Kampen Om Metaforen Forskningens Dynamikk Og Elevens Blikk

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Kampen Om Metaforen Forskningens Dynamikk Og Elevens Blikk NORMAU650 Erfaringsbasert masteroppgave i undervisning med fordypning i norsk Kampen om metaforen Forskningens dynamikk og elevens blikk Roar Ulvestad UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN Institutt for lingvistiske, litterære og estetiske studier Våren 2014 2 All life is a journey, not a home; it is a road, not the country; and those transient enjoyments which you have in this life, lawful in their way, — those incidental and evanescent pleasures which you may sip,—are not home; they are little inns only upon the road-side of life, where you are refreshed for a moment, that you may take again the pilgrim-staff and journey on. (Rev. John Cumming 1855: 392) I etappar Ja, visseleg er vegen tung og lang På vonbrot rik som livet vårt er stutt. Men over alt som hender på din gang, Skin livsens mål, og biar på deg trutt. Og jamt du fell, og módet sviktar tidt Og det gjer godt å kvila frå si bør, så ris du opp att, ber ditt hovud fritt, og skundar deg av stad som alltid før. Så styttest denne gangen litt og litt Åleine står du seinst ved attstengd dør (Steinn Steinnar 1960: 111) Life is a Journey (Lakoff og Johnson 1980) 3 Forord Takk til veileder Torodd Kinn som har vært et overflødighetshorn av gode og konstruktive kommentarer og bred fagkunnskap. Å rette opp små og store feil og arbeide med omskrivninger etter grundige og raske tilbakemeldinger på alt fra kommaregler til både mine egne og andres kognitive villfarelser har vært en god, lærerik og svært givende prosess. Takk til meg selv for hardt og målrettet og arbeid. Uten meg hadde jeg ikke klart det, selv om skoene ofte har føltes for store. Litt har vel føttene vokst underveis. Takk til avdøde Georg Johannesen for inspirerende bøker og foredrag på tidlig 90-tall. Hans tilnærming til språk og retorikk har fungert som en inspirasjon og verdi for mitt eget arbeid med språk. Livet ut minnet han sitt publikum og sine lesere om verdien av å se etter totaliteten i den sammenhengen som språklige ytringer går inn i. Hans begrep om totalretorikk der en ikke ser på retorikk som overtalelseskunst men personlig dannelse og selvomsorg har vært en drivkraft i hele arbeidsprosessen min, og den gule Rhetorica Norvegica har følgelig vært en trofast følgesvenn. Takk til min datter Kine som alltid er et inspirerende og tilgivende selskap med mange lure tanker. Takk til kjæreste Anne-Mari for støtte og utholdenhet med en fjern senåring. 4 INNHOLD 1. INNLEDNING ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.1. VALG AV TEMA ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. PROBLEMSTILLINGER ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.3. FORSKENDE LÆRER OG TEORI ............................................................................................................ 11 1.4. FORSKENDE LÆRER OG KUNNSKAPSUTVIKLING ...................................................................................... 12 1.5. REFERANSEUNIVERS, METAFOR OG SPRÅKLIG BEVISSTHET ....................................................................... 14 1.6. METODE ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2. KLASSISK METAFORTEORI ....................................................................................................... 16 2.1. INNLEDNING ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. ORDET METAFOR ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.3. METAFOREN OG ARISTOTELES ........................................................................................................... 18 3. METAFOREN OG FILOSOFIEN................................................................................................... 22 3.1. INNLEDNING ................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2. JACQUES DERRIDA, METAFOR OG HVIT MYTOLOGI................................................................................. 24 3.3. PAUL DE MAN, METAFOR OG GLEMSEL ............................................................................................... 27 3.4. KONSTRUKTIV DEKONSTRUKSJON? ..................................................................................................... 28 3.5. PAUL RICŒUR, METAFOR OG FØLELSER ............................................................................................... 30 3.6. DRØFTING AV FUNN I SPENNINGSFELTET METAFOR, FILOSOFI OG SPRÅKVITENSKAP .................................... 34 4. METAFOREN OG PSYKOLOGIEN ............................................................................................... 36 4.1. INNLEDNING ................................................................................................................................... 36 4.2. KOGNITIV METAFORTEORI OG SENTRALE SAMMENHENGER ..................................................................... 38 4.3. KOGNITIV METAFORTEORI, SANSING OG GRUNNLEGGENDE BEGREP.......................................................... 39 4.4. KOGNITIVE SÆRTILFELLER I FORSKNING OG LITTERATUR .......................................................................... 40 4.5. LOKALISERING AV HVERDAGSMETAFORER ............................................................................................ 41 4.6. KOGNITIV METAFORTEORI OG ELDRE BEGREP ....................................................................................... 42 4.7. KRITIKK AV KOGNITIV METAFORTEORI ................................................................................................. 44 4.8. KOGNITIV METAFORTEORI OG DISKURSANALYSE .................................................................................... 46 5. IDIOMATISKE UTTRYKK ........................................................................................................... 47 5.1. INNLEDNING OG AVGRENSING ........................................................................................................... 47 5.2. KOMPOSISJONALITET OG KONTEKST .................................................................................................... 48 5.3. UTTRYKK, LESEPROSESS OG KOGNISJON ............................................................................................... 50 5.4. AVGRENSING OG OPERASJONALISERING .............................................................................................. 51 5.5. IDIOM, METAFOR OG SJANGER ........................................................................................................... 52 5.6. FONOLOGISK MOTIVASJON ................................................................................................................ 52 5.7. OPPSUMMERING OG FREMBLIKK ........................................................................................................ 53 6. METAFOR, SJANGER OG METODISK TILNÆRMING ................................................................... 54 6.1 INNLEDNING .................................................................................................................................... 54 6.2. KRIG OG METAFOR .......................................................................................................................... 56 6.2.1. Innledning ............................................................................................................................ 56 6.2.2. Orientalismen og dødelige dualiteter .................................................................................. 57 6.2.3. Krig, språk og dehumanisering ............................................................................................ 58 5 6.2.4. Bli frisk med krig .................................................................................................................. 60 6.2.5. Krig er spill ........................................................................................................................... 60 6.2.6. Oppsummering .................................................................................................................... 61 6.3. SPORT OG METAFORER ..................................................................................................................... 61 6.3.1. Innledning ............................................................................................................................ 61 6.3.2. Sport og kultur ..................................................................................................................... 62 6.3.3. Sport er krig ......................................................................................................................... 62 6.3.4. Sport, krig og mandighet ..................................................................................................... 62 6.3.5. Kjønn, rase og hegemoniske tendenser ............................................................................... 63 6.3.6. Kunst og maskineri .............................................................................................................. 64 6.3.7. Sport og metafor, oppsummering ...................................................................................... 64 7. FELTARBEID ...........................................................................................................................
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