A Review and Modern Approach to LC Ladder Synthesis
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Active Control of Loudspeakers: an Investigation of Practical Applications
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 18, 2017 Active control of loudspeakers: An investigation of practical applications Bright, Andrew Paddock; Jacobsen, Finn; Polack, Jean-Dominique; Rasmussen, Karsten Bo Publication date: 2002 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Bright, A. P., Jacobsen, F., Polack, J-D., & Rasmussen, K. B. (2002). Active control of loudspeakers: An investigation of practical applications. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Active Control of Loudspeakers: An Investigation of Practical Applications Andrew Bright Ørsted·DTU – Acoustic Technology Technical University of Denmark Published by: Ørsted·DTU, Acoustic Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 352, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, 2002 3 This work is dedicated to the memory of Betty Taliaferro Lawton Paddock Hunt (1916-1999) and to Samuel Raymond Bright, Jr. (1936-2001) 4 5 Table of Contents Preface 9 Summary 11 Resumé 13 Conventions, notation, and abbreviations 15 Conventions...................................................................................................................................... -
Theory and Techniques of Network Sensitivity Applied to Electrical Device Modelling and Circuit Design
r THEORY AND TECHNIQUES OF NETWORK SENSITIVITY APPLIED TO ELECTRICAL DEVICE MODELLING AND CIRCUIT DESIGN • A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Engineering, University of London by Pedro Antonio Villalaz Communications Section, Department of Electrical Engineering Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London September 1972 SUMMARY Chapter 1 is meant to provide a review of modelling as used in computer aided circuit design. Different types of model are distinguished according to their form or their application, and different levels of modelling are compared. Finally a scheme is described whereby models are considered as both isolated objects, and as objects embedded in their circuit environment. Chapter 2 deals with the optimization of linear equivalent circuit models. After some general considerations on the nature of the field of optimization, providing a limited survey, one particular optimization algorithm, the 'steepest descent method' is explained. A computer program has been written (in Fortran IV), using this method in an iterative process which allows to optimize the element values as well as (within certain limits) the topology of the models. Two different methods for the computation of the gradi- ent, which are employed in the program, are discussed in connection with their application. To terminate Chapter 2 some further details relevant to the optimization procedure are pointed out, and some computed examples illustrate the performance of the program. The next chapter can be regarded as a preparation for Chapters 4 and 5. An efficient method for the computation of large, change network sensitivity is described. A change in a network or equivalent circuit model element is simulated by means of an addi- tional current source introduced across that element. -
Simple Simple Digital Filter Design for Analogue Engineers
Simple Digital Filter Design for Analogue Engineers 1 C Vout Vin R = 1/(1 + sCR) Vin R The negative sign is the only difference between this circuit 2 and the simple RC C R circuit above - Vin Vout 0V = -1/(1 + sCR) + Vin 3 Exactly the same formula used above C Vin R - Vout 0V = -1/(1 + sCR) + Vin 4 IN -T/(CR) Delay (T) OUT T = delay time Digital Filters for Analogue Engineers by Andy Britton, June 2008 Page 1 of 14 Introduction If I’d read this document years ago it would have saved me countless hours of agony and confusion understanding what should be conceptually very simple. My biggest discontent with topical literature is that they never cleanly relate digital filters to “real world” analogue filters. This article/document sets out to: - • Describe the function of a very basic RC low pass analogue filter • Convert this filter to an analogue circuit that is digitally realizable • Explain how analogue functions are converted to digital functions • Develop a basic 1st order digital low-pass filter • Develop a 2nd order filter with independent Q and frequency control parameters • Show how digital filters can be proven/designed using a spreadsheet such as excel • Demonstrate digital filters by showing excel graphs of signals • Explain the limitations of use of digital filters i.e. when they become unstable • Show how these filters fit in to the general theory (yawn!) Before the end of this article you should hopefully find something useful to guide you on future designs and allow you to successfully implement a digital filter. -
Simulating the Directivity Behavior of Loudspeakers with Crossover Filters
Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 123rd Convention 2007 October 5–8 New York, NY, USA The papers at this Convention have been selected on the basis of a submitted abstract and extended precis that have been peer reviewed by at least two qualified anonymous reviewers. This convention paper has been reproduced from the author's advance manuscript, without editing, corrections, or consideration by the Review Board. The AES takes no responsibility for the contents. Additional papers may be obtained by sending request and remittance to Audio Engineering Society, 60 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10165-2520, USA; also see www.aes.org. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this paper, or any portion thereof, is not permitted without direct permission from the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. Simulating the Directivity Behavior of Loudspeakers with Crossover Filters Stefan Feistel1, Wolfgang Ahnert2, and Charles Hughes3, and Bruce Olson4 1 Ahnert Feistel Media Group, Arkonastr.45-49, 13189 Berlin, Germany [email protected] 2 Ahnert Feistel Media Group, Arkonastr.45-49, 13189 Berlin, Germany [email protected] 3 Excelsior Audio Design & Services, LLC, Gastonia, NC, USA [email protected] 4 Olson Sound Design, Brooklyn Park, MN, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT In previous publications the description of loudspeakers was introduced based on high-resolution data, comprising most importantly of complex directivity data for individual drivers as well as of crossover filters. In this work it is presented how this concept can be exploited to predict the directivity balloon of multi-way loudspeakers depending on the chosen crossover filters. -
Framsida Msc Thesis Viktor Gunnarsson
Assessment of Nonlinearities in Loudspeakers Volume dependent equalization Master’s Thesis in the Master’s programme in Sound and Vibration VIKTOR GUNNARSSON Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Applied Acoustics Chalmers Room Acoustics Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2010 Master’s Thesis 2010:27 MASTER’S THESIS 2010:27 Assessment of Nonlinearities in Loudspeakers Volume dependent equalization VIKTOR GUNNARSSON Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Applied Acoustics Roomacoustics Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Goteborg,¨ Sweden 2010 CHALMERS, Master’s Thesis 2010:27 ii Assessment of Nonlinearities in Loudspeakers Volume dependent equalization © VIKTOR GUNNARSSON, 2010 Master’s Thesis 2010:27 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Applied Acoustics Roomacoustics Group Chalmers University of Technology SE-41296 Goteborg¨ Sweden Tel. +46-(0)31 772 1000 Reproservice / Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Goteborg,¨ Sweden 2010 Assessment of Nonlinearities in Loudspeakers Volume dependent equalization Master’s Thesis in the Master’s programme in Sound and Vibration VIKTOR GUNNARSSON Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Division of Applied Acoustics Roomacoustics Group Chalmers University of Technology Abstract Digital room correction of loudspeakers has become popular over the latest years, yield- ing great gains in sound quality in applications ranging from home cinemas and cars to audiophile HiFi-systems. However, -
Synthesis of Multiterminal RC Networks with the Aid of a Matrix
SNTHES IS OF MULT ITER? INAL R C ETWO RKS WITH TIIF OF A I'.'ATRIX TRANSFOiATIO by 1-CHENG CHAG A THESIS submitted to OREGO STATF COLLEOEt in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of !1ASTER OF SCIENCE Jurie 1961 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Associate Professor of' Electrical Erigineerthg In Charge of Major Re6acted for privacy Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering Redacted for privacy Chairman of School Graduate Committee / Redacted for_privacy________ Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented August 9, 1960 Tyred by J nette Crane A CKNOWLEDGMENT This the3ls was accomplished under the supervision cf Associate professor, Hendrick Oorthuys. The author wishos to exnress his heartfelt thanks to Professor )orthuys for his ardent help and constant encourap;oment. TABL1 OF CONTENTS page Introductior , . i E. A &eneral ranfrnat1on Theory for Network Synthesis . 3 II. Synthesis of Multitermin.. al RC etworks from a rescribec Oren- Circuit Iì'ipedance atrix . 9 A. Open-Circuit Impedance latrix . 10 B. Node-Admittance 1atries . 11 C, Synthesis Procedure ....... 16 III. RC Ladder Synthesis . 23 Iv. Conclusion ....... 32 V. ii11io;raphy ...... * . 35 Apoendices ....... 37 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. Page 1. fetwork ytheszing Zm(s). Eq. (2.13) . 22 2 Alternato Realization of Z,"'). 22 Eq. (2.13) .......... ietwor1?. , A Ladder ........ 31 4. RC Ladder Realization of Z(s). r' L) .Lq. \*)...J.......... s s . s s S1TTHES I S OF ULT ITERM INAL R C NETWORKS WITH THE AID OF A MATRIX TRANSFOMATIO11 L'TRODUCT ION in the synthesis of passive networks, one of the most Imoortant problems is to determine realizability concU- tions. -
Classic Filters There Are 4 Classic Analogue Filter Types: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptic and Bessel. There Is No Ideal Filter
Classic Filters There are 4 classic analogue filter types: Butterworth, Chebyshev, Elliptic and Bessel. There is no ideal filter; each filter is good in some areas but poor in others. • Butterworth: Flattest pass-band but a poor roll-off rate. • Chebyshev: Some pass-band ripple but a better (steeper) roll-off rate. • Elliptic: Some pass- and stop-band ripple but with the steepest roll-off rate. • Bessel: Worst roll-off rate of all four filters but the best phase response. Filters with a poor phase response will react poorly to a change in signal level. Butterworth The first, and probably best-known filter approximation is the Butterworth or maximally-flat response. It exhibits a nearly flat passband with no ripple. The rolloff is smooth and monotonic, with a low-pass or high- pass rolloff rate of 20 dB/decade (6 dB/octave) for every pole. Thus, a 5th-order Butterworth low-pass filter would have an attenuation rate of 100 dB for every factor of ten increase in frequency beyond the cutoff frequency. It has a reasonably good phase response. Figure 1 Butterworth Filter Chebyshev The Chebyshev response is a mathematical strategy for achieving a faster roll-off by allowing ripple in the frequency response. As the ripple increases (bad), the roll-off becomes sharper (good). The Chebyshev response is an optimal trade-off between these two parameters. Chebyshev filters where the ripple is only allowed in the passband are called type 1 filters. Chebyshev filters that have ripple only in the stopband are called type 2 filters , but are are seldom used. -
Multi-Pole Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for Transimpedance
Multi-Pole Bandwidth Enhancement Technique for Transimpedance Amplifiers Behnam Analui and Ali Hajimiri California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA Email: [email protected] Abstract quencies. Capacitive peaking [3] is a variation of the A new technique for bandwidth enhancement of ampli- same idea that can improve the bandwidth. fiers is developed. Adding several passive networks, A more exotic approach to solving the problem was which can be designed independently, enables the control proposed by Ginzton et al using distributed amplification of transfer function and frequency response behavior. [4]. Here, the gain stages are separated with transmission Parasitic capacitances of cascaded gain stages are iso- lines. Although the gain contributions of the several lated from each other and absorbed into passive net- stages are added together, the parasitic capacitors can be works. A simplified design procedure, using well-known absorbed into the transmission lines contributing to its filter component values is introduced. To demonstrate the real part of the characteristic impedance. Ideally, the feasibility of the method, a CMOS transimpedance ampli- number of stages can be increased indefinitely, achieving fier is implemented in 0.18mm BiCMOS technology. It an unlimited gain bandwidth product. In practice, this achieves 9.2GHz bandwidth in the presence of 0.5pF will be limited to the loss of the transmission line. Hence, photo diode capacitance and a trans-resistance gain of the design of distributed amplifiers requires careful elec- 0.6kW, while drawing 55mA from a 2.5V supply. tromagnetic simulations and very accurate modeling of transistor parasitics. Recently, a CMOS distributed 1. Introduction amplifier was presented [7] with unity-gain bandwidth of The ever-growing demand for higher information trans- 5.5 GHz. -
A New Digital Filter Using Window Resizing for Protective Relay Applications
A New Digital Filter Using Window Resizing for Protective Relay Applications Bogdan Kasztenny, Mangapathirao V. Mynam, Titiksha Joshi, and Chad Daniels Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Published in the proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection Liverpool, United Kingdom March 9–12, 2020 A NEW DIGITAL FILTER USING WINDOW RESIZING FOR PROTECTIVE RELAY APPLICATIONS Bogdan Kasztenny1*, Mangapathirao V. Mynam1, Titiksha Joshi1, Chad Daniels1 1Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Pullman, Washington, USA *[email protected] Keywords: POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION, VARIABLE-WINDOW FILTER, WINDOW RESIZING. Abstract Digital protective relays use finite impulse response filters with sliding data windows for band-pass filtering of voltages and currents and measurement of phasors. Cosine, Fourier, and Walsh data windows are commonly used. Short windows yield faster protection operation but allow larger transient errors jeopardizing protection security and calling for adequate countermeasures. Often, these countermeasures erase some, if not most, benefits of shorter data windows. This paper presents the theory, implementation, laboratory test results, and a field case example of a new filtering method for protective relaying based on window resizing. The method uses a full-cycle sliding data window until a disturbance is detected, at which time the window size is considerably shortened to include only disturbance samples and exclude all pre-disturbance samples. With passing of time, the window size grows to include more disturbance samples as they become available. When the window reaches its nominal full-cycle size, it stops extending and starts sliding again. By purging the pre-disturbance data, the new filter strikes an excellent balance between speed and accuracy. -
Switched Capacitor Networks and Techniques for the Period 19 1-1992
Active and Passive Elec. Comp., 1994, Vol. 16, pp. 171-258 Reprints available directly from the publisher Photocopying permitted by license only 1994 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers S.A. Printed in Malaysia A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF REFERENCES ON SWITCHED CAPACITOR NETWORKS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE PERIOD 19 1-1992 A.K. SINGH Electronics Lab., Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Delhi Institute of Technology, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India. (Received November 16, 1993; in final form December 15, 1993) A chronological list of 440 references on switched capacitor (SC) networks from 1939 to May 1981 was published in this Journal by J. Vandewalle. In this communication, we present a compilation of 1357 references covering the period from May 1981-1992 (along with a supplementary list of 43 missing references for the period before May 1981). The present compilation and the earlier one by Vandewalle put together, thus, constitute an exhaustive bibliography of 1797 references on SC-networks and tech- niques till 1992. I. INTRODUCTION The importance of SC-networks in the area of instrumentation and communication is well established. Because of their suitability to VLSI implementation, along with digital networks on the same chip and their low cost coupled with accuracy, SC- networks have greatly enhanced their applicability in the electronics world. Enor- mous volumes of literature on the SC-techniques for different applications is now available. Many design procedures including those based upon immittance simu- lation and wave concepts have been evolved. Application of SC-networks in the design of FIR and IIR filters and neural networks have also been reported. -
Digital Filter Structures from Classical Analogue Networks
DIGITAL FILTER STRUCTURES FROM CLASSICAL ANALOGUE NETWORKS By STUART SIMON LAWSON A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE Ph.D. DEGREE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, LONDON,S.W.7 OCTOBER 1975- -2- A3STRACT decent investigations have shown that a class of digital filter structures exists that poseeeces mudh lower attenuation distortion than the conventional direct or cascade forms. These structures can be derived from classical analogue doubly- terminated lossless networks by using a one-port wave variable description for circuit elements. The basic teChnique, due to Fettweis, consists of expressing the voltage-current relationship of an element in terms of incident and reflected waves and then applying the bilinear transformation to give the digital equivalent. These digital circuits are then interconnected with the aid of 'Adaptors'. An adaptor is simply the digital realization of Kirchhoff's two laws for a parallel or series junction of n ports. The use of waves in the derivation of the digital filter structures has led to the term ''rave Digital ;Filters' being applied to them. In this thesis it is shown that, by considerinf, each clement in the analogue network as a two-port, a true simulation can be achieved for the corresponding digital filter structure. In the new method, the adaptor, which is needed in the one-port description, is not required explicitly but is included as part of the equivalent wave-flow diagram. The relationship between the sensitivity of the attenuation to first-order multiplier variations and the analogue network element sensitivities is derived and it is shown that the multiplier sensitivities are not generally zero at points of maximum pseudopower transfer. -
All-Analogue Real-Time Broadband Filter Bank Multicarrier Optical Communications System
> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 1 All-Analogue Real-Time Broadband Filter Bank Multicarrier Optical Communications System Fernando A. Gutiérrez, Philip Perry, Member, IEEE, Eamonn P. Martin, Andrew D. Ellis, Member, IEEE, Frank Smyth, Member, IEEE, and Liam P. Barry, Senior Member, IEEE. their optical counterparts. Consequently, wavelength division Abstract— This paper studies the key aspects of an optical link multiplexing (WDM) schemes have been implemented which transmits a broadband microwave filter bank multicarrier employing electrical subsystems in the transmitter and/or the (FBMC) signal. The work is presented in the context of creating receiver, as in coherent WDM [3] or Nyquist WDM [4]. an all-analogue real-time multi-gigabit orthogonal frequency However, to decrease the number of total optical wavelengths, division multiplexing (OFDM) electro-optical transceiver for short range and high capacity data center networks. Passive these systems require broadband baseband signals of tens of microwave filters are used to perform the pulse shaping of the bit Gbaud, which limits its performance and increases the cost streams, allowing an orthogonal transmission without the and difficulty of any practical real-time implementation. necessity of digital signal processing (DSP). Accordingly, a cyclic Subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) is a different alternative that prefix that would cause a reduction in the net data rate is not combines several RF subchannels into one signal, which is required. An experiment consisting of three orthogonally spaced then modulated onto an optical wavelength before 2.7 Gbaud quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) subchannels demonstrates that the spectral efficiency of traditional DSP-less transmission over fiber.