawonnini tnaminjalkna Jakobsstab (Sternbild). tnankua dicht beieinanderstehend ◇ Orion? (star constellation). Ⓛ kaditjina (Männer). ◇ standing close together tnambutaka bauma umstoßen (einen (men), crowded. Ⓛ tatutu Mann), zurückstoßen. ◇ knock over (a tnankua Blätter an den Zweigspitzen. man), push back. Ⓛ wilalku untuni ◇ leaves on tips of branches. Ⓛ tatutu tnana Mahlstein, auf dem gemahlen wird. tnankua Schnüre mit Rechbohnen (Kranz). ◇ grinding stone. Ⓛ tjewa Ⓓ [marda] ◇ strings with beans (wreath, garland). wati, marda paltiri Ⓛ akaringi tnanakiëkatuma zerklopfen (mit Steinen). tnankama vorhersagen. ◇ predict. ◇ to beat (into pieces with stones). Ⓛ wirkani Ⓛ tjewakura atuni jia tnankama etwas vorherverkündigen. tnanbulauma herabspringen. ◇ jump ◇ predict something. Ⓛ tjiri wirkani down. Ⓛ wararakatini tnapereuma jelka-Kuchen machen. tnanbirkuma schleichen. ◇ creep, sneak. ◇ make jelka cakes. Ⓛ anaparanáni tnapatnama tnanbutjalbuma hineinspringen. dastehen, stehen bleiben. ◇ Ⓛ ngarangarani ◇ jump into. Ⓛ wararakatingu kulbara stand there, stop. Ⓓ tampana, tampatampana tnapatnapatnama auf einen Haufen stehen. ◇ stand together as a mob or tnanbuma springen, hüpfen, group. Ⓛ ngarangarangarani überschreiten, übersteigen, überspringen. tnapara die jelka-Kuchen (geriebenes ◇ jump, skip, cross, climb over, jump und zusammen geballtes jelka). ◇ jelka over. Ⓛ lantarukatini, wararakatini Ⓓ kulkungana, duldrina (springen: cakes (ground and formed into a ball). Ⓛ anapara jump) tnanterama tnanbunama ◇ Excremente lassen hinunterspringen. jump ◇ Ⓛ kunna Ⓛ matapulukatini [unclear] (tjappa). to excrete (grub). down. kuturingani tnanbutjikalama hinunterspringen. ◇ jump tnapuntila (vulva), (Scheide, vagina). down. Ⓛ wararakatira okalingani ◇ vulva, vagina. Ⓛ tuka Ⓓ ngarinalu, klukungana tnapma der Boden, anus, Boden, Grund tnanbitninama hineinspringen (Brunnens). ◇ ground, anus, bottom (of (ins Wasser). ◇ jump into (the water). well), floor.Ⓛ manna Ⓛ tapulukatini tnambinina (von atna (vagina) und tnanbulalama hüpfen (Känguruh). ◇ skip, mbinina (fortwährend begierig)), hop (kangaroos). Ⓛ matapulukatini ein Mann, der mit seiner Nichte tnanbunalanalauma hineinspringen amba coitus hat. ◇ man who has ◇ (mehrere) ins Wasser. (a few) jump into forbidden relationship with his niece. the water. Ⓛ matapulukatira wonnini Ⓛ kunnatákaba tnanbalurulanama beim Laufen hüpfen tnamiwia (tnama, iwia = iwuma) gegen (Bluträcher). ◇ to skip or hop on the move Abend, 1 Stunde vor Sonnenuntergang. (avenger). Ⓛ wararakatira wonnini ◇ towards evening, one hour before tnanbatnanbalbuma (Känguruh) bei sunset. Ⓛ tjirinbirpa der Rückkehr hüpfend laufen. ◇ to tnaritjalbuma sich drängen (zu einem), skip returning home (kangaroo). überfallen, hinzuströmen (Volksmasse). Ⓛ tapultapulkulbani ◇ to crowd, throng (people). tnánoatnánerama zum Stillstand kommen tnata ankarbmálarbmála der leere (Feuer), still stehen. ◇ to come to Magen. ◇ empty stomach. Ⓛ wila a standstill (fire), to stand still, to stop. workulworkula Ⓛ ngarangarakatini Ⓓ jurako̍ kana

342 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tnátamatnáta sich sonnend (z.B. Enten, tnata artjima sich sonnen (Enten). Vögel). ◇ sunning (e.g. ducks, birds). ◇ to sun (ducks). Ⓛ wila ngantjini Ⓛ wilapurapura tnatamba fast leer, flach. ◇ almost tnara Hinterteil des Wildes, die hintere empty, shallow. Ⓛ wilanka Hälfte des Wildes. ◇ rear of game, back tnatambobula mitten drin. ◇ in the part of game. Ⓛ karila middle. Ⓛ wilakara tnara (ehrbar?), mutig, kühn. tnatambalkata aufgeschlagen ◇ (honourable), courageous, daring. (Buch). ◇ opened (book), open. tnarama auf den Knien rutschen, kriechen. Ⓛ wilakatukutu, wilapitini ◇ slide on knees, crawl. Ⓛ marani tnatanganjala unten (am Tisch). ◇ at the Ⓓ marakana far end (of the table). Ⓛ wilangaiïkuru tnarakama kriechen (auf dem Boden). tnatala postp. vor. ◇ (postposition) ◇ crawl. Ⓛ maranáñi before. Ⓛ wilanka tnaritjerama erwarten, sich freuen tnataka postp. vor. ◇ (postposition) (auf die Ankunft jem.) ◇ look forward before (a long time ago). Ⓛ wilaku (to someone’s arrival). Ⓛ unbaringani tnatamba flach (Wasser), fast leer. tnaraparuma kreisen, Kreise ziehen in der ◇ shallow (water), almost empty. Luft (Adler), rutschen (auf den Knien), Ⓛ wilanka hin und her kriechen. ◇ circle (eagle), tnatapa-irkiljirkilja der hervortrettende slide (on knees), crawl back and forth. Bauch (bei den kleinen Kindern). Ⓛ maranáni kutara ◇ protruding belly (of little children). tnarra lockere oder lose Gestein, Ⓛ wila tútutútu abbröckeln. ◇ loose rocks, stones, tnatambalkata aufgeschlagen (Buch). crumbling. Ⓛ mannara ◇ opened (book). Ⓛ wilakatukutu, tnaritjinjima klettern (auf den Berg). wilapitini ◇ climb (the mountain). Ⓛ mararakalbani tnata nturknerama (Bauch betrübt, Ⓓ katina zerrissen sein). ◇ (sad belly, be torn). tnata nturknerama Totenklage halten. Ⓛ wila alturur̍ini ◇ mourning. Ⓛ wila altururini tnatambobula mitten darinnen. ◇ in the tnata ulbura leere Bauch. ◇ empty midst. Ⓛ wilakara stomach. Ⓛ wila jultu tnatamboba die Mitte (eines Creek). tnata Bauch, Unterleib. ◇ belly, abdomen; ◇ middle (of creek). Ⓛ wilakara stomach. Ⓛ wila, julu Ⓓ mandra tnatalbatanama (atna-talbatanama) tnata erouma zittern (vor Kälte oder Exkremente lang hinfallen lassen (itoa) Furcht). ◇ to shake (from the cold or und alle Vögel. ◇ make droppings from fear). Ⓛ wila tjitjitingani (bush turkey as well as all other birds). tnatambuma, tnata wumbuma (Bauch Ⓛ kunna tunmankula bakabakani brennen) wütend sein, zornig sein. tnatambuma wütend sein. ◇ be angry. ◇ to be furious, angry, (belly burns). Ⓛ wilakambani Ⓓ ngara jerkina Ⓛ wila kambani Ⓓ ngarajerkina, tnatamanáma in Büscheln zusammen ngaradapungana hängen (Feigen). ◇ hang in bunches (figs). tnata kunnerama sich ängstigen Ⓛ wila ninani (um etwas). ◇ to be alarmed, tnatanga der untere Baumstamm. ◇ lower frightened, anxious (about something). part of tree trunk. Ⓛ wolla Ⓛ wilakujaringani tnatangambea verheiratete Mann, der tnatataláma jammern, ausgelassen Vater ist. ◇ married man who is a father. sein (vor Freude). ◇ to wail, to be Ⓛ wollakambanta joyful. Ⓛ wila wollani Ⓓ kalu tnatangala hinter (einem). ◇ behind miltjamiltjarina (someone). Ⓛ wollanka

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 343 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tnatangala lama nachfolgen, hinter tnatatalama jammern, Mitleid haben, einem gehen. ◇ follow, go behind ausgelassen sein (vor Freude). somebody. Ⓛ wollanka jennani ◇ complain, have pity, frolicsome. Ⓛ wila Ⓓ karipaterina, wapantina, milini wollan͂ i palkana tnatatanama nicht beschwichtigen können tnatangala ngama nachtragen. ◇ carry (Streitende). ◇ not be able to reconcile behind someone. Ⓛ wollanka katini (opponents). Ⓛ ngambangambanínani Ⓓ padakijiribana tnátataratara leere Bauch, sehr hungrig. tnatambalkata indama auf dem Rücken ◇ empty belly, very hungry. Ⓛ wila liegen. ◇ lie on back. Ⓛ wilakattukutu tarutaru ngarini tnatauma nicht gehorchen, tnatamindama auf der Seite liegen, sodaß entgegenhandeln, widersprechen. ◇ not der Bauch dem Beschauer zugekehrt obey, contradict. Ⓛ tanapungani ist. ◇ lie on side looking at someone. tnátjatnátjerama sich sehr freuen (auf Ⓛ wilalba ngala ngarini jemanden, auf Kamele). ◇ look very tnatanjala; laianga tnatinjala an, c. abl.; much forward to (somebody, camels). am Meer. ◇ at (c. abl.); at the sea. Ⓛ pantalpantalninani tnatangauma beistehen (in der Gefahr), tnatjarakalama sehr tief graben. ◇ dig anstiften (zu einer Tat), einen warnen very deep. Ⓛ tauaraokalingani (damit er sich vor dem Feinde schützt tnatjatnatja Vogel (spec.) ◇ bird species. [unclear]), helfen, erretten, aus dem Ⓛ anatjanatji ◇ Wasser herausziehen, retten. assist, tnaltnanama aufstehen, sich erheben help (in danger), instigate (to a deed), (von den sitzenden Männern). ◇ stand up, warn someone (to be aware of the enemy get up (e.g. from the place where the men and on guard), help, rescue, pull out of are sitting). Ⓛ ngaralatalkani the water, save. Ⓛ tankawokkani tnatjilama treten (zu einem). ◇ step tnatangebía in einer Reihe (sitzen oder (towards someone). stehen). ◇ (sit or stand) in a row. Ⓛ taberi tnatnaúma herabfallen (Frucht von tnatanbuma umherstreuen (Gummizweig). ◇ ◇ Baum). fall down (fruit from tree). scatter (gumtree twigs). Ⓛ patangarani Ⓛ piralanbakani tnatjilama still stehen, warten. ◇ stand tnatanganja, tnatanganjala unten (am still, wait. Ⓛ ngarakatini Tisch als Zuhörer sitzen). ◇ at (the table tnatnagunama mit den Krallen umfassen as a listener). Ⓛ wilungaiïnka (ninani), ◇ ngaiïkurunka (Adler). grab with talons (eagle) (Strehlow 1910b: 38). Ⓛ pirirbini tnatankurbma Schlange (giftig). ◇ snake tnatnilaúma scharren (Hühner), kratzen. (poisonous). Ⓛ wilankurbmu ◇ scratch (fowls), scrape. Ⓛ tauatauani tnatantja eine lange mit Garn umwickelte tnatjirkulelama Angeld geben, anwerben? und mit Vogeldaun beklebte Stange. ◇ ◇ long ceremonial pole. Ⓛ anatantji enlist? tnatoa tnátara Feuer an dem Fußende. ◇ fire at Tasche (aus Fellen oder Haaren ◇ feet. Ⓛ nitalku gemacht). bag (made of hides or hair). tnatapanjunta ein voller Bauch [unclear]. Ⓛ wapata Ⓓ pailtjita, billi, wandru, ◇ full belly. Ⓛ wila pokuti pilpanta tnatata Skorpion. ◇ scorpion; bad spirit tnatoatangatanga Tasche unter dem Arm being in the form of a tnatata that comes tragend. ◇ carry bag under the arm. out of the ground at night and stings Ⓛ wapata katijennani people up to four times causing their tnatulta (Bauch leer), hungrig, nicht death (Strehlow 1907: 13). Ⓛ wonnatjiti, gesättigt. ◇ (empty belly), hungry, not pirikatuli Ⓓ kandikundi satisfied.Ⓛ wila jultu

344 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tnauérama einem Abwesenden Rache tnelanga Strauch spec. mit roten, androhen, drohen. ◇ threaten someone fuchsiaartigen Blüten (Eremophila who is absent with revenge, threaten. Latrobei). ◇ shrub species with red Ⓛ katawonkani blossoms; native fuschia (Eremophila tnaueria Strauch. ◇ shrub. Ⓛ minjina latrobei). Ⓛ menjinga, injilingi tnaulajinama forttreiben. ◇ drive away. tnelbalama widerstehen. ◇ resist. tnauia Stock zum Schlagen, Taktstock. tnelbinélama sich entschuldigen (wegen ◇ stick to hit with, baton. Ⓛ tutinba, Nichtkommens). ◇ apologise (for not kunti showing up). Ⓛ mekukururingani tnauuta Larven (weiß) in tnauuta Wurzeln tnéljerama (urbiaka tneljerama) halten oder eine Baumart mit giftigen, für etwas (z.B. einen Boten). ◇ regard as feigenähnlichen Früchten. ◇ grub (white) (e.g. a messenger). Ⓛ antantani in tnauuta roots or poisonous tree tnelelta das abgefallene, vertrocknete Laub species with fig-like fruit.Ⓛ omarumari oder trockene Zweige. ◇ fallen, dry leaves tnauma wegtreiben. ◇ chase, drive or branches. Ⓛ anililti away. Ⓛ wollatunan͂ i Ⓓ dangana tnelja eine rankende Planze. ◇ vine (plant). (fortscheuchen = to chase away), Ⓛ anila dikana (nennen = to name), narana tneljiúma verhören, ausfragen (der Richter (hinausweisen = to ask someone to leave) den Angeklagten). ◇ interrogate, question aretna tnauma nennen. ◇ to name. Ⓛ ini (judge the accused). Ⓛ katurtunani takani tnelupura Gebüsch. ◇ undergrowth, tnaürba Stöcke, die die Weiber beim thicket. Ⓛ tatajerri Tanz zusammen schlagen. ◇ women’s tně̍ nama (tnǎ̍ nama) schalten, schimpfen, clapping sticks used in women’s dances. beschuldigen, strafen (mit Worten). Ⓛ anaúurbi ◇ scold, accuse, punish (with words). Tneëra; tnéera [schön, lieb] göttliche Ⓛ kujantakani Frauen. ◇ (beautiful, nice) divine women; tnerenkama tadeln. ◇ to fault, to reprove. female ancestral beings (Strehlow 1907). Ⓛ kujantakani Ⓛ ineari tnēnama ausweiden (Wild). ◇ to gut tnauma (retna) nennen. ◇ to name. (game). Ⓛ wantjini, balkani Ⓛ takani (ini) tnenba unausgeweidetes (Wild). tneëratneëra liebevoll (zu allen Menschen, ◇ not gutted (game). Ⓛ kunnakulu Freund und Fremden). ◇ loving, nice tnenbara Schwanzfedern (Vogel). (to everyone, friend and strangers). ◇ tail feathers (birds). Ⓛ kalbi Ⓛ ulatúngutúngu tnanja Eingang, Öffnung einer Höhle. tnekanérama ausreden (etwas), abraten, ◇ entrance, opening of cave. Ⓛ piti abhalten (Schlechtes zu tun). ◇ dissuade, tnenjurbárana Eidechse spec. ◇ lizard advise against (something), restrain (from species. Ⓛ pitiwaltulba, wonnawirilpa doing bad). Ⓛ wilatararingani, wila tnenterinja aneinanderhängend, kuraringani aneinandergewachsen (Zellen). ◇ hang tnekua conf. kamuna der Onkel eines together, grown together (cells). Andern. ◇ uncle of somebody else. Ⓛ talatitalati Ⓛ kamurura tnenka Bluträcher. ◇ avenger. tnelambara renalitjalbuma sich alle Ⓛ (worbmala) warbmala Ⓓ pinga niederlassen (nach der Rückkehr). ◇ to tnera oder tnira großer Baum [mit sit (or settle) down (i.e. everyone after pfefferbaumartigem Laub]. ◇ large tree return). Ⓛ palkilkara ninani kulbara (foliage similar to pepper tree). Ⓛ anjiri

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 345 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tnánkama (v. atna) Flatus lassen. tninama fallen auf einen, zu Fall bringen, ◇ pass wind. Ⓛ ninjirbmanani, kunna sich werfen auf einen, hinwerfen. punmanani ◇ cause to fall, fall on somebody, throw tninjara anus. ◇ anus. Ⓛ kunnata down, (throw oneself onto somebody). [Southern dialect] Ⓛ mapatangarani Ⓓ puribana tnērbinama abschlagen (Bitte), verweigern. tnitjikalama herunterfallen. ◇ fall ◇ refuse (request), deny. Ⓛ wiantakani down. Ⓛ patangaralaokalingani tnerenkama tadeln (Arbeit). ◇ criticise Ⓓ kantiterina (work). Ⓛ kujantakani tnatnama abfallen, herabfallen (Frucht tnĕrka unvermögend, ruhig, still, vom Baum). ◇ fall off, fall down (fruit zurückgezogen, ohnmächtig, nichts from tree). Ⓛ patangaralatalkani machen können, (nicht heiraten können). tnilauma abfallen (Frucht vom ◇ not able, quiet, silent, powerless, Baum). ◇ fall off (fruit from tree). cannot do anything, (cannot marry). Ⓛ punkaratalkani Ⓛ tami tnilambalturuma Gefallenes überall tnerutjarutja des Todes schuldig. ◇ guilty umherliegen. ◇ something that has (deserve death). Ⓛ jupajupa fallen and is lying around everywhere. tnerultja [etna = dicht, erultja = Reisig] Ⓛ ínipȧlitiwókkani tnipatnima dichtes Gebüsch, dichte trockene (duplikation) herabfallen. ◇ (reduplication) fall off or down. Büsche. ◇ dense thicket, dense dry Ⓛ patangaranani bushes. Ⓛ malarapuru tnimalkurtja eine bunte Raupe an tnetnanétnana Handgelenk. ◇ wrist. ◇ Ⓛ marakunnakunna Ⓓ marapalka den Blättern der Tnima. colourful caterpillar on leaves of tnima-bushes. tninjalama vor einem hinfallen (auf den Ⓛ itnimalkurtji Boden fallen). ◇ fall in front of somebody tnima Strauch mit länglichen Blättern (fall to the ground). Ⓛ ngatapunkani tnetneúma und gelben Blütenkätzchen (Acacia verurteilen, Strafe verkündigen. ◇ ◇ kempeana). witchetty bush, Acacia sentence, announce punishment. Ⓛ ilkoara Ⓛ jupa-irbini kempeana. tnimatja die Larve, die sich an den Wurzeln tnetura rote Larve, unter Gummibaumrinde. der tnima Sträucher aufhält (große, weiße ◇ red grub under gumtree bark. Larve mit roten Querstreifen). ◇ grub in Ⓛ anetura roots of tnima-bushes (large white grub tnimba, tnimbauma kleine Brote, kleine with red stripes). Ⓛ ilkoara Brote backen. ◇ bread loaf, bake small tnimatnima Strauch (auf den Hügeln bread loaves. Ⓛ animba, animbani wachsend) mit langen schmalen Blättern tnilbitnima straucheln, taumeln. und kleinen schwarzen eßbaren Beeren. ◇ Ⓛ patapatangarani stumble, stagger. ◇ bush (grows on hills) with long narrow tnilabakatitja die Gefallenen im Streit, leaves and small edible black berries. die Pesttilenz, Erschlagenen (im Kampf), Ⓛ ilkoarailkoara die von der Krankheit dahingerafften (die tnimamba Saft der Tnima-Sträucher. ◇ sap Seuche). ◇ the slain in battle or fight, of tnima-bushes. Ⓛ inimami killed by sickness (epidemic). Ⓛ inipalíti tninama zu Fall bringen. ◇ bring to fall. tnima fallen. ◇ to fall. Ⓛ patangarani Ⓛ mapatangarani Ⓓ purina tninja [Eastern dialect] Mond. ◇ moon. tnilalama fallen lassen (etwas von Ⓛ pira selbst), entfallen (das man trägt). ◇ to tninama warten (Kinder). ◇ to wait let fall, to fall (something by itself). (children). Ⓛ kanjini Ⓛ patangaralatalkani tninjarerama warnen (fortzugehen). ◇ to warn. Ⓛ mekukurungarani

346 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tnimirkelja Tnima-Gebüsch. ◇ tnima- tnoerama zielen (nach Jemanden) mit (dem thicket. Ⓛ ilkowaratata Gewehr). ◇ aim (at someone) with (a gun). tninjareralalama sich trennen (von den Ⓛ wakungarani andern), die andern zurücklassen. ◇ to tnoerentjima herziehen (nach mir z.B.) separate (from the others), leave the ◇ pull (towards me, for example). others behind. Ⓛ ngurtungarala jennani Ⓛ ngalawakungarani tnilbatninama fortwährend behalten, tnoantulama nichts ausrichten, warten. ◇ continuously keep, wait. unvermögend sein. ◇ accomplish Ⓛ kánjikánjini nothing, not capable. tninta Gras (spec.) ◇ grass species. tnokulba Feld, Jelka-Feld. ◇ field, jelka Ⓛ aninti field. Ⓛ anukulba Ⓓ bukamarru! tnitja eßbare Wurzel (der altjia Pflanze). tnoaka am meisten, besonders. ◇ most of ◇ edible roots (of altjia plant). Ⓛ atuju all, especially. tnitjenkua Bündnis, Verspechen [unclear]. tnoarkara aufs meiste, höchstens (der Zahl ◇ pact, promise. Ⓛ ngalutu nach). ◇ not more. tnitjikalama herabfallen, herunterfallen. tnolba unmäßig, üppig. ◇ immoderate, ◇ fall down. Ⓛ patangaralaokalingani opulent. Ⓛ bulba tnitjilama, pl. tninambanama tnolbala ilkuma fressen. ◇ devour. niederfallen (aufs Gesicht). ◇ fall (on face). Ⓛ bulbanku ngalkuni Ⓓ mirantjati, tnitjimba eigenmächtig, mit Gewalt. murtjana ◇ despotic, with force. Ⓛ bakara tnolbutankama schnell aufbrechen, um tnitjimbala inama eigenmächtig weiter zu wandern. ◇ set out quickly, to nehmen, rauben. ◇ take by force, rob. continue journey. Ⓛ mannabakalkatini Ⓛ bakaranka manjini Ⓓ watawatali tnolkuma erschrecken. ◇ to get a fright, manina to become scared. Ⓛ ngualankani tnoatnoa reichlich. ◇ ample. Ⓓ ngaruparana tnitjirka native Companion (im Norden). tnolkalélama trs. einen erschrecken, ◇ native companion (in the north). Schreck einflößen. ◇ frighten someone tnitjinta Eidechse spec. ◇ lizard species. (transitive). Ⓛ kukurkutjingani Ⓛ biljanba Ⓓ ngaruparibana tnitnalbánama langhinfallen (auf tnolkakérama sich verwundern. ◇ be den Boden). ◇ fall (to the ground). astonished. Ⓛ ngualankarbarini Ⓛ bultjulukatini tnolkinjala rama erstaunen. ◇ be tnitnanama abfallen, herabfallen (Frucht amazed. Ⓛ ngualankara nangani vom Baum). ◇ fall off, fall down (fruit from tnolkinjagata Wunder, wunderbar. tree). Ⓛ patangaralatalkani ◇ miracle, miraculous. tnóaroara sehr viele, Schaar (von tnuntakatnunta viereckig. ◇ square. Fischen). ◇ very many, shoal (of fish). tnonda Tier; Vieh [unclear]. ◇ animal; Ⓛ antalkarini cattle. Ⓛ kaki tnoa viele, circa 30, lang (Predigt oder tnotuparára Haufe von erlegtem Gebet) n. ◇ many, circa 30, long (sermon Wild. ◇ a lot of killed game. or prayer). Ⓛ lenku Ⓛ nutimurkamurka tnoatnoa sicher, übermütig (Häuptling). tnúnta, tnōnta schwanger, trächtig. ◇ confident (chief).Ⓛ anóanoa ◇ pregnant. Ⓛ wilali Ⓓ mandrantju tnoatnoa indáma sicher liegen, sicher tnorula Exkremente der ingunanga-Larven. schlafen. ◇ lie, sleep safe. Ⓛ anóanóa ◇ excrement of ingunanga grubs; name ngarini of Gosses Bluff.Ⓛ anurulu tnoala besonders, insbesonders, tnota ungebraten, ganz (Tier). ◇ not insonderheit. ◇ especially, in particular. roasted, whole (animal). Ⓛ nuti

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 347 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tnotulama schlängelnd weitergehen tnunta Ecke, Kante. ◇ corner, edge. (die Schlange). ◇ slither (snake). Ⓛ pattipatti Ⓓ burru, tuluru Ⓛ nutinutiringani tnuntajatnunta eckig, tn(u)áninja Gerät. ◇ tool. Ⓛ julta viereckig. ◇ angular, square. tnuā̍ ta Nasenhölzer (von den Mädchen Ⓛ ununtumurkamurka oder Frauen getragen). ◇ wooden tnuntilkinja halbreif (Früchte). ◇ half-ripe nosepegs (worn by girls or women). (fruit). Ⓛ urákuráki Ⓛ unati tnunmérama erschlaffen (von der Hitze), tnúkutulbára grüne Papagei, mit gelben erschlaffen, zusammenschrumpfen Ring um den Hals (Nachtvogel). ◇ green (Fleisch beim kochen). ◇ languish (from parrot, with yellow circle around neck heat), tire, shrivel up (meat when cooked). (night bird). Ⓛ anukutulbari Ⓛ tjilunarini tnunkalelama singen lassen. ◇ allow tnuntanama (tnuntuma) auf und singing. niedertanzen von Weibern. ◇ dance tnukura ◇ Gras (spec.) grass species. (women). Ⓛ makutarin͂ i, akutarini Ⓛ wonnukuru utnántanántana selbsüchtig [unclear]. tnulturka Strauch. ◇ shrub. Ⓛ tabanmara ◇ selfish.Ⓛ waiangalkunmi tnukutatnama sich niederknien (zum Ⓓ muntapata Trinken). ◇ kneel down (to drink). tnuntuma auf und abtanzen (Weiber), zu Ⓛ murungarani Streit anfeuern. ◇ dance back and forth tnuma flechten (Haare), drehen (Schnur). (women), instigate a fight.Ⓛ akutarini ◇ plait (hair), twist (string). Ⓛ wakitjinani tnurberinja Gestell, Regal. ◇ shelf. tjankutnuma ◇ Haare flechten. plait hair. tnurbatnurba ◇ Ⓛ wakitjinani scheu, furchtsam. timid, Ⓛ apúrapúra tjimutnuma ◇ fearful, anxious. Haare flechten. plait hair. tnurinjilama Ⓛ wakitjipálnani versprechen (etwas zu geben). ◇ promise (to give something). tnukutnuraeritjalbuma mit dem anus Ⓛ tankuni sich einen Platz zurechtscharren, sich tnurbarinja (z.B. imbara) parallelaufeinander bequem machen (auf dem Boden). (Linien). ◇ (e.g. tracks) parallel (lines). ◇ make oneself comfortable sitting on the Ⓛ warbilinba ground. Ⓛ ruraruraringani tnurunga Strauch spec. dessen Zweige tnumbarélama klagen (über Schmerzen). ◇ complain (about pain). Ⓛ urukulini bei vielen Aufführungen gebraucht ◇ tnungarelinja eitel, sich etwas einbildend, werden, Eremophilia longifolia. emu Ⓛ tulpura, stolz. ◇ vain, proud. bush, Eremophila longifolia. Ⓓ tnunbirkuma Schrei ausstoßen und dann tulpurba kujamra (Eremophilia mit einem male ruhig sein, aufschreien. longifolia) ◇ cry out and fall silent immediately tnurungatja ntjima Eier der tnurangatja thereafter. Ⓛ ngokakanini (große schwarz und gelbe Raupe). ◇ eggs tnunka Ratten-Känguruh. ◇ rat kangaroo. of a big black and yellow caterpillar. Ⓛ malla Ⓛ tulpurba ngokuta tnungarélama sich brüsten, sich rühmen. tnurungatja große schwarz und gelbe ◇ brag, show off.Ⓛ tananangani Raupe, die sich an den tnurunga Büschen tnunkalta (tnunka = Ratten-Känguruh, aufhält. ◇ large black and yellow alta = Haar) Wagen (Sternbild). ◇ the Big caterpillar that lives on emu bushes. Dipper (star constellation). Ⓛ mallentu Ⓛ tulpura, tulpurba tnunkultjatuma Zweikampf mit Speeren tnutukútuka kleiner Vogel. ◇ small bird. kämpfen. ◇ duell fought with spears. Ⓛ anútukútuku Ⓛ pilpilpungani tnukutulbara night-parrot. ◇ night parrot. Ⓛ murkunba

348 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary toa dieser. ◇ this one. Ⓛ toa tonanga Larve einer fliegenden Ameisenart, nana toa dieser da. ◇ this one there. nach dem Regen aus den Lehmebenen Ⓛ nangata toa hervorkommend. ◇ larvae of flying ant toagata kleiner schwarzer Vogel, species that comes out of claypans after rotbraune Brust, gebogner Schnabel, rain. Ⓛ watunuma Pomatostomus rubeculus. ◇ small black tonkuma conf. tankuma schöpfen. bird with red-brown chest and a bent ◇ scoop (e.g. water). Ⓛ urani beak, Pomatostomus temporalis (grey- tonduritjára Emukücken (ausgeschlüpfte crowned or red-chested babbler) (Pizzey Emu). ◇ emu chicks (hatched emu). and Knight 2007). Ⓛ tjoakitji Ⓛ kúnangámbutara itóalama übersehen (etwas). ◇ to oversee, tonka aufrechstehender Kopfschmuck to miss (something). Ⓛ ngálkalarin͂ i (Cultus), ausgepolstert (lange Hut der Ⓓ wampana Darsteller) gepflastert. ◇ headdress toata zukünftig. ◇ in future. (ceremonial), decorated, plastered. toaparama einschließen, umzingeln. ◇ to Ⓛ tapalpa enclose, to surround. Ⓛ marknatarini toppamboba Zinne, n. ◇ peak, pinnacle. tolerama niedrig werden (Berg). ◇ shrink toppa (tapa) Rücken, Gasse (einer Stadt), (mountain). Straße, Vorhof n., Vorhalle n. ◇ back, tóbmatóbmilama aufhetzen zum Zorn. backbone, spine, mountain ridge, lane ◇ provoke, enrage. Ⓛ mokumokuni (in a town), street, courtyard, entrance. Ⓓ popana Ⓛ tana Ⓓ toko tokkulka ein gerades Dach. ◇ straight toppala, pata toppala oben, z.B. oben roof. auf dem Felsen, auf dem Bergesrücken. tokia Maus. ◇ mouse. Ⓛ anba Ⓓ nili ◇ at the top, e.g. at the top of the rock, tolerama den festen Boden schlagen, of the mountain ridge. Ⓛ tananku, stampfen. ◇ beat, stamp solid ground. puli tananku Ⓛ touni toppa tmoara die Kreise auf dem tola Lehm, Lehmboden. ◇ clay, clay Rücken. ◇ circles on back. Ⓛ tana ground. Ⓛ akiri minburu tolera fester Boden. ◇ solid ground. toppalákana; z.B. patta toppalankana Ⓛ (manta) pitjiri oben; z.B. fliegen. ◇ above; tolakerkuma umfassen, umklammern. e.g. fly.Ⓛ tanawonnawonna, puli ◇ clasp, clinch. Ⓛ kapulkuwitini tanawonnawonna tolbatakalanama in den Boden stampfen toppakama sich umschließen, umgeben, (etwas). ◇ stamp into the ground im Kreise umstellen. ◇ encircle, (something). Ⓛ pilupilukatini surround, enclose in a circle. tolkinja unstät. ◇ unsteady, fleeting. Ⓛ pararintani Ⓛ katakutara toppanama sich bücken, sich ducken, tolkinja lama fortwährend sich schnell beugen. ◇ bend, duck, umherwandern. ◇ wander continuously bend down quickly. Ⓛ bobani around. Ⓛ katakutara jenan͂ i toppanala njuma sich bücken, um mit Ⓓ tadapaterina dem Mund trinken. ◇ bend down to tolkiranama vor (einem) hergehen. drink with mouth. Ⓛ bobaratjikini ◇ walk in front of (someone). topparenama trs. etwas niederlegen, Ⓛ makatakutaringani etwas abladen (Kamele die Ladung). tolta sehr müde, matt. ◇ very tired, feeble. ◇ (transitive) lay down something, Ⓛ walenku unload something (load of camels). Ⓛ bobatunani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 349 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

topparelalama umkehren [unclear]. topparénama trs. hinunterbiegen. ◇ turn back. Ⓛ arurékukátini ◇ (transitive) bend down. topparélama sich rühmen. ◇ praise topperanama sich abwenden. ◇ turn (oneself). Ⓛ tananangani away. Ⓛ maruringani toppatopparélama sich fortwährend toppantuma trs. preisen, rühmen. rühmen. ◇ continuously praise oneself. ◇ (transitive) praise, glorify. Ⓛ tanatananangani topperentjima zuwenden, umkehren toppatoppanánama sich und herkommen. ◇ turn to(wards), niederbücken. ◇ bend down. turn around and come back. Ⓛ mabobabobarabakani Ⓛ ngalaruringani, taiïrtninani toppalélama trs. umdrehen, einen topperalbuma wieder umkehren. umkehren machen. ◇ (transitive) turn ◇ turn back again. around, make someone turn back. topperentjalbuma bei der Rückkehr Ⓛ aruriljini sich einem zuwenden. ◇ turn towards topparatoppara krumm, gebückt. someone on return. Ⓛ ngala arurékula ◇ bent. kulbani toppaleëlérama sich umdrehen. ◇ turn topperentjilama zurückkehren. around. Ⓛ tanakuturingani ◇ return. Ⓛ arurékula kulbani toppalealerama rückwärts gehen. toppalénba Rücken des Känguruh. ◇ back ◇ Ⓛ go backwards. tanapitinarini of kangaroo. Ⓛ murbuwaiïlkara toppatnánama ◇ brüten (Vogel). brood, toppalkara Streifen längs des Rückens, Ⓛ bobaljennani incubate (birds). das Fleisch zu beiden Seiten des Ⓓ purulkaterina Rückens, fleischige Rücken. ◇ flesh on toppatakálama einsinken. ◇ sink in. both sides of back, meaty back. Ⓛ ílara Ⓛ pilupilukatin͂ i toppangabunga Umzäunung. ◇ enclosure. topparbarenalitjilama niederknien Ⓛ paratatutatu Ⓓ jerru zum Angriff. ◇ kneel down to attack. toppangabungilama umzäunen. Ⓛ katuninakatini ◇ enclose. Ⓛ paratatutatuni toppantata Rückenschmerzen. toppangatoppa Zaun. ◇ fence. ◇ Ⓛ tana, ā̍ ntata backache. Ⓛ tatutatu toppatnakama ◇ glauben. believe. toppangatoppilama Ⓛ tanabulkawonnini umzäunen. ◇ to fence in. Ⓛ tatutatuni toppata renalama für einen Andern den toppantanama herausfließen (Luft Tod erleiden, eintreten für einen Andern [unclear]). ◇ to flow out (air). (Stellvertretung). ◇ step in for someone, Ⓛ tanawákani endure death for someone (substitute). topparka Ⓛ titani Niere. ◇ kidney. Ⓛ watatinka, kabulita toppatuma fortwährend schlagen, toppata eingedrückt (Nase). ◇ pressed Rücken zerschlagen (Wild), umhauen, Ⓛ pilta, pita fallen, entwurzeln, vernichten, in (nose). toppatakalama erschlagen, Einschnitt hauen (in den einsinken (im Sande). ◇ Ⓛ n͂ Baum), fortwährend zusammenschlagen sink (into sand). pilupilukati i (Stöcke). ◇ hit constantly, break back Ⓓ punpina (game), cut down, fell, uproot, destroy, italbaterama den Entschluß fassen kill, cut notch (in tree), hit constantly (zurückzutreten), Rückzug antreten together (sticks). Ⓛ punkapunkanáñi [unclear]. ◇ decide (to retreat). Ⓓ munkuru ngankana Ⓛ untuunturingan͂ i topperama umkehren, sich abwenden. toppatoppa bucklig. ◇ hunchbacked. ◇ turn back, turn away. Ⓛ aruringani Ⓛ tanatana Ⓓ kuldru duruduru Ⓓ karitjina, darpina

350 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary toppatnoa sehr viele, Haufen [unclear]. toturka Vater, der Emu Häuptling. ◇ father, ◇ very many, mob. Ⓛ tanaünba the emu chief. Ⓛ útutúrku toppatnoerama sich vermehren. trelka furchtsam, feige, bange. ◇ scared, ◇ multiply. Ⓛ tanaünbaringani cowardly, anxious. Ⓛ ngula Ⓓ jǎpali toppa unkwana Rückenknochen. trelkilama furchtsam machen. ◇ backbone. Ⓛ tana tarka Ⓓ took wira, ◇ intimidate, make anxious. Ⓛ ngulani took julkuru Ⓓ japa dangana topperatoppera gebückt, bucklig. ◇ bent, trelkalama fliehen. ◇ to flee.Ⓛ ngula hunchbacked. Ⓛ bóbatubóbatu jennani Ⓓ duruduru (buckling) trelta furchtsam, scheu. ◇ anxious, fearful. toppeatoppa auf dem Gebirgsrücken. Ⓛ nguluntu Ⓓ japakantji (furchtsam: ◇ on the mountain ridge. Ⓛ luntialuntu anxious or fearful, scheu: shy, timid), toppinba alle versammelt, auf einen japanguru (furchtlos: fearless) Haufen. ◇ all assembled, in a crowd. trérama sich fürchten. ◇ to fear, to be Ⓛ kutuli afraid, to be fearful. Ⓛ nguluringani toppinga hinten. ◇ behind. Ⓛ parari Ⓓ japali nganana Ⓓ mileri treranáma furchtsam aus dem Wege toppinjatopperama herumgehen, gehen. ◇ go frightened or fearfully out im weiten Kreis herumgehen, wider of the way. Ⓛ manguluringani umkehren. ◇ go around, go around tualtja eigener, eigener (im Unterschied in a wide circle, turn around again. zu Klassen-Verwandtschaft). ◇ own Ⓛ arurékula ngaraníñi (not classificatory kin); Aboriginal kinship toppintjarenama den Rücken entlang systems are classificatory. A classificatory schneiden. ◇ cut along the back. kinship system places all members of Ⓛ purpipungani a society into kin relationships with each topparbarenalama sich niederlassen other using a limited range of terms. (Vögel). ◇ settle down (birds). Ⓛ tulturku A core principle of such Australian ninakatini systems is the equivalence of siblings of tora Kamm (des Gebirges, der the same gender. However, distinctions Sandhügel), Erdwall, Erderhöhung. are often drawn between close ◇ ridge (of mountain range or sandhill). consanguineal and affinal relations and Ⓛ toppunba, toppuna those that are more distant geographically torindama (den Finger eines Andern auf or socially, and those that are entirely eine Stelle legen/drücken). ◇ (lay/press classificatory (Strehlow 1913). One of the the finger of somebody on a certain spot). features of this system of kin classification toratora das Fleisch an den is that the four different grandparents Oberschenkeln. ◇ flesh on thighs. are distinguished. Western Aranda used Ⓛ munturu and still use four different terms for one’s tota Klopfstein ([unclear] klopfen). grandparents. The terms are ‘aranga’ for ◇ grinding stone? Ⓛ umbalki father’s father, ‘tjimia’ for mother’s father, tóterama grollen (donnern) [unclear]. ‘palla’ for father’s mother and ‘ebmanna’ ◇ rumble (thunder). Ⓛ tuni for mother’s mother. The grandparental tóturatùra Maulwurf. ◇ mole. terms are also used to cover one’s Ⓛ toturuturu, itéritéri grandparents’ siblings as well as one’s tótatóta kurz. ◇ short. Ⓛ kalkaturu grandchildren on a reciprocal basis. The totja Unterleib? und (Vesiculae seminales). term for one’s father’s father, aranga, for ◇ abdomen? and (seminal vesicles). example, includes father’s father’s brothers Ⓛ atutu, watuta and sisters and son’s sons and daughters. Relationships with grandparents are of

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 351 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

particular importance to the question of tuatjituatja lückenhaft, gebuchtet (Blätter), landownership. Carl Strehlow’s Loritja kin ausgehöhlt (Stein). ◇ full of gaps, washed data records also four grandparental terms out (stone). Ⓛ tinkitinki (Strehlow 1913: 81–82), but today only two tuatjatuatja langsam, träge. ◇ slow, lazy. seem to be in use: tjamu for grandfathers Ⓛ bánbán (father’s father and mother’s father) and tuatjatuatja lama sehr langsam gehen. kami for grandmothers (father’s mother ◇ go very slow. Ⓛ bánbán jennani and mother’s mother). See entries for tualitjatuala krumm (Weg), gewunden aranga (father’s father), tjimia (mother’s (Weg). ◇ crooked (way), winding (way). father), palla (father’s mother) and Ⓛ wakuntiwakunti ebmanna (mother’s mother). Ⓛ tutaltji tuéda ein anderer. ◇ another one. Ⓛ munu trērkanama allen Schmutz wegkehren, Ⓓ pilki reinigen, abwaschen. ◇ to clean, to wash tuédakata anders (z.B. machen). off. Ⓛ terkalbmanán͂ i ◇ different (e.g. make).Ⓛ munutara tualjibuma den Fuß auf den Boden Ⓓ pilkildra stellen und ihn schnell ausgleiten lassen tuédakatuéda von einander getrennt, – scheuern [unclear]. ◇ put foot down zerstreut, einzeln. ◇ separate and let it slip quickly, scour, scrub. from each other, scattered, single. Ⓛ turbipungani Ⓛ munutumunu tuailarenama einem nachsehen. ◇ gaze tuja zugehörig. ◇ belonging to. Ⓛ tuju or look after (someone leaving), watch katúja mir zugehörig (sex-totem, aus dem someone leaving or going away. Tierreich). ◇ belonging to me (sex-totem, Ⓛ mirarawonnini from the animal world). Ⓛ katuju tuáilanama einem nach sehen. ◇ gaze unkwangatuja dem Vogel. ◇ belonging to or look after (someone leaving), watch the bird. Ⓛ numtubakatuju someone leaving or going away. tulbatuarama fortwährend nach dem Weg Ⓛ māmírani aussehen. ◇ look continuously for the tualbinama hin und her bewegen path. Ⓛ miramiranini (Stange). ◇ move back and forth (pole). turinja der Krieg. ◇ war. Ⓛ punkulapatani tuederama ◇ tuákama verkehrt (gehen). go wrong biegen, herabbiegen (einen Ⓛ munuringani ◇ way, get lost. Zweig). bend, bend down (a branch). tulunkalunka Ⓛ pirpuntanáñi voller Geschwüre. ◇ covered with abscesses or boils. tuakitjilama auseinanderbiegen Ⓛ altartji (Zweige). ◇ bend apart (branches). tuedankama Ⓛ ngalapirpuntanani sich verspechen, Verkehrtes sagen. ◇ say the wrong thing. tuakalama sich bücken, sich verneigen. Ⓛ munuwonkani ◇ bend, bow. Ⓛ pilukatini tuédekeráma etwas Verkehrtes nehmen, tuanjiraka ein mythisches Wesen, [unclear]. ◇ take the wrong thing. schwarzer Vogel. ◇ mythical being, black Ⓛ munukurini bird (see Strehlow 1907: 102). Ⓛ maiutu tuedílama tuarama nachsehen (einem). ◇ look, gaze zu einem unrechten Mann etwas ◇ after (someone). Ⓛ mirani sagen. speak to a wrong male kin. tuatja Einschnitt (in Baumrinde), Lücke Ⓛ munuwottani (Zahnlücke), Raum zwischen den Fingern tueljawunawuna der Speerwerfer. ◇ spear und Zehen, Raum zwischen 2 Felsen thrower. (Schlucht), Tal. ◇ gap, space between tuedinama verwechseln, verkehrtes fingers and toes, gap between teeth, nehmen. ◇ mistake (verb), take wrong space between two rocks, valley. thing. Ⓛ munumanjini Ⓛ tinki, atiri Ⓓ wipa (Tal )

352 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary tulba das Kleine (von Vögeln). ◇ nestling. turulama Hände reiben. ◇ rub hands. Ⓛ kutunba Ⓛ ularpungani tuélakama Genick brechen. ◇ break neck. iltarbaka turuma aneinanderstoßen, Ⓛ nguntintanani, mulknuntanani Geräusch machen. ◇ hit against each tuljatulja schmutzig, schlammig (Wasser). other, make noise. Ⓛ tirkilta pungan͂ i ◇ dirty, muddy (water). Ⓛ paki tulinjatulitnama (Herz) schlagen. ◇ beat tuelja der abgeworfene (Speer). ◇ thrown (heart). Ⓛ atuā̍ tuni (spear). Ⓛ tuti tuna Stock zum Schlagen. ◇ hitting stick. tueljawuma Speer werfen. ◇ throw Ⓛ tuna spear. Ⓛ tutiwonnini Ⓓ dijana tunama befehlen. ◇ command. tueljilama ausholen mit dem Speer. Ⓛ tjingapungani, mamutunani ◇ take aim with a spear. Ⓛ tutini Ⓓ jirijiribana (totini) tumanérinja zusammengeklebt (Blätter, tukulka eben, wagerecht. ◇ even, level. Saft). ◇ glued together (leaves, sap). Ⓛ tukulku Ⓛ ngalungalurapunguta tuéljilitjilama den Speer in den tunatuna Schläger, Kämpfer. ◇ fighter. Speerwerfer legen. ◇ lay spear in spear Ⓛ punganmi Ⓓ kaldru? thrower. Ⓛ tutinitalkala tulbangaturitjinjima ganz niedrig über tukulkerama (iltja) Hand aufhalten. dem Abhang eines Berges auffliegen. ◇ hold hand open. Ⓛ tukulkuringani ◇ fly up very low from a mountain slope. tulkurtja Wachtel. ◇ quail (bird). Ⓛ punkupunkulakalbani Ⓛ ulburumbari tulbangatuma niedrig am Abhang (eines tukuna dort. ◇ there. Ⓛ narata Berges) hinfliegen. ◇ fly low along a slope tukura der Beschnittene, dem Schweigen (of a mountain). Ⓛ punkulakálbani auferlegt ist. ◇ the one who has to keep tunitnanama befehlen, daß etwas silence. Ⓛ matukuru geschieht, Befehl ausgehen lassen. tukura Geschwür, Schwären. ◇ abscess. ◇ command that something happens, Ⓛ bakuru Ⓓ kampa? kududu order. tulbatuarama einen von weitem intangilúlama das lange Haar vom Kopf nachsehen. ◇ watch from a distance. niederhängt. ◇ long hair that hangs Ⓛ miramiranin͂ i down from head. Ⓛ wonpulukatin͂ i, tukuta Herz. ◇ heart. Ⓛ kutukutu ngangurukatin͂ i Ⓓ ngara tunkulkna Nasenschleim der Adler. ◇ nose tukuta tulinjatulitnama Herz schlägt. mucus of eagle. Ⓛ urkatara ◇ heartbeats. Ⓛ kutukutu atuā̍ tuni tunbura Grasart. ◇ grass species. Ⓓ ngara tototungana (Herz schlagen: Ⓛ atunburu heartbeats) tunga vielleicht, wahrscheinlich. ◇ perhaps, tulagata boomerang zum ‘Parieren’. probably. Ⓛ atungu Ⓓ kara ◇ defence boomerang. Ⓛ tulagata túngaláma für sehr wahrscheinlich tulba das Junge (von Vögeln). ◇ young one halten. ◇ regard as very probable. (of birds). Ⓛ kutunba Ⓓ wolka Ⓛ wombaputu tuma schlagen, töten. ◇ hit, kill. tungatungilama übriglassen (Brot oder Ⓛ pungani Ⓓ nandrana Fleisch, weil man satt ist). ◇ to leave turuma kämpfen, fechten. ◇ fight, fence. something over, left-over (bread or Ⓛ punkulapungani Ⓓ tirimalina meat). Ⓛ atungutúnguni tunama fortwährend schlagen. ◇ hit tun̄ ga Nest des Wallabys (putaia). ◇ nest continuously. Ⓛ mapungani of wallaby (putaia). Ⓛ utungu tultatuma fortwährend schlagen. ◇ hit continuously. Ⓛ tewalpungani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 353 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

tunga Grasart, von der Taschen gemacht tutibuma kollern (Emu), brüllen wurden. ◇ grass species from which bags (Ochse nach der Kuh), brummen were made to store inkulba. Ⓛ utungu (karakara). ◇ rumble (emu), bellow Ⓓ punku? (bull for cow), boom (type of trumpet). tungulba Gummi (an den arganka Bäumen Ⓛ tukulbmanani sich findend, ilumbala, iltjantjala). ◇ gum tutjiatutjilama in Stücke zerschneiden (sticky substance of arganka trees). (Fleisch). ◇ cut into pieces (meat). Ⓛ atangalbi, ngumu, tao Ⓓ ngulji Ⓛ pitjilénani túnkunaláma Mann werden (abgeleitet turura Stock, bei Darstellung, den von atua = Mann). ◇ become man. Boden gestochen wird. ◇ stick used Ⓛ paturékulawonnani at performances to pierce the ground; tungurilama verspechen, ankündigen. claping sticks, music sticks. Ⓛ atúruru ◇ promise, announce. Ⓛ tankuni tutna gewiß. ◇ certain. Ⓛ muntura tunjularenalama herabfallen (Stein Ⓓ kantji, mutulu vom Gerbirge). ◇ fall down (stone from tútutilama den Hund hetzen (auf ara oder mountain). Ⓛ ngungulukatini ilia). ◇ set a dog on (kangaroo or emu). tunka kurz, dick. ◇ short, thick. Ⓛ tata Ⓛ tututúnani turatura [Northern dialect] kurz, niedrig. tutnilama beteuern. ◇ aver, affirm, ◇ short, low. Ⓛ tatalitji reassure. Ⓛ munturu wottani tunkara sperma, Same. ◇ sperm, seed. tútnama herunterhängen, herunterbiegen Ⓛ watunkuru (Stiel [unclear]). ◇ hang down, bend tupa Schlucht, Gebirgstor, Tal (zwischen down. Ⓛ jentungarani Sandhügeln). ◇ gorge, mountain cleft, tuturilama aufstecken, festbinden (Haar). valley (between sandhills). Ⓛ luntu ◇ tie up (hair). Ⓛ witituruni Ⓓ wipa turambatura dahingleitend (Fuß bei turba Gliedmaßen am Leibe angewachsen, Tanzen). ◇ glide (foot in dance). die Brustwarzen. ◇ extremities on body, Ⓛ turumbaturu nipples. Ⓛ turbu tutja ein Junges (das schon laufen kann). turkura Genick, Nacken, Genickknochen. ◇ young animal (that can run or hop); ◇ nape, neck bone. Ⓛ ngunti Ⓓ wokara joey. Ⓛ atutu turkura unkwana Halswirbel. ◇ neck tuwápuwápanáma aufhalten (damit vertebra. Ⓛ ngunti tarka jemand nicht zurückkommen kann). turinjilama hereintreiben (die Ochsen ◇ detain, stop, hold up (to prevent in Yard). ◇ drive (cattle into yard). someone’s return). Ⓛ ángaánganínani Ⓛ ngalakulurninani tútura (Haarschmuck) wenn das turuma reiben, ausreiben (Körner). ◇ rub, Haar hinten in einem Knoten husk (seeds). Ⓛ ularpungani Ⓓ turara zusammengebunden und Federn ngankana hineingepackt sind (sowohl bei Aranda turulama (iltja) Hände reiben. als Loritja gebäuchlich). ◇ hair style ◇ rub hands. Ⓛ ularpungani (customary among Aranda and Loritja): tururbmintama über etwas hinweg hair bun with feathers. Ⓛ wituturu werfen, es nicht treffen. ◇ throw over or tuwapuwapilinoma aufhaltend vor sich past something, miss. Ⓛ lurkungarini hertreiben (Wolken), auch Ochsen vor sich tururbma die langen Körper (der Larven). hertreiben. ◇ to drive, push along (clouds, ◇ long bodies (of grubs). Ⓛ lurku cattle). Ⓛ ángaángarabákani turumba lange Fett (der Schlangen). tutjilama reißen (der Strom an ein ◇ long fat (of snake). Ⓛ murbulbu Gebäude). ◇ tear (river torrent on tuta auch (postp.) ◇ also (postposition) building). Ⓛ puruna, tara Ⓓ bakana

~~354 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ulanbubanbuma nachspringen (einem). U ◇ run after (someone). Ⓛ úluwarakátini ularambenja postp. vor (einer Person) ulba rote Farbe, roter Ocker. ◇ red colour, z.B. atnanga ularambenja tnama. red ochre; also used for yellow ochre ◇ (postposition) in front of (a person), today. Ⓛ mapana Ⓓ karku maralje e.g. stand in front of. ulbalelama mit roter Farbe bestreichen. ularataka Vorderteil (Schiffes), Vorzimmer ◇ paint with red colour. Ⓛ mapananka n. ◇ front part (ship), reception. japani ulbanulba zerklopft (Sämmereien). ulbalúlbala Morgenrot, farbig ◇ ground (seeds). (Blumen). ◇ morning glow (dawn), ulakara [Northern dialect] Felsvorsprung. colourful (flowers).Ⓛ ulbalulbali ◇ rocky outcrop. Ⓛ ulákiri Ⓓ nguramarana Ua [Southern dialect] conf. wa ja. ◇ yes. ulbálerálera sich gelb färbend (Blätter). Ⓛ wanku ◇ turn yellow (leaves). Ⓛ warwar uliwutiwuta lange Stirn. ◇ long forehead. ulba weich (geklopfte Erde, Lagerplatz). Ⓛ ngala wotjinkuru ◇ soft (loose ground, camp). Ⓛ pulpa ǔla Stirn. ◇ forehead, front. Ⓛ ngala ulbaia Creek, Milchstraße. ◇ creek, Milky ūla Beine (die ganzen Beine) [unclear] Way; river, fine sand.Ⓛ karu Ⓓ kaiari Bauch. ◇ legs (the whole leg) belly. mer͑ awara Milchstraße. ◇ Milky Way. Ⓛ ulu Ⓛ tukalba ulaialama alle miteinander gehen. ◇ all go ulbalulbala Morgenrot, farbig (Blumen). together. Ⓛ kuruwápuwápa kátini ◇ morning red, colourful (flower). úluma Urin lassen (Hunde). ◇ pass urine Ⓛ ulbalulbali (dogs); excrete. Ⓛ intini ulbanelbélama fortwährend schlagen, ulantulantula rama mit vorgestreckter blutig schlagen. ◇ beat continuously, beat Stirn sehen. ◇ to watch with forehead bloody. Ⓛ pulpainpungani thrust forward (from a hiding spot). ulbanulbatuma beschädigen, beleidigen. Ⓛ ngalakutu ngalakutunku nangani ◇ damage, insult. ulara vor, vorn, gegenüber. ◇ before, in ulberama weich werden [unclear]. front of, opposite. Ⓛ ngapara ◇ become soft. Ⓛ pulparingan͂ i ularakulara entgegen, sich gegenüber ulbantjima herausziehen, ausziehen (aus (stehen), vor (einen liegen). ◇ in dem Boden). ◇ pull (out of the ground). opposition, (stand) opposite of each Ⓛ wilpini, urkuni Ⓓ kulana, kiltarana other, (lie) in front of (someone). ulbantjilalama herausnehmen 1x (z.B. aus Ⓛ ngaparkutara, ngáparakungápara Mulde). ◇ take out once (e.g. out of ulara indama sich gegenüber a bowl). Ⓛ urkulkatini Ⓓ dukarana liegen. ◇ lie opposite of each other. ulbantjilinjangama fortwährend Ⓛ ngapara ngarini herausnehmen. ◇ take out ularakularalama entgegengehen. continuously. Ⓛ urkurangaranini ◇ walk towards. Ⓛ ngaparakungapara ulbara Gipfel [unclear], die Spitze der jenani Ⓓ mandurina, dankamalina? Pflanze. ◇ summit, peak, top of plant. uláreráma sich umsehen. ◇ look around. Ⓛ walpuru Ⓛ ngapararini iltja ulbara die Finger. ◇ fingers. ulámbulamba [Northern dialect] Säbler, Ⓛ mara walpuru avocet. ◇ avocet (bird). Ⓛ ulambulambi ulbarindama auf dem Angesicht liegen, Ⓓ muttamutta, muttimutti? (‘?’ added das Gesicht in die verschränkten Arme by CS) legen. ◇ lie on face, lay face in folded ulanbuma [Northern dialect] überfließen. arms. Ⓛ watungarani ◇ overflow.Ⓛ wílknáani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 355 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ulbanulbatuma schädigen, beschädigen. ulbmarandúlbmara kleine Habicht ◇ damage. spec. ◇ small hawk species. ulbatjaparra langes, scharfes Steinmesser. Ⓛ ulbmurundulbmuru ◇ long, sharp stone knife. Ⓛ waralitji ulbmaulbma gedrängt (Haufe). ulbar͑ inja Waffe zum Werfen (gewöhnlicher ◇ crowded. Ⓛ tulutulu boomerang). ◇ throwing weapon ulbmungulbmungilama trösten. (ordinary boomerang). Ⓛ kali Ⓓ kirra ◇ console. Ⓛ kunbukunbuni ulbar͑ inja lupara kleine boomerang. ulbmulbulbmelama etwas verfolgend in ◇ small boomerang. Ⓛ kali tunta die Mitte nehmen. ◇ surround pursuing. ulbatja Ring-neck parrot, Papagei mit Ⓛ tulutuluni grünen Flügelfedern, gelben Halsband ulbmunta Staub, Staubwind. ◇ dust, und Brust, schwarzen Kopf und blauen dusty wind; flour.Ⓛ ulbmuru Ⓓ puturu Wangen, inneren Schwanzfedern grün, (Staub) die äußern blau (Platycerus xonarius). ulbmuntabóbuta Staubsturm. ◇ dust ◇ ringneck parrot, Port Lincoln parrot, storm. Ⓛ ulburumúlala Ⓓ winjarina Barnadius zonarius (Pizzey and Knight ulbolja welk. ◇ withered. Ⓛ tjiluna 2007). Ⓛ batilba Ⓓ winjarina ulbunaláma [Eastern dialect] pfeifen. ulboljerama intr. verwelken, verblühen. ◇ whistle. Ⓛ winpurangani ◇ (intransitive) wither, fade. ulbélama zerklopfen, zermalmen, zerreiben, Ⓛ tjilunarini reiben. ◇ grind, crush, rub. Ⓛ ulbuni ulboljilama trs. verwelken machen. Ⓓ pitana ◇ (transitive) make wither. Ⓛ tjilunani ulbelama, kanta wuljawulja ulbelama ulboroa dunkel, schwarz (Kopf und graben (um etwas). ◇ dig (for something). Streifen der tnurungatja Raupe). ◇ dark, ulbma eng, schmal. ◇ tight, narrow. black (head and stripes of tnurungatja Ⓛ tulu Ⓓ wuldru, nguldru caterpillar). Ⓛ ulburukambara ulbmerama cf. antjulbmerama ulbmeritnama (cf. ulbmerama) (dicht) verdursten, ersticken. ◇ die of thirst, zusammenschliessen (Füße) beim Gehen. suffocate. Ⓛ tuluringani (untu) ◇ keep (feet) close together when walking ulbmapeatara zwei eng zusammen (Strehlow 1911: 5). Ⓛ opurikulakulbani stehende (Felsen). ◇ two (rocks) standing ulbulatuma trs. ersticken (vom Rauch). closely beside each other. Ⓛ tulukutara, ◇ (transitive) suffocate (from smoke utukutara or from swallowing the wrong way). ulbmélalama ein wenig öffnen (Tür). Ⓛ pulpatuni Ⓓ palimana? ◇ to open a little (door). Ⓛ tuluni ulbulérelanáma sich über und über ulbmélama zusammenbringen, zusammen rot beschmieren. ◇ to completely treiben. ◇ bring together, drive together. cover with red colour (reflexive). Ⓛ tuluni Ⓓ nguldru ngankana Ⓛ ulbankarijennani (zusammen bringen) ulbulbana Fledermaus. ◇ bat. ulbmerama zusammenhalten (Füße). Ⓛ ulbulbuni Ⓓ pintjipindera?, ◇ hold together (feet). Ⓛ mulunkurini, pintjipintjindera uburingani ulbululbula rötlich gefärbt (Blätter), sich ulbmara weiche Erde, Staub. ◇ soft soil, mit roter Farbe beschmieren. ◇ reddish dust. Ⓛ ulbmuru Ⓓ puturu, ngalara coloured (leaves), cover yourself with red ulbmaratuma den Takt schlagen colour. Ⓛ ulbulúlbulu (mit einem Stock die Erde). ◇ beat time ulbululbulérama sich rötlich färben (with a stick on ground). Ⓛ mantatuni (Blätter). ◇ turn reddish (leaves). Ⓛ ulbululbuluŕin͂ i ulbunta Rauch. ◇ smoke. Ⓛ puju

356 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary ulbuntakelama räuchern (Novizen), ulburuwínkima verdunkeln (der Himmel Räucherung. ◇ to smoke (novices), schwarz werden von Wolken). ◇ darken smoking ceremony. Ⓛ pujurkutunani (when black clouds cover the sky). ulbuntununtuna braune giftige Ⓛ úlburukámbaranínani Schlange. ◇ brown poisonous snake. ulburarankana ausgehöhlter Futterplatz. Ⓛ marumarura ◇ hollowed feeding place. ulbura; tnata ulburu hohl (Baum), ulbuta schmutzig, trübe (Wasser oder ausgehöhlt (Lagerplatz); leer (Magen). Eiter). ◇ dirty, murky, cloudy (water or ◇ hollow (tree, camping place); empty pus). Ⓛ ulbata Ⓓ murumuru, ngurdi (stomach). Ⓛ ulburu ulbuterama schmutzig, trübe werden. ulbura, ulbara weitvoneinandergetrennt ◇ become dirty, become muddy. (Zehen der Emu). ◇ far apart (toes of Ⓛ ulbataringani emu). Ⓛ albaranka ulbutilama schmutzig machen. ◇ make ulburtia Seitenstück (des Wildes). ◇ flank dirty. Ⓛ ulbatani (of animals). Ⓛ nganbali ulbutalélama trüben, schmutzig ulburkna Takt (von Weibern schlagen die machen. ◇ make muddy or dirty. Hüften). ◇ time (beaten by women on Ⓛ ulbatanáni their hips). Ⓛ ulbantji ulbutalénama schmutzig machen ulburknatuma Hände schlagen (Tanz). (z.B. Wasser, Geräte). ◇ make dirty ◇ clap hands (dance). Ⓛ ulbantjiatuni (e.g. water, tools). Ⓛ maulbatanáni ulburkninjatuma im Takt die Hände ulkuntulkungilama schwarz und blau auf die Schenkel schlagen (beim schlagen (übertreiben). ◇ beat black and Weibertanz). ◇ beat hands in time blue (exaggerate). on thighs (at women’s dance). ulbutabalankerélama antreiben zur Arbeit. Ⓛ ulbantjinani ◇ drive to work. Ⓛ parpatanani ulburamba schwarze Saft (honeysuckle- ulentama auflauern (der Beute), Blumen). ◇ black juice (honeysuckle beobachten (Schlange). ◇ to prey, to flowers).Ⓛ ulburatuni lie in wait for (prey), to watch (snake). ulburambirkuma schwarze Saft Ⓛ urakanjini auspressen (honeysuckle). ◇ to ulbutía schnell, fleißig. ◇ quick, squeeze black juice (honeysuckle) out. industrious. Ⓛ parpata Ⓛ ulburā̍ tuni ulelelanabanama trs. zusammenbringen, ulbura schwarz, dunkel. ◇ black, dark. zuheilen machen. ◇ (transitive) bring Ⓛ ulburu together, heal. Ⓛ purianáni ulburulbura Sau-distel, auch ein kleiner ulélama [Northern dialect] Strauch mit rosenartigen Blättern, zusammenbringen (Ränder von Wunde), hellblaue Blüten; Hibiscus Farragei, zusammenhäufen. ◇ bring together Gossypium sturtii. ◇ small bush with (edges of wound), pile up. Ⓛ purini rose-like leaves and light blue blossoms; uléra Garn (aus Menschenhaar). ◇ thread Hibiscus farragei, Gossypium sturtii now (of human hair). Ⓛ kunturu possibly Radyera farragei (desert rose ulérama sich verbergen. ◇ conceal, hide. mallow) (see Latz 1996). Ⓛ ulburulburu Ⓛ kumbini Ⓓ kutina, ngarurina ͡ ulburintai̍ nama schwarz werden (Beeren). ulerapara große Felsblock, Felsstück. ◇ turn black (berries). Ⓛ ulburuwokkani ◇ large rock. Ⓛ puli manpamanpa ulburulburentánama (z.B. Katze) ulia Anführer. ◇ leader. Ⓛ teïra, terba im dunkeln herumschleichen. Ⓓ mudlakutja ◇ (e.g. cat) sneak around in the dark. ulja Schatten (von Bäumen), Laube? Ⓛ watuwatungaralabakani ◇ shadow (of trees), shade. (‘?’ added by CS). Ⓛ lunta

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 357 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ulkuma, z.B. tnata ulkuma knurren, z.B. ulturtnarenalama zu Boden stürzen, (vom Magen knurrt. ◇ growl, e.g. stomach Schlag getroffen, in die Beine sinken), growls, rumbles. Ⓛ ulkuni, wila ulkuni zusammenbrechen (vom Speer getroffen ulka das Erbrochene, das Ausgespiene. oder boomerang). ◇ to fall (to the ground ◇ vomit, disgorged. Ⓛ ulkapu from a blow), collapse (hit by a spear or ulknalja Busch (spec.) ◇ bush species. boomerang). Ⓛ kirbmikatin͂ i Ⓛ ulknalji ultubana mittleren, in der Mitte (liegend). ulkualala ngama auf der Schulter tragen. ◇ (lie) in the middle. Ⓛ kultuta ◇ carry on shoulder. Ⓛ balkankakatini ultatjipata trockner hohler Baum. ulkualakilama über die Schulter legen. ◇ dry hollow tree. Ⓛ jultupilti ◇ lay over shoulder. Ⓛ balkankani ulta hohl, leer (Gefäß). ◇ hollow, empty ulkuanka rein, ausgezeichnet, sehr gut, (vessel). Ⓛ jultu auserlesen, lieblich. ◇ clean, excellent, ultakalentjima sich (Beine) very good, exquisite, lovely. Ⓛ ulkanki brechen. ◇ break (legs) (reflexive). ulkábutanama hinunterwürgen (ein großes Ⓛ ngalakatakatini Stück Fleisch). ◇ devour (a large piece of ulterama hohl werden. ◇ to become meat). Ⓛ tulkuninani hollow. Ⓛ julturingani uilkulbilkuma Rauch beißen (in die ulturtnarenalama Rücken zerbrechen Augen). ◇ smoke stings (in the eyes). (Rückgrad), zu Boden stürzen, zusammen Ⓛ patapatani brechen. ◇ break back (backbone), fall to ulkuntulkunga blau geschlagen. ◇ beaten the ground, collapse. Ⓛ tilpurukatini, up. kirbmikatini ulknaiïta Bauchfett, das Fett unter ulta Seite, Seitenstück (des Wildes). ◇ side, d. Nabel. ◇ belly fat, fat under navel. flank (of animals).Ⓛ kultu Ⓓ banki Ⓛ ngatinba útakukúlta sehr tief, bis an die Brust ulkumba weich, zerriebene Rinde des (im Wasser), viele im Schatten Gummibaumes. ◇ soft, ground gumtree sitzende [unclear]. ◇ very deep, to the bark. Ⓛ mina, ulkulji Ⓓ jinkapitji? chest (in water), sitting in the shade. ulkura gerade in der Mitte (zwischen Ⓛ kultukutata zwei Gegenständen). ◇ exactly in ultenba (indama) auf der Seite (liegend). the middle (between two things). ◇ (lie) on one side. Ⓛ kultupiti ngarini Ⓛ ngururmatamata ultabarkabarka mit Punkten versehen, ulkurtjulkura grüne Schlamm auf gefleckt. ◇ covered with spots, spotted. dem Wasser. ◇ green slime on water. Ⓛ kultunintanintan Ⓛ ulkurtjulkuru ultabarkabarkilama Zeichen einbrennen ultuma (Kinn auf dem Handteller) drücken. (auf Zauberhölzern). ◇ burn marks, ◇ press (chin on palm of hand). Ⓛ palini designs on something (e.g. pieces of ultuitnánama Kinn in beide Hände wood). Ⓛ kultunintanintani stützen. ◇ to prop up or to rest chin in ultangaléra bunt, gefleckt, gestreift. both hands. Ⓛ palipalini ◇ colourful, spotted, striped. alkútakákutérama sich ekeln. ◇ feel Ⓛ kultukatiri disgust. Ⓛ ulkabulkabarini Ⓓ kuterina ultákalàka ntainama zu Tode speeren, ultámbiuma viele Brote machen. ◇ make tödlich treffen. ◇ spear to death, strike many breads. Ⓛ nummawonnini fatally. Ⓛ katawokkani, kujalpungani ululbulelama versammeln, zu Hauf Ⓓ wokaribana bringen. ◇ assemble, come together. ultakama brechen, zerbrechen, zermalmen. Ⓛ puritjipuritjinani ◇ break, crush. Ⓛ katantanani Ⓓ wokarina

~~358 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

ultakalama intrs. zerbrechen. ◇ break umba Urin, Blase. ◇ urine, bladder. (intransitive). Ⓛ katakatini Ⓛ kumbu, manu Ⓓ puratandra ultakalakawomma entzweiwerfen (Galle), kipara (Urin) (beim Werfen). ◇ break (by throwing). umbuluma urinieren. ◇ urinate. Ⓛ katarunkani Ⓛ kumburangani Ⓓ kiparana ultáltauma hinauflegen. ◇ lay on top (urinieren) (of something). Ⓛ utitunani unángitjunánga langsam gehend, ultitjikama Leben zerbrechen, vorsichtig auftretend. ◇ walk slowly, tread Lebensfaden zerreißen. ◇ break, destroy carefully. Ⓛ kanenku jennani life. Ⓛ tilburtjingani unba stinkend, bitter Galle. ◇ stink. ultambambirkuma kneten (die Ⓛ unbu, maiju Honig Felsblüten ntjuiamba). umbaljua ilbmara erschöpft, kraftlos ◇ knead (honeysuckle blossoms). liegen bleiben, kraftlos und müde. Ⓛ ulburuwonnini Ⓓ pitjambu ◇ exhausted, too weak to move, weak ultamba Honig (von der Honigfliege, inínjira and tired. Ⓛ wolbawolba rarirari Biene genannt). ◇ honey from native bee unba ntjainama stinken. ◇ stink. Ⓛ unbu called ‘(i)nínjira’; native honey, sugarbag. pantini Ⓛ ngalpuru unátala tninama auf dem Schoß ultangalera der schwarze Streifen. ◇ black haben (Kinder). ◇ sit on lap (children). stripe. Ⓛ kultukatiri (Kultukatiri was Ⓛ ambunka kanjini the name of a black and white striped unbintjima stinken. ◇ stink. Ⓛ unbu ancestral dog being.) pantini ultangaléra bunt, gefleckt, gestreift. ultúrbmultúra weiße Stein, eine ◇ colourful, spotted, striped. Art Kalkstein. ◇ white limestone. Ⓛ kultukatiri, ulburukwata Ⓛ ulturbmu ultuma [Northern dialect] zerdrücken, unbulata sehr stinkend. ◇ very smelly. zermalmen, zertreten. ◇ crush, stomp. Ⓛ unbuwollata Ⓛ puruni unba kunna schlecht riechen (Schweiß). ultunda Tropfen (Wasser), Brocken (Erde). ◇ bad smelling (sweat). Ⓛ unbukuja ◇ drop (water), lump (earth). Ⓛ ultuntu, unbaiakunbaia ilama trotzen, erzürnen. tjilpuntu ◇ defy, enrage. Ⓛ unbaiakunbaiïni ultunta [Southern dialect] weiße Stein, unangarala kalama sich die Schulter ritzen Art Kalkstein, weiß. ◇ white limestone. (bis das Blut fließt, Zeichen der Trauer). Ⓛ ultuntu ◇ cut shoulder (until blood flows, sign ultunditnima [Tropfen fallen] tröpfeln. of mourning). Ⓛ anunuru wirknani ◇ drip (drops fall). Ⓛ ultuntúpatangarani unbulama nicht mögen, ausschlagen ultutjérama mit einem Ruck den Arm (Gabe), absagen, entsagen. ◇ to dislike, ausstrecken. ◇ stretch arm out with a to reject (gift), renounce. Ⓛ baiïni jerk. Ⓛ telbmanáni Ⓓ junkarina (unzufrieden sein: be ulupaia lange Maus. ◇ long mouse. discontented) Ⓛ ulkunba unbata mürrisch. ◇ surly, sullen. ultunta [Southern dialect] eine Art Ⓛ mulara Ⓓ mujarina (mürrisch sein: Kalkstein. ◇ limestone. Ⓛ ultuntu be surly, grumpy), junka (unzufrieden: ultútjarama zerbrechen, (z.B. Speer). discontent) mikarina ◇ break (e.g. a spear). Ⓛ telburukatini unbarumaruma weiße Streifen auf ultutjarenalama (intrs.) zerbrechen der Nase. ◇ white stripes on nose. (in Stücke zerbrechen). ◇ (intransitive) Ⓛ mulawiluna break (into pieces). Ⓛ telburtjingani unbaritja Zeichen auf der Nase. ◇ marks or designs on nose. Ⓛ wiluna

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 359 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

unbinjerama vertrocknen (Wasser). unkuarindana Wasservogel (spec.) ◇ dry up (water). Ⓛ biltiringani ◇ waterbird species. Ⓛ unkarindini unbukebara wohlrichendes Wasser. únkulàra breiter Weg. ◇ wide path. ◇ fragrant water. Ⓛ unkuluru unbulata stinkend. ◇ stinking, smelly. unkúlinja, inkulinja (= nturuta) Taube. Ⓛ unbuwollata ◇ pigeon species. Ⓛ eburu úlija Haufe oder Vorrat (von Samen, die unkulunkulélama beschädigen, Ameisen sammeln). ◇ store (of seeds that verwunden, Schaden tun. ◇ damage, ants collect). Ⓛ akákuru wound, harm. Ⓛ unkulunkuluni unbulunbulélama stechen, niederstechen unpútupútu zerschmettert (Arm und Bein (mit dem Speer). ◇ stab, strike down gebrochen). ◇ shattered (broken arm and (with a spear). Ⓛ wakuwakungarani leg). unbunba Spielplatz, Fechtplatz, unuputuputilama trs. zerschmettern. Handelsplatz. ◇ playground, fighting ◇ (transitive) shatter. ground, trading place. Ⓛ unbunbu unkwala süß, Zucker. ◇ sweet, sugar; únbuma wegschicken, wegtreiben. ◇ send alcohol. Ⓛ wama, womma away, drive away. Ⓛ jenbuni unkwalkara längerer Weg (circa 2 unda Clay-pan-water. ◇ claypan water. englische Meilen). ◇ longish distance Ⓛ wonta (circa 2 miles). unia Vorrat (ein Haufe von Speeren, von unkwalkna Nasenschleim, Schnupfen. Kleider), Schatz. ◇ stores (many spears ◇ mucus, cold. Ⓛ urkatara or clothes), treasure. Ⓛ úni Ⓓ mulagildi, kundrukundru untjilaka Genick mit Stacheln besetzt unkwalkniluma husten, Schleim (moloch). ◇ neck covered with spines auswerfen. ◇ cough, cough (moloch). Ⓛ taltatara phlegm out. Ⓛ urkataranani, untu untja der Nacken, (Schulter oder untja). kuntulpungani ◇ nape, shoulder or neck. Ⓛ pini unkwaltja Brocken (Brot), Fetzen (Kleid). untjala ngama auf der Schulter tragen ◇ piece or morsel (of bread), rag (dress). (kleine Kinder). ◇ carry on shoulder Ⓛ putaputa Ⓓ worduwordu (small children). Ⓛ pininka katini unkwaltjerama zerbröckeln, unjikilama hochheben mit der Schulter. zerreißen. ◇ to crumble, to tear. ◇ lift with shoulder. Ⓛ pinikunani Ⓛ putaputaringani unjikarenama auf ihren Nacken setzen unkwaltjilama trs. zerbrocken, [unclear]. ◇ lay or position on neck zerfetzen. ◇ crumble, tear. (shoulder). Ⓛ pinikutunani Ⓛ putaputani unjitja warm. ◇ warm. Ⓛ untuna úrukanáma warten. ◇ wait. unjima nama den Rücken zukehren. ◇ turn Ⓛ wonnuninani away (from someone). Ⓛ tángamanínan͂ i úrukawaí höre erst [unclear]. ◇ listen first! uninjuma duften (angenehm). ◇ smell Ⓛ wonnukulilai (pleasant). Ⓛ pantirknárani uráma ob bald (Frage particle). ◇ if soon uninjupinjuma duplik fortwährend (question particle). Ⓛ waiïmba duften. ◇ reduplication of ‘smell’. unkwana Knochen, Bein. ◇ bone, leg. Ⓛ pantirpantirknárani Ⓛ tarka Ⓓ mokku unjuma brummen (Ochse), brummen unkwatarperama einsam werden, auf sich (Fliege), summen (Bienen), gurren selbst angewiesen [unclear]. ◇ become (Taube). ◇ grumble (bullocks), buzz lonely, be dependent upon oneself. (fly), hum (bee), coo (pigeon); whimper Ⓛ mulururini (dog). Ⓛ ngunmanani, ngúnmanani untja Genick. ◇ neck. Ⓛ pini Ⓓ kaldrintjarina

360 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary unma reif (Frucht), gar (Fleisch), untuarílama vorbeiwerfen, verfehlen. verschmachtet. ◇ ripe (fruit), cooked ◇ throw past, miss. Ⓛ wirilináni (meat), languished. Ⓛ unmi Ⓓ dalku unúrula rama (inura) anstarren, starr urarama auswählen, aussuchen [unclear]. auf etwas sehen; (lahm). ◇ stare, stare at ◇ choose. Ⓛ ekuntanáni something; lame. Ⓛ unturunku nangani unmerama reifen. ◇ ripen. Ⓛ unmiringani untjita [Northern dialect] conf. ntjuta urailakuraila ndama ungleich austeilen Kreuzbein. ◇ sacrum, lower back. Ⓛ titi [unclear]. ◇ distribute unevenly. unújuna gebückt, gebeugt. ◇ bent, Ⓛ ekuntarakekuntara jungani stooped. Ⓛ bobatubobatu untatupuntata tief einsinken (in den unultunulterama auf einem Haufen Sand). ◇ sink deep (into sand). stellen, sich versammeln. ◇ to come Ⓛ tunmirtúnmira together, to assemble. Ⓛ petupetuni unmerama verschmachten. ◇ to dry up, úntuma conf. juntama. ◇ search. to languish. Ⓛ ngurini untána gelb. ◇ yellow. Ⓛ kantawara untúma sich tummeln (Vögel), untentilalbuma lauernd (auf Wild), herumwandern. ◇ flutter (birds), wander umkehren. ◇ prey (on game), turn around. about. Ⓛ jurini Ⓛ mangurira kulbánini unturuntura große (Rauch), große (Auge). unta Du. ◇ you. Ⓛ nuntu Ⓓ jidni, jundru ◇ big (smoke), large (eye). Ⓛ teruteru untenta du allein. ◇ you alone. (Auge), unturunturu (Rauch) Ⓛ nuntukutu ura Feuer. ◇ fire.Ⓛ waru [Western untjara [Northern dialect] conf. (ntuara) dialect], turata [Southern dialect], pauju blaue Kranich. ◇ blue crane. Ⓛ untjari [Southern dialect] Ⓓ turu untara jenseits, postp. c. abl. ◇ beyond ura-imbalkna Brandmal. ◇ burn (noun). (postposition, with ablative) Ⓛ wirili urakapa Feuerbrand, Fackel. ◇ big fire, Ⓓ jerankeri torch. Ⓛ warutani Ⓓ turumanja untuába Gummirindenstücke. ◇ gumtree urabarenama im Rauch ersticken. bark pieces. Ⓛ ngántapiri ◇ suffocate in smoke. untárakala weiter weg. ◇ further away. urapa Ofen, Feuer in einer Höhlung. Ⓛ wirilikata, tutan ◇ oven, fire in a hollow.Ⓛ urapi untarakaguia weiter, jenseits. ◇ further, Ⓓ turupiri beyond. Ⓛ wirilimaiju uratara hellaufloderndes Feuer untarakua jenseits. ◇ beyond. Ⓛ parari (Feuerzeichen geben). ◇ brightly untápma die beiden Oberschenkel. ◇ both blazing fire (make or give fire signal). thighs. Ⓛ palpati Ⓛ waru kurkalba, warukurkala untárunitja an der andern Seite (z.B. Ⓓ turojapingana Creek). ◇ on the other side (e.g. creek). ura-tara etama ◇ light a big fire. Ⓛ wirilipiti Ⓛ waru kurkala kutani untárintjirka ganz hindurch z.B. speeren urambuma Feuer brennen. ◇ to burn (wenn der Speer an der anderen Seite (a fire). Ⓛ warukambani Ⓓ turu wieder herauskommt). ◇ right through; ura-alknanta Feuerflamme. ◇ flame e.g. to spear (when a spear emerges on (lit. fire flame). Ⓛ warukala the other side of someone or something). Ⓓ turujaola (Feuerflamme) Ⓛ wirilipilti ura-etama Feuer anzünden. ◇ to light untúra saftig, der Saft (Raupen), mit a fire.Ⓛ waru kutani Ⓓ turu japina dickem Saft, mit Milch gefüllt. ◇ juicy, urána Mörder. ◇ murderer. Ⓛ muranu juice (caterpillar), with thick juice, filled urabóbuta Feuerzeichen (Signal). ◇ fire with milk. Ⓛ unturu signal. Ⓛ warutun Ⓓ diakantji

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 361 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

uraia, uraia pitjima zögernd verziehen, species; black head, back and chest, verziehen zum Kommen. ◇ hesitate, delay back of head white, grey back, single to come. Ⓛ waiïmba ngalajennani white wing-feathers, white tail feathers uranburanba zornig, brennen (vor with black edges (Gymnorhina tibicen, Zorn). ◇ angry, burn (with anger). Australian magpie) (Pizzey and Knight Ⓛ wilawarutara 2007). Ⓛ urári Ⓓ kokula uráljakurálja Feuerhitze. ◇ heat of fire. urartja kleine Ratte (ohne Beutel). ◇ small Ⓛ kámbalkámbala rat (without pouch). Ⓛ arutu urándinda Wasservogel (spec.), schwarzes urátjurátja eine Grasart, auf Bergen Wasserhuhn. ◇ waterbird species, black wachsend, lange schmale Blätter. ◇ grass waterfowl. Ⓛ urandandi Ⓓ marumaru species with long narrow leaves that (Wasserhuhn) grows on mountains. Ⓛ uratjuratji urápmara abgebrannte Fläche. ◇ burnt urápurapa sehr dunkel, sehr finster. area. Ⓛ naru, nunma ◇ very dark. Ⓛ mungalmungala uráteka große Feuer, helle Feuerschein. urba Rückgrad. ◇ spine, backbone. ◇ big, bright fire.Ⓛ warungana Ⓛ murbu Ⓓ kuldru, tokowira uralinta große Feuerflamme. ◇ big flame. tokojulkura Ⓛ waruteli uratnitoppa Schwarm (von flieg. Vögeln). uránba nikotinhaltiges Kraut, das gekaut ◇ flock of flying birds.Ⓛ majuanggarini wird. ◇ nicotine plant that is chewed. urba unkwana Rückgrat. ◇ spine, urangara Strauch aus dem Speere backbone. Ⓛ murbu tarka Ⓓ kuldru verfertigt wird. ◇ bush from which spears mokku are made. Ⓛ warangari toppa das Rückgrat (der Schlangen und urátna (ura-atna) der große ziehende Menschen). ◇ spine, back (of snakes and Rauch (Rauchwolken). ◇ clouds of humans). Ⓛ miti smoke. Ⓛ kúnnarúru Ⓓ turukunna urbanama besprengen, bespritzen. (Rauchwolke) ◇ splash. Ⓛ kurbin͂ i Ⓓ multibana uraiura [Northern dialect] monatliche urálekurála, uralekerinja Schlangenlinie. Regel (der Frauen). ◇ monthly period ◇ snake line. Ⓛ nunkinunki, (of women). Ⓛ uraiuri nunkinunki urálama [Northern dialect] einsinken urbungalangala Bergrücken, die Erdwale (im Sumpf) oder Wasser. ◇ sink (in mud auf dem alankura-Platz. ◇ mountain ridge, or water). Ⓛ káralukatini Ⓓ punbina earth mounds on ceremonial ground. uraljaperuma untertauchen. ◇ dive under. Ⓛ murburiri, tuntururu Ⓛ tululukatini urápara vom Feuer geschwärzt (Felsen). urara Echo, Wiederhall, alle zusammen, ◇ blackened by fire (cliffs).Ⓛ maru einstimmig (sprechen oder singen), urbarama auslöschen, auswischen. Konzert. ◇ echo, reverberation, (speak or ◇ extinguish, wipe out. Ⓛ wapalpinani sing) all together, concert. Ⓛ marultara Ⓓ kalingana, kalina Ⓓ kanpu urbmultjerama heftig kämpfen uráratama zusammen sprechen oder miteinander. ◇ fight with each other singen. ◇ speak or sing together. violently. Ⓛ kirbmuntarapungani Ⓛ marultara wonkani Ⓓ kataana (Echo urbia Bote. ◇ messenger. Ⓛ wikaru machen) Ⓓ mandra [wapana]? urara black-backed Crow-Shrike. Schwarze urbilinjilinja (urba-ilinjiuma) Kopf und Brust, weiße Hinterkopf, graue in einander verschlungen (Äste). Rücken, einzelne weiße Flügelfedern, ◇ interlaced, intertwined, interweaved weiße Schwanzfedern mit schwarzen (branches). Ⓛ warbili Rand (Gymnorkina Tibeen). ◇ shrike

362 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary urbmalákualákua mit Narben geschmückt urknatalinja faul, verdorben (Frucht). (die Brust der Eingeborenen). ◇ rotten (fruit). ◇ decorated with scars (chest). uragata feurig. ◇ fiery. Ⓛ worbmatara urapaua feurig. ◇ fiery. urbma Schote, die an den Schoten urbutjakalaka nach circa 3 Wochen. befindlichen Erhöhungen, Samenkapsel, ◇ circa 3 weeks later. Ⓛ mankurukita Narben, die sich die Eingeborenen über ura taraúlaúla Feuersäule. ◇ column die Brust und an den Armen beibringen. of fire. ◇ pods; decorative scars on chests and urbutja einige, (auch drei oder 4). arms. Ⓛ worbma ◇ several, some, (also three or four). urbmalakua Zeichen eingeritzt (Stöcke Ⓛ mankurba Ⓓ palpa zum Schlagen), mit Narben versehen. urbutjarbuna einige andern. ◇ several ◇ engraved marks on (hitting sticks), others. Ⓛ mankurukutuba covered with scars. Ⓛ worbmatara urbutjarpa einige selbst. ◇ several. urbmelburbmelba hin und her Ⓛ mankurukuta schwankend (beim Laufen), wankend, uréljilalama zerbrechen (z.B. sich wakelnd. ◇ sway. Ⓛ urbmelburbmelbi [unclear]). ◇ break. Ⓛ tuintitalkani urbmakana kl. Steine z. Ritzen der Narben. ureralelama dampfen (Feuer). ◇ to steam, ◇ small stones used to scar. to fume (fire). urbmaltjima zerdrücken, zertreten. ureljarenama untergehen (Welt). ◇ end ◇ Ⓛ kirbmuntana̍ ni crush. (world). urbmaltjalama intr. in Stücke zerbrechen. uréljurlja schlaff, kraftlos, eingeschlafen ◇ (intransitive) break into pieces. (Arm). ◇ limp, slack, listless, powerless, Ⓛ kirbmuntakatini gone to sleep (arm). Ⓛ tulatula urbmérama klopfen (an etwas, mit urenama verschwinden, nicht mehr sehen, der Hand oder dem Stock). ◇ knock sich verstecken. ◇ disappear, not visible, (on something with hand or stick). hide. Ⓛ kumbini, ngalpani Ⓛ purpurpmanán͂ i uréta blau (abart des roten kangaruh). urbmunjurbmákama das Innere ◇ blue (flyer). (Expression for female red zerbrechen, mit den Zauberhölzern kangaroo). Ⓛ urútu stechen (nach jemanden). ◇ destroy the urérama auslaufen (Wasser), verglimmen inside, stab (somebody) with a magic (Licht), durchfließen (durch ein Gebirge). stick. Ⓛ multuni ◇ run dry or flow out (water), fade urbula schwarz, dunkel. ◇ black, dark. Ⓛ maru Ⓓ maru (light), flow (through a mountain range). Ⓛ waintarini urbánkurbmánka sehr schnell sich uréljilama Leben abbrechen, Genick bewegend, sehr beweglich. ◇ move very umdrehen, den Lebensfaden quickly, very agile. Ⓛ urbmankurbmanki abschneiden, umbringen. ◇ end life, urbura kleiner Vogel (schwarzer Kopf und Ⓛ tuintanáni Flügelfeder, braune Kehle, weißen Rücken wring neck, kill. uréranama und Bauch, black-throated Crow-Shirke hindurchgehen (durch (Cracticus nigrigularis) (jackeroo). ◇ small Gebirgsspalt), verschwinden (durch bird, black head and wings, brown throat, Erdhöhle, Tunnel, durch Fenster). ◇ go, white back and belly; shrike species disappear through (cave, tunnel, cliffs, (Cracticus nigrogularis, pied butcherbird) windows). Ⓛ mawaintarini (Pizzey and Knight 2007). Ⓛ kurbaru urerbinama hindurchgehen. ◇ go through. uratnitoppa intalabama in einer langen ureriïlama durchgraben (Erdwall z.B.) Reihe (nebeneinander fliegen). ◇ fly ◇ dig through (e.g. mound of earth). in a long line (beside each other). Ⓛ alkielbinani Ⓓ mirpana Ⓛ juangaririerenani

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 363 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

urirbuma hineinkriechen (in eine Hütte), urknúljurknúlja mit Flüssigkeit oder mit sich verstecken. ◇ crawl into (a hut), hide. Milch gefüllt (Brust). ◇ filled with liquid or Ⓛ aritarbani with milk (breast). Ⓛ urknuljurknulju urerenama entschwinden. ◇ slip away, urkualarkerama sich röten (Früchte), disappear. Ⓛ mawaintarini reifen. ◇ turn red (fruit), ripen. uriara Schutzzaun (Wind-brecher), Ⓛ urkululurini [?] Einfriedigung. ◇ windbreak, enclosure. urkurkinja nama verehren, dienen (Gott), Ⓛ unta, (ju) Ⓓ katu die Tjurunga Lieder einüben. ◇ worship, urkabuma bereiten, arbeiten. ◇ prepare, serve (God), practise sacred songs. work. Ⓛ palani Ⓓ ngankana, Ⓛ urkurkinjirini ngankingana urkunauia (von ura) der heißeste Monat urknerama sehr weich werden (Fleisch, (Januar). ◇ hottest month (January). durch kochen), zu Brei verkochen, Ⓛ malkarkura zerfallen. ◇ become very soft (meat, when urkwarkérama verzehren, zerstören cooked), stew, fall apart. Ⓛ arknuringani (durch Feuer). ◇ consume, destroy (fire). urkakuninja Mastdarm. ◇ large intestine. Ⓛ mululukambani Ⓓ talpana Ⓛ urkukuninji urubaruba [Northern dialect] cf. urkia langer Speer (tjata urkia) aus irkapa rubaruba Wirbelwind, whirlwind. (desert oak) oder ititja oder agia verfertigt. ◇ whirlwind. Ⓛ unbalara ◇ long spear made from desert oak, ititja urubarérama gären (von Brotteig). or agia. Ⓛ winta ◇ ferment (bread dough). Ⓛ rararini urka langer Stock (zum Schlagen oder úriakaljíaljía, worrakaljialjia Pflanze mit Werfen). ◇ long stick (for hitting or großen Blütenköpfen, symbol der Männer throwing). Ⓛ kunti und Buben, aljia =altja=zugehörig). urknerama flüssig werden, schmelzen ◇ plant with large blossoms. Ⓛ mulati (Silber, Metalle). ◇ melt (silver, metal). úrija, úria männlich. ◇ masculine, male. Ⓛ arknuringani Ⓛ manti urkna flüßig, Brei (mana urkna), breiig, úrukanáma warten. ◇ wait. Milch (der Frauen), dicke Saft (der Ⓛ wonnuninani Bäume). ◇ liquid, paste, milk (of women), urumúruma Dichtung, Märchen, Fabel. thick sap (of trees). Ⓛ altji, arknu ◇ fiction, fairytale, fable. Ⓓ pandra (Saft: juice, Blut: blood) utalja [Southern dialect] cf. urkna flüßig. urkala weich (Sandhügel). ◇ soft ◇ liquid (adjective). Ⓛ altji (sandhills). Ⓛ r͑ ilbati urtnalamburtnala Kies, Steingeröll. urkulta zickzackförmig, Blitz, gestreift. ◇ gravel, stone rubble. Ⓛ urkataburkata ◇ zigzag shaped, lightning, striped. úruru úrura lama urr urr schreiend. ◇ cry Ⓛ w͡inba urr urr. Ⓛ tumbirtumbir urkultalawomma blitzen. ◇ lightning, urururerinjarungara fortwährend flash. Ⓛ wintarunkani urr schreiend. ◇ cry constantly urr. urkultitnama blitzen (vorm Einschlagen). Ⓛ ngalatumbirbmara ◇ lightning (before it strikes). urumitja [Southern dialect] Wüste. Ⓛ winbakani ◇ desert. Ⓛ urumatji urkura sehr Heiß (ein Feuer), Fieber. ◇ very utárama nach dem Wege aussehen. ◇ look hot (fire), fever. Ⓛ ungárani for the path. Ⓛ mirani urkurélama heiß machen, wärmen utulbutarama fortwährend nach dem (Sonne). ◇ make hot, warm (sun). Wege aussehen. ◇ constantly look out for Ⓛ kambalbmanani the right way. Ⓛ miramirani urkna urbula Tinte (n), aus flüßig/Brei utárináma dem Hunde ein Wild zeigen. und schwarz. ◇ ink, derived from ‘liquid, ◇ direct dog’s attention to game. paste’ and ‘black’. Ⓛ wapini

364 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary uruna Kirchauff-Ranges. ◇ Kirchauff utnátuma zerbeißen, zermalmen (Maus, Ranges. Ⓛ warana tjappa). ◇ bite to pieces, crunch (mice, urtalinja Schlangenfett. ◇ snake fat. grubs). Ⓛ pulpani Ⓛ kumbungari utárelarélala rama einem (davon gehen), urúnama cf. rúnama. ◇ cause someone’s fortwährend nachsehen. ◇ gaze at or death. watch continously someone leave and/or ururérama der Ruf urr urr (oder turr, turr) go away. Ⓛ miramirara nangani ausstoßen. ◇ cry urr, urr or turr, turr. utítjutítja Schlamm (am Grunde der Ⓛ tumbirbmanañi Wasserlöcher). ◇ mud (on bottom of urururunga den Ruf urr urr schreiend. waterhole). Ⓛ utítutíta ◇ cry urr, urr. Ⓛ tumbirkulurara utárelarenáma einem nachsehen. ◇ watch urta, patta urta Hügel, Steinhügel. ◇ hill, someone (go away). Ⓛ mirarijenni stone hill. Ⓛ urta, puli urta Ⓓ wonpa, utulútulanáma kollern, (aufstoßen mardawonpa lassen) Emu. ◇ rumble (belch) emu. urtanka hohe Ufer. ◇ high river bank. Ⓛ tukulbmanani Ⓛ nganturtji utalérama sausen machen (Schwirrholz), urtna lockere Erde, die Erde in hohlen schwirren lassen. ◇ make whizz. Bäumen. ◇ loose earth, earth in hollow Ⓛ pulunmanani trees. Ⓛ urtnu utátuma in den Mund packen. ◇ cram into urtnerama verrotten. ◇ rot. mouth. Ⓛ ngapuni Ⓛ urtnuringani utna, rutja eine grosse Mulde aus ininta urtnakalama einfallen (das Haus, das Holz. ◇ big bowl made of bean tree von Ameisen [unclear]). ◇ collapse wood. Ⓛ tartu (termite infested? house). Ⓛ pelukatini utitja, ututja sehr niedrig, sehr kurz. urturta Nacht Habicht. ◇ night hawk. ◇ very low, very short. Ⓛ tarta, murilja Ⓛ turba utnutjikerama anfangen zu beißen, beißen utjinja die abgeschälte Haut (an wollen. ◇ begin to bite, want to bite. verbrannten Stellen). ◇ peeled-off skin Ⓛ patantakurini, patantikitaringani (from burned spots). Ⓛ mokarka utnantanantana selbstsüchtig. ◇ selfish, utala die aus dem Loch gescharrte Erde, egotistic. Erdhaufen. ◇ mound of dirt in front or utaiïlarenama aussehen (nach dem Weg) beside hole. Ⓛ toppalba oder nachsehen (einem davongehenden utátnera mit der Seite Eindrücke in den Freund). ◇ look (for the path) or watch Boden machen. ◇ to make impressions someone going away (friends). Ⓛ mirara or tracks with the side of body. wonnini utnea Schlange, gestreift, cr. 4 Fuß lang mit kleinem Kopf, nicht giftig, spec. = r͑enina. ◇ snake, striped, circa 4 feet long W with small head, not poisonous, renina wa ja. ◇ yes. Ⓛ wanku Ⓓ kau species. Ⓛ kunnea wabala ja. ◇ yes. Ⓛ wanti utnádata Blütenkätzchen (der ititja und wabalélama seine Zustimmung tnima). ◇ flower catkin (of ititja and ausdrücken. ◇ agree, express consent. tnima). Ⓛ unatjiti Ⓛ wanmanani Ⓓ kaukangana utnanta Mulga Scrub. ◇ mulga scrub or wakamā̍ verwahren, in Verwahrung thicket. Ⓛ unatjiti nehmen. ◇ keep, save (for someone utnuma beißen, stechen (mit something). Ⓛ oakinani Zauberknochen), bezaubern. ◇ bite, stab wakuwaka Regenwasser im Felsen (oder (with magic bone), point bone, to bone, im Tank), angesammeltes Regenwasser. curse. Ⓛ patani (beißen), multuni ◇ rainwater in a rockhole (or tank). (zaubern) Ⓓ matana Ⓛ pinangu

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 365 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

wailbiata die von Weißen eingeführten wurinja wanama Wind wehen. ◇ wind Blechgefäße (Quartpot). ◇ tin vessels blows. Ⓛ wolba wonkani introduced by white people (quart pot). wángerama murren, unzufrieden Ⓛ tabula, ultu sein. ◇ grumble, sulk, be a sook, waiïtjuwaia, waiutjuwaia Waise be discontent. Ⓛ ngurkuringani (Vollwaise). ◇ orphan. Ⓛ tjitula Ⓓ junkarina? wakitja die Ranke der lankua. ◇ lankua wantama ja, genug. ◇ yes, enough. vine. Ⓛ wakitji Ⓛ wantinanga wakuia ja, wahrlich. ◇ yes, truly. Ⓛ omanti wantai ja, gewiß! ◇ yes, sure! Ⓛ watu! ireta, r͑ ena taubstumm. ◇ deaf and dumb. warrinja augenblicklich. ◇ instantaneously. Ⓛ wala wapantjilama herausströmen, (z.B. viele walaguta Witwe. ◇ widow. Ⓛ walugutu Fledermäuse aus hohlen Ast). ◇ pour out Ⓓ mangawaru (e.g. many bats out of a hollow branch). walama schwimmen auf dem Wasser Ⓛ wirkawirkarangárini (Enten). ◇ swim on water (ducks). wǎra nur, bloß. ◇ only. Ⓛ wiakutu Ⓛ turbini Ⓓ windri walama quellen, hervorquellen (Wasser). warendama leihen (einem andern). ◇ gush, gush out (water). Ⓛ bôlpungani ◇ lend (to someone, not give). walbunta lama einen verkehrten Weg Ⓛ wiakutujungani gehen, einen andern Weg gehen (sodaß warinkuta gewunden, krumm (Creek). man die Person, der man entgegen geht, ◇ winding (creek). Ⓛ kalikali nicht erblickt). ◇ go the wrong way, go waritja Hütte. ◇ hut. Ⓛ minta a different way (miss the person one has wapatuna eine Laubhütte (in der sich set out to meet). Ⓛ walbuntara jennani Darsteller niederlassen). ◇ hut. Ⓛ tulula walbawalba sehr hungrig, fast warka Brotkrume. ◇ bread crumb. verschmachtet, verirrt, die Mühe, Ⓛ lungu Qual, Unruhe. ◇ very hungry, almost wā̍ papàpapà Jagdruf und Kriegsruf. languished, lost. Ⓛ tauiila ◇ hunting and war cry. Ⓛ wápapàpapà, walbawalbilama (sich mühen?), Unruhe pā̍ papàpapà machen. ◇ (to strive?), cause unrest. warkuntama Beifall ausdrücken (bei (‘?’ added by CS) dem Cultus der Eingeborenen) und walka Porcupinegras, triodia, mit starken Aufforderung seine Rolle gut zu spielen. Stacheln. ◇ porcupine grass, triodia. ◇ applaud, express approval and Ⓛ walki encourage. Ⓛ wailbmanani walja Zweige, Laubbüschel. ◇ branches, warpa Werkzeug zum Glätten der Mulden bunch of leaves. (Meißel). ◇ chisel. Ⓛ warpi Ⓓ tula waltjilama zerrinnen, flüssig machen wataka? gewiß? ◇ sure? Ⓛ wankujenku? (z.B. Fett, Eis). ◇ melt (e.g. fat, ice). wilbawilba Rute (zum Schlagen). ◇ rod Ⓛ kabilarini (for beating). walukuta Witwe (= Mannes beraubt). watinja frisch, grün, beschmiert (mit ◇ widow (robbed of husband). Fett). ◇ fresh, green, coated (with fat). Ⓛ walukuta Ⓛ bulpungani Ⓓ tjanka waluma [Northern dialect] ja, vielleicht! watinjilama bestrichen (mit Fett), ◇ yes, maybe! Ⓛ waputa beschmieren. ◇ coated (with fat), wurinja antálelama Wind stark wehen. smear. Ⓛ talpini ◇ wind blows strong. Ⓛ wolbaranáñi watinjalelama bestrichen. ◇ coated, wanama wehen (Wind). ◇ blow (wind). covered. Ⓛ talpiranáni Ⓛ wonkani Ⓓ ngakana

366 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary wata postp. gewiß, sehr, wirklich. katjutara Regenbogen. ◇ rainbow. ◇ (postposition) certainly, very, truly. Ⓛ witutara, tutaringi Ⓛ mantu wintama alle hineingehen (z.B. in die watoa ankama ja sagen. ◇ say yes. Kirche, Haus). ◇ all go into (e.g. the Ⓛ watu wonkani church, house). Ⓛ taualknárini waulja Feuerflamme. ◇ fire flame. wôbuta nur einige, nicht viele. ◇ only few, Ⓛ warilji not many. Ⓛ tatinba Ⓓ ngalje wauulákama bellen (Hunde). wirbiara die zusammengebundenen ◇ bark (dogs). Ⓛ wollalbmanani (Schwanzenden der aroa). ◇ tied together Ⓓ wauurkarina (tailends of wallabies). Ⓛ karbikarbi waua Feuer (von Kindern gebraucht). ◇ fire woia = worra Junge (in (word used by children). Ⓛ wauu Verwandtschaftsbezeichnung gebraucht). wilia sehr schnell (laufen). ◇ very fast (run). ◇ boy (word used as part of a kin term). Ⓛ wolla Ⓛ wiï wedawedalama spionieren. ◇ to spy. woia ebmanna, woia ebmannatja Ⓛ wituwitujennani conf. ebmanna. ◇ sister’s daughter’s wiarumuruma Dichter, Märchenerzähler. son, daughter’s son. Ⓛ wii bakali, wii ◇ poet, storyteller. bakalina wilka große Moskito. ◇ large mosquito, woia tjimia conf. tjimia. ◇ grandfather. march fly.Ⓛ kunma Ⓛ wii kunarbi wilkawilkilama der Wind hin und woiamba conf. amba. ◇ son or daughter her bewegen (Federn und Zweige). on mother’s side, sister’s son. ◇ wind moves (feathers and branches). Ⓛ wiïukari, wiïkata Ⓛ kakuntjingani woia pallatja, woia pallatja conf. palla. wilkawilka hin und her bewegt Ⓛ wiï apili?, wiï apilli, wiï apilina, (vom Winde). ◇ moved, blown around wiï apillina (by wind). Ⓛ kakunkakun woia aranga conf. aranga. ◇ father’s wilka weich, biegsam (Binsen). ◇ soft, father. Ⓛ wii tamuna flexible (rushes).Ⓛ nali woialirra conf. alirra. ◇ my son, my wilkalama intrs. hin und her bewegt, daughter. Ⓛ wiïkata, wiïukari biegen (z.B. die Biensen im Winde woljitunga lange (Zehe, z.B. Emu). sich selbst hin und her bewegt). ◇ long (toe, e.g. emu). Ⓛ walpuru ◇ (intransitive) sway, bend (e.g. rushes wólbmara [wulbmura] weiche Erde. sway in the wind). Ⓛ naliringani ◇ soft soil. Ⓛ wolbmara wilkalelama trs. biegen, hin und her wolja grüne Zweige, Spitzen der Bäume bewegt. ◇ (transitive) bend, sway. oder Sträucher, Halm (juta). ◇ green Ⓛ nalini branches, tops of trees or bushes, blades wintowinta lange Schnur. ◇ long string. (juta); leafy branches. Ⓛ walpuru Ⓛ kunturu wolkna Grabeshügel. ◇ burial mound, wenjara eben (Weg). ◇ level (way). grave. Ⓛ tulba, warirki Ⓓ nariwonpa Ⓛ wenjiri wolkna inkura Nische (des Grabes). wetjawetja Waffe zum Werfen (boomerang). ◇ niche (of grave). Ⓛ nulu ◇ throwing weapon (boomerang). Ⓓ watimokku (mit Holz oben) Ⓛ wipuwipu Ⓓ kirra woiatakerama Frau mit Frau huren witata eßbare Knolle spec. ◇ edible bulb (lesbische Laster). ◇ lesbian relationship. species. Ⓛ mantangaljiri Ⓛ nambia pungani wintinjintinja dünn, schlank. ◇ thin, slim. wolla Haufe, Menge. ◇ heap, amount. Ⓛ kábakátjinkátjina Ⓛ utulu Ⓓ piriri, ngami (Schaar)

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 367 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

wollambarinja Versammlung. womma; imperf: wokka ◇ assembly, meeting, gathering. (Vergangenheit), worriraka (plural), Ⓛ útulambára Ⓓ wollara (Schaar) wommala reiben (Feuer), spinnen (irkitja), wollerama sich versammeln. einschlagen (Blitz). ◇ rub (fire), spin (yarn), ◇ assemble, meet, gather. Ⓛ utulurini strike (lightning). Ⓛ runkani (miribana) wollilama sich versammeln. ◇ (transitive) dakana oder dijana assemble, gather. Ⓛ utulutunani wonga größere Wasseransammlung Ⓓ kampana, mapana (in steinernen Gruben), kleine See, Palm wollibuma trs. sammeln, anhäufen. Creek. ◇ water (in stony ditches), small ◇ (transitive) gather, accumulate, pile lake, Palm Creek. Ⓛ juru up. Ⓛ utuluni wonjama lecken, saugen, aufsaugen. wollanitjalbuma zur Versammlung ◇ lick, suck, suck up. Ⓛ kuntanani zurückkehren. ◇ return to meeting. wonjalama sich belecken. ◇ lick. Ⓛ utulurinikulbara Ⓛ anturanani wolla nintilama auf einen Haufen wonjawonja langes Gras (spec.) ◇ long bringen. ◇ bring together. grass species. Ⓛ wonjiwonji Ⓛ utulukutuni wonjilama beim kommen werfen. wollawollalama zusammengehen, in ◇ to throw at approach. Ⓛ ngalarunkani Gemeinschaft gehen. ◇ walk together, wonjinga Tante (Vaters Schwester). walk in company. Ⓛ utulutulujennani ◇ aunt (father’s sister). Ⓛ kuntili wollawollerama zu Hauf kommen, wonjurkala gewunden, sich schlängeln sich versammeln. ◇ come together, (Wasserlauf). ◇ winding (watercourse). assemble. Ⓛ utuluturingani, Ⓛ wakuntiwakunti utulutulerini wonka Weib, das nicht verheiratet ist, wollurkuna Bastard. ◇ bastard. Jungfer. ◇ woman who is not married, wollabanba Schnur, um den Hals unmarried girl; teenage girl. Ⓛ okara getragen. ◇ string worn around neck. Ⓓ ngameri Ⓛ wollubanbu wonkama schwellen. ◇ to swell. wolta Stock zum Schlagen (vom Norden Ⓛ unkani eingehandelt). ◇ thick hitting stick (traded wonkara Ente (kleine Art). ◇ duck (small from the north). Ⓛ wolta species). Ⓛ wonkara Ⓓ taralku wollakawollerama erinnern (sich), wonkinja entfernt (vom Lagerplatz). gedenken. ◇ remember. Ⓛ kulilkulilarini ◇ distant (from camp). Ⓛ iltji wollara eine Holzart aus der eine Art wonna Tante (Vaters Schwester), Speer (tjatta wollara) gemacht wird (zum Schwiegermutter (F), Mutters Bruders Speeren von Menschen). ◇ wood species Frau. ◇ aunt (father’s sister), mother-in- used to make spears to kill people. law, mother’s brother’s wife. Ⓛ kuntili Ⓛ katji wonna Ⓓ kalari wollatja Brüste (der Frauen). ◇ breasts wonnukua die Schwiegermutter (eines (of women). Ⓛ ibi Ⓓ ngama Andern). ◇ mother-in-law (of someone wollitjiwolla Darmfett. ◇ intestine fat. else). Ⓛ kuntilira Ⓛ wóllabírbmara wonna knara Vaters ältere Schwester. wollitjikana Milchkuh, Euter. ◇ dairy cow, ◇ father’s older sister. Ⓛ kuntili puntu udder. Ⓛ ibitara wonna larra Vaters jüngere Schwester. wollurbawolla viele Haufen. ◇ many piles. ◇ father’s younger sister. Ⓛ kuntili Ⓛ útulumúrkamúrka wonan wonnatja meine Tante. ◇ my aunt. Ⓛ kuntilina

368 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary wonnabaltjila Zauberstäbe des Ulbaritja- wórrakalalba Pflanze, rankende, mit sehr Stammes. ◇ magic sticks of Ulbaritja kleinen Blättern. ◇ vine (plant) with very tribe. Ⓛ wonnabaltjila small leaves. Ⓛ omatupitji wonnawonnilama erhalten, versorgen. kataratja Reihe, hintereinander. ◇ row, ◇ support, look after. Ⓛ wontini behind each other. Ⓛ worrata wontja, matja wontja Erde, heiße Erde. worrata lama im Gänsemarsch gehen. ◇ earth, hot earth. Ⓛ eba, waru eba ◇ walk in single file. wonta Strauch (spec.) ◇ shrub (species). worraworra ein kleiner auf Steinebenen Ⓛ aunta wachsender Busch mit bläulichen Blättern worka erlahmt (Flügel), sehr müde, kraftlos. und lila Blütenköpfen, die als die Köpfe ◇ weary (wings), very tired, weak. der ‘Knaben’ angesehen werden. Ptilotus Ⓛ pántalpántala helipteroides und andern. ◇ small bush worba gebratene Blut. ◇ cooked blood. with bluish leaves and lilac blossoms that Ⓛ mitji grows on stony plains; Ptilotus obovatus wôra Dampf, Hauch, Dunst. ◇ steam, and possibly other Ptilotus species. breath, waft, vapour. Ⓛ aüru or aiiru Ⓛ tjintatjinta Ⓓ waru worrinta gesund (Holz), sehr stark worbiera aus gemeinsamer Wurzel (Mensch). ◇ healthy (wood), very strong hervorgegangene Schößlinge. ◇ saplings (human being). Ⓛ kulanba from a common root. Ⓛ wonkuru worrinterama stark werden. ◇ grow worbilinja verzweigt, von einem strong. Ⓛ kulanbarini Mittelpunkt ausgehend, Komet; z.B. worrupara Knospen (Gummibaum, von einem Stern ausgehende Schweif honeysuckle, erulanga). ◇ buds (Komet), die von einem Baumstumpf (gumtrees, honeysuckle, erulanga). hervorsproßenden Schößlinge, die von Ⓛ kuljirtji der Hand sich abzweigenden Finger. worritja, urumitja Einöde, Wüste. ◇ branched, radiating out from a centre, ◇ wasteland, desert. Ⓛ urumatji comet; e.g. trail of comet or shooting Ⓓ pitaru, dara star, shoots sprouting from a tree trunk, wortja eßbare Knolle. ◇ edible bulb. fingers branching off from the hand (see Ⓛ witita Strehlow 1907: 25). Ⓛ worralinjiri wotjuailbmara ganz müde, erschöpft. workalama kriechen (kleine Kinder). ◇ exhausted. Ⓛ pitántalárini, tantalarini ◇ crawl (small children). Ⓛ nalilárani Ⓓ warriwarrina iworka dichtes Gebüsch, Gestrüpp. wortja Junge, der für die Einweihungsfeier ◇ dense bush. Ⓛ tata geschmückt wird. ◇ boy decorated for worbmara Fledermaus (spec.) ◇ bat ‘business’ (initiation). Ⓛ walluworitji (species). Ⓛ iwirbmini wotna feucht, betaut. ◇ damp. Ⓛ topi workaworra schwach (Weiber). ◇ weak wotnupura in gerader Linie hintereinander (women). Ⓛ pantalpantala, nalimba gehen, im Gänsemarsch. ◇ walk in a worra Knabe. ◇ boy. Ⓛ ula Ⓓ kanku straight line behind each other, in single wǔra (worra); jingawǔra litjina adv. file.Ⓛ wipungarani postp. bestimmt, sicher; z.B. wirklich, wotta mehr, wieder. ◇ more, again. ich bestimmt werde gehen. ◇ (adverb Ⓛ peuku, mara Ⓓ morla postposition) certainly; e.g. I will certainly wottamawotta wieder und wieder; go. Ⓛ ka, ngaiuluka jennani composition: wottalkura mehr. genit: worrabakana die lange Schambedeckung wottakalkura. ◇ again and again. der nördlichen Stämme. ◇ long pubic Ⓛ peukukapeuku covering of northern tribes. Ⓛ maüluru wottajaba Weg. ◇ path. Ⓛ iwara Ⓓ munamunari, ngampapuditji

~~Carl Strehlow’s spelling of: Bold = Aranda word; L = Loritja; D = Dieri 369 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

wotjawotja [Southern dialect] boomerang wumbierama heiß werden. ◇ become zum Werfen. ◇ throwing boomerang. hot. Ⓛ arantarini Ⓛ wipuwipu wumbuma; ura wumbuma oder wottapata weiter. ◇ further. Ⓛ peukukaru urambúma brennen; das Feuer wottapata ndama weiter geben. ◇ to brennt. ◇ to burn; the fire is burning. hand on. Ⓛ peukukaru jungani Ⓛ kambani, warukambani Ⓓ jerkina worranta geschlossen (ilba [Ohr, wungaua halbreif (Früchte), halbgekocht Gebärmutter oder Nachgeburt]). (Fleisch). ◇ half ripe (fruit), half cooked ◇ closed. Ⓛ purpunba (meat). Ⓛ pura wottabangalinama trs. etwas nach sich wunjilba eingefallen (Gesicht), zusammen ziehen, nach sich schleppen. ◇ (transitive) geschrumpft (Körper). ◇ hollow (face), pull something behind, drag behind. shrunken or shriveled (body). Ⓛ kebula wottilbélama sehr große Begierde Ⓓ ngiringiririna (faltig sein: be wrinkly) haben (nach etwas) z.B. reizen wura; nga wura erai! dort, dorthin; du sieh (von der Begierde). ◇ have great desire dorthin. ◇ there, over there; you, look (for something), get excited (from desire). over there. Ⓛ mai!; nuntu mai nauai! Ⓛ taúalngulutarini wurba flach, nicht tief (Wasser). ◇ flat, wottilbérama Ohren spitzen (Hunde, shallow (water). Ⓛ julka Pferde). ◇ prick up ears, listen (dogs, wurawurilama davonziehen (Rauch). horses). Ⓛ wiarururingani ◇ float away (smoke).Ⓛ tjingani wulakawulerama gedenken (an einen). wurinja Wind. ◇ wind. Ⓛ wolba Ⓓ watara ◇ think (of somebody). wúrupungéreláma schnell weiter laufen wulbawollama untertauchen (im Wasser). (Känguruh). ◇ move on swiftly (kangaroo). ◇ submerge (in water). Ⓛ turbiturbini Ⓛ patanpatantalkani wulama empfinden, fühlen (intr.) ◇ feel wumbaunga blau (Himmel, helle Blüten). (intransitive). Ⓛ urukúlini ◇ blue (sky, light-coloured blossoms). wulinja Gefühl. ◇ feeling. Ⓛ urukúlinta Ⓛ okirokiri wulbmura weiche Erde. ◇ soft soil. wurinjalaruka im Winde regnend, Ⓛ wolbmara (während des Windes Regen fallend), wulja die mit Fett bestrichenen (Männer im Winde fließend (Blut). ◇ raining in the oder Weiber). ◇ covered with fat (men wind, rainy and windy. Ⓛ wolbapuru or women). Ⓛ aulju wuljankura mit Fett bestrichen (Männer Korrektur beendet am 15. Dec. 1909. oder Frauen). ◇ covered with fat (men Corrections completed on 15 December or women), name of a public dance. 1909. Ⓛ aulju unkuru wumbaunga hellrot, rosa (Früchte). ◇ light red, pink (fruit). wuma hören. ◇ hear. Ⓛ kulini Ⓓ ngarana wunama hören. ◇ hear. Ⓛ makulini wunawuna Hörer. ◇ listener. Ⓛ kulinmikulinmi wupawuma wieder hören. ◇ hear again. Ⓛ kuliranani wulintitnanama im Liegen hören. ◇ to hear while lying (down). Ⓛ kulirangarini wumbia heiß, Heißwind, warm. ◇ hot, hot wind, warm. Ⓛ aranta Ⓓ kalinguru

~~370 For the modern spellings of these words, see the dictionaries and sources in reference list. Select index~~

This index focuses predominantly on the content of the introductory chapters and not Carl Strehlow’s dictionary. However, where an entry does refer to the dictionary the page number is in bold type. The content of footnotes is also distinguished by using n. after the page number followed by the number of the footnote (e.g. 1n.1). Images are identified by italicised numbers. All other entries in roman type refer to material in the body of the text.

Abel (Mbitjana), 29 people, vii, xi, xiii, xvi–xvii, 55, alarinja, 153–54, 248 59, 106, 121, 125, 130 Altjira, Altjirra (Altyerre) 99, 163–64, pronunciation, 89, 101, 105–6, 338 108–27 altjira, 7, 40, 98, 163–64, 216, 338 spelling, 7, 9–10, 22, 65, 67 altjirangamitjina/Altjirangamitjina, Tjoritja Aranda, 7, 38, 38n.7 52, 99, 154, 156, 214, 248 Western, xiii, xv, xix, 5, 7, 9–10, Ankermann, Bernhard, 58 17, 23, 38, 40, 45, 63n.1, Anmatyerr 66, 67, 70, 97, 101,102, 116, country, 30, 32 122, 129, 130 language, 30, 129 Arrarnta, 89n.11, 102 see also Aranda; people, 38 Arrernte anthropological tradition Arrernte (Central and Eastern, German, 55–60 Northern, Southern, Western), 102 Aranda, xi, 1 Central/Eastern, 96, 130 Carl Strehlow’s work with, xv Mparntwe, 129 comparison of orthographies, Southern, 38n.7, 93 see orthographies, Mission see also Aranda; Arrarnta; Pertame Orthography Austin-Broos, Diane, xii culture, xv, 93, 98–99, 268, 278–79, 333, 338, 351–52 Bastian, Adolf, 56 distinction from Luritja, xi Bethesda mission (Killalpaninna kinship, 98, 172, 248 mission), 42, 42, 125 language, xi Boas, Franz, 56 linguistic analysis, 119, 126–27 Breen, Gavan, xvi, 5n.4, 38n.7, 66, mythology, 154, 249 67, 95–96, 98, 102, 110, 119, orthography issues, 9 120, 124, 129

~~371 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

Central Land Council, xiv–xv diffusionism, 58, see also ceremony, 32, 45, 54, 154, 155, 174, Kulturkreislehre 238, 243, 262–63, 290, 293, Diyari see Dieri 300, 337, 357 dreaming, 52, 98, 164, 242, 277 places for, 164, 165, 179, 306, ancestor, 214 338, 339 beings, 156, 163, 164, 311, 319 class system see section system; language connection, 22 subsection system mother’s conception, 338 cultural diffusion, see diffusionism of an individual/place (belonging to), 23, 26, 29, diacritics, 5, 105, 117, 119n.6, 122, 30, 40 126, 145 see also altjirangamitjina; totems complexity and problems with their use, 126, 128 fairytales, 6n.6, 168, 176, 318–19, dictionary 364 Aranda dialects included, 70–71 family tree, 20–21, 27, 28, 29, comparison of Aranda and Luritja 41, 338 content, 4, 68–69 Finke River, 38, 40, 108, 253, construction, 65 275, 306 content, 52–55 Finke River mission, xv, 40, 126 context, 55–60 board, 29 difficulties with translation and Finke River Mission orthography transcription, 22, 50–51 see orthographies dual language structure, 68 Foy, W., 59 encyclopaedic content, 52–55, 96 Frobenius, Leo, 58 heritage concept, xi, 5 history of development and use, Geist, 56–57, 216, 262, 291 48–49 genealogy see family tree inconsistencies in, 67, 124, 145 Giles, Christopher, 67n.3, 82n.9 influence on T.G.H. Strehlow’s Gillen, Frank see Spencer and Gillen work, 66 glosses intent, xi–xii, 4 Aranda/Luritja/Dieri to English, manuscript, 48–51 5, 94 modern assessment, 63, 99 Aranda/Luritja/Dieri to German, modern development, 10 6, 48, 65, 69, 74, 83 nature of language content, 6, 65 German glosses to English, xiii, order of entries, 77–79 5–7, 94 possession by T.G.H. Strehlow, Graebner, Fritz, 58, 59 48–49 Gudschinsky, Sarah, 103, 128–29, Dieri (Diyari), 3, 4, 5, 35n.1, 42, 48, 130 50, 67, 113, 125 guruna, 196, 199, 216 language, xiii, xiv, 1

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Herder, Johann Gottfried, 56–57 Kulturkreislehre (culture circle theory), Herderian philosophy, 55–57 4, 36, 57–60 Hermannsburg mission, xi, xiv, xx, Kurrentschrift script, 50, 51 1, 7, 9, 9–11, 24, 29, 30, 32, 38, kutungula/kutungulu, 7, 40, 186, 40, 41, 43, 43–45, 48, 49, 51, 65, 246, 268, 303, 333 101, 128 kwatjarinja, 154, 248 see also orthographies, Mission Orthography; Ntaria Lake Eyre, 42, 48 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 37, 57 Leonhardi, Baron Moritz von, 1, 35, Humboldt, Wilhelm and Alexander 37, 44, 48, 55, 57–59, 126 von, 56 Liebchen, G.O., 5, 5n.3 linguistic change, xii iltana (ltana), 197, 216, 262 Loatjira, Abraham, 23–24, 25, 28, inkata, 23, 188, 217–18 30, 32, 41 Institute for Aboriginal Development ltana see iltana (IAD), 6n.7, 7, 66, 102 Luritja, 1, 1n.1 IAD orthography see country, 30, 37–38, 40–41 orthographies culture, 52–54, 55 International Phonetic Alphabet Kukatja-Luritja (also Loritja), 40 (IPA), 104–6, 110–11, 119, 124, language, 1, 4, 10, 65, 67, 97 126, 130 Loritja/Luritja comparative spelling, 1, 149–51 Jacobus (Jakobus), 8, 24, 27, 45 people, xiii, 4, 5–6, see also Talku Luther, Martin, 55 Karnic language (Dieri), 50, see also Lutheran Archives (Adelaide), 4n.2, Dieri 41n.10 Kaytetye, 129 Lutheran missionaries, 7 Kempe, A.H., 7, 26, 37, 40, 65, in central Australia, 40 67n.3, 82, 83, 93, 98 linguistic tradition, 55 Aranda wordlist/vocabulary, 5, 10, orthography development, 7–8, 65, 83 40 founding of Hermannsburg role in language work, 7, 40 mission, 40 use of Indigenous languages, 43 language research, 37, 38n.7, 41, see also A.H. Kempe; Louis 41n.10, 65, 83 Schulze; Carl Strehlow orthography, 11, 107–30, see also Lutheran missions see Hermannsburg orthographies mission Killalpaninna, Lake, 4, 113, see also Bethesda mission Malbunka (Knuraia), Hezekiel, kinship 23, 29 classificatory system, 53, 351 maljanuka/Maljanuka, 53, 268, 278 terminology, 53 Mission Orthography see see also social organisation orthographies

~~373 Carl Strehlow’s 1909 Comparative Heritage Dictionary~~

missions see Bethesda mission, Finke Penangka, Sara, 32, 33 River mission, Hermannsburg Pertame (Southern Arrernte), 38, 70, mission 93 Morton, John, xii, xvi Pfitzner, Pastor John, 128–29 myth, mythology, 35, 36, 52, 58, phoneme, 105–7, 109–10, 112–15, 168, 270 119–21, 128–30 Carl Strehlow’s interest in, 42 Pink, Olive, xii collections, 54, 55 Pintupi, see Luritja dictionary terms, 4, 6n.6, 52 Pmala (Tmala), Silas Ulakararinja language link, 57 (Mbitjana), 23, 25, 26, 41 Luritja, 28 pmara (kutata), 7, 180 mythological past, 164 pmara nama, 17 recording, 41 pmarakutata, 214, 289, 313, 339 song, 56 pmere kwetethe, 7n.9 Western Aranda, 154, 176, 248 mythical being, 160, 176, 233, 244, ratapa, 40, 156, 214, 287, 311 249, 258, 277, 311, 318, 352 Rauwiraka (Pengarta), Nathanael, 23, 30–34, 31, 33, 41, 45 nákarakia, 53, 268, 278 Reuther, J.G., 42, 42, 48 native title, xv Róheim, G., 158 Ntaria, 5n.5, 23, 29, 30, 43, 70 Scherer, P.A., 5 Oberscheidt, Hans, 108, 126, 127 Schmidt, Pater W., 58, 59 orthographies School of Australian Linguistics, 129 Adelaide University Phonetic Schulze, Louis G., 40, 41, 338 System (AUPS), 127 section system, 38, 53–54 ‘continental’, 6, 107 shorthand writing see Stolze shorthand Finke River Mission (FRM) Silas see Pmala orthography, 9, 67, 102, 105, skin names, skins see section system; 110–11, 115–16, 118–20, subsection system 122–24, 129 social change, 65 Institute for Aboriginal sedentarisation, 7, 40 Development (IAD) social organisation, 28, 52–54, 59, orthography, 102 103, 351 Mission Orthography, 8, 11, Spencer and Gillen, xii, 54n.21, 121, 101–30 127, 163, 224, 311 phonemic see Finke River Mission Spencer, Baldwin see Spencer and (FRM) orthography; Institute Gillen for Aboriginal Development Standard Alphabet, Lepsius, 125 (IAD) orthography Stirling, Edward, 107, 259 phonetic see AUPS; Mission Stolze shorthand, 50–51, 51 Orthography Strehlow, Carl, 1, 9, 40, 42–45, uniform, 7, 103, 107, 130 51, 61 dictionary, xi, 1, 2–3, 18–19

~~374 Select index~~

ethnography, xv, 1, 4, 40–41, 45 totemic animals and plants, 52, 337 German glosses, xi totemic rites (Luritja), 28 language and culture informants, totemism, 58 23–34, 41 totems, 52, 311 see also Loritja, use of, 1n.1 altjirangamitjina; dreaming orthography use, 7 see also Talku (Wapiti), 23, 25, 28, 41 orthographies, Mission Thomas, N.W., 59 Orthography Tindale, Norman, 28 purpose of research, 4, 35 Tjalkabota, Moses, 23, 25, 26–27, relationship with Aranda people, 41, 45 24, 29, 30 Tjoritja, see Aranda; West spelling, vii, 10 MacDonnell Ranges study area, xxi, 37–38, 39 Tukura, 163–64, 353 use of Kempe’s orthography, tukutita, 52, 164, 209, 242, 263 107–8 Strehlow, Frieda (née Keysser), uniform orthography see 43–45, 48, 61 orthographies Strehlow, John, 108 Strehlow, T.G.H., xii, 5n.3, 24, 27, Virchow, R., 56 29, 49, 50, 311 AUPS orthography use, 127 Warlpiri, 246 family trees, 29 West MacDonnell Ranges (Tjoritja), language informants, 28 32, 38, 39, 108, 245, 273, 335 linguistic analysis, 114, 116, 118, Western Desert language (Eastern 121 and Central Arrernte, Pertame or Luritja, 40 Southern Arrernte, Luritja and phonetic orthography, 125, 128, Pitjantjatjara), 1n.1, 11, 17, 40, 130 see also orthographies, 50, 66, 70–73, 76n.8, 83–84, 99, Mission Orthography 126 abandonment of, 126, 130 Willshire, W.H., 102, 107 use of diacritics, 128 possession of Carl Strehlow’s dictionary manuscript, 48–49 spelling system, 7 unpublished dictionary, 66 Strehlow Research Centre, vii, xiv, 4, 30 subsection system, 38, 53–54, 154, 182, 235, 243, 248, 275, 285, 288, 289, 304, 306, 307 totem ancestors, 214, 242 totem gods, 163, 164, 217 totem place, 242, 338

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