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Update on the Cassini- Huygens Mission

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Update on the Cassini- Huygens Mission Marikka Metso Editor-in-Chief Vaisala Helsinki, Finland Artist’s conception of Cassini approaching Saturn. (Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) Update on the Cassini- Huygens Mission In Vaisala News 167 we reported on the Cassini-Huygens space mission that set out to explore planet Saturn and the largest of its known moons, Titan. The mission has two distinct elements: the Cassini orbiter and the onboard Huygens probe. Released from Cassini, the Huygens probe successfully landed on Titan in January 2005. It carried eight Vaisala BAROCAP® barometric pressure sensors on board as part of one of its six science instruments. aturn is the second larg- Dutch scientist Christiaan Huy- numerous scientists worldwide. ni orbiter will carry out a total of est planet in our solar sys- gens in 1655. Saturn itself was The Cassini-Huygens space- 75 orbits around Saturn. It will S tem, after Jupiter. It is first spotted by Italian astrono- craft was launched on October also make repeated close flybys a gaseous planet with an atmo- mer Galileo in 1609. Since then, 15, 1997 from Cape Canaveral in of Titan. sphere comprising mostly of hy- its mysteries have fascinated sci- Florida, USA. drogen and helium. The bright entists worldwide. After years of traveling Exploring Titan rings for which Saturn is best To shed light on the condi- through space, and borrowing Titan is a captivating object of known are comprised of ice and tions on and around the sixth gravitational energy from other study, as it exhibits many similar- rock particles. planet from the Sun, a spacecraft planets to speed it on its way, the ities to conditions that may well Saturn has more moons than was constructed in a joint ef- Cassini-Huygens spacecraft en- have once prevailed on Earth. It any other planet known to us. fort by NASA, the Italian Space tered the Saturn system on Ju- has a nitrogen-rich atmosphere The largest of them is the apt- Agency (ASI), the European ly 1, 2004. This marked the start like Earth, and although most ly named Titan, discovered by Space Agency (ESA), as well as of its 4-year mission. The Cassi- agree that its surface tempera- 169/2005 9 Huygens probe landing on ture (-181 °C) is too hostile for Titan’s atmosphere and surface known for its excellent hysteresis Titan’s surface, artist’s rendition the development of life, there are properties. Throughout the mis- and repeatability characteristics (Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) also those who do not exclude sion, data was collected from all as well as its outstanding temper- the possibility of some life forms instruments. One of these was ature and long-term stability. existing on Titan. the Huygens Atmosphere Struc- On December 25, 2004, the ture Instrument (HASI) - a multi- The mission continues Huygens probe separated from sensor package designed to mea- As data from the Huygens probe the Cassini spacecraft for its 20 sure the physical properties of Ti- is being analyzed, the story of day journey to Titan. It success- tan’s atmosphere. Its task was to Titan gradually starts to unfold. fully entered Titan’s upper at- measure the temperature, pres- For instance, we now know that mosphere on January 14, 2005, sure, turbulence, and the atmo- Earth-like processes of tecton- and descended with three sets spheric conductivity, as well as to ics, erosion, winds, and perhaps of parachutes to its surface. The search for lightning. volcanism, shape Titan’s surface. descent phase lasted around 2 HASI’s sensor package de- However, the work has only just hours 27 minutes with a further voted to atmospheric pressure begun - there’s enough data to 1 hour 10 minutes on the surface. measurement - the Pressure Pro- keep Huygens scientists busy for The mission was a complete suc- file Instrument (PPI) developed a long time yet. cess. Obtaining surface data by the Finnish Meteorological Although the Huygens mis- was more than many had dared Institute - contained eight Vaisa- sion has been successfully com- to hope for since there were no la BAROCAP® barometric pres- pleted, the Cassini spacecraft guarantees that the probe would sure sensors. BAROCAP® is a will continue its orbits until June survive the landing. Huygens capacitive absolute pressure de- 2008 - providing scientists with made history by being the first vice manufactured by silicon mi- vital data and the best views ever spacecraft to land on a moon in cro-machining. When pressure of this fascinating, vast region of the outer solar system. changes, the silicon diaphragm our solar system. ● bends and changes the height HASI: Huygens of the vacuum gap in the sensor. Sources: Atmosphere Structure This alters the sensor’s capac- ESA/NASA/JPL Instrument itance, which is measured and The Huygens probe carried six converted into a pressure read- science instruments to sample ing. The Vaisala BAROCAP® is 10 169/2005.
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