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Copyrighted Material INDEX Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Accius 118 duties 58 agricultural science 369 Achaea/Achaeans 16, 17, 93, 96, election 57 Antonine era 367–70 202, 240, 449 plebeian 55, 58 centuriation 368 Achaean League 94 Aedui (people) 148, 260 cultivated areas, expansion of Achaemenid Empire 431, 453 Aegates Islands 74 369 Achaeus (slave) 114 Aelian 431–2 estates/holdings 108, 369, Achilleus 475 Aelianus, Casperius 321 508 Acragas (Agrigentum) 16 Aemilianus 461 impact of imperialism on 108 Actium 169, 170, 188, 189, 190, Aeneas 21, 24 intensive farming 369 193, 222, 244 Aequi (people) 43 late Empire 447, 450, 451, Adherbal of Numidia 124 aerarium militare 231, 463–4 507–8 Adiabene 325, 411, 426 Aetolians 82, 94, 107, 449–50 manuals 317 adiutores 286 Africa organization 370 adlectio 274 Africa Proconsularis 446, 466, prehistoric Italy 8 administration 476, 497, 505 property rights 47, 53 Antonine 350–1 African and Syrian provincial 370 Augustan 197–203, 237–43, emperors 405–35 rural economy 63 360, 361 Circumcellio movement 516–17 sharecropping 369 bureaucratic 488, 502, 512 economy 447 stockbreeding 109, 441, 508 central 488–90 late Empire 446–7, 466 subsistence economy 63, 196 Constantine and 479 religion in 400 viticulture 108 Domitian and 307–8 COPYRIGHTEDRomanization 198–9 MATERIALAgrigentum 67, 74, 77, 114 Flavian 311 see also individual kingdoms Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius 165, Hadrian and 337, 350 and provinces 215 Julio-Claudians and 285–7 ager Campanus 79 and Octavian–Augustus 221, provincial 197–203, 229, ager Gallicus 66 222, 224, 245, 255 239–43, 286–7, 302–3, 494 ager publicus 44, 53, 57, 112 in Germania 203–4 Severi and 424 ager Romanus 29, 44 Agrippina (wife of Domitius Trajan and 329, 354 ager Solonius 44 Ahenobarbus and Claudius) see also magistrates Agri Decumates 309 265, 266, 271, 272 aediles 48, 55, 443, 499 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius 304, 308 Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus curule aedileships 58 agriculture Domitius 101, 266 618 INDEX Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius Ancus Marcius 25 Aphrodite (deity) 5 154 Ancyra (Ankara) 192 Apollinaris, Sidonius 388 Aix-en-Provence 517 Andriscus (Asian mercenary) 96 Apollo (deity) 71, 117, 130, 184, Aksoum 454 Andronicus, Livius 70, 118 193, 250, 268, 281 Alani (people) 438, 453, 555, animals Sosianus 195 556 beast shows 83, 107, 173, 176, Apollodorus of Damascus 363 Alaric 438, 553, 556 177, 244, 246, 248, 266, Apollonius of Molon 140 Alba 7, 21, 44 364, 392–3, 394 apotheosis 264, 279–80, 535 Albertini tablets 508 exposure to 393 see also imperial cult Albinus, Clodius 411, 414 sacrifi ces 37, 44, 57, 83, 105, Appian of Alexandria 320, 363 Albinus, Spurius 125 171, 317, 339, 528 Apuleius 355 album senatorium 56, 57 war booty 107, 173 Apuli (people) 7 alchemy 525 Annales 43, 118 Apulia 18 Alemanni (people) 426, 431, 453, Annii (family) 277 Apulum 358 459, 461, 462, 465, 469, annona 422, 443, 490, 495, 506 Aquae Sextiae 126 470, 475, 484, 552 Antibes xxxi Aquileia 487 Alexander of Aphrodisias (the Antinous (slave) 333–4 Aquilius, Manius 101, 115, 128 Exegete) 434 Antioch 190, 360, 380, 415, 451, Aquitani (people) 200 Alexander of Emesa 191 462, 487, 518, 531 Aquitania 356 Alexander the Great 67, 90, 146, Antiochus III, king of Syria 94 Ara Maxima Herculis 14 209, 250, 430 Antiochus XIII, king of Syria 142 Ara Pacis Augustae 219, 220, Alexander, Severus 429–31, 432, Antium 7, 33 220, 300 455 Antonine Constitution (212 ce) Arabia 233, 324, 415, 452 Alexander, Tiberius 293 425 Arabs 204 Alexandria 154, 165, 167, 169, Antonine Empire 319–403 Arausio 175 190, 202, 293, 360, 426, army 376–82 Arbogast 552 433, 434, 451, 518, 531 dynastic policy 321 Arcadian legends 5, 21 Augustus and 242 eastern/Greek Empire 359–64 archaeology xxix, 21, 23 donations of Alexandria 166 genealogy 341 Archelaus 128, 191 and the Julio-Claudians 265 golden age 320 Archimedes 79 trade 373 Italo-provincial emperors architecture alimenta 354 321–50 Christian 518, 542–3 Allectus 475 Italy in decline 350–4 Etruscan 11–12 Allobroges (people) 101, 144 Mediterranean economy provinces 365 alphabet 366–73 Rome 195–6, 238, 240, 303, Etruscan 12 religious life 394–403 307, 352, 416, 518, 543 Roman 264 spectacles 382–94 Archytas 18 Alpine provinces 204, 242, 356, western/Latin Empire 354–9 Ardashir (Artaxerxes) 431, 453 447, 448 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aurelius Ardea 45, 51 Ambrose, St 541 Antoninus) 339–41, 342, Arianism 480, 482, 537, 539, Ammianus Marcellinus 530, 547, 347 540 551 Antonius, Lucius 163, 164 Aricia 45, 50, 51 Ammonius Saccas 434 Antonius, Marcus see Mark Ariminum (Rimini) 66 amphitheaters 82 Antony Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia Ampurias xxxi Antyllus, Marcus 190 128 Amyntas 191 Apamea 362 Ariovistus, king of the Suebi 149 Anatolia 302, 361, 362, 450–1 Apennines 7 Aristides, Aelius 320, 363, 364 Ancona 6 Aphrodisias 190 Aristobulus of Syria 143 INDEX 619 aristocracy see nobiles strategy and tactics 65, 379–80 augurs 36, 37 Aristonicus 101 strengths 66 Augustine, St 517, 536, 541 Armenia 129, 166, 190, 302, training 380 Augustus (Octavian) 32, 235, 361 453, 482 veterans 231, 418, 464 administration of the Empire Antonines and 325, 336, 344 vexillationes 377, 417, 418, 197–203, 237–43, 360, 361 and Augustus 234 492, 493, 494 assumption of title Armenia Minor 202 weaknesses 381–2 “Augustus” 216 Arminius 233, 236 weapons 65 Augustan ideology 193, 193–4, army see also navy 219–20 allocation of troops 231–2, Arnobius 540–1 Caesar’s heir 160 233, 381 Arretium (Arezzo) 66 death 208 Antonine era 376–82 Arria (mother and daughter) 278 divine lineage 214, 272 Augustan era 230–7, 373 Arrian of Nicomedia 363 dynastic principle 271-–2 auxiliary units 231, 232, 233, Arrius, Titus Aurelius Fulvius eastern campaigns 190–2 377, 378, 418, 492 Antoninus Boionius 339 family of 220–1, 223 barbarian volunteers 492 art family origins 213 cavalry 491, 492 Christian 541–3 foreign policy 275 centurions 378, 418 Etruscan 10–11 imperial cult 279, 397 Christian soldiers 495 Hellenization of 68–71 imposition of order in Italy conquests and peacemaking Jewish 534–5 196–7 operations 233–6 pagan 530–1 institutional position 213 Constantine and 479, 493–4 Artaban 453 invasion of Egypt 190 Diocletian and 476, 492–3 Arval Brethren 37, 184, 250, 395 military policy 230–7 fi nancial burden 381, 463, 490 Arverni (people) 101 parentage 160 Flavians and 303–4, 311, 316 Asculum (Ascoli) 131 patron–client relationships 194 gentiles (temporary troops) 492 Asia 202, 476, 497 personal power, establishment imperial bodyguard 232, 494 see also individual kingdoms of 214–15 Julio-Claudians and 278–9 and provinces political ideas 219 land grants and pensions 231 Asiatic Vespers 132 pontifex maximus 217, 394 late Empire 491–6 Asklepius/Aesculapius (deity) 71 public building projects 195–6, legions, legionaries 65, 80, 231, Assyria 337 238, 240, 245, 250 232, 233, 253, 376–7, 378, astrology 420 refusal of permanent consulship 381, 421, 492 astronomy 363 217 length of service 379 Astures (people) 234 relations with the Senate military treatises 495–6 Athanasius, St 540 225–6, 272–3 offi cers 377, 493 Athena (deity) 37 religious offi ces 184 pay 311, 418, 424, 427, 492, Athenaeus of Naucratis 434 religious policy 249–54, 394–5 495 Athenion 115 Res Gestae 192, 208 permanent 231, 373 Athens 17, 30, 128, 315, 333, rise to imperial power 192, praetorians 232 363, 449, 469 214–16 professionalization 123–4 Atilii (family) 52, 64 Second Triumvirate 162–9 provincial recruits 316, 351 Attalus I–III, kings of Pergamum self-representation 184, 194 recruitment 123, 231, 316, 100, 101 settlement of 23 bce 217 377–9, 418, 492, 495 Attica 450 shows and games 218, 243–9, republican 123–4 Atticus, Herodes 363, 450 267 role of 495 Attila 554, 556 succession 254–6 Roman garrison 376 auctoritas 254 tribunician power 217 Severi and 417–18, 424, 427 Augst 200 triumphs 244 620 INDEX Augustus (Octavian) (continued) Blacas Onyx Cameo 272 funeral rites 71 victory at Actium 169, 170, Blemmyes (people) 205, 454, grave goods 23 189 467, 475 Iron Age xxxii wealth 214 Bocchus, king of Mauretania 125, proto-historic Italy 7, 23 Aurelian 469, 505–6 129, 199 tomb paintings 11 Aurelius, Lucius Aelius 347 Boeotia 95, 128, 360, 362, 450 Burrus, Afranius 270 Aurelius, Victor 530 Boii (people) 5, 51 Byzacena 497 Aureolus 469 Boniface 556 Byzantine Empire 555 Ausculum 67 Bonosus 470 Byzantium 303, 394, 410, 438, Ausoni (people) 7 Bordeaux 356 472 Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 512, Boudicca 270, 275 530 Bovillae 44 Cadiz xxx auspices 37, 57, 106, 249, 395 Brennus 51 Caecilian 537 Autun 356, 531 Britain 203 Caecus, Appius Claudius (the Antonines and 340, 344, 349, Blind) 56 Ba’al (deity) 365, 398, 400 357 Caepio, Quintus Servilius 126 Babylon 325, 415, 454 Antoninus’ Wall 340, 379, 493 Caere 12, 13, 53, 66 Bacchanalia 118 economic development 357, Caesar, Gaius 224, 255 Bacchus (deity) 39, 365 446 Caesar, Julius see Julius Caesar Badian, E. 91 Flavians and 304, 305, 308 Caesar, Lucius 224, 255 Baetica 240, 242, 280, 323, 354, Hadrian’s Wall 338, 349, 379, Caesar, Lucius Aelius 339, 342 355 493 Caesar, Lucius Julius 140 Bagaudes 475, 516 Julio-Claudians and 265, 275, Caesariensis 265 Balbinus 459 280 Caesarion (son of Julius Caesar) Balbus, Lucius Cornelius 233 Julius Caesar and 150, 203 154, 155, 166, 169, 190, 191 Balearic islands 101 late Empire 446, 453 calendars Balkans 103, 450 Octavian–Augustus and 203 festival 383 Balts (people) 205 Romanization 365, 366 Julian 157 barbarian threat 461–3, 465–6, Severi and 416–17, 423 liturgical 33, 34, 35, 38 469, 470, 475, 484, 548, Britannicus 265, 266, 270,
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