DOCSLIB.ORG

Prospectus 3.1. Final

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prospectus 3.1. Final Voima Account Prospectus - Version 3.1 Voima Gold Oy Business ID: 2843889-9 Bulevardi 5 voimagold.com 00120, Helsinki 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 5 Glossary 6 Product Characteristics 9 Features of a Voima Account 9 Integrating Physical Gold into a Digital Application 9 Simple and Practical Way of Owning and Holding Physical gold 9 Safe Storage on Behalf of Clients 10 Liquidity 11 Environmental, Social and Governance Priciples (ESG) 12 Environmental 12 Social 13 Governance 14 Voima’s Chain of Integrity 15 Other Products 17 Company Information 19 Voima’s Purpose, Mission and Vision 19 History 19 Financial 21 Profitability 21 Financing 21 Management and Responsibilities 22 Operational Management 22 Advisory Board 24 Board of Directors 25 Shareholders 25 2 Accountants and Auditors 25 Fees and Other Costs 26 Trading 26 Storage 26 Bar Segregation 27 Withdrawal 27 Physical Delivery 27 Gold Deposit and Sourcing 27 Other Fees 28 Operational Management 29 Customer Management 29 Customer Support 29 Customer Data Handling 30 Cash Management 30 Gold Sourcing 33 Gold Trading 33 Funding the Voima Account 34 Placing an Order 34 Trade Settlement 34 Immediate Settlement 35 Delayed Settlement 35 Trade Confirmation 36 Transaction Failure or Cancellation 36 Voima’s Online Platform 36 Data Provider and Reference Price 36 Storage and Withdrawals 37 Safety 37 Voima’s Vault 37 Refinery Partners’ Gold Accounts 37 3 Withdrawal Practices 38 Voima Account Auditing 38 Vault and Account Audit 39 Assaying of Voima’s bars 40 Insurance Policy 40 Gold in Voima’s Vault 40 Gold in Transit 41 Gold at Refinery Partners 41 Reporting 41 Taxation 41 Compliance and Risk Management 43 Compliance & Ethics in General 43 Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism Policies 44 Customer Due Diligence (CDD) 45 Know Your Customer (KYC) 45 Regulatory Compliance 47 Data Protection Compliance 47 Preventing Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing 48 Risk Management 49 Physical Security Risks 49 Liquidity Risk 50 Market Risk 50 Counterparty Risk 51 Outsourcing Risk 51 Information Technology and Cybersecurity Risks 52 Operational Risk 52 Legal and Compliance Risk 53 Wind-Down Planning 53 General 53 4 Roles & Responsibility Areas During Wind-Down Process 54 Wind-Down Scenarios 55 The Wind-Down Process 55 Account Opening Manual 57 1st step - Opening an Individual Account 57 2hd step - Opening an Organization Account 57 3rd step - Transfer Funds to the Voima Account 58 4th step - Submit an Order 58 Disclamer 58 5 Introduction This document is a guide for Clients who are considering opening a Voima Account through Voima Gold Oy (hereinafter referred to as “Voima”). Voima Account is an account uniquely integrates physical gold into the digital world, without compromising the security and trust of a physical asset, or user experience enabled by the intelligent software. Voima Account is ideal for savings, and in the future for payments as well - making a “regular bank account” obsolete. A Voima Account consists of a Gold Account to store physical gold, and a Currency Account to hold fiat money. A Voima Account includes an online platform accessible through a web browser at voimagold.com or via a mobile application. When you use your Voima Account for buying gold you then hold real physical gold stored in Voima’s vault located in Finland, a country globally known for its high-levels of integrity and low-levels of corruption. Voima Account has been designed so that it combines the ease and flexibility of digital user experience and the advantage of physical gold ownership. A Voima Account enables simple, practical and versatile ways of holding physical gold . Risks have been stripped to bare minimum and benefits such as liquidity and safety have been endorsed to the fullest. This document is designed to explain Voima Account in detail for making the Client’s due diligence and decision making processes easier. You are strongly encouraged to read this document in its entirety before opening a Voima Account. Should you have any questions about Voima Account, or Voima itself, please do not hesitate to contact us. Form more information Voima Gold Oy Mailing Address Bulevardi 5, 00120 Helsinki Finland Bulevardi 5 A 86 [email protected] 00120 Helsinki +358 (0)9 612 1917 Finland 6 Glossary Definitions for the key terms used in this Document. Bar Segregation Clients can request their gold bars to be stored separately in Voima’s Helsinki Vault. This request is called bar segregation. Bar segregation specifies the bars which the Client owns on the Voima Account. Currency Account In this document, Currency Account refers to the side of the Client’s Voima Account to which the Client can deposit Fiat Currency. The Client can also withdraw Fiat Currency from the Currency Account. The Currency Account’s main purpose is to exchange Fiat Currency into gold stored on the Client’s Gold Account side of the Voima Account. Fiat Currency Means a central bank-issued currency established as the official currency of a nation by the government of that nation. Fiat Currency Holdings Means all Fiat Currency that you hold on your Currency Account. Fineness The gold content in a gold bar or gold material expressed in either percentages or promilles. Gold Account In this document, Gold Account refers to the side of the Client’s Voima Account to which the Client can buy gold, from which the Client can sell gold into Fiat Currency and on which the Client’s Gold Holdings are held and accounted. Additionally, Clients can make physical Gold Deposits to the Gold Account and request Gold Withdrawals from the Gold Account. Gold Deposit Depositing physical gold to Voima Account. Clients can deposit gold bars, coins, jewellery, mining doré bars and other gold material to their Voima Account. 7 Gold Holdings In this document, Gold Holdings refers to all gold held by the Clients on the Gold Accounts. All of the Gold Holdings are fully backed by physical gold. The majority of the Gold Holdings are stored in Voima’s Helsinki vault in immediate reserves which are in the form of serial numbered 100 grams and one-kilogram 999.9 Voima gold bars. A minority of the gold is held at Voima’s gold refinery partners’ gold accounts, due to liquidity reasons. Voima always holds at least 65 percent of the gold in immediate reserves, meaning that at least 65 percent of all Client Gold Holdings are held in the form of 100 grams and one-kilogram four nine Voima gold bars and doré bars stored in Voima’s Helsinki vault. Gold Sourcing Voima conducts responsible gold sourcing, meaning the acquisition of gold material, in order to provide liquidity and gold into Voima’s Ecosystem. Gold Withdrawal Withdrawing physical gold out of Voima Account. Good Delivery The London Bullion Market Association’s set of criteria that enable the global trade in gold and silver bars. The good delivery standards are currently the standard trusted around the world for precious metals trading. Investment Grade Gold Gold which meets the requirements set by the European Union in terms of purity, markings and shape. On the Voima Account, this means either 100g or 1 kg gold bars with a purity equal to 999.9 parts per thousand pure gold bars refined by Voima’s LBMA accredited refinery partners. London Bullion Market Association The London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) is an international trade association for the global over-the-counter (OTC) precious metals market. Members of the LBMA include, e.g., refiners, bullion banks, assayers as well as storage, and transport service providers. The LBMA is currently the world’s largest standard setting organization in the global gold market. London Bullion Market Though the London Bullion Market gold is internationally traded on a 24-hour basis, mainly through London, in OTC spot and forward transactions. Voima’s Refinery partners often trade spot gold through the London Bullion Market, and Voima uses the price set in the London Bullion Market for its transactions with Clients. 8 Physical Delivery See ‘Gold Withdrawal’. Purity See ‘Fineness’. Refinery A service provider whose business is to turn impure gold into pure gold and cast bars. Voima Account A Product combining both the Gold Account and the Currency Account as well as all other functions and services offered by Voima. Voima Account Auditing Auditing process that includes both calculating the amount of gold held in Voima Accounts, conducted by a third party auditor PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), and measuring the purity of Voima’s gold bars conducted by Eurofins Labtium which is a government accredited precious metals assayer. Voima’s Chain of Integrity Chain within Voima’s Ecosystem consisting of Voima’s trusted partners: Voima’s vault facilities, Voima’s online platform, Voima’s LBMA accredited partners such as refineries and logistics firms as well as the London bullion gold market. Voima’s Chain of Integrity includes a due diligence process that trusted partners will have to pass and includes inter alia, Voima ensuring and verifying that all gold is responsibly sourced, that gold held by Voima’s external logistics and refinery partners is real and that no criminal activities take place via Voima’s services. Voima’s Ecosystem Voima’s integrated system of customers, suppliers, LBMA accredited refineries, LBMA accredited logistics providers, the LBMA bullion market, auditors, and insurance underwriters. Wind-Down Plan A plan enabling a company to cease its activities and achieve cancellation of its regulatory permissions (if applicable) in an orderly manner, with minimal adverse impact on the company’s customers, counter-parties or the wider markets. 9 Product Characteristics Features of Voima Account Integrating Physical Gold into a Digital Application The functions of Voima Account are accessed via an online platform accessible through a web browser at app.voimagold.com or a mobile application.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Finnish CONNECTION the Saimaa Canal a Great Lakes Maritime Research Tour to the Baltic Sea Finds Many Shared Interests
    The Finnish CONNECTION The Saimaa Canal A Great Lakes maritime research tour to the Baltic Sea finds many shared interests The Great Lakes delegation to Finland included (from left) Stacey Carlson, Research Assistant, and Richard Stewart, Co-Director of the Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute; James Frost, Senior Consultant with Halifax-based CPCS Transcom; Adolf Ojard, Executive Director of the Duluth Seaway Port Authority; Craig Middlebrook, Deputy he Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea have Administrator of the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; and Dave Knight, Special Projects Manager a strong – and multi-dimensional - for the Great Lakes Commission. Tmaritime kinship.Both water bodies represent vital marine trade routes that helped define their respective regional economies and cultures. Both play strate - gic geopolitical roles on their respective con - tinents. The two share many physical similarities such as relative size, climate, hy - drography and topography. And both share a number of pressing environmental issues including ballast-borne invasive species, the threat of toxic spills, non-point source pol - lution and nutrient loading. Even the salinity difference is not as pro - nounced as many might think; while the Baltic is technically “brackish,” its salinity is much lower than ocean water and in some reaches with heavy tributary inflow Applied Sciences in Kotka, Finland, initially Centre of Finland and Kymenlaakson Uni - the water is almost as fresh as the Lakes. began sharing information in June of 2007 versity. Thus it was only natural that when two on project work Rytkönen has done in - Over a five-day period, the six-member maritime researchers met in 2007, one from volving vessel tracking and automated iden - Great Lakes delegation travelled from its the Baltic nation of Finland and the other tification system (AIS) technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Seatec International Maritime Review 2/2014
    International Maritime Review The French Connection Finnish companies are actively involved in building Oasis 3 Mein Schiff 3 First TUI cruiser delivered from STX’s Turku shipyard seatec.fi/magazine smm-hamburg.com 53° 33‘ 47“ N, 9° 58‘ hamburg 33“ E keeping the course 9 – 12 september 2014 HAMBURG the leading international maritime trade fair new in 2014: THE3-- THEMEDAYS SEPT fi nance day SEPT environmental protection day SEPT security and defence day SEPT offshore day SEPT recruiting day scan the QR code and view the trailer or visit smm-hamburg.com/trailer DNV GL In the maritime industry DNV GL is the world’s leading classification society and a recognized advisor for the maritime industry. We enhance safety, quality, energy efficiency and environmental performance of the global shipping industry – across all vessel types and offshore structures. We invest heavily in research and development to find solutions, together with the industry, that address strategic, operational or regulatory challenges. SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER editorial seatec 2/2014 COME TOGETHER PUBLISHER The Finnish marine cluster is certainly an interesting industry. Presently, PubliCo Oy it has been reported that the German shipyard Meyer Werft is looking Pälkäneentie 19 A FI-00510 Helsinki to buy the Turku shipyard from its South Korean owner, STX Europe. Finland According to the plans, also the State of the Finland would be involved Phone +358 9 686 6250 [email protected] in a small ownership role, helping to secure the deal. www.publico.com The Finnish marine cluster is finding other ways to cope in a brave new world, too.
    [Show full text]
  • Empower and Teollisuuden Voima Agree on Installation Work for Turbine Plants at Olkiluoto
    Apr 28, 2016 07:04 UTC Empower and Teollisuuden Voima agree on installation work for turbine plants at Olkiluoto Empower and Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) have signed a cooperation agreement for the installation of the high pressure drain forward pumping and feed water heaters at the renewable Olkiluoto 1 and Olkiluoto 2 plants located in Eurajoki, Finland. The contract is a significant indication of trust, as well as an opening for Empower’s Industry Service’s Project business line, further strengthening the long cooperation between TVO and Empower. The project consists essentially of component installation and piping welding work. Project work will be carried out during the maintenance outages in 2017 and 2018. Empower has a wealth of experience of similar work in Sweden. Through the TVO project the activities of this segment will also receive a significant boost in Finland. The portfolio of Empower’s Industry Service’s Project Business Line consists of various industrial installation, commissioning, refurbishment, transfer and dismantling projects, where the wide and diverse process know-how gathered in various industrial segments is utilized. Further information: Kari Ahonen, Project Portfolio Manager, Empower IN Oy, Tel. +358 50 5622 142 and Anders Öhrblad, Industry Services Project Business Line Manager, Empower AB, Tel. +46 7053 28522 Empower is a multinational service company that builds and maintains electricity and telecom networks, maintains factories and power plants and delivers information management systems and services to the energy sector. The company provides services in more than a hundred locations in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In 2015 the group`s turnover was EUR 340 million and it employs some 2,550 persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Public the Risk Reducing Effect of VTS in Finnish Waters Deliverable No. D WP6 5 01 Date
    Title Efficient, Safe and Sustainable Traffic at Sea Acronym EfficienSea Document Access: Public The Risk Reducing Effect of VTS in Finnish Waters Part A: The Risk Reducing Effect of VTS in Open Water Part B: The Risk Reducing Effect of VTS in Winter Navigation Deliverable No. D_WP6_5_01 Date: 21.10.2011 Contract No. 013 efficiensea.org Part-financed by the European Union Public DOCUMENT STATUS Authors Name Organisation Kati Westerlund Finnish Transport Agency Reviewing/Approval of report Name Organisation Signature Date Tommi Arola FTA Tuomas Martikainen FTA Document History Revision Date Organisatio Initials Revised Short description of n pages changes 1 19.11.2010 FTA First draft of Part A 2 30.11.2010 FTA Part A: Corrections, diagrams, additional text 3 31.03.2011 FTA Appendix 4 Part A: Additional statistics and text 4 06.04.2011 FTA First draft of Part B 5 05.07.2011 FTA Front page Combined two reports 6 21.10.2011 FTA Combined common parts of Part A and Part B. Combined the text ‘Background’ from both reports to the one single. efficiensea.org Part-financed by the European Union Public Abbreviations/Definitions AIS Automatic Identification System COLREG Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea CPA Closest Point of Approach DW Deep Water (Route) DWT Dead Weight Tonnes GOFREP The Mandatory Ship Reporting System in the Gulf of Finland OOW Officer of the Watch SRS Ship Reporting System TSS Traffic Separation Scheme TSZ Traffic Separation Zone VTS Vessel Traffic Service VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT; Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuslaitos until 1st December 2010) efficiensea.org Part-financed by the European Union Public TableofContents Abbreviations/Definitions .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Passion News 1 2018 Sivut.Cdr
    Aker Arctic Technology Inc Newsletter March 2018 Arctic PassionNews 1 / 2018 / 15 First luxury Arctic LNGs hipments icebreaking cruise commence vessel Page 10 Page 3 New Chinese polarr esearch vessel under construction Page 7 Aker Arctic Technology Inc Newsletter March 2018 In this issue Dear Reader, Page 2 From the Managing Activity in the global shipping and While you are reading this magazine, Director shipbuilding market continues to be at a LNG shipments are going at full pace Page 3 First luxury low ebb, as it also is in offshore activity from the Sabetta terminal. The operation icebreaking cruise related to the oil and gas industry. to bring these first-ever Arctic LNG vessel However, some new and remarkable carriers on line has been a success. things are happening with ships intended Not many major LNG production projects Page 6 Expert in adventure for use in icy conditions. have started on time and able to deliver expeditions The announcement in December by their planned capacity of LNG to the Page 7 New Chinese polar French cruise operator PONANT that market. So far, over a million tonnes of research vessel they are planning to build an icebreaking LNG has been loaded from Sabetta on under construction cruise vessel introduced a completely the first four arctic LNG carriers. This also Page 10 Arctic LNG new vessel type to the world. At the same demonstrates their capability to break shipments time, we revealed that we had been through the ice and bring results for commence working in close technical co-operation for Yamal LNG.
    [Show full text]
  • POHJOLAN VOIMA Annual Report 1999 CONTENTS
    POHJOLAN VOIMA Annual Report 1999 CONTENTS Key figures for the Group 1999 4 Company Structure, 1 April 2000 5 Production and services 6 Review by the President of Pohjolan Voima Oy 8 Review by the President of PVO-Palvelut Oy 10 Strategy outline 12 Pohjolan Voima, environment and society 14 Events in 1999 17 Production 18 Services 25 Environmental year 1999 32 Administration 34 Accounts for 1999 Review by the Board of Directors 36 Consolidated Profit and Loss Account 39 Consolidated Balance Sheet 40 Consolidated Cash Flow Statement 41 Profit and Loss Account of Parent Company 42 Parent Company Balance Sheet 43 Parent Company Cash Flow Statement 44 Accounting Policies 45 Notes to the Accounts 46 Notes to the Balance Sheet 48 Report of the Auditors 58 Information on Shares 59 Management 60 Adresses 62 The Annual General Meeting The Annual General Meeting of Pohjolan Voima Oy will be held on Thursday, 27 April 2000 at 10 am in Mikonkatu 15A, 00100 Helsinki. P o h j o l a n V o i m a 2 CHANGE IS AN OPPORTUNITY. CHANGING IS ESSENTIAL. OPERATING IDEA Ability and long-term commitment are re- As a whole, Pohjolan Voima will be de- The Pohjolan Voima Group is a privately- quired to ensure future operating conditions veloped into an international operator, able owned group of energy sector companies, in the energy field. to offer its shareholders and other customers which generates and purchases power In 1999, Pohjolan Voima’s energy gen- competitive energy solutions, through a wide and heat for the shareholders.
    [Show full text]
  • People. Passion . Power
    PEOPLE. PASSION. POWER. A Special Edition Generations People, passion, and power When you set out to write a book, you should always know why. Writing a book is a big job, especially when there is a big story to tell, like the one of innovation in ABB’s marine and ports business. When we decided to produce a spe- is our motivation, and the catalyst to cial edition of our annual publication growth in our industry. Generations, it was to acknowledge Though we live and work on the customers who have served as the leading edge, we recognise that our inspiration, to share the ABB spirit lessons learned along the way have of striving to learn, develop and innov- formed the foundation for ABB’s ate, but also to say thank you to the current success. By sharing these people who have worked to make our lessons, we hope to raise the under- success possible. standing of our unique approach to Innovation can be defined as marine and ports innovation. The mar- something original and more effective ine and ports segment also reflects and, as a consequence, something ABB’s corporate history, with its roots new that ‘breaks into’ the market. in the national industrial conglomer- Innovation can be viewed as the ap- ates of four countries, merging and plication of better solutions that meet emerging with the goal of becoming new requirements or market needs. ‘One ABB’. This is achieved through more effect- We hope you enjoy reading about ive products, processes, services, the remarkable people of ABB’s mar- technologies, and ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Sami Suodenjoki, Popular Songs As Vehicles for Political Imagination
    Sami Suodenjoki, Popular Songs as Vehicles for Political Imagination Sami SUODENJOKI POPULAR SONGS AS VEHICLES FOR POLITICAL IMAGINATION: The Russian Revolutions and the Finnish Civil War in Finnish Song Pamphlets, 1917–1918* The rule of rogues is now ended, as our country is ruled by the government of men, by the People’s Delegation, and therefore we rejoice! Yet a battle still lies before us until the hiding places, the nooks are empty, until the bourgeoisie, its rabble of villains, is disarmed and harmless. With these verses from “The Finnish Spring,” the songwriter David Lauri Leivo called workers to arms in March 1918, during the first deci- sive battles of the Finnish Civil War. The militant verses were included in a small collection of songs titled Lahtarikenraali Mannerheimin husaarit (The Hussars of Butcher-General Mannerheim). This eight-page pamphlet * The author acknowledges the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. 228 Ab Imperio, 2/2019 circulated in southern Finland, which was controlled by the socialist Red Guards.1 By means of moral polarization, mockery of the bourgeois enemy, and glorification of the proletarian struggle against oppression, the song pamphlet reflected and boosted the revolutionary mood among the Reds. Because the pamphlet marked out Leivo as a Red sympathizer, the question naturally arises of what happened to him when the Whites crushed the so- cialist revolutionaries only a month later. His verses also raise more general questions about the role of popular songs in revolutionary mobilization and political propaganda. In this article, I explore how printed songs published in 1917 and 1918 reflected and in turn affected the ongoing revolutionary situation and politi- cal imagination in Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement A: Treaties and Agreements
    Supplement A: Treaties and Agreements TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS The President of the Republic of Finland and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; Desiring further to develop friendly relations between the Repulic of Finland and the USSR; being convinced that the strengthening of good neighbourhood relations and cooperation between the Republic of Finland and the USSR lies in the interest of both countries; considering Finland's desire to remain outside the conflicting interests of the Great Powers; and Expressing their firm endeavour to collaborate towards the maintenance of international peace and security in accordance with the aims and principles of the United Nations Organization; have for this purpose agreed to conclude the present Treaty and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries: the President of the Republic of Finland: Mauna Pekkala, Prime Minister of the Republic of Finland; The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR: Vyacheslav Mihailovich Molotov, Vice-Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and Minister for Foreign Affairs, who, after exchange of their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following provisions: Article 1 In the eventuality of Finland, or the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, becoming the object of an armed attack by Germany or any State allied with the latter, Finland will, true to its obligations as an independent State, fight to repel the attack. Finland will in such cases use all its available forces for defending its territorial integrity by land, sea and air, and will do so within the frontiers of Finland in accordance with obligations defined in the present Treaty and, if necessary, with the assistance of, or jointly with, the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Sea Icebreaking Report 2016-2017
    BALTIC ICEBREAKING MANAGEMENT Baltic Sea Icebreaking Report 2016-2017 1 Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Overview of the icebreaking season (2016-2017) and its effect on the maritime transport system in the Baltic Sea region ........................................................................................................................................ 4 3. Accidents and incidents in sea ice ......................................................................................................... 10 4. Winter Navigation Research .................................................................................................................. 10 5. Costs of Icebreaking services in the Baltic Sea ...................................................................................... 10 6.1 Finland ................................................................................................................................................. 10 6.2 Sweden ................................................................................................................................................ 10 6.3 Russia ................................................................................................................................................... 11 6.4. Estonia ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Finland Under Swedish Rule from the 12Th Century Until 1809, the Area of Modern-Day Finland Was Part of Sweden
    FINLAND’S MILITARY HISTORY FROM THE 12TH TO THE 21ST CENTURIES 1100–1809: Finland under Swedish rule From the 12th century until 1809, the area of modern-day Finland was part of Sweden. In the 17th century Sweden grew into a great power, and Finnish soldiers fought as far away as Central Europe. The Finnish cavalry men’s battle cry of ‘Hakkaa päälle’ (‘Cut them down’) became famous and they started to become known as the Hakkapeliittas. The Finnish War 1808–1809: Finland becomes part of Russia In 1808–1809 Sweden and Russia went to war as part of Napoleon's wars throughout Europe, which led to Sweden losing the area which is now Finland to Russia. Finland became an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, with its own conscript army from 1881 to 1901. 1917–1918: Finland becomes independent and descends into civil war Finland became independent from Russia, which was undergoing a revolution, on 6 December 1917. Following this, a bloody civil war broke out in Finland between government forces – the Whites – and the insurgent Red Guards. The Germans supported the government forces and the Finnish Jaegers, who had been trained in Germany, formed part of the White Army, whilst Soviet Russia supported the Reds. For the Whites, the war was a war of liberation from Russia, and it lasted until May 1918. In the battles and prison camps of the war, almost 30,000 Finns died. Thanks to their superior leadership and troops, the Whites won the war. The Winter War 1939–1940: Finland defends itself against the Soviet Union Between 30 November 1939 and 13 March 1940, Finland fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union, which had attacked Finland in the course of the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Navigation in the Baltic
    Copernicus Sentinels’ Products Economic Value: A Case Study of Winter Navigation in the Baltic September 2015 Case Study of Winter Navigation in the Baltic Client: ESA Client Representative : Alessandra Tassa Date of Report: 30th September 2015 Version: Final Authors: EARSC: Geoff Sawyer, Ariane Dubost, The Greenland: Marc de Vries, Iris van de Kerk Version Date Change Draft 12th June 2015 First Issue Draft 2 31st July 2015 Comments from Alessandra Tassa at interim review Comments received from Interviewees. Update to economic assessment including ranges. Draft Final 31st August 2015 Executive Summary plus reviewers’ comments. Final 30th September This activity was undertaken under a programme of, and funded by, the European Space Agency (ESA) (Contract Number 4000113261/15/I-LG). The views expressed in this publication are those of the Authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency. Page 2 September 2015 Case Study of Winter Navigation in the Baltic Table of Contents: 1 Introduction and Scope ......................................................................................................................... 6 2 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 8 3 Description of the Case ....................................................................................................................... 10 4 Ice Breaking in Finland .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]