The Domestic Terrorist Threat. Reseña CENTRO DE ANÁLISIS Y

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The Domestic Terrorist Threat. Reseña CENTRO DE ANÁLISIS Y GABINETE TÉCNICO DE LA GUARDIA CIVIL Centro de Análisis y Prospectiva CENTRO DE ANÁLISIS Y PROSPECTIVA The Domestic Terrorist Threat. Reseña Hristina Hristova Gergova GABINETE TÉCNICO DE LA GUARDIA CIVIL Centro de Análisis y Prospectiva Reseña del documento: “The Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues for Congress” Congressional Research Service Hristina Hristova Gergova INTRODUCCIÓN EL TERRORISMO DOMÉSTICO EN EEUU UNA DEFINICIÓN PRÁCTICA: AMENAZAS, NO GRUPOS El Extremismo pro derechos de los animales y el Extremismo medioambiental El Extremismo Anarquista El Extremismo de la Supremacía Blanca El Extremismo antigubernamental El Extremismo de los Separatistas Negros El Extremismo antiaborto GRADO DE IMPORTANCIA DEL TERRORISMO DOMÉSTICO EN EEUU RADICALIZACIÓN EN PRISIONES LA AMENAZA DESCENTRALIZADA CONSIDERACIONES PARA EL CONGRESO 1 GABINETE TÉCNICO DE LA GUARDIA CIVIL Centro de Análisis y Prospectiva INTRODUCCIÓN El presente trabajo reseña un documento realizado por el Congressional Research Service titulado “The Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues for Congress”. El documento, firmado por Jerome P. Bjelopera, ofrece una visión sobre la acepción política actual acerca de la amenaza terrorista doméstica en suelo estadounidense. En el documento el autor recoge varias explicaciones sobre lo qué es el terrorismo doméstico. Sin embargo, en vista de que no existe una definición universal de este término, explica cómo las organizaciones gubernamentales estadounidenses plantean una definición de terrorismo doméstico más práctica que teórica, que recurre a una categorización por “amenazas terroristas” en lugar de la acostumbrada por “grupos terroristas”. Esta clasificación distinta de la clásica que EEUU tiene para las amenazas terroristas internacionales surge por una razón específica, la de no vulnerar los derechos protegidos por la Constitución estadounidense (véase la Primera Enmienda de la Constitución de EEUU1). A continuación en el documento se evalúa la importancia y el alcance que tienen este tipo de amenazas terroristas en suelo estadounidense. Según estudios analizados por el autor, existen ciertos indicios que muestran que se da prioridad a las cuestiones relacionadas con el terrorismo yihadista en comparación con el terrorismo doméstico, sobre todo después de los atentados del 11-S. El autor analiza así el peligro que representa la amenaza terrorista doméstica en EEUU. Por último se dedica un apartado a consideraciones políticas para el Congreso. Según Bjelopera el Congreso debería tener en cuenta tres cuestiones principales en cuanto a la participación federal en combatir al terrorismo doméstico. Tales cuestiones deberían estar centradas en evaluar el alcance de la amenaza terrorista doméstica, en la recopilación y uso de la inteligencia sobre este fenómeno y la manera en la que este tipo de amenaza está concebida en la agenda del Presidente Obama. EL TERRORISMO DOMÉSTICO EN EEUU Según el Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) el “terrorismo doméstico” sería: un acto realizado en territorio estadounidense con un propósito de atentar o hacer peligrar la vida humana, de intimidar o coaccionar a la población, de influir en decisiones políticas, o de repercutir en los actos del Gobierno a través de asesinatos, secuestros, uso de armas de destrucción masiva, etc. El “terrorista doméstico” es un ciudadano estadounidense, cuyo acto de violencia es cometido en suelo estadounidense y cuya ideología carece de vínculos externos. Es decir, la ideología extremista que tal individuo utiliza como razón de sus crímenes no tiene ningún tipo de influencia ideológica o estratégica extranjera, ni tampoco algún vínculo con organizaciones terroristas extranjeras. Así individuos radicalizados en suelo estadounidense y con ciudadanía estadounidense, pero motivados por ideologías como la de Al Qaida no pertenecerían a la categoría de terroristas domésticos. No obstante, existen una variedad de factores que dificultan la precisa definición del término “terrorismo doméstico”. El primero es el que se refiere a la influencia ideológica extranjera. La definición de “americanos atacando a americanos, basándose en ideologías extremistas estadounidenses” como suele 1 http://www.senate.gov/civics/constitution_item/constitution.htm#amdt_1_(1791) 2 GABINETE TÉCNICO DE LA GUARDIA CIVIL Centro de Análisis y Prospectiva acortarla el FBI, muestra cierta ambigüedad con respecto a las raíces de las ideologías extremistas existentes en EEUU. Un importante número de estas ideologías extremistas no tienen raíces propiamente estadounidenses, sino que se gestaron en otro lugar del mundo. Tales ejemplos son el nacismo, el anarquismo, el movimiento de los skinhead, etc. Otro de los factores que dificultan la definición clara es conseguir una diferenciación estricta entre los terroristas domésticos y los delincuentes comunes. Mientras los primeros tienen un objetivo y una motivación basados en la ideología, el fin último de los segundos son los beneficios económicos. No obstante, aunque parezca que la diferencia está clara, en la práctica es más difícil determinar si un crimen se ha cometido simplemente por perseguir el lucro económico o porque tiene detrás una ideología extremista. Otro problema es el establecer una diferenciación entre el delito de terrorismo doméstico y el delito por crimen de odio. En EEUU el crimen de odio implica cometer un acto violento con intención personal2, sin motivaciones más allá de la propia voluntad e influencias ideológicas externas. En la práctica esto se traduce en interpretar un acto violento como terrorismo doméstico o como crimen de odio en función del nivel de intención que tiene el sujeto que lo comete. Un problema muy importante es el que suscita el indiferente uso de la palabra “terrorismo” y “extremismo”. El FBI denomina el término “terrorismo” como “el uso ilegal de la fuerza y la violencia contra personas o propiedades para intimidar o coaccionar al Gobierno, la población civil, o cualquiera de la misma categoría en cumplimiento de unos objetivos políticos o sociales”. Según el FBI “extremismo” implica “asumir y estar motivado por determinadas ideologías que hacen uso de la violencia como herramienta para la consecución de sus objetivos”. La Administración Obama utiliza un concepto todavía más amplio, el de “extremismo violento” que se define como “individuos que apoyan o cometen actos violentos motivados ideológicamente con unos propósitos políticos”. Para diferenciar a los terroristas que operan en territorio estadounidense, tienen ciudadanía estadounidense, pero su inspiración ideológica es extranjera de los terroristas domésticos, el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional (Department of Homeland Security)3 utiliza otro término, el de “homegrown violent extremist”. Según esta misma definición tales individuos actúan sin una dirección o conexión directa con una organización terrorista extranjera, a pesar de tener la misma ideología. Hasta aquí la definición de terrorismo, extremismo y extremismo violento parece prácticamente la misma. Tal falta de precisión en cuanto a estos conceptos dificulta de manera importante no sólo el trabajo de los Cuerpos de Seguridad, sino también a nivel legal. El efecto creado del uso indiferente de estos términos perjudica el posterior proceso judicial donde un “terrorista” puede acabar siendo juzgado y condenado por un acto de extremismo. UNA DEFINICIÓN PRÁCTICA: AMENAZAS, NO GRUPOS Como ya se ha mencionado anteriormente, el FBI y el Departamento de Justicia (Department of Justice) de EEUU han elaborado una lista de “amenazas” terroristas domésticas en lugar de una lista de “grupos” terroristas domésticos. Es una diferencia importante respecto a la lista de Organizaciones 2 En el documento se utiliza el término personal malice, malicia personal. 3 http://www.dhs.gov/ 3 GABINETE TÉCNICO DE LA GUARDIA CIVIL Centro de Análisis y Prospectiva Terroristas Extranjeras4. La preferencia por hablar de “amenazas” en lugar de “grupos” se debe en gran parte al hecho de que la mayoría de actores que figuran entre las llamadas “amenazas” terroristas domésticas se basan en ideologías cuya libre expresión está protegida por la Constitución. En este sentido tanto el FBI como cualquier otro organismo debe ser muy cauteloso a la hora de acusar o de investigar a personas que apoyan tales ideologías. Así en la lista de amenazas terroristas domésticas no se menciona ningún grupo en concreto, sino que se habla de amenazas más generales como los extremistas pro derechos de los animales, los eco terroristas, anarquistas, supremacistas blancos, etc. Según el Departamento de Justicia, para ser denominadas terroristas, cualquiera de estas “amenazas” debería estar implicada en algún tipo de actividad criminal. No está claro qué criterios se tienen en cuenta para denominar a una ideología extremista una “amenaza”. Según la lista creada por el Departamento de Justicia, existen varios tipos de amenazas de terrorismo doméstico. A continuación se detallan brevemente: El Extremismo pro derechos de los animales y el Extremismo medioambiental El término “extremista pro derechos de los animales” implica “cometer actos criminales en nombre de los derechos de los animales”. El término extremista medioambiental o más conocido como Ecoterrorismo implica “cometer actos criminales en nombre del medioambiente”. Los actos violentos cometidos suelen ser llevados a cabo por pequeñas células o por individuos que intimidan o acosan a sus víctimas, pero es poco habitual en este tipo de extremismos la violencia
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