ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (USA), WASHINGTON, D.C., 23-25 APRIL 1973

Magnetic moment effects on tests of The long-term trend of a is modulated by short-term charge independence in nucleon-nucleon scattering fluctuations with amplitudes up to ±20 mil. Fourier spectral Magnetic moment effects (mme) of nucleons (N) in N-N analysis indicates complex periodicities between 50 and 400 scattering have been calculated without (1) and with (2) years. The short-term fluctuations, subsequent to 1700 A.D. wave distortion. The phase-shift energy dependence 5(E) was when sunspot data became available, can be quantitatively obtained for close collisions by adjustment ,to' N-N scattering explained as the result of heliomagnetic modulation of radio- data. The mme uncertainty proved difficult to reduce suffi- carbon production by cosmic-ray produced neutrons. Precise ciently without theory but easy to handle for potential measurements on annual rings from 1940 to 1954 are in good models subtracting resulting mme from experimental values agreement with theoretical predictions of the fluctuation of observables. Both mme and one-pion exchange effects used during the eleven year cycle. The short-term fluctuations ap- in tests of charge independence (CI) are small arising from pear to be inversely correlated with northern hemisphere long-range N-N interactions. N-N scattering data gave values annual average temperatures. Thus, radiocarbon measure- of the coupling constant go2 = 15.11 ± 0.62, 14.67 * 0.51 ments provide a method of documenting solar activity fluctua- for p-p and n-p interactions respectively before and 14.59 ± tions during the Holocene epoch. 0.62, 14.69 ± 0.51 after the new mme corrections. These thus affect apparent CI validity. The very close agreement of PAUL E. DAMON p-p and n-p values is clearly'fortuitous. No definite indica- University of Arizona tion'of violation of CI was found so far but results reported Tucson, Arizona 85721 are not final. Negative hydrostatic pressure in the solvent is the Work supported by U.S.A. Atomic Energy Commission (COO- basis for all colligative properties of the solution 3475-4). A colloidal solution of ferrite particles in an osmometer has 1. Garren, A. (X954) Phys. Rev. 96, 1709; (1956) 101, 419. been used to demonstrate that the property that propels 2. Breit, G. & Ruppel, H.'M. (1962) Phys. Rev. 127, 2123; 131, water across the semipermeable membrane is the decrease in 2839. hydrostatic pressure in the water of the solution. A magnetic 3. Breit, G. & Ruppel, H. M. (1962) Phys. Rev. 127, 2123; field gradient directed so as to force the ferrite particles away 131,2839; Breit, G. (1967) Rev. Mod. Phys. 39, 560; Seamon, Rt. B., Friedman, K. A., Breit, G., Haracz, R. D., Holt, from the semipermeable membrane of the osmometer and J. K. & Prakash, A. (1968) Phy8; Rev. 165, 1579. toward the free surface of the solution enhanced the colloidal osmotic pressure. The enhancement of this pressure was al- G. BREIT ways exactly equal to the augmentation of the pressure as M. TISCHLER measured by the outward force of the particles, against the S. MUKHERJEE area of the free surface. Contrariwise, directing the magnetic G. PAPPAS field gradient so as to force the ferrite particles away from State University of New York at Buffalo the free surface and toward the semipermeable membrane Buffalo, New York 14214 diminished the colloidal osmotic pressure of the solution. For Ielieomagnetic-geomagnetic modulation of a' sufficiently forceful field gradient, the initial colloidal os- radiocarbon proldpction in the earth's atmosphere motic pressure could be negative, followed by- an equilibrium pressure zero of the force of'the Radiocarbon and stable measurements on den- approaching regardless par- isotope ticles the membrane. the osmotic of a tree provide a of the against Thus, pressure drochronologically dated rings history to be to in content the the last solution is attributed the pressure the solvent gen- radiocarbon of atmosphere during eight erated in opposition to the pressure of the solute millennia. The results 'are most' conveniently expressed as A particles. values 'to 1890 The Likewise, the vapor pressure of the solution is lowered by the (per muil difference relative A.D.). long- pressure in the solvent generated in to the term trend of the A curve is amost sinusoidal as is opposition pressure exactly of the solute. Since no net pressure is exerted on an the of the field ac- inclusion, long-term trend geomagnetic intensity the vapor pressure of a of solvent will not be cording to Bucha. of the two sinusoids are: crystal changed; The equations therefore its melting point will be lowered until vapor pressure A = 37.5 + 44 Sin [2Tr/9600 (t - 3825)] of crystal and solvent are equal. (%O) H. T. HAMMEL M = 7.7 + 2.8 Sin [2Tr/8900 (t + 405)] P. F. SCHOLANDER (X1026 Gcm-3) Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego The maximum A lags the minimum M by 520 years. The La Jolla, California 92037 amplitude, period, and phasing of the geomagnetic field in- tensity, allowing for experimental uncertainty, account for Is the inner core liquid after all? the long-term trend of radiocarbon production. Howev'er, We investigate the possibility that the inner core of the computer models predict a significantly longer lag time (about earth is liquid. We assume that the outer core-inner core 1000 years). boundary is a pressure-induced electronic transition in liquid 2178a Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting 2179a

iron to the 3d8 configuration. The properties of the liquid in made on the mare floor before the wall was formed, and the the two states are calculated using the postulate that the floor could not have been molten. liquid is a viscoelastic material of the Maxwell type. We find Since the Goclenius is far enough from the nearest highland, that, for all seismic periods, the outer core will not transmit its wall is probably the material of the impacting body or shear waves, while the inner core can easily transmit shear cluster, of which metallic parts might have scratched the waves. Poisson's ratio is an insensitive function of frequency skidmarks. This is likely for many other craters such as Gu- and radius in the inner core; the values of Poisson's ratio lie tenberg, Colombo, the Cauchy scarp, etc.-The wrinkles of between 0.4 and 0.5. The velocities of transmitted shear waves the mare floors resemble those caused by compressive stress decrease slightly toward the center of the inner core. Such a in the surface of molten tin spheres solidifying while falling in model would circumvent the difficulty recently raised by molten stearin. Kennedy, that the outer core appears to be stable to convec- tion if the inner-outer core boundary is at the melting point of E. OROWAN iron. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 L. KNOPOFF Herpes simplex and genitalis virus nonvirion antigens: M. BUKOWINSKI their use for determining possible role of viruses University of California in etiology of some human cancers Los Angeles, California 900241 Certain DNA viruses responsible for ordinary infections Quasars as events in galaxy nuclei in animals and man can produce experimental cancers in which neither the infectious virus nor any of its A recent study of direct photographs of 26 quasars, taken structural (virion) with the 200-inch telescope, supports earlier suggestions antigens can be detected. There are in such cancers, however, by tumor antigens specific for the virus which caused the Sandage and others that quasars occur in the nuclei of giant experi- mental cancer, for which the animals Galaxies have been cancer-bearing produce galaxies. underlying several quasars de- antibody. These tumor antigens have been shown to be iden- tected, and quantitative predictions confirmed: those quasars which are tical with nonvirion (i.e., not structural component) antigens predicted to show underlying galaxies do so, and produced under special conditions by the virus in cell cultures those which are predicted not to show galaxies do not. The in which it produces a killing infection. [Sabin, A. B. & Koch, evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that all quasars M. A. (1964) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 52, 1131; Hoggan, occur in giant that the are not seen in galaxies, but galaxies M. D. et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. most cases simply because their light is overwhelmed by the (1965) USA 53, 12.] Based light of the much brighter quasar. on the large body of knowledge which emerged from the study of these experimental cancers we undertook to determine JEROME KRISTIAN whether the human herpes simplex and genitalis viruses may Hale Observatories be responsible for some human cancers. The identification California Institute of Technology and distinctive properties of nonvirion antigens produced by Pasadena, California 91101 these viruses have been described, and the important fact Origin of the surface features of the moon noted that ordinary human infections do not give rise to an- tibodies for these nonvirion antigens. [Sabin, A. B. (1968) Photographs of the moon show that the origin of its surface Cancer Res. 68, 1849; Tarro, G. & Sabin, A. B. (1970) Proc. features is probably fundamentally different from what is Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 65, 753; Tarro, G. & Sabin, A. B. (1973) usually assumed: the maria and the mare-like interiors of Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1032.] Sera are tested for the large craters are apparently not solidified of pools lava but presence of these nonvirion complement-fixing antibodies by exposed areas of the ancient surface of the moon's body from first removing the virion antibodies with frozen, thawed, and which the lunar crust has been blown away by the blast of a sonicated, infected cell suspensions from which nonvirion strong impact. That powerful blasts (e.g., by comets) may antigens have disappeared by storage at +40 for an appro- not leave a significant crater was seen after the Tunguska priate period, and then testing them for nonvirion antibody impact of 1908; ball identation in glass produces replicas of with freshly prepared material of known nonvirion antigen the large craters in mare-areas, with the slightly depressed content as measured with specially prepared nonvirion guinea flat interior and the typical polygonal terraced wall [Argon, pig antisera. A. S., Hori, Y. & Orowan, E. (1960) J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. Preliminary tests yielded reproducible positive results with 42, 86-961.-In calculations of high-velocity impact craters, sera from patients with cancer of the nasopharynx, kidney, it is assumed that the target material behaves as a heavy urinary bladder, prostate, and cervix uteri but not with sera liquid with the viscous-plastic resistance negligible compared from patients with cancer of the breast or intestine, or from with the impact stresses; this is legitimate for hard metals persons of comparable age without cancer, who have had but invalid for a crushed rocky or glassy target, the shear frequent recurrent perioral, genital, or perigenital herpetic strength of which rises proportionally to the pressure (Cou- lesions every year for decades. This will lomb's communication also Law). report the results of additional quantitatively controlled tests The floor of the crater Goclenius has a diametral skidmark- on sera from patients with different types of cancer. type rille which continues outside the wall without any dis- continuity where it crosses the wall, and without any damage ALBERT B. SABIN to the wall apart from a slight subsidence. Since closely GIULIo TARRO spaced parallel, or staggered (Goclenius), or tangentially NCI branching (Sirsalis) skidmarks cannot be grabens caused by Cancer Research Center Fort Detrick tectonic tension, the Goclenius skidmarks must have been Frederick, Maryland 21701 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 2180a National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

Variance of Caucasian admixture in Negro populations, Electronic biology pigmentation variability, and IQ Present biological thinking is dominated by molecular con- Conventional population-genetics analyses of American cept. The subtlety and speed of biological reactions suggests Negroes assume a single value for the hybrid parameter M: electronic mobility, delocalization and common quantum i.e., the fraction of alleles derived from Caucasian ancestry. states. But electronic mobility is meaningless without conduc- This unrealistic assumption causes [see Shockley, W. (1973) tion in proteins, and proteins are dielectrics. However, pro- Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 732-736] observations to teins can interact with carbonyls, donating them one of the deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg Law predictions lone electrons of their amino nitrogen, and H. Kon and I have [see Reed, T. E. (1971) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 3168- shown that in this reaction a whole electron is transferred in 3169] thereby indicating both variance and assortative the ground state, whereby the protein is made into a poly- mating for M. C. Stern (Human Heredity 20, 165-168, 1970) valent free radical which, in all probability, is a conductor. J. neglected variance of M in fitting observed pigmentation McLaughlin and I have shown that this charge transfer can distributions by using four gene pairs. The deviations of greatly be accelerated by the SH of glutathione, and I have Stern's best fit predicted values from observed values are found lately that oxygen has a powerful catalytic activity, shown here to be further evidence for variance of M. The catalyzing the charge transfer between unsaturated aldehydes present research relates to two propositions: (i) intelligence and amino nitrogen, which transfer cannot occur in its ab- for Negro hybrids increases with Caucasian ancestry and (ii) sence. Oxygen acts also in trace amounts. This opens the such results are obscured by social psychologists. For ex- possibility that in the evolutionary transformation, elicited ample, whereas R. E. Grinder et al. (J. Soc. Psy. 62, 18, 181- by the appearance of light, oxygen paved its own way into 188, 1964) concluded from data for light-skinned, medium and the cellular metabolism by generating carbonyls, then cata- dark subjects that "the magnitude of apparent innate [ra- lyzing their charge transfer, making the proteins thereby cial] differences in intellectual function" are insignificant conductant, opening oxidative electron which produced more (P < 0.05) when social class is controlled, the present research carbonyls. establishes a significant effect (P < 0.01) consistent with the The speed and subtlety of reactions are especially striking independent finding of A. Shuey [The Testing of Negro Intelli- in the central nervous system. Accordingly, we can expect gence (Soc. Sci. Press, New York, 1966) ]. The present analysis to find in the brain a specific carbonyl. This acceptor has been adds significance to the estimate [Shockley, W. (1971) Proc. crystallized as dinitrophenylhydrazone. Its elementary com- Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 1390A] that for low IQ populations position is C6H802. It is linked to a career of low MW and each 1% of Caucasian ancestry raises average IQ by one IQ contains one C=C double bond. point. As shown by L. Egyud and myself, these carbonyl accep- tors strongly inhibit growth. "Retine" is one of them. The W. SHOCKLEY catalytic activity of oxygen may be the key to the Pasteur re- action, the regulation of cell division, and cancer. ALBERT SZENT-GY6RGYI Stanford University Marine Biological Laboratory Stanford, California 94305 Woods Hole, Massachusetts 0243 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ANNUAL MEETING

The National Academy of Sciences held its 110th by Leo Smit who also conducted the chorus and en- Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., on April 23-25, semble. The text was written and narrated by Sir Fred 1973. This year's meeting celebrated the five hundredth Hoyle, a Foreign Associate of the Academy. On Mon- anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus. The day evening, the Academy's Awards Program took program for the Copernican Symposium was developed place with signing of the Members' Book opening the jointly by a special committee of the Academy and The proceedings. Ten awards were presented together with Smithsonian Institution under the chairmanship of the first two Academy Staff Awards for Distinguished John Archibald Wheeler and in cooperation with The Service. Chairman Groszkowski addressed the members Copernicus Society of America and the U.S. National and guests attending the Annual Dinner on Tuesday Commission for UNESCO. Janusz Groszkowski, Presi- evening. A concert on Wednesday evening featured dent Emeritus of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Leon Kirchner conducting members of the Boston served as Honorary Chairman of the Symposium. The Symphony with Peter Serkin and Diane Hoagland as ceremonial opening of Copernicus Week took place on soloists. The Business Sessions of the meeting took Sunday evening, preceding the Academy's meeting. place on each of the three mornings with Section meet- Following brief addresses by President Philip Handler ings and Class meetings being held on Monday and and S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of The Smithsonian Tuesday, respectively. Symposia were presented each Institution, the Gregg Smith Singers presented a pro- afternoon with additional programs being offered at gram of Renaissance music. After an intermission, The Smithsonian Institution for guests of the Academy COPERNICUS-Narrative and Credo was given its members on Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. One premiere performance. This work, specially commis- program of Contributed Papers was offered, abstracts of sioned by the Academy for the occasion, was composed which are printed in this issue.

I. COPERNICAN SYMPOSIUM The Nature of Scientific Discovery MONDAY, APRIL 23 National Academy Auditorium OPENING OF THE COPERNICAN SYMPOSIUM A. RUPERT HALL, Imperial College, London, England: Introductory Remarks. OWSEI TEMKIN, Institute of History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland: Science and Society in the Age of Copernicus. CHARLES EAMES, Designer: The Age of Copernicus. HEIKO OBERMAN, The Institute of Reformation Studies, University of Tubingen, Germany: Reformation and Revolution

TUESDAY, APRIL 24 Baird Auditorium, Museum of Natural History COPERNICAN SYMPOSIUM, Continued STEPHEN TOULMIN, University of California, Santa Cruz, California: Introductory Remarks. GERALD HOLTON, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Conditionsfor the Rise and Fall ofScience. INTERMISSION WERNER HEISENBERG, Max-Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics, Munich, Germany: Tradition in Science. 2181a Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 2182a National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25 National Academy Auditorium COPERNICAN SYMPOSIUM, Continued OWEN GINGERICH, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Introductory Remarks. MAARTEN SCHMIDT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California: Quasars and The Universe.

MUSICAL INTERMISSION JOHN ARCHIBALD WHEELER, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey: The Universe as Homefor Man.

II. OTHER NAS ACTIVITIES OPEN TO THE PUBLIC

MONDAY EVENING National Academy Auditorium AWARDS PROGRAM Signing of the Members' Book by members elected in 1972. Annual Presentation of Academy Awards. J. Lawrence Smith Medal -for investigations of meteoric bodies CLAIR CAMERON PATTERSON California Institute of Technology Comstock Prize -for most important discovery of investigation in electricity, magnetism, or radiant energy ROBERT H. DICKE Princeton University Mary Clark Thompson Medal -for most important services to geology and paleontology HOLLIS Dow HEDBERG Princeton University Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal -for exceptional contributions to medical science SEYMOUR SOLOMON KETY Massachusetts General Hospital U.S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology -for recent notable discovery in molecular biology DONALD DAVID BROWN Carnegie Institution of Washington G. K. Warren Prize -for noteworthy and distinguished accomplishment in fluviatile geology LUNA BERGERE LEOPOLD University of California, Berkeley National Academy of Sciences Award in Aeronautical Engineering -for outstanding contributions to aeronautical engineering DONALD WILLS DOUGLAS, SR. McDonnell-Douglas Corporation NAS Award in Applied Mathematics and Numerical Analysis -for distinguished achievements in fundamental research relevant to other fields of science SAMUEL KARLIN Stanford University Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting 2183a

Benjamin Apthorp Gould Prize -for distinguished work in astronomical research KENNESTH I. KELLERMANN National Radio Astronomy Observatory NAS Award for Environmental Quality in honor of Frederick Cottrell -for outstanding contributions to improve the quality of environment, or the control of pollution by man W. THOMAs EDMONDSON University of Washington NAS Award for Distinguished Service -for exceptional achievement as a member of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council pro- fessional staff. HUGH ODISHAW 1972 WILLIAM NELSON CAREY, JR. 1973

COPERNICUS AS A HUMANIST Speaker: JACOB BRONOWSKI Director, Council for Biology in Human Affairs The Salk Institute, San Diego, California

TUESDAY, APRIL 24 ,fternoon Session-Lecture Room CONTRIBUTED PAPERS Papers conntributed by members of the National Academy of Sciences or by individuals sponsored by members of the Academy. JLELOME KRISTIAN, Hale Observatories, Pasadena, California (Introduced by Horace W. Babcock): Quasars as Events in Galaxy Nuclei. E. Ou0\oNVN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Origin of the Surface Features of the Moon. PAUL E. DAMON, University of Arizona, Tueson, Arizona (Introduced by Thomas S. Lovering): Heliomagnetic- Geomagnetic Modulation of Radiocarbon Production in the Earth's Atmosphere. L. KNOPOFF and M. BUKOWINSKI, University of California, Los Angeles, California: Is the Inner Core Liquid After All? G. BREIT, M. TISCHLER, S. MUKHERJEE, and G. PAPPAS, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York: Mfagunetic Moment Effects on Tests of Charge Independence in Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering. H. T. HAMNIEL and P. F. SCHOL.NoDER, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: Vegatice Hydrostatic Pressure in the Soltent is the Basisfor all Colligative Propertiesof the Solution. ALBERT SZIENT-GYOeRGYI, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts: Electronic Biology. ALBIERT B. S.kBIN and GIULio TARRO, NCI Frederick Cancer Research Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland: Herpes Simiplex and Genitalis Virus Nanvirion Antigens: Their Use for Determining Role of these Viruses in Etiology of Some Humian Cancers. W. SHOCKLEY, Stanford University, Stanford, California: Variance of Caucasian Admixture in Negro Populations, Pigme.ntation Variability, and IQ. Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 2184a National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting III. SPECIAL PUBLIC INTEREST ACTIVITIES

Arranged by the Copernican Committee and The Smithsonian Institution TUESDAY, APRIL 24 Smithsonian Institution

History and Technology Auditorium INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY A Case History Approach Convenor: ROBERT P. MULTHAUF

Freer Gallery Auditorium SPACE AGE CHILDREN: THE DISCOVERY AND NURTURE OF SCIENTIFIC TALENT Part I Moderator: SHANA ALEXANDER

Museum of Natural History Auditorium COPERNICUS AS A HUMANIST Speaker: JACOB BRONOWSKI The Salk Institute San Diego, California Including excerpts from The Ascent of Man. (This presentation is an expanded version of Dr. Bronowski's address of Monday Evening.)

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25 Smithsonian Institution

Museum of History and Technology Auditorium INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY Incentives for Productivity Convenor: ROBERT P. MULTHAUF

National Air Space Museum, Arts and Industries Building SPACE AGE CHILDREN: THE DISCOVERY AND NURTURE OF SCIENTIFIC TALENT Part II Moderator: SHANA ALEXANDER

WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 25

National Academy Auditorium LEON KIRCHNER conducting members of the Boston Symphony Orchestra-Presenting works of Webern, Messiaen, Schoenberg, and Kirchner and featuring Peter Serkin and Diane Hoagland as soloists. Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting 2185a SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS The Copernican Century. Scientific instruments and art objects from the Renaissance, on loan from the University of Cracow. Sponsored by the Copernicus Society of America. National Museum of History and Technology. The Persistent Crafts of Poland. A collection of art and artifacts reflecting Polish culture from the Renaissance onward. Sponsored by the Copernicus Society of America. National Academy of Sciences. Poland's Graphic Arts. Representative groups of Polish posters commissioned in honor of the Copernican quincentennial. Made available by the Copernicus Society of America. National Academy of Sciences. National Museum of History and Technology. Copernicus on Stamps of the World. A display of Copernican stamps arranged by the Smithsonian's Division of Postal History. National Museum of History and Technology. The Universe. An experimental planetarium. National Air and Space Museum. The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mid-Nineteenth Century America. Portraits, original letters, books, sketches, photographs, and model inventions from an early effort to develop a pro- fessional scientific community in the United States. Literature of the Renaissance. Rare books of the period. The Folger Shakespeare Library. Art of the Renaissance. Masters of the period. The National Gallery of Art. Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021