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INDEX

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Accius 118 duties 58 agricultural science 369 Achaea/Achaeans 16, 17, 93, 96, election 57 Antonine era 367–70 202, 240, 449 plebeian 55, 58 centuriation 368 Achaean League 94 Aedui (people) 148, 260 cultivated areas, expansion of Achaemenid Empire 431, 453 Aegates Islands 74 369 Achaeus (slave) 114 Aelian 431–2 estates/holdings 108, 369, Achilleus 475 Aelianus, Casperius 321 508 Acragas (Agrigentum) 16 Aemilianus 461 impact of imperialism on 108 Actium 169, 170, 188, 189, 190, Aeneas 21, 24 intensive farming 369 193, 222, 244 Aequi (people) 43 late Empire 447, 450, 451, Adherbal of Numidia 124 aerarium militare 231, 463–4 507–8 Adiabene 325, 411, 426 Aetolians 82, 94, 107, 449–50 manuals 317 adiutores 286 Africa organization 370 adlectio 274 Africa Proconsularis 446, 466, prehistoric Italy 8 administration 476, 497, 505 property rights 47, 53 Antonine 350–1 African and Syrian provincial 370 Augustan 197–203, 237–43, emperors 405–35 rural economy 63 360, 361 Circumcellio movement 516–17 sharecropping 369 bureaucratic 488, 502, 512 economy 447 stockbreeding 109, 441, 508 central 488–90 late Empire 446–7, 466 subsistence economy 63, 196 Constantine and 479 religion in 400 viticulture 108 Domitian and 307–8 COPYRIGHTEDRomanization 198–9 MATERIALAgrigentum 67, 74, 77, 114 Flavian 311 see also individual kingdoms Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 165, Hadrian and 337, 350 and provinces 215 Julio-Claudians and 285–7 ager Campanus 79 and Octavian–Augustus 221, provincial 197–203, 229, ager Gallicus 66 222, 224, 245, 255 239–43, 286–7, 302–3, 494 ager publicus 44, 53, 57, 112 in Germania 203–4 Severi and 424 ager Romanus 29, 44 Agrippina (wife of Domitius Trajan and 329, 354 ager Solonius 44 Ahenobarbus and Claudius) see also magistrates Agri Decumates 309 265, 266, 271, 272 aediles 48, 55, 443, 499 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius 304, 308 Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus curule aedileships 58 agriculture Domitius 101, 266 618 INDEX

Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius Ancus Marcius 25 Aphrodite (deity) 5 154 Ancyra (Ankara) 192 Apollinaris, Sidonius 388 Aix-en-Provence 517 Andriscus (Asian mercenary) 96 Apollo (deity) 71, 117, 130, 184, Aksoum 454 Andronicus, Livius 70, 118 193, 250, 268, 281 Alani (people) 438, 453, 555, animals Sosianus 195 556 beast shows 83, 107, 173, 176, Apollodorus of Damascus 363 Alaric 438, 553, 556 177, 244, 246, 248, 266, Apollonius of Molon 140 Alba 7, 21, 44 364, 392–3, 394 apotheosis 264, 279–80, 535 Albertini tablets 508 exposure to 393 see also imperial cult Albinus, Clodius 411, 414 sacrifi ces 37, 44, 57, 83, 105, Appian of Alexandria 320, 363 Albinus, Spurius 125 171, 317, 339, 528 Apuleius 355 album senatorium 56, 57 war booty 107, 173 Apuli (people) 7 alchemy 525 Annales 43, 118 Apulia 18 Alemanni (people) 426, 431, 453, Annii (family) 277 Apulum 358 459, 461, 462, 465, 469, annona 422, 443, 490, 495, 506 Aquae Sextiae 126 470, 475, 484, 552 Antibes xxxi Aquileia 487 Alexander of Aphrodisias (the Antinous (slave) 333–4 Aquilius, Manius 101, 115, 128 Exegete) 434 Antioch 190, 360, 380, 415, 451, Aquitani (people) 200 Alexander of Emesa 191 462, 487, 518, 531 Aquitania 356 Alexander the Great 67, 90, 146, Antiochus III, king of Syria 94 Ara Maxima Herculis 14 209, 250, 430 Antiochus XIII, king of Syria 142 Ara Pacis Augustae 219, 220, Alexander, Severus 429–31, 432, Antium 7, 33 220, 300 455 Antonine Constitution (212 ce) Arabia 233, 324, 415, 452 Alexander, Tiberius 293 425 Arabs 204 Alexandria 154, 165, 167, 169, Antonine Empire 319–403 Arausio 175 190, 202, 293, 360, 426, army 376–82 Arbogast 552 433, 434, 451, 518, 531 dynastic policy 321 Arcadian legends 5, 21 Augustus and 242 eastern/Greek Empire 359–64 archaeology xxix, 21, 23 donations of Alexandria 166 genealogy 341 Archelaus 128, 191 and the Julio-Claudians 265 golden age 320 Archimedes 79 trade 373 Italo-provincial emperors architecture alimenta 354 321–50 Christian 518, 542–3 Allectus 475 Italy in decline 350–4 Etruscan 11–12 Allobroges (people) 101, 144 Mediterranean economy provinces 365 alphabet 366–73 Rome 195–6, 238, 240, 303, Etruscan 12 religious life 394–403 307, 352, 416, 518, 543 Roman 264 spectacles 382–94 Archytas 18 Alpine provinces 204, 242, 356, western/Latin Empire 354–9 Ardashir (Artaxerxes) 431, 453 447, 448 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Ardea 45, 51 Ambrose, St 541 Antoninus) 339–41, 342, Arianism 480, 482, 537, 539, Ammianus Marcellinus 530, 547, 347 540 551 Antonius, Lucius 163, 164 Aricia 45, 50, 51 Ammonius Saccas 434 Antonius, Marcus see Mark Ariminum (Rimini) 66 amphitheaters 82 Antony Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia Ampurias xxxi Antyllus, Marcus 190 128 Amyntas 191 Apamea 362 Ariovistus, king of the Suebi 149 Anatolia 302, 361, 362, 450–1 Apennines 7 Aristides, Aelius 320, 363, 364 Ancona 6 Aphrodisias 190 Aristobulus of Syria 143 INDEX 619 aristocracy see nobiles strategy and tactics 65, 379–80 augurs 36, 37 Aristonicus 101 strengths 66 Augustine, St 517, 536, 541 Armenia 129, 166, 190, 302, training 380 Augustus (Octavian) 32, 235, 361 453, 482 veterans 231, 418, 464 administration of the Empire Antonines and 325, 336, 344 vexillationes 377, 417, 418, 197–203, 237–43, 360, 361 and Augustus 234 492, 493, 494 assumption of title Armenia Minor 202 weaknesses 381–2 “Augustus” 216 Arminius 233, 236 weapons 65 Augustan ideology 193, 193–4, army see also navy 219–20 allocation of troops 231–2, Arnobius 540–1 Caesar’s heir 160 233, 381 Arretium (Arezzo) 66 death 208 Antonine era 376–82 Arria (mother and daughter) 278 divine lineage 214, 272 Augustan era 230–7, 373 Arrian of Nicomedia 363 dynastic principle 271-–2 auxiliary units 231, 232, 233, Arrius, Titus Aurelius Fulvius eastern campaigns 190–2 377, 378, 418, 492 Antoninus Boionius 339 family of 220–1, 223 barbarian volunteers 492 art family origins 213 cavalry 491, 492 Christian 541–3 foreign policy 275 centurions 378, 418 Etruscan 10–11 imperial cult 279, 397 Christian soldiers 495 Hellenization of 68–71 imposition of order in Italy conquests and peacemaking Jewish 534–5 196–7 operations 233–6 pagan 530–1 institutional position 213 Constantine and 479, 493–4 Artaban 453 invasion of Egypt 190 Diocletian and 476, 492–3 Arval Brethren 37, 184, 250, 395 military policy 230–7 fi nancial burden 381, 463, 490 Arverni (people) 101 parentage 160 Flavians and 303–4, 311, 316 Asculum (Ascoli) 131 patron–client relationships 194 gentiles (temporary troops) 492 Asia 202, 476, 497 personal power, establishment imperial bodyguard 232, 494 see also individual kingdoms of 214–15 Julio-Claudians and 278–9 and provinces political ideas 219 land grants and pensions 231 Asiatic Vespers 132 pontifex maximus 217, 394 late Empire 491–6 Asklepius/Aesculapius (deity) 71 public building projects 195–6, legions, legionaries 65, 80, 231, Assyria 337 238, 240, 245, 250 232, 233, 253, 376–7, 378, astrology 420 refusal of permanent consulship 381, 421, 492 astronomy 363 217 length of service 379 Astures (people) 234 relations with the Senate military treatises 495–6 Athanasius, St 540 225–6, 272–3 offi cers 377, 493 Athena (deity) 37 religious offi ces 184 pay 311, 418, 424, 427, 492, Athenaeus of Naucratis 434 religious policy 249–54, 394–5 495 Athenion 115 Res Gestae 192, 208 permanent 231, 373 Athens 17, 30, 128, 315, 333, rise to imperial power 192, praetorians 232 363, 449, 469 214–16 professionalization 123–4 Atilii (family) 52, 64 Second Triumvirate 162–9 provincial recruits 316, 351 Attalus I–III, kings of Pergamum self-representation 184, 194 recruitment 123, 231, 316, 100, 101 settlement of 23 bce 217 377–9, 418, 492, 495 Attica 450 shows and games 218, 243–9, republican 123–4 Atticus, Herodes 363, 450 267 role of 495 Attila 554, 556 succession 254–6 Roman garrison 376 auctoritas 254 tribunician power 217 Severi and 417–18, 424, 427 Augst 200 triumphs 244 620 INDEX

Augustus (Octavian) (continued) Blacas Onyx Cameo 272 funeral rites 71 victory at Actium 169, 170, Blemmyes (people) 205, 454, grave goods 23 189 467, 475 Iron Age xxxii wealth 214 Bocchus, king of Mauretania 125, proto-historic Italy 7, 23 Aurelian 469, 505–6 129, 199 tomb paintings 11 Aurelius, Lucius Aelius 347 Boeotia 95, 128, 360, 362, 450 Burrus, Afranius 270 Aurelius, Victor 530 Boii (people) 5, 51 Byzacena 497 Aureolus 469 Boniface 556 Byzantine Empire 555 Ausculum 67 Bonosus 470 Byzantium 303, 394, 410, 438, Ausoni (people) 7 Bordeaux 356 472 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 512, Boudicca 270, 275 530 Bovillae 44 Cadiz xxx auspices 37, 57, 106, 249, 395 Brennus 51 Caecilian 537 Autun 356, 531 Britain 203 Caecus, Appius Claudius (the Antonines and 340, 344, 349, Blind) 56 Ba’al (deity) 365, 398, 400 357 Caepio, Quintus Servilius 126 Babylon 325, 415, 454 Antoninus’ Wall 340, 379, 493 Caere 12, 13, 53, 66 Bacchanalia 118 economic development 357, Caesar, Gaius 224, 255 Bacchus (deity) 39, 365 446 Caesar, Julius see Julius Caesar Badian, E. 91 Flavians and 304, 305, 308 Caesar, Lucius 224, 255 Baetica 240, 242, 280, 323, 354, Hadrian’s Wall 338, 349, 379, Caesar, Lucius Aelius 339, 342 355 493 Caesar, Lucius Julius 140 Bagaudes 475, 516 Julio-Claudians and 265, 275, Caesariensis 265 Balbinus 459 280 Caesarion (son of Julius Caesar) Balbus, Lucius Cornelius 233 Julius Caesar and 150, 203 154, 155, 166, 169, 190, 191 Balearic islands 101 late Empire 446, 453 calendars Balkans 103, 450 Octavian–Augustus and 203 festival 383 Balts (people) 205 Romanization 365, 366 Julian 157 barbarian threat 461–3, 465–6, Severi and 416–17, 423 liturgical 33, 34, 35, 38 469, 470, 475, 484, 548, Britannicus 265, 266, 270, 295 Calends 37 550–1, 552, 553, 555, 556 bronze liver of Placentia Calgacus 308 see also individual peoples (Piacenza) 9, 10 Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Basil, St 536, 539, 540 Brundisium, treaty of (40 bce) Germanicus) 226, 261, Bassianus, Julius 408 164, 165, 221 262–3, 271–2, 278 Bassianus (Marcus Aurelius Bruttii, Bruttians (people) 7, 77, dynastic policy 272–3 Antoninus) see Caracalla 79 eccentricity 263 Bastarnae (people) 213, 236 Brutus, Decimus 161 foreign policy 275 Batavia 297 Brutus, Decimus Junius 84 imperial absolutism 274 Bedriacum 292, 303 Brutus, Lucius Junius 32, 43 and the imperial cult 280–1 Beirut 190, 451 Brutus, Marcus Junius 157, 158, relationship with the Senate Belgae (people) 148, 149 159–60, 162 274 Belgica 356, 448 Buddhism 454 triumphs 385 Berbers xxx, 233, 454 Burebistas, king of Dacia 157 Callistus (freedman) 286 Berenice 296 Burgundii (people) 470, 556 Calpurnii Pisones (family) 277 Bestia, Lucius Calpurnius 124 burials Calvinus, Gaius Sextius 101 Béziers 200 catacombs 518, 534, 542, 543 Camillus, M. Furius 51 Bithynia 128, 144, 202, 240, Etruscan 9, 10, 12, 12, 13, 14 Campania, Campanians 7, 52, 303, 450–1 female 23 64, 65, 351 INDEX 621

gladiatorial combats 83, 84 Carthago Nova (Cartagena) 74, Ceres (deity) 28, 35, 39, 71, 173, late Empire 443, 446 80 250 and the Punic Wars 77, 78, Carus 470 Cerialis, Quintus Petilius 297, 79 Cassius, Avidius 344, 347, 354, 304 Roman–Campanian state, 364 Chaeronea 128 formation of 52, 63 Cassius Dio Chalcedon, Chalcidians 16 slave revolt 114–15 on Augustus 221, 275 chariot races 171–2, 271, 385, trade 51 on Caracalla 423, 425 387–9, 489 Campus Martius 105, 133, 134, on Commodus 349 Charondas 47 171, 173, 177, 178, 195, on Domitian 296 Chatti (people) 236, 309, 344 209, 238, 245, 307 on Hadrian 333–4 Cherusci (people) 236 Cannae 77, 84, 85 on Julius Caesar 158 Chester 305, 338 Cantabri (people) 234 on Pertinax 407 children Capitol 34, 35, 36, 51, 294, 307 on Punic Wars 73 abandonment 179–80 Capitoline geese 64 on Septimius Severus 411, 414, infant mortality 181–2 Capitoline Hill 24 416 China 205 Capitoline Triad 36, 365, 397 on the Severi 434 Chios 450 Cappadocia 128, 129, 202, 302, on Tiberius 261 Chones (people) 5, 7 451 on Trajan 323–4 Christians, Christianity Caprarius, Gaius Metellus 103 Cassius Longinus, Gaius 157, cenobitism 539 Capri 261 158, 159–60, 162 Christian practice 538–9 Capua 18, 52, 67, 77, 78, 79, 85, Cassius, Spurius 45 Christian–pagan relations 526, 177, 446 Cassivellaunus, king of the 555 Caracalla (Bassianus/Marcus Catuvellauni 150 church organization 538 Aurelius Antoninus) 408, Castle Sant’Angelo 334 clergy 516 415, 416, 419, 420, 423–6, Castor see Dioscuri cursus honorum 539 432 catacombs 518, 534, 542, 543 doctrinal development 536–8 administration 424 Catana 16, 355 ecumenical councils 480, 527, and the army 424 Catilina, Lucius Sergius 144 537, 538, 557 Edict of Caracalla 425 Catiline conspiracy 144–5, 179 heresies and schisms 348, 480, ﬁ scal measures 424–5 Cato the Elder 95, 98, 119, 145 537–8 frontier defense 425–6 Cato the Younger 145, 152, 155 Jesus and his disciples 281–3 Carausius 475 Catullus 179 and the Jews 283–4, 535, 536, Carbo, Gnaeus 125 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius 137 539 Carinus 470, 473 Caudex, Appius Claudius 74 literature and art 434, 539–43 Carnuntum 408 Caudine Forks 52 monasticism 539 Carpi (people) 460, 461, 475 Celeia (Celje) 358 persecutions by 535, 539 Carthage 365, 433, 447, 521 Celtiberians xxxi persecutions of 317, 347–8, and the Etruscans 53 Celto-Ligurians xxxi 382, 393–4, 433, 459, 461, fall of 93, 98–9 Celts 5–6 462, 464, 469, 476–7, 480, foundation 73 Cenomani (people) 5 495, 529, 539 navy 73 censors, censorship 56, 57, 274 rise of 281–3 Punic Wars 68 duties 57 and the Roman state 284 Roman colony 198–9 election 57 Second Coming ideology 284 Roman–Carthaginian treaties plebeian eligibility to ofﬁ ce 55 spread of 348, 433, 441, 513, 53 census 29, 30, 57 518 trade xxx, 73, 371 centuriae 30, 31, 58, 59 Chrysogonus 134 see also Punic Wars Cephallenia 92 Chrystomos see Dio of Prusa 622 INDEX

Cicero 48, 127, 135, 142, 158, castes 512 Cologne 357, 380, 462 169, 176 elites 512–14 colonies 287, 312–13 on animal spectacles 177 lower strata 516–17 Colosseum 302, 383, 392 and the Catiline conspiracy middle class 514–16 Colossus of Barletta 531 144–5 nobiles 32, 110, 277–8, 513 Columella, Lucius Iunius on Cato 152, 155 Claudian 530, 553 Moderatus 317 death of 162, 211 Claudius, Appius 59 Comanus (slave) 114 and the First Triumvirate 147, Claudius II (Gothicus) 469 Comazon, Valerius 430 148 Claudius (Tiberius Claudius comedy, Roman 18, 118 on gladiators 83 Drusus Nero Germanicus) comitatus 494 and Octavian 161 226, 263–5, 266, 278–9, comitia oratory 134, 183 300, 362 Augustan era 227 Philippics 161, 183 administration 285, 286, 287 centuriata 30, 31, 48, 57, 58–9 on the Senate 59 deiﬁ cation 279 curiata 58 Cilicia 103, 142, 203, 302 dynastic policy 272–3 tributa 57, 59 Cimbri (people) 125, 175, 451 foreign policy 275 Commagene 202, 302 Cinna, Lucius Cornelius 133 and the imperial cult 280 commerce see trade Circumcellians 516–17 principal events in reign 265 Commodian 541 Circus Flaminius 245 relationship with the Senate Commodius, Lucius Aurelius Circus Maximus 171, 172, 177, 274–5 348–50, 406, 407, 419 195, 245, 383, 387–8 Clausus, Attius 56 administration 349–50 Cisalpine Gaul 6, 75, 77, 79, Cleisthenes 30 madness 349 132, 351, 446 Clement of Alexandria 434 principal events of reign citizenship clementia 216 348–9 allies 130, 131 Cleon (slave) 114 and religion 349, 395 in the early Republic 58 Cleopatra 105, 154, 155, 165, Commodius, Lucius Ceionius see enlargement 131–2 166, 167, 169, 190, 191, 194 Lucius Verus foreign citizens 224 clientes 31, 132 Commodus (son of Marcus and judicial matters 47–8 Cloaca Maxima 27, 28 Aurelius) 345 Latins 130, 131 Clodia 179 concilium plebis 46, 59 military rights and duties 30 Clodius, Publius 147, 150 consilium principis 239, 489 personal and social rights 47, Code of Theodosius 557 Constans 481, 482 130 coinage, currency Constantine I (Constantine the political rights 29–30 Antonine 321, 340, 396 Great) 472, 477–81, 478, provinces 157, 287, 355, 364, Augustan 300 483, 487, 513 425, 441 bronze 64, 65, 463, 476 Arch of Constantine 534 residence and wealth Carthaginian 93 chronology 481 qualiﬁ cations 29–30 devaluation 424–5 founding of Constantinople Servian social organization Diocletian reforms 476, 506 480 29–30 dynastic ideology 272 genealogy 480 status 48 gold 425, 463, 476, 505, 506 and the imperial cult 527 civil wars late Empire 463, 505–6 and the military 493–4 49–46 bce 154–5 metals xxix monetary system 506 Flavian era 293–4 origins of 64, 65 reforms of 479 late empire 463 silver 64, 65, 93, 425, 476, religious policy 479–80 Civilis, G. Iulius 297 505 succession 481 civitates 243, 499 Vespasian 300 Constantine II (the Younger) 481, class, social Colchester 280, 357 482, 484 INDEX 623

Constantinople 498, 520, 530, Crete, Cretans 16, 203, 215, 240, Augustus and 236 543, 551 451 Flavians and 305, 309 founding of 480 crime 47, 48, 509 late Empire 448, 453 Nika riot (532 ce) 385, 489 death penalty 48 peoples of 204 Constantius Chlorus 473, 475, mass combats as executions see also individual peoples and 476, 476, 477, 478 393 provinces Constantius II 482, 513, 526, penal justice 243 De Sanctis, G. 91 527, 547, 548 public executions 248, 393 Dea Dia (deity) 37 Constantius III 555, 556 Crispus 480 debts and debtors 48, 53, 64, 86 consuls 44 Critolaus 96 Decebalus, king of Dacia 324, collegiality 49, 50 Crixus (slave) 138 326 criminal jurisdiction 48 Croton 16, 67 decemvirs 46–9 election 57 Ctesiphon 204, 415, 470, 475 college of 46–7 functions 228 Cuicil (Djemila) 354–5 leges Valeriae-Horatiae 48–9 imperium domi militiaeque cuisine 118 twelve tables of law 46, 48 57–8 cultural imperialism 248 Decius, emperor 461, 464 plebeian 45, 46, 49, 53 culture see architecture; art; decrees 422 provincial governorships literature; religion; society; defensor plebis 550 241–2 spectacles defensor senatus 550 sovereignty, renunciation of 49 Cumae, Cumaeans 16, 32, 43, 44, deities suffecti (deputy consuls) 227, 446 Capitoline Triad 36 228 Curia Julia 192, 195, 214 Etruscan 9 Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius 265, curiae 29, 58 Greek/eastern 71, 72 270 curiales 499, 515, 548, 550 Romanization of local 365 Cordoba 356 Curio, Marcus Scribonius 151, see also religion; and named Corﬁ nium 131 152 deities Corinth Canal 270 cursus honorum 58, 135, 141, Delos 95, 109, 114 Corinth, Corinthians 16, 93, 361, 227, 228, 239, 315, 489–90 Delphi 95 362, 450 cursus publicus 548 Demeter (deity) 39, 71 sack of Corinth 96, 98 curule seat 55 of Henna 114 Corioli 51 Cybele (deity) 119, 280, 339, Dentatus, M. Curius 64, 66, 70, correctores 470 400, 401, 402 173 Corsica 198, 355 Cyclades 95, 432 Diadumenianus 426 Cosa 66, 446 Cynoscephalae 92, 94 Diaeus 96 Cotta, Marcus Aurelius 128–9 Cyprian, St 464, 540 Diana (deity) 37 Cottian Alps 236, 270 Cyprus 203, 240, 451 dictators, dictatorship 8, 49, 55, Cottius, king 236 Cyrenaica 103, 203, 215, 240, 56–7 Cotys, king of Thrace 201 325, 451 plebeian eligibility for 55 Crassus, Marcus Licinius 137, Cyrene 215 sovereign power 56 138, 139, 141, 204, 213–14, Cyzicus 410 time limitation 56 236 Dio Chrysostom (Dio of Prus) First Triumvirate 145–50 Dacia, Dacians 309, 324, 326–7, 328, 363, 368, 396 Crassus, Marcus Licinius 340, 358, 449, 459 dioceses 476, 497 (grandson) 201 Dalmatia 236, 242, 244, 358, Diocles (charioteer) 388 Crassus, Publius Licinius 101, 449 Diocletian 470, 472, 473–7, 497, 113 Dalmatius 481–2 513 cremation 7, 22 Danube basin administration 488 Cremona 75 Antonines and 345, 358–9 army reforms 476, 492–3 624 INDEX

Diocletian (continued) economy Epidaurus 71 chronology 477 Antonine 366–73 epigraphy xxviii and the imperial cult 527 barbarian workers 508 Epirus 67, 95 monetary reform 476, 506 in crisis 463–4, 465 epulones 37 palace of 475, 532 eastern Empire 362–3 equestrian order see equites Diodorus Siculus 46, 53, 73, 119, economic imperialism 95 equites 110, 170, 225, 226, 198 Italian economic decline 316, 228–30, 274 Diogenes Laertius of Cilicia 351, 443 Antonines and 329, 339, 347 434 late Empire 441–2, 443–4, ascendancy 421, 441, 514 Dionysius of Alexandria 466 447–8, 450–2, 505–9, 510, Augustus and 170, 229–30, Dionysius of Halicarnassus xxvii, 555 237 5, 29, 32 Mediterranean 366–73 equo publico 110 Dionysus (deity) 39 recovery (late Empire) 505–9, political power 110 Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) 18, 521 posts reserved for 229–30 35, 37, 43 rural 63 privileges 228–9 divorce 180–1 Edessa 426 property qualiﬁ cation 228 Dodekaschoenos 233 Edict of Caracalla 425 Severi and 421 Domitia (wife of Domitian) 306 Edict of Milan 480 wearing the angusticlave 225, Domitian (Titus Flavius edicts 242–3, 422 228 Domitianus) 293, 296–7, Edicts of Cyrene 243 Esquiline 23 305–7, 309, 310, 386–7 education 517, 525–6 Ethiopians 233 absolutism 309–11 Egypt 92, 154, 166, 167, 340, Etruria, Etruscans 6, 7, 24, 64, Christian persecutions 317 475 351 damnatio memoriae 305, 306 annexation 169, 190 architecture 11–12 dynastic policy 301 Antonine administration 361 art 10–11 provincial administration Augustan administration 202, city-states 8 307–8 229, 242 culture 8–13 public building projects 307 economy 452 decline of 66, 446 triumphs 307, 385 Egyptian cults 249–50, 301, defeat at Cumae 44 tyranny 305–6 333, 398–9, 400 Etruscan Rome 25, 26–33 Domitius Alexander 479 late Empire 449, 452, 466 Etruscan–Roman frontier Domitius Domitianus 475 prefectship of 229 disputes 45 Domus Aurea 267, 270, 281, Severi and 415 expulsion of the Tarquins 17, 301 Elagabalus (Varius Avitus 32, 43, 45 domus divina (divine house) 301 Bassianus) 427–9, 430, 432 federated cities 66 Domus Flavia 307, 317 Elah-Gabal (deity) 427 and gladiators 83 Donatism 480, 517, 537, 541, Eleusis, mysteries of 409, 467, government 8 551 548 magistrates 8, 44 Drepanum 74 Emerita Augusta (Mérida) 198, origins 77 Druids xxxii, 265, 280, 398 199, 235 patrician society 9 Drusilla (sister of Caligula) 280 Emesa 426, 427, 451 religion 9 Drusus 236, 253, 256, 260, 261 Empire see Roman Empire ritual processions 104 Drusus, Marcus Livius 103, 131 Ennius 18, 118 royal authority 8 Duilius, C. 74 Ephesus 450 technical skills 9 Dumézil, G. 25, 35 Epicharmus 18 towns 8 Dura-Europus 325, 344, 433, Epictetus 317 trade 51 451, 534, 542 Epicureanism 119, 183, 212, 221, Euboea 450 duumviri 315, 499 526 Eugenius 529, 552 INDEX 625

Eumenes I and II, kings of military policy 311, 316 Fulvius, Marcus 70 Pergamum 94, 100 municipal life 311–15 funeral games 83, 84, 87 Eunous (slave) 114 provincial reorganization funerals 104 Eusebius, St 482, 539–40, 547 302–3, 307–8 Furii (people) 64 Eutropius 541, 553 restoration of peace 297–8 Furius, Lucius 51 Evander 21 social changes 315–17 evocatio 51 see also Domitian; Galba; Otho; Gabinius, Aulus 141, 142, 143 Titus; Vespasian; Vitellius Gaetuli (people) xxxi, 205, 233 Fabii (family) 44, 55 Flavus (tribune) 158 Galatia 128, 144, 202, 234, 302, Fabius Pictor 21, 24 Flora (deity) 173 451 Falerii (Cività Castellana) 44 Florus (historian) 108, 175, 211, Galba, Servius Sulpicius 291–2, Faliscans (people) 8, 24 355 294, 322, 449 family (familia) Florus, Gessius 297 Galen 363, 423 household composition 182 Florus, Iulius 260 Galerius 473, 475, 476, 478, parent–child relations 182 foederatae 66 479, 480 paternal authority 47, 181 Fordicidia 35 Galla Placidia 552, 555 fasces 8, 104, 105 Fortuna (deity) 28, 37, 70, 117 Gallienus 462, 467, 469, 491, fasti consulares 43, 46, 49 Forum 23, 28, 241, 442, 556 492 Fathers of the Church 394, 541 Arch of Constantine 434 Gallus, Aelius 233 Faunus (deity) 34, 35 Arch of Titus 298, 299 Gallus, Claudius Cornelius Faunus, king of the aborigines 21 Augustan era 238 (prefect of Egypt) 233 Felsina (Bologna) 6, 7, 51, 196 as place of worship 33–4 Gallus, Cornelius 183, 190 festivals (feriae) 171 Regia 33 Gallus (cousin of Constantius II) fetiales 37, 184, 250 Republican 116 482 Fidenae 51 temples 28 games (ludi) 171 Finns 205 Forum Boarium (livestock market) Actian Games 246 fi scus 23, 70, 71, 84 Antonine era 383–4 Alexandrinus 303 Forum Julium 157, 195 Augustan era 243–9 Asiaticus 303 Forum Nervae 307 beast shows 173 Caesaris 286 Franks 453, 461, 465, 469, 470, chariot racing 171–2, 385, Judaicus 298, 303 475, 508, 548, 556 387–9 Flaccus, Fulvius 101 freedmen 56, 86, 111 elite performers, novelties, fl amines 25, 37, 301, 527, 538 clienteles 111 oddities 246 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius 94, prisoners of war 105 expansion of 383 107, 253 Fréjus 200 festival games 171 Flavians 289–317 Frentani (people) 7 funeral games 83, 84, 87 administrative policy 311 frontiers Games of Mars 244 dynastic policy 301 administrative 354 Greek games in Rome 173–4, economic reorganization 303 defense 379–80, 418, 425–6, 246–7, 386–7 expeditions and peacemaking 455, 493–4, 494 locations and facilities 245–6 operations 304, 308–9 disputes 44–5 naumachia 178 fi nancial reorganization 303 reinforcements 303–5 Nero and 269, 270 genealogy 295 Frontinus, Sextus Julius 304 politicization 170–1, 176, 177, imperial authority, restoration Fronto, Marcus Cornelius 342, 247, 384 of 298–300 355 provincial 384 imperial defenses 303–4 Fufl uns (deity) 37 sea fi ghts 245 imperial frontiers, reinforcement Fulvia (wife of Mark Antony) seating and social order 245–6 of 303–5 163, 164 Secular Games 218, 244–5 626 INDEX games (ludi) (continued) and Tiberius 260 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius spectators 384–5 Upper Germania 357, 447 112 symbolic value 247 see also individual peoples grain supplies and distribution theatrical performances 171 Germanicus, Nero Claudius 227, 229–30, 250, 275, 286, 293, votive games 176 256, 260, 263, 276, 279 307, 441 see also gladiators, gladiatorial Gerraei (people) 204 Gratian 527, 529, 535, 552 games; Olympic Games Geta, Lucius Septimius 408, 415, Great Cameo of France 272, 281 Garamantes (people) xxxi, 205, 416, 423–4 Greece, Greeks 233, 304, 454 Getae (people) 213, 236, 470 and art 68–71 Gauda of Numidia 125 Gildo 553 client state 94 Gaul Glabrio, M. Acilius 94, 129, 142 colonization in Italy and Sicily Antonines and 356 gladiators, gladiatorial games 69, xxx, 16–18 Aquitania 356, 447 82–7, 389–92 cultural infl uences 18, 68–71 Belgica 356, 447 Antonine era 389–92 rebellion and submission of 96, Celtic Gaul 200 Augustus and 244 98 civitates 243 Caesar and 178 religion 333 conquest of (58–51 bce) combats 390–2 trade xxi 148–50 decline of 394 see also Magna Graecia Gallia Comata 148 eastern Empire 364, 394 Gregory of Nazianzus, St 536, Gallia Narbonensis 101 equipment 175, 389–90 540 invasions of Roman territory fame and wealth 174, 175 Gregory of Nyssa, St 540 51, 66 life-or-death decisions 247–8, Grumentum 131 late Empire 447–8 390–1 guilds 373 Lugdunensis 356, 447 military metaphor 82–3, 85, material prosperity 356, 447 86, 174, 175 Hadria (Atri) 66 religion in 398, 399–400 origins 71, 82, 83–4 Hadrian (Publius Aelius Romanization of 52, 200 ownership of 85 Hadrianus) 322, 330–9, 342, Senonian Gauls 66 professional performers 174–5 347, 387 southern xxi, 101, 240 Roman attitudes to 86–7 accession 330 Transalpine Gaul 148, 161, slaves 385, 391 administration of 337, 350 164, 200 social status 85, 86, 174, 175 authoritarianism 334 urban development 356 training 85–6, 178, 248, 391 character 332–4 Gaza 327 volunteers, dilettantes, females conquests 337 Gela 16 391–2 early career 330, 332 Gellius, Aulus 95, 118 see also games; spectacles genealogy 326 Gemma Augustea 272 Glaucia, Gaius 127 journeys through the Empire Genius (deity) 35 Gnosticism 466, 518 334, 337 gens, gentes 29, 31, 42, 44, 47, Gordian I 459 legislative acts 337 110 Gordian II 459 principal events of his reign German wars 103, 125–6 Gordian III 459, 460, 464 335–7, 396 Germania, Germani (people) Goths 453, 460, 461, 462, 465, and religion 395 203–4, 555 469, 470, 537, 551, 552 Halstatt civilization xxxi–xxxii Antonines and 321, 345, 357 government see administration; Hamilcar Barca 74, 75 Augustus and 236 institutions Hannibal 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 82, Flavians and 304, 305, 309 Gracchi (family) 111–14 85, 92 late Empire 447, 453, 455, 463 Gracchus, Gaius 111, 112, 113, Hanno 78 Lower Germania 357, 447 122, 130, 174 haruspices 39, 280 Severi and 429 Gracchus, Tiberius 111, 112–13 Hasdrubal 74, 79–80 INDEX 627

Hatra 415 Ides 37 domestic 370 Helena, St 477, 483, 543 Iguvium (Gubbio) 6 late Empire 447, 450, 451 Hellenization Illyria/Illyricum 92, 95, 200, 242, manufacturing 371, 508–9 of art 68–71 469 mines and quarries 370, 371, of literature 70 Illyrian emperors 438, 467, 473 447, 450, 451 of the provinces 197–8 imperator 81 see also trade of religion 34, 35, 71–2, imperial absolutism 309–11, informers 261 118–19 421–2, 473, 486, 487–8, 502 Ingenuus, governor of Pannonia Helverii (people) 148 imperial cult 250–3, 397–8, 488 462 Henna 114 Antonines and 397–8 inscriptions xxviii Hera of Argos (deity) 71 Augustus and 248, 249, 250–3 institutions Herculaneum 316 dead emperors 279–80, 397 imperial power 487–8, 489–90 Hercules/Herakles (deity) 21, 37, eastern origins 250, 253 people’s assemblies 58–9 365, 396, 432 establishment 251–2, 253–4 reorganization 485–502 Hermes (deity) 37 Flavians 310 republican 56–60, 211 Hernici (people) 45 Jovian theology of the Senate 59–60 Herod of Judaea 191 Principate 397 see also magistrates Herodian 426, 429, 433–4 Julio-Claudians and 279–81 Insubres 5 Herodotus 5, 18, 452 late Empire 527 interrex 56, 57 Hierapolis 361 popularity of 398 Ireland 203 Hiero II, king of Syracuse 74, 77 provincial and municipal Irenaeus 434 Hilarus, Gaius Crispinus 182 397–8 Iron Ages xxxi–xxxii Hilary of Poitiers, St 540 Roman national origins 253 Ischia 16 Hippolytus of Rome 430, 434 Severi and 420 Isis (deity) 400, 401, 402, 432 Holleaux, M. 91 imperial etiquette 487–8, 548 Itali (people) 5, 7 Holy Roman Empire 557 imperial household 488 Italia 68 homo novus 125, 196 imperial ideology 272 Italian peninsula xxx homo Romanus 328 imperial insignia 487 Italica 356 Honorius 394, 553, 556 imperialism 91–120 Italo-Provincial emperors see Horace 33, 170, 183, 193, 221 conscious 93, 95–103, 97 (map) Antonine Empire Horatius, Marcus 44, 48 cultural consequences 115–20 Italy Hortensius 183 defensive 91, 92, 93–5, 99, 379 Antonine administration 350–1 Horus (deity) 400 economic 95, 99 Augustan administration 239, housing construction 17, 115 economic, social, and political 350 humiles 56, 59 consequences 107–15 before Rome 3–18 Huns 548, 551, 553 Roman understanding of 91, in decline 316, 350–4, 424, Hygea (deity) 71 92–3 443, 497 Hyrcanus of Judaea 143, 144 imperium 46, 49, 55, 91, 103, iuridici 443, 470 106 late Empire 443–4, 498–9 Iamblichus 528, 529 imperium domi militiaeque 57–8, municipal life 498–9 Iapygians (people) 7 59 rebellion in 459 Iazyges (people) 345, 346, 453, inauguration 36 reconquest of (211–206 bce) 475 India 205 78–80 Iberian peninsula xxx–xxxi, Indo-European invasions regional divisions 239, 350 355–6, 447, 466 xxxi–xxxii, 5, 7 itinerants 516 see also individual provinces industry Iulus Ascanius 21, 139 Ibero-Ligurians xxi Antonine era 370–1 ius imaginum 49 Icelus (freedman) 291 crafts 451, 508, 516 ius Italicum 313 628 INDEX

Janiculum 44, 133 Julio-Claudians 221, 257–87 Laco, Cornelius 291 Jerome, St 541 administration 285–7 Laconians 16 Jerusalem 143–4, 242, 263, 281, dynastic principle 271–2 Lactantius 492, 541 284, 296, 298, 452, 543 foreign policy 275–6 Lady of Vix xxxii Jesus and his disciples 281–3 and the imperial cult 279–81 Laelius 118 Jewish War 297–8 and the military 278–9 Laevinus, Marcus Valerius 79 Jews 281–3, 325, 386 monarchical model 273 land ownership 367, 508 and Christians 283–4, 535, opposition to 275–8 land allotments to soldiers 536, 539 see also Caligula; Claudius; 127 diaspora 282, 283–4, 454, 533 Nero; Tiberius reforms 112, 113, 303 Jewish revolt (66–70 ce) 284, Julius Caesar 142, 145, 151, 192, see also ager publicus 297 399 language Jewish revolt (114–115 ce) 325 assassination of 32, 157–8, 159 Etruscan 12, 196 Judaism 533–5 biography 153 Greek 70, 196, 354 Pharisees 283, 533 confl ict and war with Pompey Indo-European 8 Sadducees 283 150–4 Latin 8, 196, 198, 352, 354, sects 283, 536 conquest of Gaul 52, 148–50 365, 467, 557 Talmud 533 conquests 156 (map) Osco-Umbrian 6 Zealots 283 crossing the Rubicon 152 prehistoric Italy 8 see also Judaea deifi cation 184, 214, 253, 279 Punic 365 John Chrysostom, St 536, 540 dictatorship 154, 155, 157–8 Lanuvium 44 Josephus, Flavius 283, 298, 380, First Triumvirate 145–50 Laodicea 190, 361, 410, 411 386 and kingship 158, 169 Lares (deities) 35 Jotapian 461 public building projects 157, 195 Larissa 95 Jovian 549–50 public honors 158 Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium Juba II, king of Mauretania 199, rise of 139–41, 142 32, 43 233 senatorial reforms 157 latifundia 111, 112, 196 Jucundus, Lucius Caecilius xxix spectacle, use of 177–8 Latin League 21, 43, 45, 50, 52 Judaea 202, 234, 265, 270, 296, triumphs of 106, 150, 177–8 Latinii (people) 7, 24, 43, 45 297–8, 451–2 Junii Silani (family) 277 Latinus, king of Latium 24 Judaism 533–5 Juno (deity) 36 Latium 7, 18, 23, 44, 50–1, 52, Jugurtha of Numidia 103, 105, Moneta 64 114, 443 124–5, 130 Uni 51 Lavinia (daughter of Aeneas) 24 Julia Augusta see Livia Drusilla Jupiter Capitolinus, temple of 28, Lavinium 7, 18, 21 Julia (daughter of Augustus/wife 70, 105, 297 law and justice of Marcellus, Agrippa, Jupiter (deity) 25, 35, 44, 105 Antonine 337, 339, 352 Tiberius) 165, 221, 224, 255 Dolichenus 432 Code of Theodosius 491 Julia (daughter of Caesar/wife of Optimus Maximus 36, 397 eastern schools 363, 434 Pompey) 146, 150, 167, 178 justice see law and justice late Empire 491 Julia Domna 419, 420, 423, 424, Justin 99, 347 see also crime; lex 427, 434 Justinian 385 lectio senatus 81 Julia Maesa 423, 429 Juthungi (people) 469 Lentulus, Publius Cornelius 144, Julia Mamaea 427, 429, 430, 431 Juvenal 306, 381, 382, 388 173 Julia Soaemias 427, 429 Leontini 16 Julian the Apostate (Flavius Kore (deity) 71 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius 137, Claudius Julianus) 484, 526, 159, 161, 162–3, 165 527, 529, 547–9, 549 La Tène civilization xxxii, 51 Leptis Magna 313, 409, 415, Julianus, Marcus Didius 407, 410 La Turbie 236 421, 432 INDEX 629 lex Livy 28, 29, 30, 31, 64, 83, 92, Macedonia 93, 95, 96, 161, 201, in the early Republic 47–8 119, 131 240, 449, 450 leges Valeriae-Horatiae 48–9 on the early Republic 43, 53 Macedonian Wars lex Calpurnia 110 on foundation of Rome 21, First (215–205 bce) 77, 82, 92 lex Claudia 108 23–4 Second (200–196 bce) 92, 94 lex de imperio 58, 259 on Octavian–Augustus 216 Third (171–168 bce) 94–5 lex de imperio Vespasiani and Punic Wars 73, 75, 79, 84 Macer, Clodius 270 299–300 on spectacle 171, 173 MacMullen, R. 366, 394, 401 lex Julia 131 on triumphs 104 Macrianus 464 lex maiestas 261 Locri 16, 18, 67 Macrinus, Marcus Opellius 426, lex Manciana 303 Locrians 16 426–7 lex Plautia Papiria 131 London 357, 371 Macro, Quintus Naevius Cordus lex rogata 48 Longinus, Lucius Cassius 126 Sutorius 262, 278 lex Titia 162 Longus of Lesbos 363 Macrobius, Ambrosius lex Valeria 135 Luca (Lucca) 150 Theodosius 530 oral law 47 Lucan 155 Maeatae (people) 416 Sulla’s reforms 136 Lucania, Lucani (people) 7, 66, Maecenas 170, 211, 221–2 talionic law 47 67, 77, 79 Maghreb xxv, xxvi twelve tables 47 Lucian of Samosata 363 magical beliefs 525–6 Libanius 525, 528, 529 Lucilius 118 magister equitum 56, 159 Liber Pater (deity) 37 Lucilla 348 magistrates liberti see freedmen Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 31, Augustan era 227 Libo, M. Scribonius Drusus 32, 43 cursus honorum 58, 135, 141, 259–60 Lucius Verus (Lucius Ceionius 227, 228, 239, 315, 489–90 Licinio-Sextian plebiscite 53 Commodus) 339, 344, 346, in the early Republic 43, 56–8 Licinius, Flavius Valerius 480 347 Flavian era 315 Licinius, Gaius 53, 55 Lucretia 32 late Empire 499 Licinius the Younger 481 Lucretius 119 nominatio and commendatio lictors 58 Lucullus, Lucius Licinius 118, 227 life expectancy 181 128, 129 unelected 56–7 Ligures 5 ludi see games see also aediles; censors; Liguria/Ligurians xxxi, 79, 101 Ludovisi sarcophagus 468 consuls; praetors; quaestors; limes 304, 305, 309, 379, 380, Lugdunensis 356 tribunes 381, 493 see also Lyons Magna Graecia 17, 18, 32, 47, see also frontiers Lupercal 70 52, 56, 67, 69, 71, 196 Limoges 356 Lupercalia (February 15) 25, 34, Magnentius 482 Lingones (people) 5, 297 35, 158 Mago 80 Lipari islands 74 Luperci 37, 395 Mainz 357 literature Lupercus (deity) 34 Maison Carrée, Nîmes 255, 256 Christian 434 Lusitania 243, 292, 355, 466 Majorca 101 Greek infl uences 18 lustration 171 Mallius, Gnaeus 126 Hellenization of 70 lustrum 57 Malta, Phoenicians in 14 Latin 118, 355 Lutetia 356 Mamertines (people) 73 pagan 529–30 luxury 118, 119, 373 mandates 242, 422 Livia Drusilla (Julia Lycia–Pamphylia 286, 302, 451 Mani 454 Augusta) 221, 259, 260, Lyons 200, 354, 356, 363, 371, Manicheans 477 264, 279, 280 411, 414 Manilius, Gaius 142 Livius Andronicus 18 Lyons Tablet 265, 274 Manlius, Lucius 144 630 INDEX

Manlius, Tiberius 51, 78 Massinissa, king of Numidia 80, Milan 473, 487, 518–19, 552 Marcellus (centurion) 477 98 military service Marcellus, Marcus Claudius 221, Mastarna see Servius Tullius property qualiﬁ cation 65, 123 224, 255 Mater Matuta (deity) 70 rights and duties 30, 65, 123, Marcia (concubine) 349 Maternus, Firmicus 349, 400 231 Marcomanni (people) 236, 309, Maures (people) 454 volunteers 123, 231 345, 346, 348, 462, 469, 548 Mauretania 199, 263, 265, 340, see also army Marcus Aurelius (Marcus Annius 446, 466 Millo (head of garrison at Verus) 182, 320, 339, Maxentius 478, 479 Tarentum) 67 341–8, 343, 395 Maximian 473, 475, 476, 477, Milo, Titus Annius 148, 150 administration 347–8, 350–1 479, 495, 521 Miltiades, Pope 480 column of 320, 347 Maximinus (theologian) 537 Milvian Bridge, battle of (312 ce) early life 342 Maximinus Daia (Galerius 479–80 Meditations 341, 352 Valerius Maximinus) 479, Minerva (deity) 35, 36, 37, 38 military career 125, 344–7 480 Misenum 233, 261, 377, 446 relations with the Senate 347 Maximinus Thrax 459, 460 Misenum, treaty of (39 bce) 164, and religion 348 Maximus, Quintus Fabius 79, 165 Maritime Alps 236 101 missio 84, 85 see also Alpine provinces Maximus of Tyre 363 Mithras (deity) 317, 402, 432 Marius, Gaius 124 Mazdaism 431, 453 Mithridates VI Eupator 127–9, army reforms 123 Mazzarino, S. 281 132, 133, 137, 140, 142 consulship 125, 126 medicine 363, 424 Modestinus (jurist) 430 decline of 126–7, 129, 133 Mediolanum (Milan) 75 Moesia 236, 286, 309, 359, 449, and Julius Caesar 140 Mediterranean peninsulas and 461 military career 124, 125, 126, civilizations xxx–xxxii Mommsen, Theodor 91 133 Megara Hyblaea 16 monasticism 539 Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) Megareans 16 Monophysitism 538, 557 152, 159, 160, 161, 213, 221 Melania the Younger 512 Montanism 348, 433 and Caesar’s death 159–60 Melpum (Milan) 7 Morgates (people) 5, 7 defeat at Actium 189 Melqart (deity) 37, 365, 396, 432 Morini (people) 200 “orientalization” 167, 184, Menrva (deity) 37 mosaics 521, 521, 525, 531, 534, 200–1, 398 Mercury (deity) 13, 28, 37 542 Parthian campaigns 166 Mérida 356, 447 Mount Eryx 5 Second Triumvirate 162–70 Meroe 205, 454 Mucianus, C. Lucinius 293, 296, suicide 169, 190 Mesopotamia 337, 414, 415, 297 marriage 180–1, 182, 222 431, 482 Mummius, Lucius 96 divorce 180–1 Messalina 264, 265, 286 munera 71, 84, 176, 177, 247 dowry 180 Messapians (people) 7 munera legitima 248 legal prohibitions 48 Messina 74, 114 municipal life Mars (deity) 21, 24, 25, 35 Metapontum 16, 77 cursus honorum 315 Ultor 195, 250 Metella, Caecilia 132 eastern Empire 360–1 Vesontius 399 Metelli (family) 124 Flavian era 311–15 Marseilles xxx Metellus Delmaticus, Gaius 103 institutions 313, 315 Marsi (people) 7, 8, 77, 131 Metellus, Lucius Caecilius 173 judiciary districts 313 Martial 317, 388 Metellus, Quintus Caecilius 96, late Empire 498–9, 517–21 Maruccini (people) 77 101, 125, 127 local Senates 315 Marullus (tribune) 158 Metz 356 municipal elites 110 Massilia (Marseilles) 101 Micipsa, king of Numidia 124 municipia 312, 499 INDEX 631

peregrine cities 312, 315 principal events of his reign olive tree cultivation 16–17, 108, suburbs 517 270 447, 507 urban defenses 517 relationship with the Senate Olympic Games 174, 193, 387 urban poor 108, 111, 127, 321 274–5 Olympus (councilor) 555 municipia 53, 287, 312 religious policies 280 Oppius, Gaius 119 Murena, Lucius Licinius 128 Nero, Tiberius Claudius see Ops (deity) 250 Mus, Publius Decius 52 Tiberius Optatus of Milevis 517, 537 Musulamii (people) 233 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius 306, optimates 113–14, 129, 131 Mutina (Modena) 161 311, 321–2 Orange 200, 201 Mycenaeans xxx Nestorianism 538 oratory 183 Mylae (Milazzo) 74 Nestor’s cup 16 ordo salutationis 515 Nicaea 410 Orestes 557 Nabataeans 204, 327, 360 Nice xxxi Origen 430, 434, 539 Nabis of Sparta 94 Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia Orosius 541 Naevius 18, 118 128 Orpheus (deity) 71 Naples 446 Nicomedes IV, king of Bithynia Orphism 71, 119 Narbo Martius (Narbonne) 101 128 Osci (people) 7 Narbonensis 243, 316, 447, 448 Nicomedia 361, 473, 487 Osroëni (people) 411, 433 Narbonne 253, 371 Nicopolis 193, 202, 246–7, 361 Ossius of Cordoba 480 Narcissus (freedman) 286 Niger, Gaius Pescennius 347, 409, Ostia 52, 133, 157, 264, 316, Narses, king of Persia 475 411 323, 368, 498 Nasamones (people) 205, 233 Nisibis 475 ostraca xxix national identity construction 52 Nobades (people) 454 Ostrogoths 553 Naucratis 202 nobiles 32, 110, 277, 513 Otho (Marcus Salvius) 292–3, Naulochus 166, 170, 222 see also patricians 294 naumachia 178, 245 Nobilior, Marcus Fulvius 107, ovatio 106 navy 173, 174 Ovid 183, 250, 389 at Actium 189 Nola 208 late Empire 492 Nones 37 Pacatian 461 length of service 379 Noricum 236, 354, 358, 449 Pachomius, St 539 naval ports 377 Nubia 205, 233 Pacuvius 18, 118 permanent 233 Numa Pompilius 18, 24, 25, 37 Paeligni (people) 77 and the Punic Wars 74, 75 numen 253–4, 279 Paestum 67, 70 recruitment 378 Numerian 470 Paetus, Caecina 278 triumphus navalis 106 Numidia 124–5, 198, 415, 446, Paetus, Thrasea 274–5, 278 Naxos 16 466, 505 paganism 526–33 negotiatores 95, 110 Nyon 200 art 530–1 neo-Platonism 434, 526, 529, diversity of 527–9 539, 547 Octavia (sister of Augustus/wife of intellectual works 529–30 Nepos 557 Mark Antony) 164, 165, 166, persecution of 527–9, 552 Nero 266–70, 292, 294, 295, 386 167, 221 pagi 499 adopted by Claudius 265 Octavian see Augustus Palatine death of 270, 278, 290, 406 Octavius, Marcus 112 Augustan era 238 dynastic policy 272 Odaenathus 462, 466, 467 as cradle of Rome 24 foreign policy 275–6 Odoacer 557 early settlements 21, 23, 25 and the imperial cult 280–1 Oenotri (people) 5, 7 Pales (deity) 24, 35 and the military 279 Ogulnii (family) 64, 70 Pallas (freedman) 286 personality of 267, 269 Olbia 466 Palma 101 632 INDEX

Palmyra 426, 451, 462, 467, Perseus, king of Macedon 92, concilium plebis 46, 59 469 94–5, 107 in the early Republic 43–4, 45, Panaetius of Rhodes 119 Persia/Persians 430–1, 453–4, 46 Pannonia xxxi, 236, 242, 309, 455, 461, 463, 465, 470, political agitation 45, 46, 56 346, 358–9, 407, 449, 462 482, 551 secessio 46 Paphlagonia 128, 144, 202 Pertinax, Publius Helvius 347, “struggle of the orders” 43, 46, Paphos 361 407, 408, 409, 419 49 Papinian (jurist) 421, 423, 434 Perusine war 164, 165, 222 tribunes of the plebs 46 Papirii (people) 64 Petelia 71 plebiscites 49, 53, 56 papyri xxviii Peter, St 284 Pliny the Elder 28, 205, 267 Parilia (Palilia) 25, 35 Petra 327 Pliny the Younger 286, 324, 368, Parthia/Parthians 150, 157, 163, Pharnaces 154 369 204, 326 Pharsalus 154 and Domitian 306 Parthian wars 270, 325, 327, Pharusi (people) 205 on spectacles 389 344–5, 414–15, 426 Philetaerus, king of Pergamum on Trajan 324, 327, 328, 397 pater familias 221 100 Plotina (wife of Trajan) 330 Patras 202, 361, 450 Philinos (historian) 73 Plotinus 434, 467, 529 patricians 31, 513 Philip the Arab 460–1 Plutarch 18, 94, 118, 127, 157, consular appointments 49 Philip V, king of Macedon 82, 165, 317, 363 decline of old patriciate 55 92, 94, 107 on Marius 127, 133 formation 45 Philo of Byblos 363 on Otho 292 patrician–plebeian rivalry 46, Philodemus of Gadara 183, 212 on Rome’s legendary 53, 55 philosophy 119, 434 foundation 24 “struggle of the orders” 43, 46, see also individual schools on Sulla 130, 132, 176 84 Philostratus of Athens 363, 434 on triumphs 104 see also nobiles Phocaeans xxx, xxxi Po valley 5, 6, 7, 14, 469 patrimonium 303, 422 Phocis 450 poetry patrons 31 Phoenicians xxx, xxi 4, 14–16 Christian 541 Paul, St 284 Phraates IV, king of Parthia 234 epic 70 Paul (jurist) 430 Piceni (people) 6, 8 pagan 530 Paulus, Lucius Aemilius 95, 107 Picenum 136 Roman 18, 118, 183 Pausanius 363 Pictor, Fabius 73 Poitiers 356 pax Augusta 238 Picts (people) 453 police 488 Peace of Phoinike (205 bce) 82 pietas 216, 397 Pollentia 101 Pelasgi (people) 5 Piganiol, A. 555 Pollux see Dioscuri Peloponnese 450 piracy 103, 165, 467 Polybius 49, 53, 55, 66, 96, 98, Penates (deities) 35 Pisidia 361 118 “peoples of the sea” xxxi Pisistratid tyrants 17, 32 on Magna Graecia 16 peregrine cities 312, 313, 315 Piso, Gaius Calpurnus 260, 270, on Punic Wars 73, 74 federated 312 278 on Roman imperialism 91 free 312 Placentia 75 on triumphs 104, 107 stipendiary 312 Platonism 18 Polybius (freedman) 286 peregrini 312, 313 Plautianus, Gaius Fulvius 416, pomoerium 301 Perennis, Tigidius 349 419–20 Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius Pergamum 94, 100, 101, 112, Plautus 118 347, 364 361, 450 plebeians/plebs Pompeii xxix, 7, 85, 115, 117, Perperna, Marcus Veiento 101, access to republican ofﬁ ce 53, 136, 197, 314, 316, 385 137, 138, 449 55 Pompey, Gnaeus 155 INDEX 633

Pompey the Great 129, 141, prefects 229, 488, 498 Augustan administration 176 prehistoric Italy 5–6 197–203, 239–43 campaigns in the East 141–4 cultures 7–13 consular 241, 242 and Crassus 137, 138, 139 Greek settlement 16–18, 17 dioceses 476, 497 First Triumvirate 145–50 (map) Diocletian and 476 joint consulship with Crassus peoples 5–7, 6 (map) economic expansion 354 139 Phoenician settlement 14–16, exploitation of 209, 211 murder of 154 15 (map) Flavian administration 302–3 rise of 136–9 pre-Indo-European substratum governorships 229, 240, 241–2, triumphs of 106, 138, 144, 5 286 176–7 priesthoods 36–9, 499 Hellenization 197–8 Pompey, Sextus 155, 163, 164–6, collegiality 37, 140–1, 395 imperial 241–3, 447, 448 198 hierarchical 254 Julio-Claudian administration Pont du Gard 225 organization of 37, 395 286–7 pontifex maximus 37, 55, 147, see also pontiffs late Empire administration 494 217, 250, 344, 394, 395 princeps iuventutis 255 municipal life 312–13 pontiffs 37, 43, 140–1, 147 princeps senatus 59 provincial elites 441 provincial 254 principales 515 Romanization 316, 364–6 Pontius Pilate 281 Principate 290, 321, 486 senatorial 240, 441, 447 Pontus 127–9, 144, 202 advent of 159 Prudentius 541 Poppaea 272, 292 Augustan (23 bce–14 ce) Pseudo-Quintillian 390 populares 113–14, 131, 133 216–17 Ptolemaeus Physkon, king of populus 58, 59 formation 209–18 Cyrene 103 Postumus, Agrippa 255–6, 259 Hellenistic model 209 Ptolemais 202 potestas 181 institutional compromise Ptolemy XIII 154 pottery 212–16 public benefactions 505 African 447 Jovian theology 397 publicani 109, 146, 147 Corinthian 18 monarchical order, turn to Pulcher, Appius Claudius 112 Etruscan 11, 27, 33 211–12 Punic Wars (264–146 bce) 57, Etrusco-Greek 44 principes 213 73–82 Gaulish 447, 509 Priscus (brother of Philip the First 68, 73–5 Greek 11 Arab) 461 Second 75–82, 76 (map), 92 Roman 365 Priscus, Helvidius 278 Third 98–9 Praeneste 12, 117, 134 prisoners of war Pupienus 459 praesides 497 as gladiators 84, 85 Pydna 92, 96 praetorian cohorts 232, 278, 304, in triumphs 105 Pyrgi inscriptions (Pyrgi Tablets) 316, 376, 378, 379, 407, Probus 470, 512 12, 14 |417 Procopius 489 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus 64, 67, praetors 8, 227 Proculus 470 73–4 duties 58, 228 prodigies 249 Pyrrhic victory 67 in the early Republic 44, 55, proletarii 48, 123, 125 Pythagoras 18 57, 58 Propertius 183, 193, 221 Pythagoreanism 18, 35, 71, 119 election 57 property ownership 47, 48 late Empire 443 prostitution 86, 179 Quadi (people) 309, 345, 346, plebeian 55 sacred 3 348, 462, 551 praetor maximus 44 provinces quaestiones perpetuae 110 praetores aerarii 265 agriculture 370 quaestors 57, 58, 135, 225, 226, prefects 229, 488 Antonine era 354–64 228, 443, 499 634 INDEX

Quietus 462 the pantheon 36 barbarian threat 461–3, 465–6, Quinctii (people) 64 personal 35 469, 470, 475, 484, 548, quindecimviri sacris political agenda 395 550–1, 552, 553, 555, 556 faciundis 140–1 priesthoods 36–9 border defense 379–80, 418, Quintilian 33, 317 Romanization of 365, 398 425–6, 455, 493–4, 494 Quintillus 469 Severi and 427, 428–9, 430 crisis of 193–197 ce 407–8 Quirinal 23, 35, 36 in sixth and fi fth crisis of 235–260 ce 459–66 Quirinus (deity) 24, 25, 35 centuries 36–9 crisis of 364–395 ce 550–4 quirites 27, 58 solar theology 427, 432–3, 469, different order, building of 548 471–84 Raetia 236, 344, 354, 358, 448 spiritual crisis 464 disintegration 458, 546, 554–7 Ravenna 233, 377 syncretism 430, 433 division of 482, 553 Regalianus 462 telluric deities 34–5 eastern/Greek empire 359–64, Regulus, Gaius Atilius 74 theurgy 526, 548 431, 449–52, 455 Reims 356 virtus and pietas 396–7 equilibrium 439–55, 472 religion see also Christians, Christianity; “late Empire” 438, 441–55 animism 34, 400 imperial cult; paganism; orientalization 431–5 Antonine era 394–403 temples; and specifi c beliefs Severi dynasty 405–35 of archaic Rome 33–9 Remus 21, 22 western/Latin Empire 354–9, before Etruscan domination 34 Republic 446–9, 454–5 Constantine and 479–80 birth of 43–6 see also provinces continuity 395, 398–9 Celtic invasions 51–2 “Roman miracle” xxxii domestic deities 35 consular rule (diarchy) 25, 44, Rome eastern 249–50, 301, 310, 317, 46 Antonine administration 352 333, 339, 398–9, 400, decemvirate 46–9 at the end of the Republic 143 401–3, 409, 430–1, 432–3, foundation date 32 (map) 453, 527 growth of 61–87 Augustan administration Etruscan 9, 34, 35, 37 institutions 56–60 237–8 Flavians and 317 late Republic 121–84 city garrison 232 Greek 333 young Republic (fi fth and Domus Aurea 267, 270, 281, Hellenization 34, 35, 71–2, fourth centuries bce) 41–60 301 118–19 see also imperialism early colonization of xxx, 14 henotheism 429, 430, 469, Res Gestae 192, 244, 245, 248, in the early third century bce 479, 528 249, 250 63 (map) imperial role 395–6 res privata 422, 424 Etruscan Rome 25, 26–33 indigenous 398–403 res publica 315 formation of 19–39 Indo-European 34 rescripts 422, 527 foundation date 4, 17, 21 interpretatio Romana 399 rex sacrorum 36, 37 foundation legends 5, 20, 21, Italic components 34–5 Rhea Silvia 21 24, 25 liturgical calendars 33, 34, 35, Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria) 16, garrison 376 38 67 great fi re of (63/64? ce) 267, monotheism 284, 429, 536 rhetoric 317, 363, 525, 529 270, 284 municipal worship 254 Rhodes/Rhodians 16, 94, 95, 303 Jewish community 284 religion (continued) road networks 380, 448, 493 Latin and Sabine kings 21–6 mystery cults 400, 401 Romaioi 95, 109 Marius’ siege of 133 Octavian–Augustus and 184, Roman Empire origins of 5, 20 249–54, 393–4 advent of 159 Phoenicians in 14 orientalization 432–3 Antonine 319–403 plague 346 INDEX 635

public building projects 195–6, Salonae 358 Scribonia 165, 221 238, 240, 303, 307, 352, Salonina 467 Scribonii Libones 277 416, 518, 543 Saluvii (people) 101 scrinarii 286 sack of by Alaric (410 ce) 556 Salvius 114, 115 sculpture, Etruscan 10 sack of Rome (390 bce) xxvii, Samaria 234 Scythians see Sarmatians 51 Samnite Wars 52–3, 65, 83 Sebasteion of Aphrodisias 281, and the Severi 33–9 Samnites (people) 7, 52, 77, 78, 282 state formation 29–32 83, 84, 131, 175 Sejanus 260–1, 278, 280, 419 temple construction 28 Samos 303 Seleucia 415, 451 town planning and urban Sapor (Shapur) I 462 Seleucus IV, king of Syria 94 development 11, 28, 195–6, Sapor (Shapur) II 482, 547–8 Selinus 16 238, 352 Saraceni (people) 475 Sempronia 179 trade 371, 373 Sardinia Sempronii (family) 64 Trajan’s markets 329 Antonine administration 355 Sena Gallica 66 urban landscape and its late Empire 446 Senate, senators 49, 60, 212 problems 194–5 Octavian/Augustan admission to 226, 273 see also Forum administration 198 album senatorium 56, 57 Romilii (family) 44 Phoenicians in 14 Antonines and 328, 347, 351 Romulus 21, 22, 24, 25, 103–4 and the Punic Wars 75, 78, 79 auctoritas patrum 55 Romulus Augustulus 557 Roman acquisition of 75 Augustan reforms 215, 226–7, Roscius, Sextus 134 trading settlements xxx 237 Roxolani (people) 462 Sarmatians 205, 309, 320, 453, authority of 59–60, 80–1 Rubicon 152 459, 462, 469, 508, 551 Caesar’s reforms 157 Rufi nus, P. Cornelius 118 Sarmizegethusa 358, 449 composition of 59 Rufus, Marcus Minucius 103 satire, Latin 118 in the early Republic 59–60 Rufus, Publius Sulpicius 132 Satricum 44 ius honorum 226 Rufus, Rutilius 175 Saturn (deity) 28, 35, 365, 398, Julio-Claudians and 272–5 Rufus, Verginius 291 400 late Empire 441, 443, 513 Ruga, Carvilius 180 Saturnalia 35 lectio senatus 81 Rutilius Namatianus 530 Saturnia 35 moral authority 490 Saturninus, Lucius 126–7 plebeians in 55–6 Sabelli (people) 7 Saturninus, Lucius Antonius 306 political enfeeblement 227, Sabines (people) 7, 8, 44–5, 64, 66, Saxons 462, 550–1 420–1, 441, 489, 498 104 Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius 103, princeps senatus 59 Sabinus, Flavius 293 174 property qualifi cation 224, Sabinus, Gaius Poppaeus 286 Scenite Arabs 411 226, 274 Sabinus, Nymphidius 278 Scipio Aemilianus, Publius provincial Senate, senators 315 Sabinus, Quintus 149 Cornelius (Africanus Minor) provincial senators 316, 351, sacer 48 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 118 441 sacerdotal colleges 25 Scipio, Gnaeus 75 senatorial oratory 183 sacramentum 230 Scipio Nasica, Publius 101, 112, senatorial order 59, 81, 224–7, sacrilege 31 173 274, 490 Sacrovir, Iulius 260 Scipio, Publius Cornelius senatus consultum 59 Saguntum 75, 77, 80 (Africanus Major) 77, 80, Severi and 420–1, 430 Sahara 205 81, 112 Sulla’s reforms 135 Salians 342 Scordisci (people) 103 trading activities 108 Salii 33, 35, 37, 192, 395 Scorpus (charioteer) 388 wearing the laticlave 225–6, Sallust 26, 119–20, 125, 145, 179 Scotland 308, 550 273 636 INDEX senatus consultum 59, 113, 242, Siculi (people) xxxi, 5 Spartacus 115, 138, 175 260 Sidonius Apollinaris of Lyon spectacles Seneca the Elder 267, 270 512–13, 541 Antonine era 382–94 Senones (people) 5 Silanus, Marcus Iunius 126 decline of violent 394 Sentinum 52 Silesia xxxi in the late Republic 170–8 Sequani (people) 148 Silii (family) 277 political signifi cance 170–1 Serapis (deity) 400, 409, 423, Siris 16 see also games; gladiators, 432 Sirmium 459, 473 gladiatorial games; triumphs Sertorius, Quintus 137 slaves spies 488, 512 Servius Tullius (Mastarna) 8, 27, agricultural workers 196 spolia opima 213 28, 29, 31, 48 cultural occupations 109 state formation 29–32 Severus, Marcus Aurelius emancipated 224, 391 administrative framework 29 Alexander see Alexander, as gladiators 85, 385 curial system 29 Severus late Empire 516 end of Etruscan domination Severus, Septimius Lucius 350, prisoners of war 84, 108 31–2 406, 407, 408–22 slave wars 114–15, 122, 138 military organization 30 absolutism 421–2 women 179 political organization 31 and the army 417–18 Slavs 205 Servian reforms 29–30 civil war victory 409–11, 414 Social War (91–88 bce) 130–2 social organization 29–30 dynastic policy 419 society tribal system 29 genealogy 410, 428 Augustan era 170 Stilicho, Flavius 553, 555 imperial cult 420 castes 512 Stoicism 119, 277–8, 328, 342 military expeditions 414–17 Christian clergy 516 Strabo, Gnaius Pompeius 119, public building projects 416 elites 512–14 132, 136, 204, 205, 211, 242 relations with the Senate 420–1 Flavian era 315–17 Strata Diocletiana 493 and religion 433 late Empire 509, 512–17 Suebi (people) 148, 149, 236, seviri augustales 279, 420 lower strata 516–17 438, 555, 556 Sextius, Lucius 53 middle classes 514–16 Suetonius Sextus Empiricus 434 social change 64–5 on Caligula 225, 263, 271–2 Sextus Tarquinius 32 social mobility 224, 421 on Christians 284–5 Shadrafa (deity) 365, 432 soldiers 516 on Claudius 263–4 Sibylline Books 71 structure of 224 on Domitian 296, 306, 307 Sicani (people) 5 women and family 179–82 on the games 384 Sicilian war see Punic Wars, First sodales 37, 279, 301 on Julius Caesar 146, 177–8 Sicily 67, 114, 163, 165, 521 Sol Elagabalus (deity) 427 on Nero 267, 275–6 Antonines and 355 Solon 47 on Octavian–Augustus 195, early settlement xxxi Sosianus, Antistius 274 213, 216, 219, 221, 243, Greek colonization 16 sources for Roman history 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 285 late Empire 446 xxvii–xxix on Otho 292 Octavian/Augustan coinage xxix on Tiberius 286 administration 198, 240 material record xxix on Titus 296 Phoenicians in 14 written records xxvii–xxix on Vespasian 295, 298–9, 303 and the Punic Wars 74, 77–8, Spain Sulla, Lucius Cornelius 129–30, 79 Barcine Empire 74, 80, 92 174, 176 Pyrrhic invasion 67 Hispania Ulterior 137, 198 confl ict with Marius 129, 130, Roman acquisition of 74, 75 Romanization of 92, 198 132–4 slave wars 114 see also Iberian peninsula dictatorship 135–6 trading settlements xxx Sparta 94, 96, 192, 202, 450 great proscription 134 INDEX 637

judicial reforms 136 Tarentum 16, 18, 52, 67–8, 70, Tetricus 463 and Julius Caesar 140 73, 77, 79, 108, 166 Teuta, Queen 92 march against Rome 133, 134 Tarentum, treaty of (37 bce) 166, Teutons 125, 175 and Pompey 136, 137 167, 221 Thapsus 154, 155 senatorial reforms 135 Tarquin the Elder 27, 104, 171 theater 71, 139, 171 triumph of 176 Tarquin the Proud 27 Thebes 450 wars against Mithridates 128, Tarquinii 11, 51 Theodoric 557 133 Tarraconensis 355 Theodosius I (the Great) 527–8, Summanus (deity) 35 Tarragona 253, 356, 447 535, 552, 553 Sybaris 16, 17, 32 Tartessus, kingdom of xxxi Theodosius II 556–7 Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius Taurisci (people) 103 Thermopylae 94 512, 528, 529 taurobolium 339 Theseus 24 Syracuse 16, 67, 77–8, 79, 108, Tauromenium (Taormina) 355 Thessaly 95, 128 355, 446 Taurus, Statilius 245 Thrace 236, 265, 449, 450 Syria 142–3, 152, 302, 407, 426, taxes 277 Thurii 66–7, 71, 77 462 Antonine 330 Tiber Island 24, 71 African and Syrian emperors exaction in labor 425 Tiber river 7, 24 405–35 Flavian 303 Tiberias 533, 534 agriculture 370 on inheritances 311, 330, 426 Tiberius (Claudius Nero) 221, Antonines and 344, 360, 361 iugatio–capitatio system 490–1 236, 259–62, 271 commerce 363 land tax 157, 313, 350, 490–1 administration 285, 286–7 economy 451 late Empire 459, 464 dynastic principle 272 late Empire 449, 451 military exemptions 495 foreign policy 275 Octavian/Augustan provincial 243, 286, 303 and the imperial cult 280 administration 202 tax collectors 109, 146, 147, principal events in reign Pompey and 142–3 499, 515 259–62 religion 402 tribute 491 relations with the Senate 273 Severi and 410, 411, 415, 426 Telemachus 394 as successor to Augustus 255, Syria-Coele 411 temples 256 Syria-Phoenicia 411, 415 Antonine 396 Tibullus 183 archaic Rome 28, 36 Tigellinus, C. Ophonius 270, Tacfarinas 260 architecture 115, 117 291 Tacitus 162, 205, 259–60, 261, construction materials 70, 115 Tigranes II, king of Armenia 128, 290, 294, 297, 306, 309, Etruscan 11–12 129, 234 317, 387 Octavian–Augustus and 279 Tigranes V, king of Armenia on the Britons 304, 366 rock temples 327 270 on the Christians 284 Vespasian and 300 Tigranocerta 129 on Claudius 264, 286 Tencteri (people) 149 Tigurini (people) 126 on Domitian 306 Terence 118 Timesitheus 459–60 on Galba 291–2 Terentilius Harsa 46 Tingitana 265 on L. Junius Brutus 32 Terminus (deity) 35 Tinia (deity) 36 on Nero 267 territory, Roman 44–5 Tiridates, king of Armenia 270 on Octavian–Augustus 184, 255 Tertullian 86, 355, 367, 385, Titian Brethren 184, 250 on religion 399 391, 394, 433, 434, 495 Titus 295–6, 298, 301, 305, 306, on Tiberius 259, 273, 278 Tetrarchy 386 Tacitus (emperor) 469–70 First 473, 474, 475–7, 488 Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines Talbert, R. J. A. 227 hierarchy 473 24 Tanaquil 29 Second 479 Tivoli 332 638 INDEX trade triumphs 103–7 Valerius, Lucius 48 Antonine era 353–4, 359, 371, Augustan 385 Vandals 438, 469, 470, 553, 555, 372, 373 Caligula 385 556 barter 463, 509 Claudius 385–6 Varius 114–15 in the early Republic 51 Domitian 385 Varro 29, 33 eastern Empire 362–3 elements of 104–5 Varus, Publius Quinctilius 233, external 373 fi rst recorded 104 236, 275 Greek xxxi grandeur and games 106–7 Vegetius 495 guilds 373 inherent dangers 105–6 Veii 43, 44, 446 impact of imperialism on Julius Caesar 106, 150, 177–8 Veiovis (deity) 35, 51 108–9 Mark Antony 166–7 Velleius Paterculus 261–2 internal 371 Nero 386 venationes 107, 173 late Empire 443, 463, 509 origins 104 Veneti (people) 5, 51, 149 Phoenician 14 ovatio 106 Ventidius, Publius 166 prehistoric Italy 8, 14, 24 regulations 106, 213 Venus (deity) 253 routes 374–5, 414, 509 ritualized power demonstrations Genetrix 177, 214, 250 salt route (Via Salaria) 51 105–6 Vercellae 126 silk route 204 Sulla 176 Vercingetorix 105, 150 and the spread of religions 402 triumphus navalis 106 Verus, Lucius see Lucius Verus see also industry Vespasian 386 Verus, Marcus Annius see Marcus Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus) Triumvirate Aurelius 321–2, 323–30, 332 First 145–50, 162 Vespasian (Titus Flavius administration of 329, 354 Second 162–9 Vespasianus) 279, 293–5, character of 323–4 triumviri monetales 64 296, 298–301, 303, 305, column of 320, 322 Tullus Hostilius 25 317, 362 conquests 326–7 tumultus Gallicus 52 anti-Neronian policy 301 fi nancial policy 329–30 Turia 179 deifi cation 305 genealogy 326 Turms (deity) 13 dynastic policy 301 ideology of 328 Tusci see Etruria, Etruscans fi nancial and economic Jovian theory of government Tusculum 45, 52, 64 reorganization 303 328 Typasius 477 and imperial defenses 303–4 principal events of his reign Tyre 410, 411, 451 lex de imperio Vespasiani 324–5 299–300 relations with Senate 328 Ulpian 423, 425, 430 mythology surrounding and religion 396 Umbri (people) 6 298–9 treason, treason trials 259–60, Umbria, Umbrians 64 restoration of peace 297–8 306, 430 Uranius 461 Vesta (deity) 33, 37 treasuries 489 Urartu 7 Vestals 37, 38, 147, 246 Trebonianus Gallus 461 Usipetes (people) 149 Vesuvius, eruption of 296 Treveri (people) 200, 260, 297 Utica xxx, 80, 99, 154, 155, 199 Via Appia 56, 138 tribunes Via Domitiana 101 election 57 Vaballathus 467 Via Egnatia 201 intercessio 49, 56, 58 Valens 527, 550, 551 vicarii 476, 488, 493, 497 inviolability 48 Valentinian I 490, 527, 550–1 vici 499 military tribunate 49, 50, 141 Valentinian II 552 vigiles 230 of the plebs 46, 57, 58, 228 Valentinian III 556 villa 368, 519, 521 Trier 356, 473, 518, 531 Valerian 462, 464 Vindex, Gaius Julius 270, 291, Tripolitana 304, 497, 551 Valerian the Younger 462 391 INDEX 639

Vindolanda xxix Volsinii 27, 51, 66, 70 papyri and other documents Vinius, Titus 291 Volturnum (Capua) 7 xxviii–xxix Vipsania Agrippina (daughter of Volubilis 312 wooden tablets xxviii–xix Agrippa/wife of Tiberius) Volumnii (family) 64 writing materials xxviii–xix 255 Volusianus 461 Virgil 5, 21, 163, 164, 183, 193, Xanthos 537 194, 208, 221, 255 war-elephants 67, 68, 73, virtus 216, 396 173 “year of the four emperors” 287, Virunum 358 wars, early Republic 45 406 Visigoths 553, 555, 556 women York 305, 416 Vitellius, Aulus 291, 292, 292–3, audience at games 246 294, 303 burial of 23 Zacynthos (Zante) 92 viticulture 307–8, 316, 446, 447, employment 179 Zaleucas 47 507 gladiators 391–2 Zama 80, 92 Vitruvius 238 guardianship of 181 Zancle 16 Vocontii (people) 101 marriage and divorce 180–1 Zegrenses (people) 355 Vologeses I, king of the Parthians private life of 179 Zeno 557 265, 304 slaves 179 Zenobia 466, 467, 469 Vologeses III, king of the writing systems Zeus (deity) 36 Parthians 344 consonantal writing xxvii Zonaras 104 Volsci (people) 7, 8, 43, 45 inscriptions xxviii Zoroastrianism 431, 454