Somaliland Election Update / June 2021
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Electronic Communication and an Oral Culture: the Dynamics of Somali Websites and Mailing Lists
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND AN ORAL CULTURE: THE DYNAMICS OF SOMALI WEBSITES AND MAILING LISTS BY ABDISALAM M. ISSA-SALWE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CENTRE FOR INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND TECHNOLOGY THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY SUPERVISORS: DR. ANTHONY OLDEN, THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY EMERITUS PROFESSOR I M LEWIS, LSE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON EXAMINERS: PROFESSOR CHRISTINE MCCOURT, THAMES VALLEY UNIVERSITY DR. MARTIN ORWIN, SOAS, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON NOVEMBER 2006 TO MY WIFE HAWO, MY CHILDREN MOHAMED-NASIR, MOHAMUD, ALI, HAFSA-YALAH, HAMDA, SHARMARKE AND YUSUF-HANAD ACKNOWLEDGMENT Foremost, I would like to thank to the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics (CARA) who helped in funding my studies. I would like to thank my thesis advisors, Dr. Tony Olden (Thames Valley University) and Emeritus Professor I M Lewis (London School of Economics) for their continuous encouragement, optimism and confidence in me to make it possible to write this dissertation. Both Dr. Olden and Emeritus Professor Lewis put an enormous amount of time and effort into supervision. Likewise, this study has been enhanced through the incisive comments of Dr Stephen Roberts (Thames Valley University). I also appreciate the advice of Dr Mohamed D. Afrax and Abdullahi Salah Osman who read and commented on the manuscript of this dissertation. I am also thankful to Ahmed Mohamud H Jama (Nero) who allowed me to have useful material relevant to my research; Dr. Ebyan Salah who solicited female correspondents to reply to the research questionnaires. I am also grateful to Said Mohamed Ali (Korsiyagaab) and Ismail Said Aw-Muse (PuntlandState.com) who gave me permission to use their websites statistics. -
AFRICA Somaliland: Peaceful Elections in an Unrecognized Country
AFRICA Somaliland: Peaceful Elections in an Unrecognized Country OE Watch Commentary: No country recognizes Somaliland’s claim to sovereignty. However, Source: Omar S. Mahmood, as the accompanying article notes, with yet another “presidential election” just completed (the “Somaliland’s New President Has Work third in 14 years), the self-declared country is hoping its peaceful transition of power will garner to Do,” Institute for Security Studies additional international respect and perhaps even the recognition it so desires. (South Africa), 10 January 2018. https:// For many this Somaliland election was particularly noteworthy. Besides a successful issafrica.org/iss-today/somalilands-new- voter registration effort that for the first time ever used an iris-scanner system in Africa, the president-has-work-to-do unrecognized nation also held its first ever presidential debate. This is not to say that Somaliland’s With the inauguration of Muse Bihi “democracy” is perfect. Its presidential election was postponed for two years, and personal Abdi on 13 December 2017, Somaliland’s tensions between the challengers, along with accusations of voter fraud, led to protests which oft-delayed presidential election led to three deaths. Despite these setbacks, the actual overall process was largely peaceful, and process officially ended. The Kulmiye international observers declared there were no significant election day voting irregularities. party retained power, but the president Clan loyalty, as has happened in previous elections, largely shaped the voting. Isaaq sub-clans changed for the third time in 14 years Habar Awal and Habar Jeclo came together to provide Muse Bihi Abdi from the Peace, Unity, and – impressive for an unrecognized Development Party, also known as the Kulmiye Party, with the presidency. -
Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa
UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa This simulation, while focused around the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict, is not an attempt to resolve that conflict: the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) already has a peace plan on the table to which the two parties in conflict have essentially agreed. Rather, participants are asked, in their roles as representatives of OAU member states, to devise a blueprint for preventing the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict from spreading into neighboring countries and consuming the region in even greater violence. The conflict, a great concern particularly for Somalia and Sudan where civil wars have raged for years, has thrown regional alliances into confusion and is increasingly putting pressure on humanitarian NGOs and other regional parties to contain the conflict. The wars in the Horn of Africa have caused untold death and misery over the past few decades. Simulation participants are asked as well to deal with the many refugees and internally displaced persons in the Horn of Africa, a humanitarian crisis that strains the economies – and the political relations - of the countries in the region. In their roles as OAU representatives, participants in this intricate simulation witness first-hand the tremendous challenge of trying to obtain consensus among multiple actors with often competing agendas on the tools of conflict prevention. Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn -
Paper Six- Somaliland Independence and Union Experience
Paper Six: Somaliland Independence and Union experience Mohamed A. Duale, Coordinator of Somaliland Civil Society Election Forum at SONSAF/coordinator of Somaliland Independent Intellectual Forum (Email: [email protected]) 1. Introduction: The political history of Somaliland follows a recognizable trajectory from colonialism to independence to failed union to dictatorship to self-determination and democratic governance. After being a British protectorate since late 1880s, Somaliland became an independent country on June 26, 1960. The rest of present-day Somalia, then administered by Italy, became independent four days later. By 1st July, 1960, the two states decided to merge. But the northern population felt slighted almost from the start, since most of the power went to the South. The northern population rejected a referendum on a unitary constitution in July 1961 and, later that year, military officers in Hargeisa began an unsuccessful rebellion to reassert Somaliland's independence. The military took over the control of the Somali Republic state through a bloodless coup and sent to jail the ruling civilian elite, including the last democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohamed Ibrahim Egal, together with his ministers. In addition to that, the military regime has started repressive policies against northern clans, especially the Isaaq clan, and treated its members as second-class citizens. In response to the marginalization of the northern population, the Somali National Movement (SNM) emerged as an official organization representing northern clans, mainly the Isaaq clan, against the backdrop of General Barre’s continued atrocities, summary executions, targeted assassinations, arbitrary arrests, expulsions, freezing of commercial activities and above all, mass starvation of millions of nomads whose livestock and water points had been destroyed by the Government armed forces. -
A Week in the Horn 19.1.2018 News in Brief President Dr. Mulatu
A Week in the Horn 19.1.2018 News in brief President Dr. Mulatu Teshome’s State Visit to Cuba The Sixth High-level Ethiopian-Egyptian Joint Ministerial Commission meets in Cairo Foreign Minister Dr. Workneh’s visit to Khartoum The 30th African Union Summit starts next week IGAD Revitalization to continue despite concern over at ceasefire violations Al-Shabaab continues to recruit 8-year-old children as fighters… …and the President of Somaliland in Ethiopia for a three-day working visit A UN Security Council briefing on Darfur News in Brief Africa and the African Union The 30th Summit of the African Union (AU) starts on Monday next week (January 22) with the opening of the Permanent Representatives’ Committee. This will be followed by the Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of Foreign Ministers on Thursday and Friday (January 25-26), and the 30th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the African Union will take place on Sunday and Monday (January 28-29). The theme of this year’s Summit is: “Winning the Fight against Corruption: A Sustainable Path to Africa’s Transformation”. (See article) Ambassadors and Representatives of Member States of IGAD held an informal consultation meeting on Thursday (January 18) at the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Chaired by Ethiopia’s State Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mrs. Hirut Zemene, the emphasized disappointment at violations of the Ceasefire Agreement, but underlined the next phase of the Revitalization Process, covering power sharing and transitional security arrangement would continue at the beginning of February. -
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
OHCHR Preliminary Human Rights Assessment on Somalia – Mission Report 19 July to 2 August 2008 _____________________________________________________________________ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Preliminary Human Rights Assessment on Somalia 19 July to 2 August 2008 Mission Report I. Introduction 1. From 19 July to 2 August 2008, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) undertook a preliminary human rights assessment mission on Somalia. The mission was dispatched at the request of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) of the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) and in accordance with Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/RES/7/35 of 28 March 2008 (See Annex 1), requesting OHCHR to strengthen its presence in Somalia to provide technical assistance and advisory services to the relevant Somali institutions. In addition, the mission was also prompted by Security Council Resolution S/Res/1814 of 15 May 2008 (See Annex 2), requesting the Secretary-General to establish an effective capacity within UNPOS to monitor and enhance the protection of human rights in Somalia. 2. Further to these requests, in June 2008 the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in consultation with the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (TFG) through its Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva, approved the deployment of an OHCHR mission to Somalia and the region to analyse and conduct a preliminary assessment of the current human rights challenges in Somalia with a view to formulating recommendations for steps to be taken to advance human rights protection, promotion and advocacy in the short, medium and long term. -
Gericht Entscheidungsdatum Geschäftszahl Spruch Text
12.10.2018 Gericht BVwG Entscheidungsdatum 12.10.2018 Geschäftszahl W254 2104666-1 Spruch W254 2104666-1/10E W254 2115448-1/8E W254 2153524-1/9E W254 2192540-1/7E W254 2110879-1/13E Schriftliche Ausfertigung des am 12.10.2018 mündlich verkündeten Erkenntnisses: IM NAMEN DER REPUBLIK! I. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr.in Tatjana CARDONA als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerden der 1) XXXX , geb. XXXX 2) XXXX , geb. XXXX , 3) XXXX , geb. XXXX , 4) XXXX , geb. XXXX , alle StA. Somalia und vertreten durch die ARGE Rechtsberatung, gegen die Spruchpunkte I. der Bescheide des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 1) 06.03.2015, Zl. XXXX , 2) 27.08.2015 Zl. XXXX , 3) 08.03.2017 Zl. XXXX , 4) 06.03.2018 Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung, zu Recht erkannt: A) Die Beschwerden werden als unbegründet abgewiesen. B) Die Revision ist nicht zulässig. II. Das Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat durch die Richterin Dr.in Tatjana CARDONA als Einzelrichterin über die Beschwerde des XXXX , geb. XXXX , StA. Somalia, vertreten durch ARGE Rechtsberatung, gegen Spruchpunkt I. des Bescheides des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vom 29.06.2015, Zl. XXXX , nach Durchführung einer mündlichen Verhandlung, beschlossen: A) Das Beschwerdeverfahren wird wegen Zurückziehung der Beschwerde eingestellt. B) Die Revision ist nicht zulässig. Text ENTSCHEIDUNGSGRÜNDE: www.ris.bka.gv.at Seite 1 von 17 Bundesverwaltungsgericht 12.10.2018 I. Verfahrensgang: Die Beschwerdeführerin XXXX (BF1) stellte am 04.07.2014 einen Antrag auf internationalen Schutz in Österreich. Bei ihrer Erstbefragung am selben Tag gab sie an, Probleme mit ihrer Familie wegen ihrer traditionellen Ehe zu haben. -
Somaliland's First Elections, 2002 - 2005
Richard Bennet, Michael Woldemariam Innovations for Successful Societies NURTURING DEMOCRACY IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: SOMALILAND'S FIRST ELECTIONS, 2002 - 2005 SYNOPSIS A decade after the former British protectorate of Somaliland severed ties with the rest of Somalia and declared independence, the fledgling state took the next steps toward democracy by holding direct elections. This transition occurred over the course of four years and three elections, during which the people of Somaliland elected district councils in 2002, a president and vice president in 2003, and a parliament in 2005. Somaliland’s democratic elections, the first in the Horn of Africa since 1969, were landmark achievements, as traditional social and political mechanisms legitimized the results and reinforced stability in the aftermath. The inexperienced and under- resourced National Electoral Commission successfully navigated the development of political parties, avoided the potential for violence when the margin of victory in the presidential election was only 80 votes, and managed an improved parliamentary election by introducing innovations that made the electoral process operate more smoothly. By avoiding violence and building consensus for peaceful, democratic transitions, Somaliland’s first elections highlighted a mix of traditional and democratic innovations conducted in a resource-poor environment. Richard Bennet and Michael Woldemariam drafted this policy note on the basis of interviews conducted in Somaliland during October 2010. For a detailed look at the establishment of civilian government in Somaliland from 1991 to 2001, see the companion case study, “Navigating a Broken Transition to Civilian Rule.” INTRODUCTION People’s Party, Dahir ‘Riyale’ Kahin, had On 19 April 2003, the results of beaten Ahmed ‘Silanyo’ of the Kulmiye party Somaliland’s first presidential election arrived by a mere 80 votes in an election with over from regional offices at the headquarters of the 488,000 voters. -
State-Making in Somalia and Somaliland
The London School of Economics and Political Science STATE -MAKING IN SOMALIA AND SOMALILAND Understanding War, Nationalism and State Trajectories as Processes of Institutional and Socio-Cognitive Standardization Mogadishu ● Dominik Balthasar A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics (LSE) for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 105,510. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Sue Redgrave. Cover illustration: Map source, URL: http://tinyurl.com/97ao5ug, accessed, 15 September 2012, adapted by the author. 2 Abstract Although the conundrums of why states falter, how they are reconstituted, and under what conditions war may be constitutive of state-making have received much scholarly attention, they are still hotly debated by academics and policy analysts. Advancing a novel conceptual framework and analysing diverse Somali state trajectories between 1960 and 2010, this thesis adds to those debates both theoretically and empirically. -
Warbixinta Xoghayaha Guud Ee Ku Saabsan Soomaaliya
United Nations S/2020/121 Security Council Distr.: General 13 February 2020 Original: English Situation in Somalia Report of the Secretary-General I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 22 of Security Council resolution 2461 (2019) and paragraph 33 of Council resolution 2472 (2019) and provides updates on the implementation of those resolutions, including on the mandates of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) and the United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS). The report covers major developments in Somalia during the period 5 November 2019 to 4 February 2020. II. Political, security, and economic overview A. Political developments 2. Preparations for national elections in 2020 gradually proceeded, as the House of the People of the Federal Parliament of Somalia debated and agreed on the electoral bill and submitted it to the Upper House for further revision. On 27 November 2019, the ad hoc parliamentary committee mandated to review the bill had tabled its report to the House of the People following consultations, including with federal member states. On 28 December, the House of the People passed the bill, with 172 votes in favour, 5 against and 2 abstentions. On 2 January 2020, following the receipt of the electoral bill from the House of the People, the Speaker of the Upper House appointed a seven-member ad hoc committee to review it. Plenary debates on the report of the ad hoc committee are continuing. 3. The Federal Parliament passed some of the priority legislation identified in the Mutual Accountability Framework, including the Public Financial Management Act and the Company Act. -
Party Somaliland:Peace-Building
PARTY SOMALILAND:PEACE-BUILDING 1 SECESSION AND CESSATION On 26 June 1960, Somaliland obtained independence from Britain. Six days later, on 1 July, under the premiership of Mohamed Ibrahim Egal, Somaliland united with the former Italian Somalia to form the sovereign Somali Republic. In May 1991, following the overthrow of Siad Barre, the Somali National Movement (SNM) declared the secession of the northern regions to form the independent 'Republic of Somaliland', the territory of which corresponds to that of the former British Somaliland Protectorate. In May 1993, Mohamed Ibrahim Egal was elected President of Somaliland. The people of Somaliland are of the Issaq, Gadabursi and Ciise (Dir), and Dolbahunte and Warsengeli clan-families. The latter two belong to the Darod confederation of clans. The Issaq, which formed the backbone of the SNM, are the most populous clan in Somaliland. The declaration of Somaliland secession went against the previously stated pohcies of the SNM, who had insisted that they sought only to change the Barre regime. The decision to declare independence at the Grand Shir ('gathering') of northern clans in Burco, in May 1991, resulted from a popular expression of opposition to further rule from Mogadishu. This was an understandable reaction to the suffering inflicted on the Issaq people by the Barre regime during three years of war, and to the manner in which Ali Mahadi's USC assumed power in Mogadishu. Reinforcing this decision may have been a realisation that the original goal which led Somaliland into unity with the south was no longer tenable. The decision in 1960 to unite with Somalia was driven by nationalistic aspirations to join all the five Somali territories into a Greater Somalia. -
Somaliland: the Complicated Formation of a De Facto State Markus Virgil Hoehne
1 Somaliland: the complicated formation of a de facto state Markus Virgil Hoehne Introduction The recent debate about state formation highlights the conflict-ridden and complicated mature of this process.1 States are increasingly recognised as heterogeneous and contested constructs. Different local or regional powers coexist and sometimes compete with official state institutions. They may even command their own armed forces, and establish their own legal and administrative structures.2 Clearly, the once broadly accepted Weberian definition of the state as that authority with the legitimate monopoly of violence over defined territory is undergoing challenge at the beginning of the 21st century.3 Nonetheless, statehood is still the entrance ticket to the world-system for those aspiring political recognition and the resources coming with international sovereignty. This explains why new states still are established, such as Croatia (1991), East Timor (2002) and most recently Kosovo (2008), and why other state-like entities continue to struggle for recognition, such as Transnistria, Northern Cyprus, Palestine, and Somaliland. Some of the latter conform to the definition of statehood, insofar as they include permanent population, defined territory, and government. Yet, since the recognition of states is as much a legal as a political matter, not all state-like entities enjoy recognition. In Africa, in particular, the principle of the sanctity of the post-colonial borders, originally adopted by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), and since upheld by its successor organisation, the African Union (AU), opposes secession and the formation of new states. From the perspective of existing governments, this principle helps to prevent large-scale instability due to the contested nature of most of Africas state-borders.4 The complicated nature of international recognition, together with the relative lack of resources and the centralisation of the economy in many African states also prevent local elites in the continent from pursuing secessionist politics.