Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04851-5 — the Making of a New Rural Order in South China Joseph P. Mcdermott Index More Information

Home , Fuliang County, Fuyan Temple

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04851-5 — The Making of a New Rural Order in South China Joseph P. McDermott Index More Information

Index

ancestral hall, 60–124 Suzhou, 175, 185 afﬁliated associations, 110 tasks and responsibilities, 171–72 assets, 122–23 Buddhist temples, 386 Buddhist temples, 410 buiness staff concentration, 62–64 salaries, 302 functions, 64–66 legal restrictions, 69–77 Carlettti, Francesco, 138 loans, 110–18, 120, 401 Changshu, 185, 230 interest rates, 123 Changshu county, 157, 179, 186–87, as master of bondservants, 391 196, 272 membership, 66–67 pawnshops, 230 membership issue, 60 Changzhou numbers, 60–124 trading, 26 spirit tablets, 68, 80, 101–7 Chaozhou prefecture, 40 Anqing, 229 Chen Guodong, 148 Antony, Robert, 131, 147 Chen Keyun, 66 Chen Kuo-tung, 148 bankruptcy, 286–92 Chen Zeng, 198 legal history, 285 Cheng Lingxi, 405 liability, 289 Cheng Shizhong, 419 and reincarnation, 305 Cheng Shouxun, 198 Bastid, Marianne, 33 Cheng Yi, 70–71, 76 Beijing, 196 Chengkan Luo, 92 bills of credit, 144 Chens of De’an, 255 bondservant conditions, 401 Chongqing, 185 bondservants Chow Kai-wing, 48, 414 conditions, 390 climate problems, 388 rebellion, 390 Coase, Ronald, 281 Brokaw, Cynthia, 414, 417 commercial partnerships, 9, 238, brokerages 252–307, 397 division of labor, 174 access to invested capital, 292 guild, 175 “commenda,” 247, 255–71 brokers, 170 dormant partners, 293 collusion, 176 joint-share, 175, 271–76 criticism of, 174–75 lineage, 277–83 excessive commitments, 174 personnel, 296 numbers practices, 304 Yangzhou, 172 commercial tax, late Ming, 14 ofﬁcial and private, 172 early Qing, 395 second jobs, 175 Congming, 272

462

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04851-5 — The Making of a New Rural Order in South China Joseph P. McDermott Index More Information

Index 463

construction crime, 158 bargaining, 89–91 emporium, 26 dispute, 91–98 financial sector, 36 fund raising, 83 Huizhou merchants, 46, 51 construction costs, 77–82 merchant group, 40 Cortes, Adriano de las, SJ, 138 porters, 170 craft and trade associations, 150 salt merchants, 151 credit associations, 83–84, 124, 273 salt trade, 39 silk, 340 Danyang county, 157 trading, 328–29 Daoist shrines, 386 Hankou, 26 debt Hartman, Charles, 33 law and custom, 288 Heijdra, Martin, 23 Dizang, 419 hoarding, 222 Dongli Cheng Hong Yutu, 394 “grassroots,” 119–24 Hongren, 381 Dongting house firms, 9 merchants, 40, 53, 269 Hu Song, 132, 137 Huang Jishui, 35 eunuchs, 1, 49, 198–99, 222, 373, 377 Huang, Ray, 207 Expansion Association, 107 Huang Xingceng, 34 Huangdun, 75 Family Rituals, 76, 101, 407, 411 dispute, 117, 416–18 Fang Lishan, 61 Huangzhou, 26, 130–31, 133, 230, 247 Fang Yongbin, 118, 238 Huizhou Faure, David, 214, 225, 281, 284 decline in wealth, 392, 395 Fengjing town early Qing land-tenure change, 395 cotton industry, 24 elite surnames, 49 Fishing Tax Offices, 133 grain shortage, 387 flower drum songs, 3 military campaigns, 391 frontier merchants, 213, 221, 223 pawnshops, 229 Fu Yan, 138 popular cults, 405–6 Fuchi town, 340 population, 8 Fujii Hiroshi, 258, 298, 308 products, 44 Fuliang county, 392 trading routes, 126 Fuzhou, 230 wealth, 122–23 Fuzhou prefecture, 53, 230, 232, 234 Huizhou lineages, 384 Huizhou merchants, 42, 57, 166, 283, Gernet, Jacques, 195 385, 393 Gipouloux, Francois, 270 alliances, 41 Grand Canal, 7, 12–13, 15, 18, 20, 25, anticipated profit rates, 54 27–28, 46, 129, 134, 148, 165, biographies, 48 202, 228, 230, 249–50, 357, 395 commodities, 51 Gu Yanwu, 179, 298–99, 302–3, 369 common strategies, 225, 231 Guan Zhidao, 35, 74 criticism of, 179 Guixi Xiang, 79, 89, 97, 104 economic sectors, 50 extralegal recourse to market abuses, Haiyan county, 118 176 Hangzhou, 185, 215, 282, 355 frontier grain trade, 209 brigands, 135, 141 house firms, 308–83

464 Index

Huizhou merchants (cont.) Jiangxi merchants insecurity, 129 career patterns, 52–53 living standard, 55 markets and goods, 52–53 long-distance, 166 origins, 52 major markets, 51 ties to Huizhou merchants, 52 native-place asociation Jiangyin, 239, 272 Huizhou, 192 Jiangyin county, 131, 149, 231 Suzhou, 184–94 Jin Sheng, 297, 393 niche within ofﬁcialdom, 201 Jin Yao, 76 origins, 47, 224 Jingdezhen, 46–47, 55, 127, 232 pawnbrokers, 166 Jiujiang, 15, 26, 129, 132–33, 230, 395 pawnshops, 51 pawnshops’ practices, 232 Kaifeng, 40, 46, 148, 185, 321, 336 personnel management, 301 Katō Shigeshi, 148 pre-eminence, 48 Kuang Zhong, 151 reasons for success, 53 relations with government, 180, 191 Lagerwey, John, 411 reputation, 55, 138 Lanxi, 261 salt monopoly legal handbook, 180 interior merchants, 212 Li Jinde, 237 salt trade elite, 213 Li Mengyang, 213 search for government niche, 200 Li Weizhen, 179 self-defense measures, 143 Li Yu, 240 Suzhou lineage landholdings extralegal recourse to market Qing, 400 abuses, 177 lineages, 36–37, 277–307, 308–83, legal recourse to market abuses, 178 396–401, 406–12 trading areas, 46 military ties, 145 trading goods, 44 ties with ofﬁcialdom, 198 trading markets, 46 Linqing, 18, 46, 148, 185 trading routes, 127 commercial taxes, 14 travel companions, 148 Huizhou merchants, 46, 51, 197, wealth, 49, 54–57, 354 230–31, 355, 365, 372, 393 location, 50 native-place associations, 187 Huizhou pawnshops pawnshops, 228, 246 tax evasion, 167 Lishui, 234 Huizhou sources Liu Shaoyi, 167 and Huizhou merchants, 56 Liu Shiji, 13 Hunan, 272 Longfu Dai, 20 Huzhou, 55, 134, 231, 240 Longyu merchants, 53 Luo Dongshu, 92, 94 Jiading county, 177 Luo Yinghe, 91 cotton industry, 24 Luodian town, 177 Ji’an county, 183, 191 Jiang Liangdong, 157 Manchu invasion, 1, 384, 392 Jiang Village, 410 Mann, Susan, 172 Jiangpu county, 244 market abuses Jiangxi and Huguang merchants legal recourse, 176 salt monopoly market nodes, 26 river merchants, 212 markets, 29

Index 465

Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P., 270 operations, 118–19, 232–34, 240–42 merchant guidebooks, 133, 138, 149 tax, 227–29 warnings, 139 Xiuning, 50 merchants Yangzi Valley, 230 career patterns, 44 Pingwang, 135 long-distance, 46 Pinshi zhuan,35 outsiders, 166 piracy, 1 obstacles to trade, 168 coastal, 131 peddlers, 46 gang members, 130 regional groups, 40–42 private arrangements, 147 qualiﬁcations, 41 Spear Agencies, 148 relations with government, 197 Suzhou, 160 corruption, 201 Yangzi, 128, 130, 132, 133, 136, 147 sojourning, 37, 181 Yangzi delta, 135, 165 Miaoshi zhi,91 Yangzi river, 47 migration, 7, 92, 314, 337, 343, 394 pirates, 1, 7, 128, 132, 148, 155 from Jiangxi, 52 Yangzi, 129 military porters, 302 Yangzi presence, 133 Ningbo Mingzhou Wu foreign trade, 173 reform, 406–9 public place money exchange shops, 202 in Changshu, Suzhou, 185–86 money shops, 50 Puk Wing-kin, 214, 221, 225 Mt Huang disaster, 384 purchase on credit, 144

N.V. Bogoiavlenskii, 273 Qi Biaojia, 158, 161 Nanchang, 47, 136 Qimen, 389 Nanjing, 2, 15, 18, 26, 44, 46–47, Qimen county, 389, 391–92 129–30, 133, 149, 177, 185, Qingjiang, 18, 21, 129 191, 196, 208, 228, 230, 234, Qiu Jun, 34 244, 257, 328, 339, 341, 345, 357, 363–64, 372, 389, 395, Raozhou, 136 413, 436–37, 441 remittance notes, 144 military, 145 river merchants, 212–13 Nanxiang town, 177 Rosenthal, Jean-Paul, 237 native-place associations in Beijing, 182–83 salt links with religious institutions, 191 trading, 44 membership, 181 salt administration Ming and Qing, 181–95 malfunctioning, 207 in Suzhou, 182, 184, 187 salt certiﬁcates, 50, 216–26 in Wuhu, 183 administrative problems, 223 Ningbo, 23, 41, 134, 144, 298 collusion, 143 hoarding, 220, 223 Parker, Geoffrey, 388 numbers, 206, 222 pawnbrokerages, 50 reforms of 1617, 224 pawnshops, 9, 116, 226–51 sales in Lianghuai, 223 antagonism to, 233 wealth, 45 early Qing number, 393 salt merchants, 385 interest rates, 234–42 Hangzhou, 39

466 Index

salt merchants (cont.) cotton industry, 24 head merchant, 190 pawnshops, 229, 347–48 post of Libationer, 356 trading, 328 relation to government, 39 Su Shi, 47 reputation, 42 sumptuary, 140 role of Libationer, 187 sumptuary regulations, 31 trading career, 39 Sun Long, 199 wealth, 38 Suzhou, 13, 21, 27, 32, 34–36, 46, 55, Yangzhou, 306 122, 130, 135–36, 141, 149–50, salt monopoly, 9, 33, 94 152–57, 159, 163–66, 168, boat protection, 149 171–73, 176–78, 185, 187, and credit associations, 118 191–94, 196–97, 199–200, 215, early Ming administrative 227, 230, 232–34, 242, 269, infrastructure, 207–9 272, 276, 280, 298, 305, 329, frontier merchants, 212 340–41, 351, 355, 362, 421, level of capitalization, 225 428, 434, 436, 442, 446–47, reforms of 1492, 43, 213–14 449–50, 452, 457 salt smuggling ancestral hall, 185 n. 243 Yangzi, 129 pawnshop, 122 salt taxes, 12, 167 cotton, 24 salt trade, 46 cotton weaving, 341 salt trading, 34 crime, 135, 141, 156, 160, 165, 199 She and Xiuning traders, 50 Ming changes in, 160 Shandong, 272 recourse to, 164 Shangshan Wu, 37, 106, 115 emporium, 26, 126, 135, 151, 162, Shanhe Chengs, 84, 386, 396–99 229, 328–29 decline, 397 guilds of beaters, 169 Doushan trust, 396 Huizhou merchants, 51 migration, 397 incidence of crime, 158 Shanxi merchants, 42, 51, 54, 193, 268, literati, 40 300 merchant culture, 34 markets and goods, 51 merchants, 38, 181 salt monopoly, 51 military presence, 162 frontier merchants, 212 pawnshops, 122, 229, 232, 341, Shaxi Village, 410 347–48 She county, 388, 394 policing, 161, 163 shed people, 395 popular cults, 414 Shen Qiqian, 36 porters, 169 Shiba Yoshinobu, 13, 23, 191, 261, 282 regional character, 351 Shili county, 388–89 shops, 243, 276 Shimen county, 241 silk, 226, 340 Shuaidong Cheng, 145, 247, 274 taxes, 15, 28 Shuaikou Cheng, 105 trade with Huizhou, 43 Sichuan, 272 wulai, 164 Single Whip tax, 10, 166 yamen staff, 160 Skinner, G. William, 21–22, 25, 29, 437, 439, 451 Taicang, 272 Sōda Hiroshi, 148 Taiping Army, 386 Songjiang, 30, 55 Taizhou, 272 cotton, 226, 340 Tang Shunzhi, 35

Index 467

Tangqi, 135 Xi’nan Wus, 386 Tani Toshihito, 128 rise and fall, 354–81 taxes Xingguo on merchants, 196 regional character, 351 Tianjin, 26, 357, 376, 379 Xiong Yuanbao, 107 Tibet, 191 Xiuning, 388–89, 392 timber trade Xiuning county, 388, 392 in Song, Ming, and Qing, 50 Xiuning mingzu zhi,37 Tongzhou, 272 Xu Jiuling, 131 travel Xu Pu, 211 bodyguards, 148 Xu Sanxing, 174 risks, 134 Tunxi, 116, 402 Yan Song, 49, 195 Yangzhou, 39, 224, 282, 397 Usui Sachiko, 298 emporium, 46 Huizhou merchants, 48, 51, 354 village quartet, 8–9, 11, 59, 98, 386 Huizhou migrants, 342, 350 village worship association, 386, 401 migrants, 212 Zhusheng, 401–3 military, 145 a node, 26 Wan’an Wu, 82, 89, 91 pawnshops, 229 Wang Daokun, 57, 146, 359 population, 30 Wang Hua, 405 salt, 222, 226, 347 Wang (or Huang) Jianjie, 199 salt monopoly Wang Shiduo, 181 ofﬁcials and merchants, 224 Wang Shixing, 52, 179, 268 salt production, 26, 51, 339 Wang Shizhen, 40, 49 salt trade, 130, 209, 343 Wang Ti, 74, 76–77 salt trading, 43 Wang Yangming, 55 Yangzi Wang Zhi, 147 pirates, 339 Watson, James, 152 Yanyu gao, 153 Watson, Rubie, 102 Yanzhen, 118 Wenchang, 419 Yaoan, 30 Wong, R. Bin, 237 Ye Qi, 211 Wu Di, 412 Yi county, 47, 388 Wu Shiqi, 49, 355 Ying Jia, 153 Wu Ziyu, 77 Yizhen Wuchang, 129, 340, 343, 395, 434, 449 salt trade center, 245 Wuhu, 20, 26, 42, 46, 127, 130, 132, Yoneda Yutar¯ ō, 302 134, 151, 177–78, 183, 190, Yuan–Ming transition, 392 230, 243–44, 246, 283, 340, Yuezhou, 26 395 Yunnan, 272 Wujiang, 233 Yushan county, 280 pawnshop loan rates, 234 Wujiang county, 13, 117 Zhang Han, 20–21, 46, 54 Wujin county, 130 Zhang Shiche, 131, 137 Wuyuan county, 388 Zhang Xun, 405, 412, 419 Zhao Huafu, 63 Xia Yan, 71, 74 Zhao Jishi, 395 Xin’an mingzu zhi,36 Zhen Jingfeng, 40

468 Index

Zhenjiang, 26, 131 Zhu Shirong, 242 pawnshops, 229 Zhu Xi, 70, 73–75, 101, 413, Zhou Hongmo, 71 416 Zhouzhuang, 233 Zhujing town Zhu Sheng, 151 cotton industry, 24