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A Review of Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Calodendrum Capense (Rutaceae)

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A Review of Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Calodendrum Capense (Rutaceae) JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 8, ISSUE 01, 2021 A REVIEW OF ETHNOMEDICINAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CALODENDRUM CAPENSE (RUTACEAE) Alfred Maroyi Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Phone/Fax: 0027406022322; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Calodendrum capense (L. f.) Thunb. is a medium to large tree widely used as traditional medicine in tropical Africa. This study is aimed at evaluating the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. capense. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the bark, fruit, leaf, seed and stem bark infusion and/or decoction of C. capense are mainly used as dermatological agents, insecticide and protective charm, and traditional medicines for skin infections, toothache, cough, fever and stomach problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, coumarins, fatty acids, limonoids, methyl esters and terpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that C. capense extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antibacterial, antimycobacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antiproliferative, insecticidal, larvicidal and cytotoxicity activities. Calodendrum capense should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Keywords: Calodendrum capense, indigenous pharmacopeia, Rutaceae, traditional medicine 1. Introduction Calodendrum capense (L. f.) Thunb. (Fig. 1) is a medium to large deciduous to evergreen tree belonging to the Rutaceae or citrus family. The genus Calodendrum Thunb. comprises of two tree species, C. capense and C. eickii Engl. Calodendrum eickii is a rare deciduous tree confined to the dry montane forests of the West Usambara Mountains in Tanzania which differs from C. capense in having smaller flowers and larger fruits with long spine-like warts [1]. The genus name Calodendrum is a contraction of two Greek words “kalos” meaning “beautiful” and “dendron” meaning “tree” [2,3]. The specific epithet “capense” means “from the Cape” [4]. The synonyms associated with the name C. capense include Dictamus calodendrum Poir., D. capensis L.f. and Pallassia capensis Christm. [5]. The English common names of C. capense are “cape chestnut” and “wild chestnut” [6,7]. Calodendrum capense has a sharply spreading crown, bare for several months and growing to a height of 25 metres [8,9]. The bark is smooth and grey in colour, the bole sometimes with few lenticels and becoming buttressed with age. The leaves are simple, opposite, broadly elliptic to oval in shape, hairless when mature, aromatic when crushed, with entire and waxy margins [10,11]. The flowers are large and showy, pink to purple in colour and occur in dense, branched axillary and terminal heads [12,13]. The fruit is a large and woody capsule with a knobbly texture. Calodendrum capense has been recorded in Eswatini, Lesotho, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe [14-17]. Calodendrum capense has been recorded in dry black cotton soils, moist forest soils, sheltered rocky slopes and kloofs in 1040 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 8, ISSUE 01, 2021 evergreen afromontane forest, riverine thicket, higher altitude forests, evergreen fringe forest, forest margins, densely wooded ravines and scrub vegetation at an altitude ranging from 5 m to 2300 m above sea level [8,18-20]. Fig. 1: Calodendrum capense A: branch showing flowers and B: branch showing a fruit (photos: B Wursten) Calodendrum capense was introduced to Australia, north Africa and several other countries throughout the world as an ornamental plant, mainly grown for its highly aesthetic, fragrant pink flowers and prolific flower display [20,21]. Calodendrum capense is good for bee forage, serves as shade, hedge and for mulching to enhance soil fertility [22,23]. The kernels of C. capense yield a yellow, bitter, non-drying oil which is traditionally used for making 1041 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 8, ISSUE 01, 2021 cosmetic soap [24,25]. The seed oil of C. capense is popular in tropical Africa where it is used as a skin-care product and skin emollient and the oil has a high potential for use as lubricant and as fuel in diesel engines [26,27]. The bark of C. capense is traded as traditional medicine in the informal herbal medicine markets of the Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu- Natal and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa [28-35]. Similarly, the bark and roots of C. capense are also traded as traditional medicine in informal herbal medicine markets in Malawi [36]. It is therefore, within this context that the current study was undertaken aimed at documenting the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of C. capense. 2. Materials and methods Results of the current study are based on literature search on the chemical properties, biological activities and ethnomedicinal uses of C. capense using information derived from several internet databases. The databases included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Other sources of information used included pre-electronic sources such as journal articles, theses, books, book chapters and other scientific articles obtained from the University library. A total of 68 articles published between 1951 and 2020 were used in this study (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Flow diagram showing literature search and selection processes 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Medicinal uses of Calodendrum capense Medicinal uses of C. capense have been recorded in Eswatini, Kenya and South Africa (Table 1), representing 37.5% of the countries where the species is indigenous. The leaf, fruit, seed and stem bark infusion and/or decoction of C. capense are mainly used as dermatological agents, insecticide and protective charm, and traditional medicines for skin infections, toothache, cough, fever and stomach problems (Table 1, Fig. 3). Other medicinal applications of C. capense include the use of bark, fruit, leaf, seed and stem bark infusion and/or decoction of the species as emetic and to soften hair, and as traditional medicine to easy childbirth, impotency, sterility and snakebite [37-40]. 1042 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 8, ISSUE 01, 2021 Table 1: Medicinal uses of Calodendrum capense Medicinal use Part used Country Reference Cough and fever Bark decoction taken orally Kenya and South [40,41] Africa Dermatological agents (cosmetic, moisturizer, Bark infusion applied topically South Africa [25,39,42-50] skin lightener and treatment) Easy childbirth Bark infusion taken orally Eswatini [37] Emetic Stem bark decoction taken orally Kenya [38] Impotency and sterility Bark infusion taken orally South Africa [40] Insecticide Leaf infusion applied Kenya and South [25,47,51,52] Africa Protective charm (good luck, hunting and Bark and seeds South Africa [2,42,46] love) Skin infections (pimples and rash) Bark and fruit infusion applied topically South Africa [39,44] Snakebite Bark infusion applied topically South Africa [40] Soften hair Fruit infusion applied topically South Africa [39] Stomach problems Stem bark decoction or infusion taken Kenya and South [38,40] orally Africa Toothache Leaf and fruit infusion applied South Africa [39,40] Insecticide Stomach problems Cough and fever Dermatological agents Protective charm Toothache Skin infections 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Literature records No. of countries Fig. 3: Medicinal applications of Calodendrum capense derived from literature records 3.2 Nutritional and phytochemical composition of Calodendrum capense Researchers such as Munavu [53], Wirminghaus et al. [54], Nawiri et al. [55] and Wilson and Downs [56] investigated the nutritional properties of C. capense fruits and seed kernel oil (Table 2). The fruits and seed kernel oil of C. capense could be a source of health promoting nutrients such as copper, lipids, magnesium, manganese, proteins and fatty acids [53-56]. Similarly, the fruit pericarp, leaves, root bark, seeds, seed kernel oil and stem bark yielded alkaloids, coumarins, limonoids, methyl esters and triterpenoids [57-63]. Some of these phytochemical compounds identified from C. capense could be responsible for the biological properties associated with the species. Table 2: Phytochemical composition of Calodendrum capense Nutritional or phytochemical compound Value Plant part Reference Nutritional components Copper (μg/g) 3.3 – 5.7 Seed oil [55] Lipids (%) 37.4 Fruits [54,56] Magnesium (μg/g) 94.7 – 138.7 Seed oil [55] Manganese (μg/g) 2.6 – 4.3 Seed oil [55] 1043 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 8, ISSUE 01, 2021 Protein (%) 14.7 – 37.6 Fruits and seed kernel oil [53,54,56] Zinc (μg/g) 10.8 – 14.2 Seed oil [55] Fatty acids Arachidic (%) 1.0 Seed kernel oil [53] Behenic - Seed kernel oil [53] Linoleic (%) 35.6 Seed kernel oil [53] Linolenic (%) 1.4 Seed kernel oil [53] Myristic - Seed kernel oil [53] Oleic (%) 33.7 Seed kernel oil [53] Palmitic (%) 23.8 Seed kernel oil [53] Stearic (%) 4.5 Seed kernel oil [53] Other phytochemical compounds 5-methoxypsolaren - Fruit pericarp, leaves, seeds and stem bark [60] 7-O-dimethylallyl demethylenedictamnine - Fruit pericarp, leaves,
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