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A Study of Scale Effect on Specific Sediment Yield in the Loess Plateau

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A Study of Scale Effect on Specific Sediment Yield in the Loess Plateau Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences www.scichina.com © 2008 SCIENCE IN CHINA PRESS earth.scichina.com www.springerlink.com Springer Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake ZHANG Yong1,2, FENG WanPeng2, XU LiSheng2†, ZHOU ChengHu3 & CHEN YunTai1,2* 1 School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; 2 Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China; 3 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Focal mechanism and dynamic rupture process of the Wenchaun Ms8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province on 12 May 2008 were obtained by inverting long period seismic data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN), and characteristics of the co-seismic displacement field near the fault were quantitatively ana- lyzed based on the inverted results to investigate the mechanism causing disaster. A finite fault model with given focal mechanism and vertical components of the long period P-waves from 21 stations with evenly azimuthal coverage were adopted in the inversion. From the inverted results as well as after- shock distribution, the causative fault of the great Wenchuan earthquake was confirmed to be a fault of strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°, indicating that the earthquake was mainly a thrust event with right-lateral strike-slip component. The released scalar seismic moment was estimated to be about 9.4×1020― 21 2.0×10 Nm, yielding moment magnitude of Mw7.9―8.1. The great Wenchuan earthquake occurred on a fault more than 300 km long, and had a complicated rupture process of about 90 s duration time. The slip distribution was highly inhomogeneous with the average slip of about 2.4 m. Four slip-patches broke the ground surface. Two of them were underneath the regions of Wenchuan-Yingxiu and Beichuan, respectively, with the first being around the hypocenter (rupture initiation point), where the largest slip was about 7.3 m, and the second being underneath Beichuan and extending to Pingwu, where the largest slip was about 5.6 m. The other two slip-patches had smaller sizes, one having the maximum slip of 1.8 m and lying underneath the north of Kangding, and the other having the maximum slip of 0.7 m and lying underneath the northeast of Qingchuan. Average and maximum stress drops over the whole fault plane were estimated to be 18 MPa and 53 MPa, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic displacement field near the fault was analyzed. The results indicate that the features of the co-seismic displacement field were coincident with those of the intensity distribution in the meizo- seismal area, implying that the large-scale, large-amplitude and surface-broken thrust dislocation should be responsible for the serious disaster in the near fault area. Wenchuan earthquake, earthquake rupture process, co-seismic displacement As reported by China Seismograph Network Center buildings, including houses, roads and bridges (Satellite (CSNC), an earthquake of Ms8.0 occurred near Yingxiu images in Figures 1(d) and (e)), were destroyed or col- town (31.0°N, 103.4°E, focal depth: 15 km) of Wen- lapsed, causing nearly 90000 dead and missing. chuan County, Sichuan Province, at 14: 28: 04 (Beijing Received July 25, 2008; accepted December 2, 2008; published online December 18, 2008 Time), 12 May 2008. The earthquake resulted in doi: 10.1007/s11430-008-0148-7 large-scale landslides and debris flows, silting of rivers, †Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) and more than 3000 barrier lakes (Satellite images in * Equal contributor (email: [email protected]) Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. Figures 1 (a), (b) and (c)), and seriously damaged more 2004CB418404-4) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. than one hundred of cities and towns. A large number of 40574025 and 40874026) Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | Feb. 2009 | vol. 52 | no. 2 | 145-154 Figure 1 Slides, debris flows and barrier lakes ((b),(c)), damaged towns, a large number of destroyed houses, roads and bridges ((d),(e)) along Long- menshan fault zone caused by the great Wenchuan earthquake shown by the images of MODIS satellite. Light yellow toothed lines in (a) are the thrust faults and the directions of sawtooth denote the dip directions of the faults. 1, Maoxian-Wenchuan fault; 2, Yingxiu-Beichuan fault; 3, Pengxian-Guanxian fault. Epicenter of the great Wenchuan earthquake is lo- in recent years[2]. In contrast, there were strong seismic cated in the Longmenshan fault zone, on the eastern activities outside the Longmenshan fault zone, even in edge of Tibet Plateau. The Longmenshan fault zone is a Southwest China, with a number of large earthquakes large one striking NE-SW, about 500 km long and 30 km occurring not only in history but also in last decades[3,4] to 50 km wide, and fault movements are dominated by (Figure 2). However, magnitudes of the earthquakes thrust with right-lateral strike-slip component[1]. The never exceeded 8, and the largest one was the 1933 Longmenshan fault zone consists of the rear-Longmen- Diexi Ms7.5 earthquake. The Wenchuan earthquake was shan fault (Maoxian-Wenchuan fault), middle-Long- an abrupt energy release after being accumulated within menshan fault (Yingxiu-Beichuan fault) and fore- Longmenshan fault zone for many years. Longmenshan fault (Pengxian-Guanxian fault) from Focal mechanism and rupture process of the Wen- west to east (Figure 2). All these are thrust faults with chuan earthquake were quickly determined using long minor right-lateral strike-slip component, and more period seismic data from the Global Seismograph Net- right-lateral strike-slip component appears in northeast- work (GSN) in a few hours after the occurrence of the ern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone[1]. No major earthquake (http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/special_issue/ earthquake with magnitude larger than 7 was recorded earthquake_situation/preliminary_results(1).pdf) and historically while moderate and small earthquakes (M<7) reported on the second day, which provided important occurred frequently inside the Longmenshan fault zone information for rescue work on the field. The inverted 146 ZHANG Yong et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | Feb. 2009 | vol. 52 | no. 2 | 145-154 Figure 2 (a) Epicenter (white aniseed star) location of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake, main faults (modena lines) in epicentral area, historical earthquakes (yellow circles), and main cities (white circles) along Longmenshan fault zone. Lilac rectangle denotes the projection on ground surface of the fault plane model adopted in this study. “Beach ball” represents the lower hemisphere projection of focal mechanism (strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°) of the great Wenchuan earthquake obtained in this study. (b) The tectonic settings of the great Wenchaun earthquake. results indicated that the fault was about 300 km long, northeast of the epicenter, the earthquake rupture dura- and rupture initiated at 15 km underneath Yingxiu town tion time was about 90 s, and the maximum dislocation of Wenchuan County and stopped at Qingchuan County, occurred in vicinity of Wenchuan County and Beichuan ZHANG Yong et al. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci | Feb. 2009 | vol. 52 | no. 2 | 145-154 147 County. seismic recordings in order to reserve source informa- In this article we present the focal mechanism and tion as complete as possible. Green’s functions used dynamic rupture process of the great Wenchuan earth- were calculated by reflectivity method[6] based on the quake obtained by inverting long period seismic data by global standard velocity model[7]. means of the inversion method based on a finite fault model[5], and quantitatively analyze the characteristics of 2 Determination of fault parameters co-seismic displacement field of this great earthquake Harvard University (http://www.globalcmt.org/CMT based on the inverted results. search.html), USGS, (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/ us2008 ryan/# scitech) and 1 Data Chen et al. (http://www.cea-igp.ac.cn/special_issue/ Long period P waveform data from the stations with earthquake_situation/preliminary_results(1).pdf) deter- epicentral distances of 55° to 90° was selected and in- mined and released the seismic moment tensor solution verted for focal mechanism and rupture process of the (Table 1) timely after the earthquake. All the three re- great Wenchuan earthquake. To ensure stations to have sults show consistently that the Wenchuan earthquake evenly azimuthal coverage, we adopted 21 stations was mainly a thrust event with a minor right-lateral (Figure 3) with minimum azimuth interval of about 5°. strike-slip component. However, those results were ob- tained under the assumption that the source time func- tion was a triangle function, neglecting complexity of source time history. To take into account the complexity of source time history, we adopted a new method devel- oped by Zhang[8] to directly invert waveform data for six elements of the moment tensor and source time function describing the complexity of source time history under a condition of merely assuming the six elements of mo- ment tensor have the same time history, and then deter- mine the fault parameters[9]. The inverted results (Table 1) show that the scalar seismic moment released in the great Wenchuan earth- quake was about 2.0×1021 Nm, corresponding to a mo- ment magnitude of Mw8.1. The best double couple solu- tion is strike 220°/dip 32°/rake 118° for nodal plane I, and strike 8°/dip 63°/rake 74° for plane II. This result is in agreement with the global centroid moment tensor Figure 3 Epicenter (white aniseed star) of the 2008 great Wenchuan (GCMT) solution, but with a slight difference[9].
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