Botanical Diversity at Savura, a Lowland Rain Forest Site along the PABITRA Gateway Transect, , Fiji1

Gunnar Keppel,2 Jone Cawani Navuso,2 A. Naikatini,4 Nunia T. Thomas,4 Isaac A. Rounds,2,4 Tamara A. Osborne,5 Nemani Batinamu,3 and Eliki Senivasa3

Abstract: Savura is one of the seven focal sites of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) Gateway Transect in . The site is composed of tropical lowland rain forest located in southeastern Viti Levu and consists of two adja- cent watershed reserves, the Savura Forest Reserve and the Vago Forest Re- serve. A total of 560 indigenous species (52% endemic) of vascular is recorded for this focal site. Savura has been chosen for the establishment of a large permanent plot of 12 ha following the methods proposed by the Centre of Tropical Forest Science (CTFS). This involves the recording of name, diam- eter at breast height (DBH), and precise location of every tree with 1 cm or more DBH. A total of 5,494 individuals with a total basal area of 2,752 m2 was recorded in the first 6,000 m2 of this CTFS/PABITRA permanent plot. The Myristicaceae (species of the Myristica) was the dominant family in num- bers of individuals (14.4%) and basal area (35.6%). Tree ferns (Cyatheaceae [8.2% of individuals, 14.6% basal area]) and the Clusiaceae (8.6% of individuals, 12.8% basal area) are other major components. After this initial census, sub- sequent censuses will be carried out every 5 yr and should give insights on spa- tial dynamics, recruitment and mortality, and long-term changes in populations of tree species.

Savura, one of the seven focal sites of the comprises 24.7 ha of lowland rain forest; Fiji Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABI- the Savura Forest Reserve was established in TRA) wet-zone transect (Keppel 2005, this 1963 and comprises 396.5 ha. No trees have issue), is located in the province of Naitasiri been removed from either reserve since their and includes two adjacent forest reserves, establishment, but before that, traditional Vago and Savura, that are catchment areas logging, the occasional removal of large trees for Savura Creek, which provides much of for house construction, is likely to have oc- ’s water supply (Figure 1). The Vago curred at least in parts of the reserves. Forest Reserve was established in 1959 and Because of its comparative accessibility and its protected status, Savura and the sur- rounding areas have been subject to previous 1 The Savura 12-ha Permanent Plot is funded by the botanical collections and ecological studies University Research Committee (URC) of the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. Manuscript accepted 23 investigating the demography of Balaka mi- April 2004. crocarpa Burret (Ash 1988) and Cyathea hornei 2 Biology Department, School of Pure and Applied Baker (Copel.) (Ash 1987). Despite this, no Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. species list for the area exists. In this paper 3 Forestry Department, Ministry of Fisheries and we provide a preliminary list of species by Forests, Suva, Fiji. 4 South Pacific Regional Herbarium, Institute of Ap- incorporating data from collections at the plied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. South Pacific Regional Herbarium and from 5 Geography Department, University of the South specimens listed in Smith (1979, 1981, 1985, Pacific, Suva, Fiji. 1988, 1991, 1996) and in Brownlie (1977). Also included are species recorded from an Pacific Science (2005), vol. 59, no. 2:175–191 altitudinal transect on adjacent Mt. Korobaba : 2005 by University of Hawai‘i Press (Hassal and Kirkpatrick 1985, Kirkpatrick All rights reserved and Hassal 1985), which is similar in altitude

175 176 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

Figure 1. Map showing the boundary of the Vago Forest Reserve and location of the study site for the 12-ha perma- nent plot (indicated by arrow). The map also shows Savura Creek and Wailoku Creek, which are part of the Savura Forest Reserve and the Wailoku Forest Reserve, respectively. Inset is the climate diagram for Airport, located 14 km east of Savura.

to Mt. Nakobalevu in the Savura focal site tree that is 1 cm or more in diameter. The (see Figure 1). project is a joint effort between the University Currently, a 12-ha permanent plot is being of the South Pacific and the Fiji Forestry De- created in the Vago Forest Reserve following partment. After completion of the initial cen- Centre for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS) sus, which is anticipated by early 2005, the protocol (Condit 1998), which involves map- plot will be revisited every 5 yr. In this paper ping, measuring, and identification of every we present a preliminary species list, profile Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 177 diagrams, and initial preliminary results of were used to assess whether a species is en- the first 6,000 m2 of this CTFS/PABITRA demic, indigenous, or introduced. permanent plot. Profile Diagrams materials and methods Profile diagrams were constructed by placing two 60 by 6 m transects into homogeneous Study Area vegetation types. One was placed on a slope The Savura focal site is located in southeast- and the other on a plain. Within each of these ern Viti Levu, about 8 km north of Suva. It transects every tree of 10 cm or more in di- is mostly covered by lowland rain forest. The ameter at breast height (DBH) was identified climate diagram of Nausori (Suva) Airport and approximately mapped. For each such (Figure 1 inset), located 14 km east of the fo- tree DBH was measured and the bole height, cal site, shows a mean annual rainfall of 2,926 crown height, and crown width estimated. mm and a perhumidity index (Walsh 1992) of These data were then used to draw a profile 20. Nausori Airport is located on the flood- diagram. plain of Fiji’s largest river, the Rewa, there- fore the focal site is likely to receive more Tree Census rainfall due to additional orographic rainfall. 2 The climate may be best described as tropical Within the 6,000 m every tree with a DBH wet to superwet (Richards 1996). Topogra- of 1 cm or more was measured, tagged, iden- phy is very uneven with steep slopes and tified, and mapped following Condit (1998). ridges. Landslides are common. However, instead of aluminum tags, nylon To begin the study and to provide some ribbons (with numbers written using white species identification the first hectare of the correction fluid) were used for this initial cen- permanent plot (which is intended to be 12 sus. Tree identifications were made by J.C.N. ha in size) has been set up in the Vago Re- and G.K. using parataxonomy (vernacular serve (see Figure 1). Data collection for this names). This involves identification of trees study was restricted to the first 6,000 m2 of based on characteristics of the bark and other the initial 1-ha plot. Because of the dense vegetative features and allows identification of canopy, global positioning system (GPS) plants to the family, genus, or species level, readings are difficult to obtain in the forest. depending on the . Scientific identifica- However, GPS coordinates obtained near tion of the various species is currently under the bottom of the nearby Vago Waterfall in way. In addition, Neil White (Biology De- the same reserve were 18 0 04.83300 S and partment, University of the South Pacific) 178 0 26.50500 E (D. Boseto, pers. comm.). has created an MS Access database following the format suggested by Condit (1998) and data entry will commence once identifications Preliminary Species List to the species level are completed. A species list of plants likely to be encoun- tered was constructed by listing all species results reported from Savura, Vago, Wailoku, Colo- Species i-Suva, Mt. Nakobalevu, and Mt. Korobaba (see Figure 1 for locations). These records A total of 560 indigenous species (52% en- were obtained from Flora Vitiensis Nova demic) was recorded (see Appendix 1). Of (Smith 1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996), these, 345 (71% endemic) were dicotyledons, the database of the South Pacific Regional 117 (28% endemic) were ferns, 93 (14% en- Herbarium, and a previous study on Mt. demic) were , and 5 (none Korobaba (Kirkpatrick and Hassal 1985). endemic) were gymnosperms; 55 of the 93 Planted ornamentals were ignored. Smith’s monocotyledonous species were orchids. In volumes (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996) addition 27 introduced species were recorded. 178 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

Figure 2. Forest profile diagram of lowland rain forest on a plain in Savura, Naitasiri Province, Fiji. Symbols of trees over 10 cm DBH: Albo, Alpinia boia; Alsp, Alstonis sp.; Anac, Buchanania sp.; Baed, Barringtonia edulis; Casp, sp.; Cavi, Calophyllum vitiense; Cyin, Cyathocalyx insularis; Dibi, Dillenia biflora; Elsp, Elaeocarpus sp.; Enma, Endosper- mum macrophyllum; Ensp, Endiandra sp.; Exsp, Excoecaria sp.?; Fism, Ficus smithii; Gamy, Garcinia myrtiflora; Gice, Gi- ronniera celtidifolia; Gopu, Gonystylus punctatus; Hafl, Haplolobus floribundus; Heor, Heritiera ornithocephala; Mysp, Myristica sp.; Nesp, Neuburgia sp.; Path, Pagiantha thurstonii; Plsp, Plerandra sp.; Xy, Xylopia sp.

Profile Diagrams error using the parataxonomic method be known. The profile diagrams (Figures 2 and 3) show Species of Myristica (Myristicaceae) are that species of dominate the canopy Myristica dominant in the area surveyed. They account and subcanopy with emergents of Endosper- for 14.4% of individuals (Table 1) and for on plains, and mum macrophyllum Calophyllum 35.6% of the basal area (Table 2). The Clu- vitiense, Gonystylus punctatus, and species of siaceae (species of Calophyllum and Garcinia) Syzygium dominate the canopy and sub- and tree ferns (species of Cyathea [Cyathea- canopy on slopes. ceae]) were other very common families, composing more than 8% of individuals and more than 14% of basal area. Other common Permanent Plot families that composed more than 1% of In the first 6,000 m2, 5,494 individuals in 47 basal area are the Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Go- families with diameter of 1 cm or more were nystylus punctatus (Thymeliaceae), Sapotaceae, recorded. Of these, 5,474 individuals were Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, , spe- identified at least to family level, and 20 re- cies of Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae), Chryso- mained unidentified (Appendix 2). The total balanaceae, Araliaceae, and the Moraceae. basal area of these trees amounted to 2,752 2 m . Admittedly, there is potential for some discussion erronous identifications, but these are likely to be minimal at the family level. We estimate A large number of indigenous species (560) erroneous identifications to amount to less was recorded. This was more than the 426 than 50 individuals, but it may be as high as species recorded at Waisoi, another lowland 100 individuals. Only after herbarium identi- rain forest site on Viti Levu (Tuiwawa fication of the species can the exact size of 1999). This is likely due to the proximity of Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 179

Figure 3. Forest profile diagram of a mixed-species lowland rain forest on a slope in the Vago Reserve, Savura. Sym- bols of trees over 10 cm DBH: Sp. 1, unknown; Casp, Canarium sp.; Cavi, Calophyllum vitiense; Cysp, Cyathea sp.; Emmi, Emmenosperma micropetalum; Enma, Endospermum macrophyllum; Ensp, Endiandra sp.; Gamy, Garcinia myrti- flora; Gopu, Gonystylus punctatus; Heor, Heritiera ornithocephala; Magr, Maniltoa grandiflora; Pain, Parinari insularum; Pasp, Palaquium sp.; Stvi, Storckiella vitiensis; Sysp, Syzygium sp.; Trri, Trichospermum richii.

Savura to Suva and the University of the crantha. If basal area is considered, there are South Pacific, the base for many local and vis- two other principal families (having a rela- iting botanists, whereas the results in Waisoi tive abundance of 10% or more [after Tanner are based on a single, but extensive, study. 1977]), the Cyatheaceae (14.6%) and the Clu- Several species of special scientific interest siaceae (12.8%). The great abundance of the were recorded: three members of the ancient Myristicaceae is obvious on the profile dia- and eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, gram of the flat (Figure 2). However, the the conifers Agathis macrophylla and Podocar- abundance of tree ferns (indicated by only pus neriifolius, the giant ginger Alpinia boia, three individuals) on the profile diagram and Degeneria vitiensis, one of the two remain- of the slope community (Figure 3) questions ing species in the ‘‘Gondwanan relic’’ family the representativeness of such profile dia- Degeneriaceae (endemic to Fiji). All these grams or any studies using a 10-cm DBH cut- are found within a subsample of the planned off. 12-ha permanent plot. The great abundance of tree ferns (Cya- In terms of number of individuals (14.4%) theaceae) in relatively undisturbed lowland and basal area (35.6%), Myristicaceae was the rain forest is a previously unreported phe- dominant family. There are four species of nomenon. We suggest that two major factors Myristica that contribute to this: M. castaneifo- contribute to this. First, tree ferns and Alpinia lia, M. chartacea, M. gillespieana, and M. ma- boia appear to be the first colonizers of tree 180 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

TABLE 1 fall and landslide gaps at the study site. Sec- The 20 Most Abundant Plant Families Arranged in ond, tree ferns appear to be more common Decreasing Abundance in Number of Individuals in the on the slopes in Fiji’s lowland rain forest 6,000-m2 Plot in Vago Forest Reserve (Tuiwawa 1999). Because the study site has many unstable slopes prone to seemingly No. of Individuals frequent landslides, tree ferns are extremely Family (n)%abundant. Upon completion of the first cen- Myristicaceae 745 14.4 sus of the 12-ha plot, it will be possible to Clusiaceae 446 8.6 test whether tree ferns are more abundant in Cyatheaceae 424 8.2 gaps and on slopes than on plains in the study Meliaceae 299 5.8 site. The profile diagrams (Figures 2 and 3) Lauraceae 297 5.7 Sapotaceae 277 5.3 suggest that the slopes and flats are domi- Myrtaceae 275 5.3 nated by different plant assemblages; there- Lecythidaceae 203 3.9 fore, there is a high likelihood to discover Thymeleaceae 194 3.7 distinct slope, flat, and ridge communities as Euphorbiaceae 158 3.1 in Waisoi (Tuiwawa 1999). Moraceae 148 2.9 Gnetaceae 137 2.6 The initial census should also produce Chrysobalanaceae 133 2.6 similar spatial information about many other Burseraceae 119 2.3 species, some of which are commercial timber Araliaceae 118 2.3 species. It should also provide insights into Rubiaceae 110 2.1 106 2.0 the structure and composition of Fiji’s low- Ulmaceae 95 1.8 land rain forests. Subsequent censuses, which Dilleniaceae 81 1.6 are to be carried out every 5 yr, will help to provide more detailed long-term ecological

TABLE 2 The 20 Most Abundant Plant Families Arranged in Decreasing Basal Area as Determined by Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) in the 6,000-m2 Plot in Vago Forest Reserve

Maximum DBH Mean DBH Total Basal Area Basal Area Family (cm) (cm) (m2) (%)

Myristicaceae 467 47.4 978.96 35.6 Cyatheaceae 234 25.5 401.08 14.6 Clusiaceae 485 47.3 351.15 12.8 Lauraceae 434 48.1 161.40 5.9 Myrtaceae 565 49.6 149.43 5.4 Thymeleaceae 647 60.8 109.25 4.0 Sapotaceae 332 44.5 103.60 3.8 Euphorbiaceae 657 64.1 80.70 2.9 Meliaceae 284 37.2 71.47 2.6 Burseraceae 409 70.2 53.91 2.0 Lecythidaceae 222 37.8 46.30 1.7 Chrysobalanaceae 297 53.3 39.38 1.4 Araliaceae 373 55.1 33.17 1.2 Moraceae 155 42.4 30.93 1.1 Hernandiaceae 350 82.1 17.70 0.6 Dilleniaceae 448 76.5 17.48 0.6 Apocynaceae 343 70.8 17.15 0.6 Caesalpinaceae 367 44.3 10.21 0.4 Gnetaceae 70 26.3 10.20 0.4 Loganiaceae 124 33.1 9.59 0.3 Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 181 information about the different species in Literature Cited terms of spatial dynamics, recruitment and mortality, and intra- and interspecific interac- Ash, J. 1987. Demography of Cyathea hornei tions. (Cyatheaceae), a tropical tree fern from Repeated monitoring will also allow docu- Fiji. Aust. J. Bot. 35:331–342. mentation of the behavior of invasive species. ———. 1988. Demography and production The African tree (Spathodea campanulata) of (), a tropical is currently the most widespread invasive tree understorey palm from Fiji. Aust. J. Bot. species on Viti Levu and may be one of the 36:67–80. biggest threats to Fiji’s biodiversity. At the Brownlie, G. 1977. The pteridophyte flora of study site, however, it is currently restricted Fiji. (Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia, Heft to the banks of streams and forest edges. 55). A. R. Ganther Verlag KG., Vaduz, Another major concern is the commercially Liechtenstein. planted mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Condit, R. 1998. Tropical forest census plots: which appears to be escaping cultivation. Methods and results from Barro Colorado Three saplings were recorded (Appendix 2) Island, Panama and a comparison with in the first 6,000 m2, with the seeds likely to other plots. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Ger- have originated from the Colo-i-Suva mahog- many. any plantation located about 1 km to the east Doyle, M. F. 1998. Gymnosperms of the SW of the study plot. Other invasives that could Pacific—I. Fiji. Endemic, indigenous, and possibly alter the forest composition and naturalized species: Changes in nomencla- structure and were seen in close proximity to ture, key, annotated checklist, and discus- the study site are the red bead tree (Adenan- sion. Harv. Pap. Bot. 3:101–106. thera pavonia) and the Australian umbrella Hassal, D. C., and J. B. Kirkpatrick. 1985. tree (Schefflera actinophylla). The diagnostic value and host relation- Although the data are to be collected fol- ships of the dependent synusia in the lowing CTFS guidelines, databasing will al- forests of Mount Korobaba, Fiji. N. Z. J. low easy extraction of the information Bot. 23:33–46. required for PABITRA. There is a need to Keppel, G. 2005. Botanical studies within the collect data on species composition and vege- PABITRA wet-zone transect, Viti Levu, tation structure in other areas, because the Fiji. Pac. Sci. 59:165–174 (this issue). permanent plot will only cover 12 ha of the Kirkpatrick, J. B., and D. C. Hassal. 1985. 421 ha of the two reserves (Vago and Savura) The vegetation and flora along an altitudi- that constitute this PABITRA focal site. We nal transect through a tropical forest at believe that this should ideally include addi- Mount Korobaba, Fiji. N. Z. J. Bot. tional plots in an altitudinal transect on Mt. 23:33–46. Nakobalevu. This would allow a comparison Richards, P. W. 1996. The tropical rain with the vegetation surveys from Mt. Koro- forest. Cambridge University Press, Cam- baba (Kirkpatrick and Hassal 1985). bridge, U.K. Smith, A. C. 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: acknowledgments A new flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 1. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, We thank the South Pacific Regional Her- La¯wa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. barium for granting us access to their still ———. 1981. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new expanding database. We are also grateful to flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 2. the following individuals, who were involved Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, La¯wa‘i, in and have contributed to the project: Mar- Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. garet Fox, Lynette Petueli, Joape Kuruyawa, ———. 1985. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new Simone Narube, and Inoke Wainiqolo. A big flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 3. vinaka vaka levu also to Prof. Dieter Mueller- Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, La¯wa‘i, Dombois, who kindly reviewed this paper. Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. 182 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

———. 1988. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new tion of the floristics, the soils and the foliar flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 4. mineral levels, and a discussion of the in- Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, La¯wa‘i, terrelations. J. Ecol. 65:883–918. Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. Tuiwawa, M. 1999. The flora, ecology and ———. 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new conservation of the botanical biodiversity flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only). Vol. 5. of Waisoi and the southeasterm slopes Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, La¯wa‘i, of the Korobasaga Range in Namosi Prov- Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. ince, Fiji. M.S. thesis, University of the ———. 1996. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new South Pacific, Suva, Fiji. flora of Fiji (spermatophytes only): Com- Walsh, R. P. D. 1992. Representation and prehensive indices. Pacific Tropical Botan- classification of tropical climates for eco- ical Garden, La¯wa‘i, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i. logical purposes using the perhumidity in- Tanner, E. V. J. 1977. Four montane rainfor- dex. Swansea Geogr. 24:109–129. ests of Jamaica: A quantitative characterisa-

Appendix 1 Preliminary Species Checklist for the Savura Focal Site

Ferns and Fern Allies Tectaria hookerii BrownlieE Tectaria vitiensis BrownlieE Psilopsida ASPLENIACEAE PSILOTACEAE Willd.I Psilotum complanatum Sw.I Asplenium amboinense Hk.I Psilotum nudum (L.) P. B.I Asplenium austalasicum Asplenium bipinnatifidum BakerI Lycopsida Asplenium cuneatum Lam.I Asplenium unilaterale Lam.I LYCOPSIDACEAE Loxoscaphe gibberosum (Forst.) Moore Lycopodium carinatum Desv.I Lycopodium cernuum L.I ATHYRIACEAE Lycopodium floliosum Copel.E Diplazium bulbiferum Brack.I Lycopodium phlegmaria L.I Diplazium harpeodes MooreI Lycopodium squarrosum Forst.I Diplazium melanocaulon Brack.I Lycopodium subtrifoliatum BrownlieE BLECHNACEAE Lycopodium trifoliatum Copel.E Blechnum coriaceum (Brack.) BrownlieE SELAGINELLACEAE Blechnum milnei (Carr.) C. ChristensenE Selaginella brynioides BakerE Blechnum orientale L.I Selaginella distans WarburgE Blechnum pilosum (Brack.) BrownlieE Selaginella firmula A. Br. ex KuhnI Blechnum vittatum Brack.E Selaginella rechingeri Hieronymus ex Rech.I Doodia brackenridgei Carr. ex Seem. Filicopsida CYATHEACEAE Culcita straminea (Labill.) MaxonI ADIANTACEAE Cyathea affinis (Forst.) Sw.I Adiantun hornei BakerE Cyathea alta Copel.I Pteris litoralis Rech.I Cyathea decurrens (Hk.) Copel.I Pteris parhamii BrownlieE Cyathea hornei (Baker) Copel.I Pteris vitiensis BakerE Cyathea lunulata (Forst.) Copel.I Pteris vittata L.I Cyathea propinqua Mett.E Stenochalena palustris (Burm.) Bedd.I Dicksonia brackenridgei Mett.E Syngramma borneensis (Hk.) J. Sm.I E DAVALLIACEAE Syngramma spathulata (C. Christ.) Holtt. I Taenitis pinnata var. polypodioides (Baker) Holtt.I (var. E) Arthopteris articulata (Brack.) C. Chr. Arthopteris repens (Brack.) C. Chr.I ASPIDIACEAE Davallia fejeensis Hk.E Ctenitis fijiensis (Hk.) Copel.E Davallia solida (Forst.) Sw.I Tectaria crenata Cav.I Humata botrychioides BrackE Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 183

Appendix 1 (continued)

Humata heterophylla (Smith) Desv.I POLYPODIACEAE Leucostegia pallida (Mett.) Copel.I Belvisia mucronata (Fe´e) Copel.I Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott.I Dipteris conjugata Reinw.I Nephrolepis hirisutula (Forst.) Pr.I Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd.I Nephrolepis saligna Carr.E Loxogramme parksii Copel.I Nephrolepis tuberosa (Bory ex Willd.) Presl.I Microsorum alatum (Brack.) Copel.I Oleandra neriiformis Cav.I Microsorium punctatum (L.) Copel.I Scyphularia pycnocarpa (Brack.) Copel.E Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.) Pic. Ser.I Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching I DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Orthiopteris tenuis (Brack.) BrownlieE SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium reticulatum SchkuhrI GLEICHENIACEAE Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J. Sm.I Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Un.I Gleichenia oceanica KuhnI THELYPTERIDACEAE Cyclosorus decadens (Baker) Ching E GRAMMITIDACEAE Pneumatopteris costata (Brack.) Holtt.I Ctenopteris contigua (Forst.) Holtt.I Pneumatopteris parksii (Ballard) Holtt.E Ctenopteris seemannii ( J.Sm.) Copel.I Plesioneuron hopeanum (Baker) Holtt.E Grammitis glabrata BrownlieE Grammitis hookeri (Brack.) Copel.I VITTARIACEAE Anthrophyum alatum Brack.I HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Anthrophyum plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf.I Hymenophyllum affine Brack.E Vaginularia angustissima (Brack.) Mett.E Hymenophyllum denticulatum Sw.I Vittaria elongata Sw.E Trichomanes apiifolium Presl.I Trichomanes asae-grayi v.d.B.I Gymnosperms Trichomanes borynarum KunzeI ARAUCARIACEAE Trichomanes dentatum v.d.B.I Agathis macrophylla (Lind.) Mast.I Trichomanes endlicherianum Presl.I Trichomanes intermedium v.d.B.I PODOCARPACEAE Trichomanes tahitense Nad.I Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. patulus de Laub.I Dacrydium nidulum de Laub.I HYPOLEPIDACEAE Podocarpus nerifolius D. DonI Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J.Sm.I GNETACEAE LINDSAEACEAE Gnetum gnemon L.I Lindsaea ensifolia Sw.I Lindsaea gueriniana (Gaud.) Desv.I Monocots Lindsaea harveyi Carr. ex Seem.I I AGAVACEAE Lindsaea moorei (Hk.) Fourn. A Lindsaea pulchra (Brack.) Carr. ex Seem.I Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth Lindsaea repens (Bory) ThwaitesI ARACEAE Lindsaea vitiensis KramerE Anthurium andraeanum Linden Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) MaxonI Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.I Tapeinidium denhamii (Hk.) C. Chr.I Rhaphidophora spuria (Schott) NicolsonE Tapeinidium mealnesicum KramerI ARECACEAE LOMARIOPSIDACEAE Balaka macrocarpa BurretE Elaphoglossum imthurnii KrajinaE Balaka microcarpa BurretI Elaphoglossum milnei KrajinaE (H. Wendl.) Becc.E Lomariopsis brackenridgei Carr.I *Pinanga kuhlii Bl. Lomariopsis oleandrifolia (Brack.) Mett.E Veitchia vitiensis (H. Wendl.) H.E. MooreE I Lommagramma cordipinna Holtt. ASPARAGACEAE Brack.I Lomagramma polyphylla Geitonoplesium cymosum (R. Br.) A. Cunn.I MARATTIACEAE COMMELINACEAE I Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm. Commelina diffusa Burm.I Angiopteris opaca Copel.E Marattia smithii Mett. ex KuhnI CYPERACEAE Carex dietrichiae Boeck.I OSMUNDACEAE Hypolytrum nemorum subsp. vitiense (C.B. Clarke) T. Leptopteris wilkesiana (Brackenr.) C. Christ.I KoyamaE 184 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

Appendix 1 (continued)

Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) VahlI Pristiglottis longiflora (Reichenb. f.) Kores Gahnia vitiensis RendleE Pseuderia platyphylla L.O. WilliamsE Machaerina falcata (Nees) T. KoyamaI Pseuderia smithiana C. Schweinf.E *Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) Beauv. Robiquetia bertholdii (Reichenb. f.) Schlechter Scleria polycarpa Boeck.I Sarcochilus williamsianus KoresE pacifica Bl.I FLAGELLARIACEAE Spathoglottis plicata Bl.I Flagellaria gigantea Hk. in f. Hk.I Taeniophyllum gracile (Rolfe) GarayE Flagellaria indica L.E Tropidia effusa Reichenb. f. in Seem.I Flagellaria neo-caledonica SchlechterI Vrydagzynea samoana SchlechterI HELICONIACEAE PANDANACEAE Heliconia paka A.C. Sm.E Freycinetia caudata Hemsl.E *Heliconia psittacorum L. Freycinetia hombronii Mart.I Freycinetia impavida (Hombr. & Jacq.) StoneI Acanthophippium papuanum SchlechterI Freycinetia pritchardii Seem.I Appendicula pendulus Bl.I Pandanus joskei HorneE Appendicula reflexa Bl.I Pandanus levuensis Mart.E *Arundia graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. Pandanus thurstonii WrightE Bulbophyllum gracillimum (Rolfe) RolfeI Pandanus vitiensis Mart.E Bulpophyllum longiflorum Thou.I Pandanus whitmeeanus Mart.I Bulpophyllum longiscapum RolfeI POACEAE Bulbophyllum rotriceps Reichenb. f.I *Axonopus compressus Cadetia hispida (A. Rich.) SchlechterE Centotheca lappaceae (L.) Desv.I alta Reichenb. f.I Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Hochst. ex Steudel) Stapf in Calanthe hololeuca Reichenb. f.I Hk.I Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) AmesI Isachne vitiensis RendleE Calanthe ventilabrum Reichenb. f.I Miscanthus floribundus (Labill.) Warb. ex K. Schum.I Cleisotoma longipaniculatum KoresI Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. Cryptostylis arachnites (Bl.) Hassk.I Panicum maximum Jacq. var. maximum Cynorkis fastigiata Thou.I *Paspalum paniculatum L. Dendrobium biflorum (Forst. f.) Sw.I Sacciolepis indica (L.) ChaseI Dendrobium catillare Reichb. f.E *Sporobolus jacquemontii Kunth Dendrobium dactylodes Reichenb. f.I Dendrobium macrophyllum A. Rich.I SMILACEAE Dendrobium platygastrium Reichenb. f.I Smilax vitiense (Seem.) A. DC.I Dendrobium vitiense RolfeE TRIURIDACEAE Diplocaulobium tipuliferum (Reichenb. f.) Kraenzl.E Andruris vitiensis (A.C. Sm.) Gies.E Eria bulbophylloides C, Schweinf.E Eria rostriflora Reichenb. f. in Seem.I ZINGIBERACEAE Eulophia nuda Lindl. ex WallichI Alpinia boia Seem.E Eulophia pulchra (Thou.) Lindl.I Alpinia vitiensis Seem.E Grammatophyllum elegans Reichenb. f.I Costus speciosus (Ko¨nig) Sm. Habernaria superflua Reichenb. f. in Seem.E *Hedychium coronarium Ko¨nig Hetaeria oblongifolia Bl.I *Zingiber officinale Rosc. Hetaeria whitmeei Reichenb. f.I condylobulbon Dicotyledons Liparis elegans Lindl.I ACANTHACEAE Liparis orbiculata L.O. WilliamsI Graptophyllum repandum (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E Malaxis brevidenta C. Schweinf.I Graptophyllum insularum (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.I Malaxis imthurnii (Rolfe) L.O. WilliamsE Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum (A. Gray) HubbardE Malaxis latisegmenta C. Schweinf.I Malaxis latisepala (Rolfe) C. Schweinf.E ALANGIACEAE Malaxis lunata (Schlechter) AmesI Alangium vitiense (A. Gray) Baill. ex HarmsE Malaxis radicicola (Rolfe) L.O. WilliamsE ANACARDIACEAE Malaxis schlechteri (Rolfe) L.O. WilliamsE Pleiogynium timoriense (DC.) Leenh.I Nervilia punctata (Bl.) MakinoI Rhus simaroubifolia A. GrayI Oberonia equitans (Forst. f.) MutelI Semecarpus vitiensis (A. Gray) Engl.I Peristylus maculifer (C. Schweinf.) Renz & Vodonaivalu graeffei Reichenb. f.I ANNONACEAE Phreatia micrantha (A. Richenb.) SchlechterI Cyathocalyx insularis A.C. Sm.E Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 185

Appendix 1 (continued)

Polyalthia angustifolia A.C. Sm.E CELASTRACEAE Polyalthia loriformis Gillesp.E Maytenus vitiensis (A. Gray) Ding HouI E Polyalthia vitiensis Seem. CHRYSOBALANACEAE Richella monosperma A. GrayE Atuna racemosa Raf. Sylva TellurI A.C. Sm.E Xylopia pacifica Parinari insularum A. GrayI Xylopia vitiense A.C. Sm.E CLUSIACEAE APOCYNACEAE E E Calophyllum leptocladum A.C. Sm. & S. Darwin Alstonia montana Turill I I Calophyllum neo-ebudicum Guillaumin Alstonia pacifica (Seem.) A.C. Sm. E E Calophyllum vitiense Turrill Alstonia vitiensis Seem. I I Garcinia myrtifolia A.C. Sm. Alyxia bracteolosa A. Gray I E Garcinia pseudoguttifera Seem. Alyxia linearifolia A.C. Sm. Garcinia vitiensis (A. Gray) Seem.I Carruthersia latifolia Gillesp.E Carruthersia scandens (Seem.) Seem.E COMBRETACEAE Cerbera manghas L.I Terminalia capitanea A.C. Sm.E Ervatamia obtusicula Markgraf I Terminalia pterocarpa Melville & P. GreenI I Melodinus vitiensis Rolfe CONNARACEAE E Pagiantha thurstonii (Horne ex Baker) A.C. Sm. Connarus pickeringii A. GrayE AQUIFOLIACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE Ilex vitiensis A. GrayE Merremia peltata (L.) Merr.I ARALIACEAE *Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis (Hall. f.) v. Ooststr. Plerandra grayi Seem.E CUNNONIACEAE Plerandra insolita A.C. Sm.E Geissois ternata A. GrayE Polyscias joskei GibbsE Pullea perryana A.C. Sm.E Polyscias multijuga (A. Gray) HarmsI Spiraeanthemum katakata Seem. in A. GrayE Schefflera actinophylla (Endlicher) Harms E DEGENERIACEAE Schefflera seemanniana A.C. Sm. E Schefflera vitiensis (A. Gray) Seem.E Degeneria vitiense I.W. Bailey & A.C. Sm. DICHAPETALACEAE ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Dichapetalum vitiense Thou.E Aristolochia vitiensis A.C. Sm.E ASCLEPIADACEAE DILLENIACEAE (A.Gray) Martelli ex Dur & Jacks.I Hoya australis R. Br.I Dillenia biflora Brogn. & Gries ex Se´bert & PancherE Hoya diptera Seem.E Hibbertia luccens Hoya vitiensis TurrillE EBENACEAE Diospyros elliptica ( J.R. & G. Forst.) P.S. Green ASTERACEAE Diospyros gillespie (Fosb.) Kosterm.E *Erechtites vaerianifolia (Wolf ) DC. Diospyros vitiensis Gillesp.E BIGNONIACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE Beauv. *Spathodea campanulata Elaeocarpus chelonimorphus Gillesp.E BURSERACEAE Elaeocarpus crassinoides A.GrayE Canarium harveyi Seem.I Elaeocarpus storckii Seem. Canarium vanikoroense Leenh.I I EPACARDIACEAE Canarium vitiense A. Gray Leucopogon septentrionalis SchlechterI *Canarium vulgare Leenh. Haplobus floribundus (K. Schum.) Lam.I EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha insulana Muell. Arg.I CAESALPINIACEAE Acalypha rivularis Seem.E E Cynometra insularis A.C. Sm. Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.A I Intsia bijuga (Coelbr.) Kuntze Antidesma insulare Gillesp.E E Kingiodendron platycarpum B.L. Burtt Baccaurea pulvinata A.C. Sm.E E Maniltoa grandiflora (A. Gray) Scheffer Baccaurea seemannii (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.I E Maniltoa floribunda A.C. Sm. Baccaurea stylaris Muell. Arg.E E Storckiella vitiensis Seem. Bischofia javanica Bl.I E CAMPANULACEAE Claoxylon vitiense Gillesp. I *Lobelia zeylanica L. Croton microtiglium Burkill Endospermum macrophyllum (Muell. Arg.) Pax & Hoffm.E CASUARINACEAE Flueggea flexuosa Muell. Arg.A Casuarina nodiflora L.A.S. JohnsonE Glochidion amentuligerum (Muell. Arg.) CroizatE 186 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

Appendix 1 (continued)

Glochidion atrovirens A.C. Sm.E Geniostoma clavigerum A.C. Sm. & StoneE Glochidion bracteatum Gillesp.E Geniostoma confertiflorum A.C. Sm. & StoneE Glochidion vitiensis (Muell. Arg.) Gillesp.E Geniostoma macrophyllum GillespieE Macaranga caesariata A.C. Sm. Geniostoma rupestre J.R. & G. Forst.I Macaranga graeffeana Pax & Hoffm.E Geniostoma uninervium A.C. Sm. & StoneE Macaranga magna TurrillE Neuburgia alata (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.E Macaranga seemannii (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg.E Neuburgia corynocarpa (A. Gray) Leenh.E E Macaranga vitiensis Pax & Hoffm. LORANTHACEAE Gillesp.E Phyllanthus pregracilis Decaisnia forsteriana ( J.A. & H.Schultes) BarlowI *Phyllanthus urinaria L. MALPIGHIACEAE FABACEAE Hiptage myrtifolia A. GrayE *Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Derris trifoliata Lour.I MALVACEAE Inocarpus fagiferus (Parkinson) Fosb.E *Urena lobata L. FLACOURTIACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE Caesaria richii A. GrayE Astronidium confertiflolium (A. Gray) Markgraf E Erythrospermum acuminatissimum (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.I Astronidium floribundum (Gillesp.) A.C. Sm.E Flacourtia degeneri A.C. Sm.E Astronidium lepidotum A.C. Sm.E Flacourtia subintegra A.C. Sm.E Astronidium parviflorum A. GrayE Homalium nitens TurrillE Astronidium robustum (Seem.) A.C. Sm.E Homalium vitiensis Benth.E Astronidium saulae A.C. Sm.E Astronidium storckii Seem.E GESNERIACEAE *Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don Seem.E Cyrtandra anthropophagorum Medinilla archboldiana A.C. Sm.E Cyrtandra cephalophora Gillesp.E Medinilla heterophylla A. GrayE Cyrtandra milnei Seem. ex A. GrayE Medinilla longicymosa GibbsE Seem.E Cyrtandra pritchardii Medinilla ovalifolia (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E A.C. Sm.E Cyrtandra trichophylla Medinilla rhodochlaena A. GrayE Seem.E Cyrtandra vitiensis Melastoma denticulatum Labill.I GOODENIACEAE MELIACEAE A. GrayE Scaevola floribunda Aglaia archboldiana A.C. Sm.E HERNANDIACEAE Aglaia axillaris A.C. Sm.E Hernandia olivacea Gillesp.E Aglaia elegans GillespieE Aglaia greenwoodii A.C. Sm.E ICACINACEAE Aglaia vitiensis A.C. Sm.E Citronella vitiensis R. HowardE Dysoxylum gillespianum A.C. Sm.E Medusanthera vitiensis Seem.E Dysoxylum hornei A.C. Sm.E LAURACEAE Dysoxylum lenticellare Gillesp.E Cinnamomum fitianum (Meisn.) A.C. Sm.E Dysoxylum quercifolium (Seem.) A.C. Sm.E Cinnamomum leptopus A.C. Sm.E Dysoxylum richii (A. Gray) C. DC.E Cryptocarya constricta AllenE Dysoxylum seemannii Gillesp.E Cryptocarya fusca Gillesp.E *Swietenia macrophylla KingN Cryptocarya hornei Gillesp.I Vavaea amicorum Benth.I Endiandra elaeocarpa Gillesp.I Vavaea harveyii Seem.E Endiandra gillespie A.C. Sm.E Vavaea megaphylla C.H. WrightE E Endiandra gillespie A.C. Sm. MENINSPERMACEAE Endiandra monticola A.C. Sm.E Pachygone vitiensis DielsI Litsea magnifolia Gillesp.E Litsea vitiana (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.E MIMOSACEAE Acacia richii A. GrayE LECYTHIDACEAE *Adenanthera pavonina L. Seem.E Barringtonia edulis *Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosb. Guppy.E Barringtonia seaturae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.I LINACEAE *Samanea saman ( Jacq.) Merrill Durandea vitiensis Stapf in Hk.E Serianthes melanesica var. melanesica Fosb.I (var. E) LOBELIACEAE MONIMIACEAE *Lobelia zelyanica L. Hedycarya dorstenoides A. Gray.I LOGANIACEAE MORACEAE Fagraea gracilipes A. GrayI Ficus bambusifolia Seem.E Botanical Diversity at Savura in the Fiji PABITRA Gateway Transect . Keppel et al. 187

Appendix 1 (continued)

Ficus barclayana (Miq.) Summerh.E OLEACEAE Ficus fulvo-pilosa Summerh.E Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C. Sm.I Ficus greenwoodii Summerh.E Jasminum betchei F.v. Muell.I Ficus masonii Horne ex Baker Jasminum didymum Forst. f. subsp. didymumI Ficus pritchardii Seem. Jasminum simplicifolium Forst.f. subsp. simplicifoliumI E Ficus smithii Horne ex Barker PASSIFLORACEAE Seem.I Ficus storckii *Passiflora foetida L. Ficus theophrastoides Seem.E Ficus vitiensis Seem.E PEPPEROMIACEAE Pepperomia lasiostigma C. DC.E MYRISTICACEAE Pepperomia purpuroides YunckerE E Myristica castaneifolia A. Gray PIPERACEAE Gillesp.E Myristica chartaceae Macropiper melanostachyum (C. DC.) A.C. Sm.I Myristica gillespieana A.C. Sm.E Macropiper oxycarpum (C. DC.) A.C. Sm.E Myristica grandifolia A. DC.E Macropiper puberulum Benth.I A.C. Sm.E Myristica macrantha *Piper aduncum L. E MYRSINACEAE Piper insectifugum C. DC. Discocalyx fusca GibbsE PITTOSPORACEAE Maesa insularis Gillesp.E Pittosporum brackenridgei A. GrayI Maesa tabacifolium MezI Pittosporum oligodontum GillespieE Maesa vitiensis SeemE Pittosporum pickeringii A. GrayE Rapanea myricifolia (A. Gray) MezI Pittosporum rhytidocarpum A. GrayE Tapeinosperma ampliflorum A.C. Sm.E POLYGALACEAE Tapeinosperma capitatum (A. Gray) MezE *Polygala paniculata L. Tapeinosperma clavatum Mez Tapeinospermum ligulifolium A.C. Sm.E PROTEACEAE Tapeinosperma hornei MezE Turillia ferruginea (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.E Turillia vitiensis (Turrill) A.C. Sm.E MYRTACEAE E RANUNCULACEAE Cleistocalyx decussatus A.C. Sm. I Cleistocalyx ellipticus (A.C. Sm.) Merr. & PerryE Clematis pickeringii A. Gray Cleistocalyx eugenioides Merr. & PerryE RHAMNACEAE Cleistocalyx longiflorus (A.C. Sm.) Merr & PerryE Alphitonia franguloides A. GrayI Decaspermum vitiense (A. Gray) NiedenzuE Alphitonia zizyphoides (Spreng.) A. GrayI *Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake Emmenosperma micropetalum (A.C. Sm.) M. Johnst.E Metrosideros collina ( J.R. & G. Forst.) A. Gray var. collinaI Metrosideros collina var. villosa (L.f.) A. GrayI RHIZOPHORACEAE I Crossostylis harveyi Benth. Metrosideros collina var. fruticosa J.W. Moore E E Crossostylis richii (A. Gray) A.C. Sm. Syzygium amicorum (A. Gray) C. Muell. E Syzygium amplifolium PerryE Crossostylis seemannii (A.Gray) Schimper Syzygium brackenridgei (A. Gray) C. Muell.I ROSACEAE Syzygium confertiflorum (A. Gray) C. Muell.E Rubus moluccanus L. var. ausropacificus v. RoyenI Syzygium corynocarpum (A. Gray) C. Muell.I I RUBIACEAE Syzygium curvistylum (Gillesp.) Merr. & Perry E E Airosperma trichotomum (Gillesp.) A.C. Sm. Syzygium diffusum (Turrill) Merr. & Perry E I Antirhea smithii (Fosb.) Merr. & Perry Syzygium effusum (A. Gray) C. Muell. I E Cyclophyllum barbatum (Forst. f.) A.C. Sm. Syzygium fijiense Perry E E Dolchiolobium latifolium A. Gray Syzygium gillespiei Merr. & Perry E Syzygium gracilipes (A. Gray) Merr. & PerryE Dolchiolobium macgregorii Horne ex Baker E Dolchiolobium oblongifolium A. Gray Syzygium grayii (Seem.) Merr. & Perry E E Gardenia gordonii Baker Syzygium leucanthum Perry E A Gardenia grievei Horne ex Baker Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry I E Gardenia storckii Oliver Syzgium pupureum (Perry) A.C. Sm. I E Geophila repens (L.) I.M. Johnst. Syzygium rubescens (A. Gray) C. Muell. I Syzygium simillimum Merr. & PerryE Gynochtodes epiphyta (Rech.) A.C. Sm. & S. Darw. Hedyotis lapeyrousii DC.E E NYCTAGINACEAE Hydnophytum longiflorum A. Gray E Pisonia umbellifera ( J.R. & G. Forst.) Seem. Ixora amplexicaulis Gillesp. *Ixora coccinea L. OLACACEAE Ixora elegans Gillesp.E Anacolosa lutea Gillesp.I Ixora maxima Seem.E 188 PACIFIC SCIENCE . April 2005

Appendix 1 (continued)

Ixora pelagica Seem.I Palaquium porphyreum A.C. Sm. & S. DarwinE Mastixiodendron robustum A.C. Sm.E Palaquium vitilevuensis Gilly ex v. RoyenE Morinda bucidifolia A. GrayE Planchonella garberi ChristophersenI Morinda grayii Seem.E Planchonella sessilis A.C. Sm. & S. DarwinE Mussaenda raiateensis J.W. MooreI Planchonella smithii (v. Royen) A.C. Sm.E Ophiorrhiza laxa A. GrayE Planchonella vitiensis Gillesp. Ophiorrhiza leptantha A. GrayI E SAURAUIACEAE Ophiorrhiza peploides A. Gray E Psychotria brackenridgeii A.C. Sm.E Saurauia rubicunda (A. Gray) Seem. Psychotria broweri Seem.E SIMAROUBACEAE Psychotria carnea (Forst. f ) A.C. Sm.I Amaroria soulameioides A. GrayE Psychotria confertiloba A.C. Sm.E Psychotria crassiflora Fosb.E SOLANACEAE Psychotria fosteriana A. GrayI Solanum vitiense Seem.I E Psychotria glabra (Turrill) Fosb. STERCULIACEAE Psychotria levuensis Gillesp.E Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr.I Psychotria leptantha A.C. Sm.E Firmania diversifolia A. GrayE A. GrayE Psychotria pickeringii Heritiera ornithocephala KostermansI Fosb.E Psychotria pittosporifolia Sterculia vitiensis SeemE Psychotria platycoca A. GrayE Psychotria pubiflora (A. Gray) Fosb.E SYMPLOCACEAE Psychotria st.-johnii Fosb.E Symplocos leptophylla (Brand) Turrill.I Psychotria storckii Seem.E Psychotria tephrosantha A. GrayE TILIACEAE I Psychotria turbinata A. GrayE Trichospermum richii (A. Gray) Seem. Psychotria unicarinata (Fosb.) A.C. Sm. & S. Darw. THYMELEACEAE E Readea membranaceae Gillesp. Gonystylus punctatus A.C. Sm.E E Squamellaria imberbis (A. Gray) Becc. Phaleria glabra (Turrill) DomkeI Sukunia longipes A.C. Sm.E Tarenna joskei (Horne ex Baker) A.C. Sm. & S. Darw. ULMACEAE Tarenna seemanniana A.C. Sm. & S. DarwinE Celtis harperi Horne.I Timonius affinis A. GrayI Gironniera celtidifolia Gaud.I Xanthophytum calycinum (A. Gray) Benth. & Hk.E Trema cannabina Lour.I RUTACEAE URTICAEAE Melicope cuculata (Gillespie) A.C. Sm.E Boehmeria virgata (Forst. f.) GuilleminI Melicope robusta A.C. Sm.E Elatostema australe (Wedd.) Hall.f.E Micromelum minutum (Forst. f.) Seem.I Elatostema humile A.C. Sm.E Zanthoxylum pinnatum ( J.R. & G. Forst.) W. OliverI Elatostema tenellum A.C. Sm.E Zanthoxylum vitiense A.C. Sm.E Leucosyke corymbulosa (Wedd.) Wedd.I *Pilea cadieri Gagnep. & Guillaumin SAPINDACEAE Pipturus platyphyllus Wedd.E Alectryon grandifolius A.C. Sm.E Procris goepeliana (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm.E Arytera brackenridgei (A. Gray) Radlk.I Cupaniopsis amoena A.C. Sm.E VERBENACEAE Cupaniopsis leptobotrys (A. Gray) Radlk.E Faradaya glabra (Mold.) A.C. Sm. & S. DarwinE Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Faradaya ovalifolia (A. Gray) Seem.E Elattostachys falcata (A. Gray) Radlk.I Faradaya vitiensis Seem.E Gmelina vitiensis (Seem.) A.C. Sm.E SAPOTACEAE *Lantana camara L. Burckella fijiensis (Hemsl.) A.C. Sm.E Premna protusa A.C. Sm. & S. DarwinE Burckella parviflora A.C. Sm. & S. DarwinE *Tectona grandis L. f. Burckella thurstonii (Hemsl.) Lam.I Palaquium fidjiense Pierre ex DubardE VITACEAE Palaquium hornei (Hartog ex Baker) DubardE Tetrastigma vitiense (A. Gray) A.C. Sm.E

Sources: Species records are derived from Smith (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996), the database of the South Pacific Regional Herbarium, and Kirkpatrick and Hassal (1985). Note: Nomenclature follows Smith (1979, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1996), Brownlie (1977), and Doyle (1998). *, Recent introduction. I, Indigenous. E, Endemic. A, Aboriginal introduction. Appendix 2 Fijian Vernacular Name and Its Scientific Equivalent with the Respective Numbers of Individuals and Total DBH for the Taxonomic Units Identified in the 6,000-m2 Plot in Vago Forest Reserve

Fijian Vernacular No. of Individuals Maximum DBH Mean DBH Total DBH Total Area Family Name Scientific Equivalent (n) (cm) (cm) (cm) (m2)

Agavaceae vasili Cordyline fruticosa 11 29 17.36 191 0.03 Alpiniaceae vava Alpinia boia 17 100 24.19 1,120 0.98 Anacardiaceae 33 225 69.21 2,284 4.10 kaukaro Semecarpus vitiensis 28 301 73.21 2,050 maqo ni veikau Buchanania vitiensis 4 49 24.75 99 totowiwi Pleiogynium hapalum 1 135 135 135 Annonaceae 71 212 27.62 1,991 3.11 dulewa Xylopia pacifica 32 212 24.31 772 makosoi ni veikau Cyathocalyx insularis 37 85 31.92 1,181 Annonaceae 2 25 19 38 Apocynaceae 66 343 70.82 4,674 17.15 tadalo Pagiantha thurstonii 22 169 77.5 1,705 vasa rewa Cerbera manghas 13 343 111.46 1,449 vueti Naitasiri Ervatamia obtusiuscula 20 84 30.75 615 sorua Alstonia sp. 11 199 82.27 905 Araliaceae 118 373 55.08 6,500 33.17 sole Plerandra spp., Schefflera spp. 99 373 61.75 6,113 danidani ni veikau Polyscias multijuga 19 40 20.37 387 Arecaceae balaka Balaka microcarpa 18 84 44.22 797 0.50 Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata 1 31 31 31 0.00 Burseraceae 119 409 70.16 8,287 53.91 kaunicina Canarium spp. kaunigai Haplolobus floribundus Caesalpinaceae 77 367 44.28 3,606 10.21 moivi levu Kingiodendron platycarpum 35 151 28.17 986 moivi, cibicibi Cynometra insularis, Maniltoa spp. 37 367 59.49 2,201 vesida Storckiella vitiensis 5 183 83.8 419 Chrysobalanaceae sa Parinari insularum 133 297 53.26 7,083 39.38 Clusiaceae 446 485 47.33 21,150 351.15 damanu Calophyllum sp. 264 485 46.89 12,378 laubu Garcinia myrtifolia 70 395 60.73 4,251 bulu, bulu wai, bulu m. Garcinia spp. 112 256 40.36 4,521 Cunnoniaceae vure Geissois spp. 5 203 59.8 299 0.07 Cyatheaceae balabala Cyathea spp. 424 234 25.53 22,604 401.09 Degeneriaceae masiratu Degeneria vitiensis 19 384 120.42 2,291 4.12 Dilleniaceae kuluva Dillenia biflora 81 448 76.48 4,719 17.48 Appendix 2 (continued)

Fijian Vernacular No. of Individuals Maximum DBH Mean DBH Total DBH Total Area Family Name Scientific Equivalent (n) (cm) (cm) (cm) (m2)

Ebenaceae kauloa Diospyros spp. 8 68 30 240 0.05 Elaeocarpaceae 70 102 37.39 2,601 5.31 qaiqai Elaeocarpus storckii 67 102 37.39 2,505 Elaeocarpus spp. 3 43 32 96 Euphorbiaceae 158 657 64.09 10,139 80.70 molau Glochidion seemannii 75 59 17.69 1,327 molau tagane Glochidion vitiense 18 44 20.83 375 Glochidion sp. 1 15 15 15 midra Baccaurea spp. 37 143 49.7 1,839 kauvula Endospermum macrophyllum 13 657 432.62 5,624 gadoa Macaranga spp. 7 184 88 616 Euporbiaceae 7 160 48 336 Gnetaceae sukau Gnetum gnemon 137 70 26.31 3,604 10.20 Hernandiaceae dalovoci Hernandia olivacea 56 350 82.05 4,749 17.70 Icacinaceae nuqa Citronella vitiense 13 95 33.08 430 0.15 Lauraceae 297 445 48.1 14,339 161.40 diriniu Cryptocarya constricta 238 164 46.65 11,102 damabi, tabadamu Endiandra sp. 13 434 86.38 1,123 lidi Litsea sp. 39 445 50.26 1,951 Lauraceae 7 70 23.29 163 Lecythidaceae vutu Barringtonia edulis 203 222 37.83 7,680 46.30 Loganiaceae 106 158 32.98 3,496 9.59 bo Neuburgia spp. 96 158 33.03 3,144 boiboida Geniostoma spp. 8 71 36.63 293 boiboida levu Geniostoma macrophylla 2332448 Melastomataceae dava Astronidium spp. 12 84 29.81 339 0.09 Meliaceae 299 284 37.21 9,542 71.47 cevua Vavea amicorum 21 147 27.43 576 cevua levu Vavea harveyii 3 16 13.33 40 ‘‘mahogany’’ Swietenia macrophylla 3 21 17.33 52 kautoa Aglaia spp. 51 188 23.69 1,208 sasawira Dysoxylum richii 10 155 47.3 473 malamala Dysoxylum spp. 211 230 34.09 7,193 Moraceae 148 155 42.41 6,277 30.93 nunu Ficus smithii, Ficus pritchardii 110 154 46.01 5,061 masimasi Ficus storckii 3 155 58.67 176 lolo Ficus vitiensis 14 58 28.79 403 lolo tagane Ficus theophrastoides 12 51 34.92 419 losilosi Ficus barclayana 9 71 24.22 218 Myrtaceae 275 565 49.63 13,797 149.43 yasiyasi, yasidravu Syzygium spp., Cleistocalyx spp. 239 565 54.47 13,019 yasileba Syzygium grayii 28 40 22.04 617 kavika Syzygium malaccense 8 28 20.13 161 Myristicaceae 745 467 47.4 35,314 978.96 kaudamu Myristica spp. 725 467 47.64 34,538 kaudamu lailai Myristica chartacea 20 181 38.8 776 Olaceae kaumaikita Anacolosa lutea 61 103 38.84 2,369 4.41 Pittosporaceae duva ni veikau Pittosporum spp. 56 132 33.95 1,901 2.84 Podocarpaceae kuasi Podocarpus neriifolius 19 111 26.88 591 0.27 Proteaceae kauceuti Turrillia vitiensis 26 260 27.15 706 0.39 Thymeleaceae mavota Gonystylus punctatus 194 647 60.81 11,797 109.25 Rhamnaceae tomanu Emmenosperma micropetalum 5 162 50.74 421 0.14 Rhizophoraceae tiri ni vanua Crossostylis spp. 32 178 59.38 1,900 2.83 Rubiaceae 110 202 23.79 2,574 5.20 degedege, tabulina Psychotria spp. 96 202 22.64 2,173 soso ni ura Dolicholobium spp. 9 89 35.11 311 jale Gardenia spp. 5 29 18 90 Rutaceae drautolu Melicope cuculata 15 140 87.67 789 0.49 Sapindaceae 47 242 54.96 2,203 3.81 marasa Elattostachys falcata 15 211 59.47 892 manawi Koelreuteria elegans 4 242 87.5 350 Sapindaceae 28 90 34.42 961 Sapotaceae 277 332 44.51 11,488 103.60 bauvudi Palaquium porphyreum 134 332 48.45 6,492 sarosaro Planchonella spp. 8 285 126 1,008 sa Planchonella grayana 25 48 27.34 626 bau loa Planchonella umbonata 6 25 22.5 135 bau Palaquium spp. 104 143 31.03 3,227 Saurauiaceae mimila Saurauria rubicunda 52 122 32.31 1,680 2.22 Simaroubaceae vasa ni veikau Amaroria soulameoides 8 165 57.5 460 0.17 Sterculiaceae 24 322 118.88 2,850 6.38 rosarosa Heritiera ornithocephala 21 322 109.19 2,293 sama Commersonia bartramia 3 196 185.67 557 Tiliaceae mako Trichospermum spp. 5 425 263.2 1,316 1.36 Ulmaceae sisisi Gironniera celtidifolia 95 215 34.99 3,324 8.67 Verbenaceae yaro Premna sp. 1 88 88 88 0.01 Unknown 20 225 67.15 1,343 1.42 Total 5,494 247,974 2,752.19

Note: Values in boldface type are the totals for the family; values in roman type refer to individual species.