Personality and Individual Differences

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

Editors-in-Chief: Bernardo J. Carducci & Christopher S. Nave

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (EPID) is organized into four volumes that look at the many likenesses and differences between individuals. Each of these four volumes focuses on a major content area in the study of personality psychology and individuals’ differences. The first volume, Models and Theories, surveys the significant classic and contemporary viewpoints, perspectives, models, and theoretical approaches to the study of personality and individuals’ differences (PID). The second volumeMeasurement and Assessment examines key classic and modern methods and techniques of assessment in the study of PID. Volume III, Personality Processes and Individuals Differences, covers the important traditional and current dimensions, constructs, and traits in the study of PID. The final volume discusses three major categories: clinical contributions, applied research, and cross-cultural considerations, and touches on topics such as culture and identity, multicultural identities, cross-cultural examinations of trait structures and personality processes, and more.

Each volume contains approximately 100 entries on personality and individual differences written by a diverse international panel of leading psychologists 4-Volume Set Print ISBN 9781118970744 Covers significant classic and contemporary personality psychology List price US$795.00 models and theories, measurement and assessment techniques, Hardcover | 2400 pages | July 2020 Online ISBN 9781118970843 personality processes and individual differences, and research

Provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the field of personality psychology

The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences is an important resource for all psychology students and professionals engaging in the study and research of personality.

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Bernardo J. Carducci, PhD, was Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Director of the Shyness Research Institute (www.ius.edu/shyness) at Indiana University Southeast and a Fellow of the American Psychological Association in Divisions 1: General Psychology, 2: Teaching of Psychology, 8: Personality and Social Psychology, and 52: International Psychology. He is the author of The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications (3rd ed., 2015, Wiley), Shyness: A Bold New Approach (2000, HarperCollins) and other books related to shyness translated into multiple foreign languages.

Please contact your local Wiley sales representative to place your orders or for any queries.

(information is accurate as of April 2020) The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 1: Models and Theories Terror Management Theory Projective Techniques, General Features and Editor: Christopher S. Nave Trait Theory of Allport Methodological Issues Assessing Implicit Motives Gordon Allport Whole Trait Theory The Rorschach Test Roy F. Baumeister Volume 2: Measurement and Assessment Tell-Me-A-Story (TEMAS) Jack Block Editor: Bernardo J. Carducci Thematic Apperception Test David M. Buss Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Personality Word-Related and Figure-Construction Projection Paul T. Costa Jr. Research Techniques Robert McCrae Cross-Cultural Research, Methodological Issues of Behavioral Genetics, General Features and Ed Diener Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Research Methodological Issues Erik H. Erikson Longitudinal Research Biochemical Assessment Hans J. Eysenck Person-Situation Interactions Human Genome Project and Personality David Funder William Revelle Model Fitting Lewis R. Goldberg Researcher Biases Twin Studies in Personality Research Karen Horney Unconscious Processes Behavioral Assessment Techniques, General Features Carl Jung Cognitive Methods in Personality Research and Methodological Issues Abraham H. Maslow Experimental Approaches Behavioral Assessment Techniques of Personality in Dan McAdams Historiometry Children Walter Mischel Internet Research in Personality Cognitive-Behavioral and Cognitive–Self-Report Assessment Techniques Carl Rogers Linguistic Analysis in Personality Research (including George Kelly the Linguistic Self-monitoring Behavioral Assessment Techniques Agreeableness Inquiry and Word Count) Assessment of Intelligence, General Features and Methodological Issues Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler Personal Narratives Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition Animal Personalities Personality Development Across the Lifespan Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAISC-IV) Conscientiousness Personality in Non-Humans Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Cognitive-Affective Processing System (CAPS) Physical and Virtual Spaces Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Psychobiography and Case Study Methods Cattell Trait Theory Lexical Analysis (WPPSI) Factor Analysis in Personality Research Interpersonal Circumplex Intelligence-Personality Association, Assessment of Meta-Analysis in Personality Research Psychodynamic Perspective of Defense Mechanisms Abilities, General Features and Methodological Issues Multiple Regression in Personality Research Delay of Gratification Assessment of Antisocial Behavior Path Analysis in Personality Research Extraversion – Introversion Career and Vocational Interests and Abilities, Ego Control/Ego Resiliency Theory (ARCH) Size Effects in Personality Research Assessment of Emotional Intelligence Structural Equation Modeling in Personality Research Cognitive Aging, Assessment of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Acculturation Considerations in Personality Creativity, Assessment of Assessment Evolutionary Theory of Personality Educational Ability Testing (GRE/MAT/MCAT/LSAT) Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) Psychoticism Emotional Intelligence, Assessment of Culture-Free/Fair Intelligence Testing Five Factor Model, Facets of Genius, Assessment of Item Analysis Gender Differences in Personality, Evolutionary Mental Competency, Assessment of Reliability, Issues of Perspective on The Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS-IV) Issues of Response Styles Contemporary Theories of Gender Identity Anne Anastasi Responsibilities of Testing Professionals Gene-environment Interaction Jens B. Asendorpf Rights of Test-takers Goldberg vs Costa/McCrae Five Factors James N. Butcher Validity, Issues of Grit Carver, Charles S. Aggressiveness, Assessment of Hedonic Adaptation Lee J. Cronbach Anger and Hostility, Assessment of Heritability John E. Exner, Jr. Anxiety, Assessment of HEXACO Model of Personality Philip J. Corr Jealousy, Assessment of Independent/Interdependent Self John M. (Jack) Digman Love and Attraction, Assessment of Personal Construct Theory of George A. Kelly John E. Exner, Jr. Masculinity and Femininity Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Oliver P. John Narcissism, Assessment of Meaning in Life Henry A. Murray Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of Neuroticism Jack A. Naglieri Positive and Negative Affective States, Assessment of Narrative Approach Norman, Warren T. Self-Esteem, Assessment of Openness Revelle, William Self-monitoring (to include the Self-Monitoring Scale), Optimism/Pessimism Carver and Scheier Theory Michael F. Scheier Assessment of Personal Projects Mark Snyder Self-Regulation, Assessment of Personality and Language David Wechsler Personality Stability and Change over Time Self-consciousness, Assessment of Personality in Culture Subjective Well-being, Assessment of Volume 3: Personality Processes and Personality Stability over Time California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Individuals Differences Priming Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology Editors: Annamaria Di Fabio, Donald H. Saklofske (DAPP) & Con Strough Realistic Accuracy Model Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Rejection Sensitivity Adaptability Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) Resilience Theory of, Not Just the Trait Dimension Aggression, Personality Correlates Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Schemas, theory of Altruism Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Self-Determination Theory Alexithymia Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory Self-efficacy Theory Androgyny, Expression of Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (NPQ) Self-esteem, Theory of Anger Objective-Analytic Test Battery (OA TB) Self-Monitoring, Theory of Anxiety Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Self-other Interjudge Agreement; Theory of Accuracy Authoritarianism Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) Self-presentation Theory/Impression Management Personality Correlates of Behavioral Inhibition/ Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire Social Learning Theory/Social Cognitive Theory Activation (ZKPQ) Big Five Model of Personality Trauma Personality Psychology in Japan Cognitive and Personality Correlates of Achievement Trustworthiness Personality Psychology in Africa Compassion Twin Studies and Personality Personality Psychology in China Compulsive Personality Unconscious Processes, Expression of Personality Personality Psychology in Central and South America Coping Process Personality Psychology from an Islamic Perspective Core Self-Evaluation Csikszentmihalyi, Milhaly Tiger Mother Creativity Gray, Jeffrey A. Native Hawaiian Personality Culture and Personality Douglas N. Jackson Personality and Aging Dark Triad Kihlstrom, John F. Personality and Longevity Decisional Styles Maddi, Salvatore R. Personality and Health Defense Mechanisms, Contemporary Perspectives Norem, Julie K. Personality and Well-being Depression Plomin, Robert J. Self-Healing and Disease-Prone Personalities Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Rotter, Julian B. Individual Differences in Coping with Stress 5th Ed.: DSM-V Savickas, Mark Type A/B Personalities Empathy, Personality Correlates Simonton, Dean Keith Personality and Cancer Emotional Intelligence, Correlates of Zuckerman, Marvin Resiliency and Hardiness Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship, Personality Cattell, Raymond B. Personality and Risk-Seeking Correlates of Personality and Suicide Evolutionary Theory and Personality Correlates of Volume 4: Clinical, Applied, Burnout Mate Selection and Cross-Cultural Research Religiosity and Spirituality Eysenck Giant Three Editors: Jeffery S. Mio & Ronald E. Riggio Personality and Positive Psychology Extraversion, Personality Correlates of Clinical Applications of Psychodynamic Theories of Hope Flow Personality Forgiveness Gender Differences in Aggression Clinical Applications of Behavioral Theory of Gratitude Gender Differences in Perceived Traits of Men and Personality Personality and Volunteerism Women Clinical Applications of Humanistic Theory of Morning vs. Night People Gender Differences in Self-esteem and Self-confidence Personality Diversity in Work Teams Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being Clinical Applications of Cognitive Behavioral Theory of Creativity in the Workplace General Personality Factor Personality Individual Differences in Creativity Genetic Basis of Personality Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder Individual Differences in Employee Performance Gene–Environment Interaction Personality and Depression Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace Genius, Personality Correlates of Dissociative Disorders Personality and Leadership Guilt Autism Spectrum Disorder Leadership Styles Health and Personality Addictive Personality and Substance Abuse Disorders Character and Leadership Honesty (SUD) Personality and Intelligence in Employee Selection Hopelessness Borderline Personality Disorder Sub-clinical Traits in the Workplace Hostility, Personality Correlates Antisocial Personality Disorder Bullying and Personality Impulsivity Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Social Skills in the Workplace Intuition Narcissistic Personality Disorder Personality and Workplace Deviance Irritability/Moodiness Schizotypal Personality Disorder Integrity Testing and Counterproductive Work Judgments of Personality Avoidant Personality Disorder Behavior Learned Helplessness Sadism and Masochism Learning Styles / Fixed vs. Growth Mindset Life Satisfaction Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology Flow Locus of Control, Personality Correlates of Eating Disorders Personality in Military Settings Loneliness Neuropsychiatric Disorders Personality and Educational Outcomes Mindfulness Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Personality and Law Enforcement Motivation (Achievement, Affiliation, Power) Individual Differences and Sleep Disorders Personality and Forensic Psychology Neuroticism, Personality Correlates of Pain and Personality Personality and Consumer Behavior/Lifestyle Analysis Obsessive Personality Personality and Sexual Dysfunctions Marketing and Personality Optimism and Pessimism Paranoid Personality Disorder Personality, Interests, and Careers Perfectionism Schizoid Personality Disorder Friedman, Howard Persistence, Personality Correlates Histrionic Personality Disorder Furnham, Adrian Frank Personality Development Dependent Personality Disorder Hogan, Robert Phobia Personality and Depression (a.k.a., Depressive Personality (Dysthymia)) Holland, John Positive Self-capital Individual Differences in Acculturation Matarazzo, Joseph D. Psychopathy Allocentrism vs. Idiocentrism McClelland, David C. Religiosity Monolingualism, Bilingualism, Multilingualism Beck, Aaron T. Risk Taking Monocultural versus Multicultural Seligman, Martin E. P. Self-concept, Expressions of the Biculturalism Spielberger, Charles Self-control Biracial and Multiracial Individuals Clark, Kenneth and Mamie Self-construal Social Class Helms, Janet E. Self-efficacy Cultural Encapsulation Geert Hofstede Self-efficacy, Career Machismo Jones, Reginald L. Self-esteem, Expressions of Marianismo McIntosh, Peggy Self-regulation Visible Racial/Ethnic Group (VREG) Root, Maria Primitiva Paz Sensation Seeking Cross-Cultural Emotional Expression Sue, Derald Wing Shyness Culturally Adapted Psychotherapy Triandis, Harry C 16PF, Correlates of Cultural Intelligence Trimble, Joseph Everett Social Desirability Personality and Prejudice White, Joseph L Social Intelligence Universality vs. Cultural Specificity of Personality Personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior Temperament, Personality Correlates of Individualism vs. Collectivism Jones, James M Test Anxiety Personality and Geography The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

CONTRIBUTORS

Volume 1: Models and Theories Lewis R. Goldberg Anthony Ong Andrea Barbian-Shimberg Oregon Research Institute & University Cornell University Liberty University, Virginia & University Kiki Adams of Oregon of the Cumberlands, Kentucky Receptiviti Inc., Canada Victoria L. Pace William G. Graziano University of Central Florida A. Alexander Beaujean Audrey E. Aday Purdue University, Indiana Baylor University University of British Columbia Brooke Piercy Jeff Greenberg California State University, Fullerton Emorie D. Beck Jonathan M. Adler University of Arizona Washington University, USA Olin College of Engineering Lea Pollack Yael Gross University of California, Davis Jacob Belkin Sara G. Alves Lehigh University National Counseling Group University of Porto Thomas J. Preston Kate Guan Anxiety and Behavioral Health Clinic Sara Bender Michael C. Ashton University of British Columbia Central Washington University Brock University William Revelle Sarah E. Hampson Northwestern University Arlin James Benjamin, Jr. Sarah E. Babcock Oregon Research Institute University of Arkansas–Fort Smith University of Western Ontario Tania Reynolds Peter J. Helm Indiana University Betsy Blackard Anjana Balakrishnan University of Missouri Claremont Graduate University Western University Angela M. Sabates Patrick L. Hill Bethel University, Minnesota A. Nayena Blankson Sanna Balsari-ttPalsule Washington University, St. Louis Spelman College University of Cambridge Gerard Saucier Jill A. Jacobson University of Oregon Cady Block Rachele Benjamin Queen’s University, Canada Ohio State University University of British Columbia Nicola S. Schutte James Kean University of New England, Australia Reneé R. Boburka Aaron Bermond Monash Institute of Cognitive and East Stroudsburg University, Andrew Sih University of Southern Mississippi Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) & Pennsylvania University of California, Davis Swinburne University of Technology Navjot Bhullar Sameen Boparai Rúben L. Silva University of New England, Australia Lucas A. Keefer University of Washington University of Porto University of Southern Mississippi Julia K. Boehm Jessica L. Borelli Benjaman To Chapman University Margaret L. Kern University of California, Irvine University of Cambridge University of Melbourne Ryan L. Boyd Laura Boxley Renée M. Tobin Lancaster University, United Kingdom Sheherezade L. Krzyzaniak Ohio State University Temple University, Philadelphia Idaho State University Jacek Buczny April L. Brown Zahra Vahedi Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Timothy J. Kutta Emory University Ryerson University Florida State University Marie Buda Kathryn Bruzios Sarah M. Vanacore University of Cambridge Kristin Layous University of Massachusetts Medical East Carolina University California State University, East Bay School Celine Cammarata Thomas I. Vaughan-Johnston Cornell University Kibeom Lee Chelsey Bull Queen’s University, Canada University of Calgary University of Central Arkansas Jennifer E. Caplan Anna Vozna University of Texas Austin Tera D. Letzring Turhan Canli University of British Columbia Idaho State University Stony Brook University Bernardo J. Carducci (1952-2018) Deanna L. Walker Indiana University Southeast Uri Lifshin Bernardo J. Carducci (1952-2018) Western University in London, Canada Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya, Indiana University Southeast Jonathan M. Cheek Israel R. Shane Westfall Wellesley College Daniel Cervone Western Wyoming Community College Brian Little University of Illinois, Chicago Nathan N. Cheek Cambridge University Joshua Wilt Princeton University Cory L. Cobb Case Western Reserve University Elizabeth A. Mahar University of Central Arkansas Douglas E. Colman University of Florida Keri K. Wong University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Tyler L. Collette University of College London Heather M. Maranges Texas A&M–Kingsville Keith S. Cox Florida State University Barbara Wood Roberts UNC Asheville David M. Condon Patrick Markey Northwestern University Phebe Cramer Villanova University Lucinda Woodward Williams College Alisha Conover Indiana University Southeast Frank Martela University of California, Irvine Andreana Dingess Fang Zhang Case Western Reserve University Philip J. Corr Assumption College, Massachusetts Kira O. McCabe University of London, UK Corey Doremus Vanderbilt University Rowan University Volume 2: Measurement and Kimberly Dasch-Yee Amelia Munson Assessment Holy Family University William L. Dunlop University of California, Davis University of California, Riverside Natalie Abraham Hiten P. Dave Theresa Murzyn Spring Hill College Western University Grant W. Edmonds Rutgers University–Camden, New Jersey Oregon Research Institute Stephanie L. Albertson Ellie David Autumn D. Nanassy Indiana University Southeast University of Central Arkansas S. B. G. Eysenck (retired) St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Institute of Psychiatry Mathias Allemand Erica Dawson Philadelphia University of Zurich Ohio State University Michael G. Feeney Shana M. Needham Rutgers University Catherine P. Allen Amber J. de Vere Queen’s University, Canada University of Central Arkansas University of Southern Mississippi Nicole D. Ferris Austin Lee Nichols Rutgers University–Camden Evan Anderson Elvis DeFreese Connection Lab & University of Navarra University of Central Arkansas East Texas Baptist University Sara Fiorot Karen Nolidin Rutgers University–Camden Jennifer Andrews Eros R. DeSouza Swinburne University Washington University Illinois State University Gili Freedman Karynna Okabe-Miyamoto St. Mary’s College of Maryland Damaris Aschwanden Caitlin G. Dzikon University of California, Riverside Florida State University Bastyr University Larissa-Jayne Edwards Laura B. Koenig John Rauthmann Andrea L. Barbian-Shimberg Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Winona State University University of Lübeck Liberty University, Virginia & University of the Cumberlands, Kentucky Amanda ElBassiouny Elicia C. Lair Stephanie B. Richman Howard University Kennesaw State University Baldwin Wallace University Laura Borgogni Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Lorien Elleman Lauren M. Littlefield Joshua Root Northwestern University Washington College University of Central Arkansas Emily N. Boughner University of Regina Kara Eversole Shay Luu Víctor J. Rubio Mecklenburg County Department of Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Joshua S. Bourdage Ohio State University College of Social Services University of Calgary Medicine José Santacreu Heike Maas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Richard Boyatzis F. Richard Ferraro Saarland University Case Western Reserve University University of North Dakota Wilfred Santiago III Cristina L. Magalhães Spring Hill College, Alabama Gregory J. Boyle Leia Friedman Alliant International University, Los University of Melbourne H. Russell Searight Rivier University Angeles Lake Superior State University, Michigan Ornella Bucci Dallas R. Funk Celeste M. Malone University of Florence, Italy Justin M. Shepherd Writer and Editor Howard University McLean Hospital Emily R. Bunnett Zhipeng Gao Michael Patrick Mann Swinburne University of Technology Megan D. Shevenell Simon Fraser University Mississippi College Rivier University Bernardo J. Carducci (1952-2018) Megan E. Mansfield Indiana University Southeast Gerin E. Gaskin Charity A. Smith Claremont Graduate University Pomona College & University of University of Akron Silvia Casale California, Irvine Alexandros Maragakis University of Florence Tiffany Smith Eastern Michigan University Aaliyah Gibbons University of Wisconsin–Stout Edward C. Chang Clarkson University Annika A. Martin University of Michigan Susan Snyder University of Zurich Amber Gibson Washington College Covadonga Chaves Howard University Brittany A. Mason Complutense University of Madrid Lucas M. Sohn Grand Canyon University Lewis R. Goldberg University of California, Irvine Sammanth Chen Oregon Research Institute & University University of Western Ontario Hannah Masoner Lekeisha A. Sumner of Oregon Spring Hill College, Alabama University of California, Los Angeles Kristi Chin Christina Graziano Khairul A. Mastor (UCLA) University of Michigan Rivier University Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Constance A. Sztukowski-Crowley (retired) Milena Claudius Malaysia South University in Montgomery, Boston College Andrea Grünenfelder-Steiger Alabama Institut Neumünster, Switzerland Vitoria Meira Emma A. Climie Claremont Graduate University Thomas R. Valentine University of Calgary Sarah E. Hampson Ohio State University Oregon Research Institute Karen B. Meteyer Kristina C. Conkright Rivier University Femina P. Varghese Indiana University Southeast Elizabeth Harwood University of Central Arkansas Rivier University M. Justin Miller Susan E. Cross University of Wisconsin–Stout Arne Weigold Iowa State University José M. Hernández Kent State University, Geauga Richard L. Miller Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Dario Cvencek Texas A&M University–Kingsville Ingrid K. Weigold University of Washington Patrick L. Hill University of Akron Wenting Mu Rodica Damian Washington University, St. Louis University of Illinois Eric B. Weiser University of Houston Kajung Hong Curry College Jason M. Murphy Annamaria Di Fabio SDSU/UC San Diego Southern Illinois University Edwardsville Jared Whitmire University of Florence, Italy University of Central Arkansas Amy E. Hufstedler M. Kate Myers Aleksandar Dimitrijević University of Central Arkansas University of Central Arkansas Joshua Wilt International Psychoanalytic University, Case Western Reserve University Germany Linda M. Isbell Lauren B. Nickel University of Massachusetts Amherst University of Illinois at Urbana– Nicole Woodhouse David J. A. Dozois Baylor University University of Western Ontario De’Lon Isom Champaign Howard University Gerald E. Nissley, Jr. Alanna Wormwood Michelle A. Drefs Northwestern University. University of Calgary Priya A. Iyer-Eimerbrink East Texas Baptist University University of North Texas, Dallas Jon N. Nolan Dong Xie Amani M. Elrofaie University of Central Arkansas Government of Ontario Meryl P. Jacob University of Central Arkansas University of Texas, Dallas Jun Won Park Jennifer N. Yuen Anita Feher University of California, Irvine University of Western Ontario Feng Ji Yale University Illinois State University Sonia Parker Volume 3: Personality Processes Laura K. Flanigan University of Calgary Laura K. Johnson Baylor University and Individuals Differences Western University Callista Forchuk Kyle Z. Pasquariello Ola Mohamed Ali University of Western Ontario James Kean Clarkson University University of Western Ontario, London, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Canada Maria Gerbino Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) & Adam R. Pearson Federica Andrei Sapienza University of Rome Swinburne University Pomona College Università di Bologna, Italy Marco Giannini of Technology Kristina C. Peterson Bostjan Antoncić University of Florence, Italy Lucas A. Keefer Indiana University Southeast & Western University of Ljubljana University of Southern Mississippi Kentucky University Jacobus (Kobus) Gideon Maree Breanna E. Atkinson University of Pretoria Margaret L. Kerr Matthew Peterson University of Western Ontario University of Wisconsin–Madison Indiana University Southeast Alessio Gori Sarah E. Babcock University of Florence Scott P. King Karlye A. Phillips University of Western Ontario Shenandoah University Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgia Christina Gray Anjana Balakrishnan University of Calgary Jennifer M. Knack Jasmin Pizer University of Western Ontario Clarkson University Spring Hill College, Alabama Anthony G. Greenwald University of Washington The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

CONTRIBUTORS

Andreas Hamburger Kilian J. Ramisch Vanessa Armstrong Mark A. Costanzo International Psychoanalytic University, University of Heidelberg Washington State Department of Claremont McKenna College Berlin Corrections Katerina Rnic Richard A. Currie Laura Henley University of Western Ontario Patricia Arredondo University of Central Florida University of Calgary President, Arredondo Advisory Group- Alv A. Dahl Jérôme Rossier Phoenix, Arizona Emma R. Kahle Monahan University of Lausanne University of Oslo, Norway Neal M. Ashkanasy University of Wisconsin–Madison Amber Davidson Ken J. Rotenberg University of Queensland, Australia James Kean Keele University University of North Carolina, Charlotte Arnold B. Bakker Swinburne University of Technology Catherine S. Daus María-José Sánchez-Ruiz Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Southern Illinois University Maureen E. Kenny Lebanese American University Netherlands & Lingnan University, Boston College Lynch School Edwardsville Catalina Sarmiento Hong Kong Erika S. DeJonghe Hans Henrik Knoop University of Western Ontario Matthew T. Ballew Aarhus University, Denmark & North- California State Polytechnic University, Gabriela Sheinin Claremont Graduate University West University, South Africa Pomona University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada Lori A. Barker Kelly Donohue Gaja Zager Kocjan Erin J. Shumlich California State Polytechnic University, Director, Serious Mental Illness Slovenian National Institute of Public University of Western Ontario Pomona Services, Arizona & Northern Arizona Health & University of Ljubljana, University Slovenia Alex B. Siegling Jennifer Barney University College London Utah State University Ziya Ete Chloe Lau Drexel University University of Western Ontario Vanessa M. Sinclair Arlin James Benjamin, Jr. Western University University of Arkansas–Fort Smith Robert D. Enright Clara S. Lee Jude Bergkamp University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Calgary Martin M. Smith Antioch University Seattle University of Western Ontario Nurcan Ensari Irene López-Gómez Navjot Bhullar Social and Organizational Psychologist Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid, Caitlin J. Spencer University of New England, Australia Spain & Complutense University, Western University Katja Ermann Madrid, Spain Robert S. Blumenfeld Antioch University Seattle Sarah C. E. Stanton California State Polytechnic University, Yura Loscalzo University of Edinburgh J. Paul Fedoroff Pomona University of Florence, Italy Director, Sexual Behaviours Clinic (SBC) Yoshiyuki Tanaka Robert F. Bornstein & University of Ottawa Richard MacLennan Kyoto Tachibana University Adelphi University University of Regina Mercedes Fernández Oromendia Gillian Tohver Aaron Bortz University of California, Santa Barbara Salvatore R. Maddi University of Western Ontario City University of New York University of California, Irvine & Joseph R. Ferrari Founder, Hardiness Institute Paul F. Tremblay Richard E. Boyatzis DePaul University & winner of 2016 Western University Case Western Reserve University & APA/Italian American Distinguished Marlies Maes ESADE Psychologist award KU Leuven, Belgium Akira Tsuda Ian C. Fischer Kurume University & Japanese Melanie Bozzay Indiana University–Purdue University Eiko Matsuda Association of Behavioral Sciences University of South Florida Toyo University & Japanese Society of Indianapolis Personality Psychology Carmelo Vázquez Laura S. Brown Alexis T. Franzese Complutense University, Madrid Feminist Therapist, Seattle WA Moïra Mikolajczak Elon University Philip A. Vernon (retired) Thomas Michael Brunner University of Louvain, Belgium Howard S. Friedman University of Western Ontario President, Dr. Brunner and Associates Mariella Miraglia University of California, Riverside Melanie Wheatley Nicole M. Cain University of Liverpool, UK Y. Evie Garcia Western University Rutgers University Emma Mosley Northern Arizona University Gabrielle Wilcox Alyson Burns-Glover Luz M. Garcini Werklund School of Education Pacific University Oregon University of Texas Health Science David B. Mykota Claire A. Wilson James R. Camp Center, San Antonio University of Saskatchewan Western University Western Washington University Robert J. Gatchel Rebecca Nowland Harriet Winterflood Bernardo J. Carducci (1952-2018) University of Texas at Arlington & University of Manchester, UK University of Calgary Indiana University Southeast winner of 2017 American Psychological Foundation’s Gold Medal Award for Jessica K. Padgett Elizabeth A. Yu Charles D. Cederberg Life Achievement in the Application of York University University of Michigan University of Iowa Psychology Letizia Palazzeschi Tina Yu Stan Charnofsky Casey Giordano University of Florence, Italy University of Michigan California State University, Northridge University of Minnesota James D. A. Parker Melissa Yue Olivia Choy Joseph Glicksohn Trent University, Canada University of Calgary Nanyang Technological University, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Singapore Sampo Paunonen (1952–2015) Lynne Zarbatany Cherie S. Y. Goh Western University Western University Alice Wenjui Cheng Home Team Behavioural Sciences Bridgewater State University Centre, Ministry of Home Affairs, Moshe Zeidner Juan-Carlos Pérez-González Singapore Universidad Nacional de Educación a University of Haifa, Israel Jae Uk Chun Distancia (UNED), Spain Korea University Michael Goh Sabrina Zirkel University of Minnesota Naomi L. Perry Santa Clara University Sally H. Chung Swinburne University of Technology Private Practice, Bellevue, WA Sharon G. Goto Volume 4: Clinical, Applied, Pomona College Kevin Cokley Konstantinos V. Petrides and Cross-Cultural Research University of Texas, Austin London Psychometric Laboratory & Mark Hallahan Adisa Ajamu College of the Holy Cross University College London University of California, Irvine Donelda A. Cook Loyola University Maryland Jo-Ida C. Hansen Rachel A. Plouffe Hope V. Alvizar University of Minnesota University of Western Ontario, London, California State Polytechnic University, Andrés J. Consoli Canada & Schulich School of Medicine Pomona University of California & Universidad Amber Haque and Dentistry, Canada del Valle, Guatemala UAE University in Al Ain, United Arab Leigh A. Andrews Emirates Pamela Qualter University of Delaware Marina L. Costanzo University of Manchester, UK University of Montana Peter D. Harms Kenneth N. Levy Ronald S. Palomares John J. Sosik University of Alabama Pennsylvania State University Texas Woman’s University Pennsylvania State University Dietlinde Heilmayr Scott O. Lilienfeld Joanna Pantelides Seth M. Spain Moravian College Emory University, Georgia & University The Pennsylvania State University Binghamton University of Melbourne, Australia Eric D. Heggestad Matthew A. Pardo Eric D. Splan University of North Carolina at Jennifer Lodi-Smith DePaul University University of Delaware Charlotte Canisius College Katharine R. Parkes (retired) Julie Sriken Scott Highhouse Patricia “Denise” Lopez University of Oxford Vanderbilt University Bowling Green State University Alliant International University, Los Angeles, CA Konstantinos V. Petrides Steven Stone Jacob B. Hirsh London Psychometric Laboratory & University of Texas at Austin University of Toronto P. Priscilla Lui University College London Southern Methodist University Karl W. Stukenberg Stefan G. Hofmann Craig P. Polizzi Xavier University, Ohio Boston University Steven Jay Lynn Binghamton University Binghamton University James W. Sturges Emily L. Hughes Matthew Ponsford California State Polytechnic University, Independent Consultant and Salvatore Maddi Antioch University Seattle Pomona Researcher University of California, Irvine & Founder, Hardiness Institute Jack L. Powell Aaron R. Tempel Ryan Hulla University of Hartford Program Therapist University of Texas at Arlington Chloe R. Maksoudian La Sierra University Antonio E. Puente David Theil Hyisung C. Hwang University of North Carolina Industrial Organizational Psychologist San Francisco State University David Matsumoto Wilmington & Alliant International University San Francisco State University Wei-Chin Hwang Lena C. Quilty Tabatha Thibault Claremont McKenna College Leslie R. Martin Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Saint Mary’s University La Sierra University & University of Toronto Adrienne S. Juarascio Joshua Thompson Drexel University Sandra Matz Adrian Raine WWU Political Psychology Lab University of Cambridge University of Pennsylvania James M. Jones Steven M. Tovian University of Delaware Laurie “Lali” D. McCubbin Krystyn J. Ramdial Northwestern University, Chicago, University of Louisville University of Central Florida Illinois Robert B. Kaiser Author, Advisor & Editor-in-chief of J. Douglas McDonald Kevin L. Rand Alisia (Giac-Thao) Tran Consulting Psychology Journal University of North Dakota Indiana University–Purdue University Arizona State University Indianapolis E. Kevin Kelloway Geordie McRuer Joseph E. Trimble St. Mary’s University Founding Partner, Bastet Strategy John Rauthmann Western Washington University & University of Lübeck University of Alaska Majeed Khader Andrea Mejia William Ming Liu Home Team Behavioral Sciences University of Iowa Peter J. Rentfrow Dwight C. K. Tse Centre, Ministry of Home Affairs, University of Cambridge Claremont Graduate University Singapore & Nanyang Technological Jeffrey S. Mintert University Arizona State University Ronald E. Riggio Crystal Ukpong Claremont McKenna College California State Polytechnic University, Yeun Joon Kim Jeffery Scott Mio Pomona University of Toronto California State Polytechnic University, Silvia Rizkallah Pomona & Executive Officer, Western University of Hartford Edelyn Verona Laura A. King Psychological Association University of South Florida & University University of Missouri, Columbia Laurie A. Roades of Pittsburgh Medical School Alejandro Morales California State University, Fullerton Nancy D. Kishino California State Polytechnic University, Chockalingam (Vish) Viswesvaran Occupational Therapist Pomona Christopher R. Robert Florida International University University of Texas at Arlington & & Editor, International Journal of Natasha Knack Thomas P. Mounsey University of Florida Selection and Assessment Royal’s Institute of Mental Health Long Island University Research Oscar Fernando Rojas Pérez Helen J. Wall Elias Mpofu University of Missouri Edge Hill University, UK Susan Krauss Whitbourne University of North Texas University of Massachusetts Amherst David Rollock Kenneth T. Wang Lisa Murphy Purdue University Fuller Theological Seminary Ankita Krishnan Sexual Behaviours Clinic (SBC) Austin Child Guidance Clinic in Austin, Lia K. Rosenstein Yoshiyuki Watanabe Texas Kevin Nadal Pennsylvania State University Obihiro University of Veterinary City University of New York & President, David L. Rowland Medicine, Japan & President, Japanese Hana Kuwabara Asian American Psychological Society of Personality Psychology Association Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana Kevin Wei Jeanne Nakamura University of Chicag Nathan R. Landers Claremont Graduate University Mark A. Runco University of Texas at Arlington & Southern Oregon University & Editor- Daniel J. Winarick University of Northern Colorado Revital Naor-Ziv in-chief, Creativity Research Journal Queens College–CUNY Bar-Ilan University, Israel Sara Langford Ana Isabel Sanz Vergel Arielle Wolinsky California State Polytechnic University, Mariya Narizhnaya University of East Anglia SUNY Albany Pomona Miami VA Cindy Sayani Jake Womick Martin J. La Roche Sami Nesnidol Center for Individual and Family University of Missouri Director, Martha Eliot Health Center Bowling Green State University Counseling, North Hollywood, & Harvard Medical School/Boston California Keri K. Wong Children’s Hospital Allen M. Omoto University of College London Claremont Graduate University, Tatsuya Sato John C. Linton California Ritsumeikan University Dustin Wood West Virginia University University of Alabama Deniz S. Ones Nicola S. Schutte Lisa M. Larson University of Minnesota University of New England, Australia Haley M. Woznyj Iowa State University Longwood University Atsushi Oshio Arthur J. Schwartz Gregory J. Lengel Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Widener University Jianxin Zhang Drake University Chinese Academy of Sciences & Deputy Victoria L. Pace Carolina P. Seigler President, Chinese Association of Social Paul B. Lester University of Central Florida Elon University Psychology Director, Research Facilitation Laboratory in Monterey, CA Cody D. Packard Matthew T. Seipel Mingjie Zhou Claremont Graduate University Iowa State University Chinese Academy of Sciences The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences

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