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WA/89/70 the Applied Geological BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TECHNICAL REPORT WA/89/70 Onshore Geology Series The applied geological mappingof the Dearham and Gilcrux area, Cumbria 1:lO 000 sheets NY 03NE and 13NW:Part of 150000 sheets 22 (Maryport) and 23 (Cockermouth) B Young and M Armstrong Cover illustration Old pillar-and-stall workings in the Ten Quarters Seam exposed in Oughterside Opencast Site Photo B Young Geographical index UK, England, Cumbria Subject index Land-use planning, thematic maps, Quaternary, Carboniferous, Permian, mineral resources, mining, engineering geology This study was commissionedby the Department of the Environ- ment, but the views expressed in it are not necessarily those of the Department Maps and diagrams in this report use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping Bibliographic reference Young, B, and Armstrong, M. 1989. The applied geological mapping of the Dearham and Gilcrux area, Cumbria. British Geological Survey Technical Report WAl89170. 0 NERC copyright 1989 Keyworth,Nottingham British Geological Survey 1989 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available through the Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Sales Desks at Keyworth and Murchison House, Edinburgh. a Plumtree (060 77) 6111 Telex 378173 BGSKEY G Selected items can be bought at theBGS London Information Fax 060 77-6602 Office, and orders are accepted here for all publications. The adjacent Geological Museum bookshop stocks the more popular Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA books for sale over the counter. Most BGS books and reports 031-667 1000 Telex 727343 SEISED G are listed in HMSO’s Sectional List 45, and can be bought from Fax s 031-668 2683 HMSO and through HMSO agents and retailers.Maps are listed in the BGS Map Catalogue and the Ordnance Survey’s London Information Office at the Geological Museum, Trade Catalogue, and can be bought from Ordnance Survey Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DE agents as well as from BGS. T 01-589 4090 Fax 01-584 8270 The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey T 01-938 9056157 of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the surrounding continental shelfl as well as its basic research 64 Gray’s Inn Road, London WClX 8NG projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid T 01-242 4531 Telex 262199 BGSCLR G in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Overseas Fax T 01-242 0835 Development Administration. 19 Grange Terrace, Edinburgh EH9 2LF The British Geological Survey is a component body of the s 031-667 1000 Telex 727343 SEISED G Natural Environment Research Council. St Just, 30 Pennsylvania Road, Exeter EX4 6BX T Exeter (0392) 78312 Bryn Eithyn Hall, Llanfarian,Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 4BY Aberystwyth (0970) 611038 Fax T 0970-624822 Windsor Court, Windsor Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HB 091-2817088 Fax * 091-2819016 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 20 College Gardens, Belfast BT9 6BS Belfast (0232) 666595 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB T Wallingford (0491) 38800 Telex 849365 HYDROL G Fax T 0491-25338 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU Swindon (0793) 411500 Telex 444293 ENVRE G Fax s 0793-411501 PREFACE Thisaccount describes the geology of the 1:lO 000 scalesheets NY03hJE and 13NW whichlie within the 150 000 geologicalsheets 22 (Maryport)and 23 (Cockermouth). The resurvey was commissioned by the Department of the Environment with a provision for 50 per cent of the funding. Thearea was firstsurveyed at the six-inch scaleby T V Holmes, R Russell sand J C Ward and published in 1890 and 1892 as Old Series One Inch Sheets 101NE and 101NW respectively. Some revision of Sheet lOlNW was carriedout by J G Goodchildand a new edition of this map was published in 1895. No explanatory memoirs were published foreither sheet. A resurvey of thearea was undertakenby T Eastwoodbetween 1922-26 and 1928-32. New Series geological sheet 22 (Maryport) was published in 1930; sheet 23 (Cockermouth) was published as a Solid edition in 1959 and a Drift edition in 1960. A descriptivememoir for the Maryport sheet was published in 1930 and f0r Cockermouth in 1968. A revision survey at the .1:10,000 scale was carried out in 1986- 87 by M Armstrong (NY03NE) and B Young (NY13NW) with D H Land and D V Frost as ProgrammeManagers. Palaeontological work was carriedout by P Brand and. mineralogical determinations by I Basham and P H A Nancarrow. We are grateful for much help and valuable information provided by British Coal, both the Opencast Executive and deep mines North-Western area, Bothel Limestone sand Co Ltd and numerous land owners. F G Larminie Director British Geological Survey July 1989 CONTENTS Figures Summary 1 1. Locationmap 2 2. Simplified geological map3 Introduction 4 3. Simplifiedpalaeogeography of theLower Geological histsay 7 Carboniferous6 4. IdealizedYoredale cyclothem 6 Lower Carboniferous Dinantian 7 - 5. Classification of LowerCarboniferous 8 Classification7 6. Generalizedvertical section of Lower Conditions of depositionand sedimentology 10 Carboniferous 9 Stratigraphy13 .- 7. Correlation of Fourth Limestone of the district UpperCarGoniferous - Namurian 15 with the Cockermouth, Caldbeck and northern Classification15 Pennine successions 12 Conditions of depositionand sedimentology 15 8.Generalized vertical section of Namurian 14 Stratigraphy 17 9. Generalizedvertical section of Westphalian 16 Upper Carboniferous- Westphalian 17 . 10. Idealized Coal Measurescyclothem 18 Classification 17 11. Horizontalsections 19 Conditions of depositionand sedimentology 17 12. Quaternarydeposits 20 Stratigraphy 15 13. Rockheadelevation 23 Permo-Triassic 21 14. Driftthickness 24 Classification2 1 Conditions of depositionand sedimentology 21 Stratigraphy 2 1 Tables Structure 21 1. Geologicalsuccession in Gilcrux and Dearham area 5 Mineralisation 22 2. Former collieries with a take within the Quaternary 25 district 28 Rockhead 25 Quaternarydeposits 25 Associated maps Karstfeatures 27 Maps at 1:25 000 scale Madeground and backfilled opencast sites 30 Structure contours Mineral resources and groundwater 30 Shallow coalworkings (in rear folder) Mineralisation Geological implications for land use planning 34 1 Gromd conditions 34 Thematic maps at 1:IO 000 scale (available Mining 36 separately from the report) Other features to be considered in Location of boreholesNY 03 NE & 13 NW development 37 and shafts Rockheadelevation NY 03 NE & 13 NW Conclusions 39 Driftthickness NENY03 & 13 NW References 40 Swallow holes NY 13 NW Appendix 1. Details ofLower Carboniferous Geological maps at I :IO 000 scale (available (Dinantian) stratigraphy. 42 separately from the report) The maps areoverprinted on Ordnance Survey Appendix 2. Details of Upper Carboniferous topographical bases andproduced for NY03 NW (Namurian) stratigraphy. 45 & 13 NW. Appendix 3. Details of Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) stratigraphy. 47 Appendix 4. Details of Permo-Triassic stratigraphy. 50 Appendix 5. Details of mineralisation. 50 Appendix 6. Logs of boreholes mentioned in thetext. 52 AppliedGeological Mapping sf Dearham and Gilcrux I SUMMARY domesticrefuse, covers only a verysmall part of the area. One of thekey objectives of theDepartment of the Environment'sthe Geological Mineraland Extensivecoal mining in the past now places PlanningResearch Programme is the collection restraintson planning and development of the a'nd interpretation of geological informationfor area of the Coal Measuresoutcrop. Subsidence land use planning purposes. fromdeep mining is likely to becomplete but that associatedwith collapse of old workings at Thisaim coincides with the objectives of the shallow depths is difficultto predict. Ancient NaturalEnvironment Research Council,who pillar and stall workings are often less than 30 rn throughthe British Geological Survey, encourage deep and some may be unrecorded. The positions and support research into earth sciences. of someold shaftsare uncertain. and many are The basic tool for suchresearch is a geological likely to have been left untreated or inadequately map. In West Cumbria the first geological survey treatedafter abandonment. The possiblepresence at a 6 inch scale was madein 1878 and revised of unrecordedshallow workings should be taken between 1922 and 1932. The geological accountinto before development any is informationrelating to thisarea was therefore contemplated in areassuch as those near the seriously out of dateand resurvey a was outcrop of coal seams and appropriatesite commissioned with the fundingshared between investigations carried aut. theDepartment of theEnvironment and the Some mudstoneformations in the Lower British Geological Survey. Carboniferous may exhibit bentonitic The geology, mineralresources andgeotechnical characteristics.These may requirethat special aspects of theDearham and Gilcrux areas are consideration is givento the assessment of reassessed using theresurveyed sheets NY 03 NE excavationand foundation conditions anyin and NY 13 NW. proposed development. Thispart of West Cumbria comprisesLower and The till andsand and gravels generally provide Upper Liddesdale Group, formerly known here as good foundationconditions. Other superficial Carboniferous Limestone (Asbian and Brigantian), depositssuch as made ground andalluvium are Hensingham Group,(Namurian) andLower, morevariable and possess weakerengineering Middle and Upper Coal Measures
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