DOCSLIB.ORG

Subsurface Flow to Eagle Valley from Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, Estimated from Darcy's Law and the Chloride-Balance Method

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Subsurface Flow to Eagle Valley from Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, Estimated from Darcy's Law and the Chloride-Balance Method Subsurface Flow to Eagle Valley from Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, Estimated from Darcy's Law and the Chloride-Balance Method By DOUGLAS K. MAURER, DAVID L BERGER, and DAVID E. PRUDIC U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4088 Prepared in cooperation with the CARSON CITY UTILITIES DEPARTMENT Carson City, Nevada 1996 OCT 30 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GORDON P. EATON, Director Any use of trade names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 333 West Nye Lane, Room 203 Box 25286 Carson City, NV 89706-0866 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................^ 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Description of Eagle Valley .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Location and Geography ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Vegetation ..........................................................................................................................^^ 4 Precipitation .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Streams ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Geology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Ground Water ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Previous Recharge Estimates ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Subsurface Flow Beneath Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons ................................................................................................. 10 Estimates of Subsurface Flow Using Darcy's Law ................................................................................................... 10 Direction of Subsurface Flow and Hydraulic Gradients ................................................................................ 13 Vicee Canyon ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Ash Canyon ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Kings Canyon ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Distribution of Basin-Fill Sediments and Weathered and Fractured Bedrock .............................................. 16 Vicee Canyon ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Ash Canyon ........................................................................................................................................ 19 Kings Canyon ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Hydraulic Conductivity of Basin-Fill Sediments and Weathered and Fractured Bedrock .................................................................................................................................... 20 Estimates from Slug Tests .................................................................................................................. 20 Estimates from Resistivity Logs ........................................................................................................ 22 Lithologic Units Determined from Hydraulic Conductivity .............................................................. 27 Geometric-Mean Hydraulic Conductivity of Lithologic Units .......................................................... 27 Estimates of Subsurface Flow Across Hydrogeologic Sections .................................................................... 29 Estimates of Subsurface Flow Using Chloride-Balance Method .............................................................................. 29 Comparison of Flow Estimates with Recharge Estimated from Maxey-Eakin Method ...................................................... 32 Estimates of Water Yield ...................................................................................................................................................... 34 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 35 References Cited ................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix 1. Borehole geophysical and lithologic data...................................................................................................... 41 Appendix 2. Well location, construction, and water-level data ......................................................................................... 49 Appendix 3. Slug test and detailed well-construction data................................................................................................. 53 CONTENTS III FIGURES 1-2. Maps of Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, Carson City, Nevada, showing: 1. Geographic features, Eagle Valley hydrographic area, and study area........................................................... 3 2. Surficial geology and location of streamflow gaging stations and hydrogeologic sections ........................... 6 3. Schematic three-dimensional diagram illustrating flow into and out of basin-fill aquifer in Eagle Valley........... 8 4-5. Maps of Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, showing: 4. Location of geophysical surveys and test holes used in calculating subsurface flow..................................... 12 5. Water levels at shallow wells in winter 1994 and near gaining stream reach in spring 1994 in Vicee Canyon, and direction of subsurface flow and downslope water-table gradient.............................. 14 6. Idealized hydrogeologic section along direction of subsurface flow at test hole in Vicee Canyon, showing expected difference in water levels between shallow and deep wells..................................................... 15 7. Hydrogeologic sections across Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, showing distribution of saturated and unsaturated basin-fill sediments and bedrock.................................................................................................. 18 8-9. Graph showing: 8. Relation between hydraulic conductivity determined from slug tests of wells and formation factor determined from resistivity of basin-fill sediments, bedrock, and ground water in test holes in Vicee and Kings Canyons.................................................................................................................. 24 9. Distribution of hydraulic conductivity calculated from long-normal resistivity logs for tests holes in Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons........................................................................................................ 24 TABLES 1. Previous estimates of recharge to basin-fill aquifer in Eagle Valley, Carson City, Nevada................................... 9 2. Results of slug tests in wells in Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons, November 1994.............................................. 21 3. Comparison of formation factor determined from resistivity of basin-fill sediments, bedrock, and ground water to average hydraulic conductivity determined from slug tests of wells in Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons........................................................................................................................................ 23 4-5. Geometric-mean hydraulic conductivity beneath Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons of: 4. Lithologic units of basin-fill sediments .......................................................................................................... 27 5. Bedrock units.................................................................................................................................................. 29 6-7. Estimates of subsurface flow beneath Vicee, Ash, and Kings Canyons using: 6. Darcy's law....................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HISTORY of the TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST a Compilation
    HISTORY OF THE TOIYABE NATIONAL FOREST A Compilation Posting the Toiyabe National Forest Boundary, 1924 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Chronology ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Bridgeport and Carson Ranger District Centennial .................................................................... 126 Forest Histories ........................................................................................................................... 127 Toiyabe National Reserve: March 1, 1907 to Present ............................................................ 127 Toquima National Forest: April 15, 1907 – July 2, 1908 ....................................................... 128 Monitor National Forest: April 15, 1907 – July 2, 1908 ........................................................ 128 Vegas National Forest: December 12, 1907 – July 2, 1908 .................................................... 128 Mount Charleston Forest Reserve: November 5, 1906 – July 2, 1908 ................................... 128 Moapa National Forest: July 2, 1908 – 1915 .......................................................................... 128 Nevada National Forest: February 10, 1909 – August 9, 1957 .............................................. 128 Ruby Mountain Forest Reserve: March 3, 1908 – June 19, 1916 ..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Brief History of Carson City, Heart of Nevada
    Brief History of Carson City, Heart of Nevada For nearly 4,000 years before the coming of white settlers, the Washoe Indians occupied the land along the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range that borders Nevada and California. In 1851 a group of prospectors decided to look for gold in the area that is now Carson City. Unsuccessful in that attempt, they opened up a trading post called Eagle Station on the Overland Stagecoach route. It was used by wagon trains of people moving westward. The surrounding area came to be called Eagle Ranch, and the surrounding meadows as Eagle Valley. In time, a number of scattered settlements grew up in the area and the Eagle Ranch became its social center. As a growing number of white settlers came to the area and began to develop the valleys and mountains of the Sierra Nevada, the Washoe people who for so long had occupied the area were overwhelmed. Although lands were allotted to individual Indians by the federal government starting in the 1880s, they did not offer sufficient water. As a result, the Washoe tended to set up camp at the edges of white settlements and ranches in order to work for food. It would not be until the twentieth century that parcels of reservation land were established for them. Many of the earliest settlers in the Carson City area were Mormons led to Eagle Valley by Colonel John Reese. When the Mormons were summoned to Salt Lake City, Utah, by their leader, Brigham Young, many sold their land for a small amount to area resident John Mankin, who later laid claim to the entire Eagle Valley.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form
    NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. ___X___ New Submission ________ Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Lincoln Highway – Pioneer Branch, Carson City to Stateline, Nevada B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) Early Trails and Overland Routes, 1840’s-1863 Early Road Development in Nevada, 1865-1920’s Establishment of the Lincoln Highway and the Pioneer Branch, 1910-1913 Evolution of the Lincoln Highway and the Pioneer Branch, 1914-1957 C. Form Prepared by: name/title Chad Moffett, Dianna Litvak, Liz Boyer, Timothy Smith organization Mead & Hunt, Inc. street & number 180 Promenade Circle, Suite 240 city or town Sacramento state CA zip code 95834 e-mail [email protected] telephone 916-971-3961 date January 2018 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Eagle Valley Hydrographic Basin 8-104
    STATE OF NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES JASON KING, P.E. STATE ENGINEER EAGLE VALLEY HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN 8-104 GROUNDWATER PUMPAGE INVENTORY WATER YEAR 2016 Prepared by: Michael Randall TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 1 HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ................................................................................................................ 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ..................................................................................... 3 GROUNDWATER LEVELS ......................................................................................................... 3 METHODS TO ESTIMATE PUMPAGE ...................................................................................... 4 MUNICIPAL SUPPLY IN ADDITION TO EAGLE VALLEY GROUNDWATER ................... 5 TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... 7 FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ 8 APPENDIX A. EAGLE VALLEY 2016 GROUNDWATER PUMPAGE BY APPLICATION NUMBER. .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Water Resource Issues in the Carson River Watershed
    OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCE ISSUES IN THE CARSON RIVER WATERSHED EDWIN JAMES, P.E. CWSD GENERAL MANAGER 2016 Carson River Watershed • ~ 3,966 square miles • Carson River - 184 miles • Population: Current: 156,000 Predicted: > 300,000 by 2040 • Limited Upstream Storage CWSD History • CWSD Established by the Court to Negotiate payback of debt on the Watasheamu Dam between the ranchers and Federal Government 1959 • Douglas County and Lyon County join • Federal Government abandoned Dam Project 1980s • Nevada Legislator’s changed CWSD’s purpose 1989 • 1989 Carson City Joins • New Year’s Flood Event 1997 1998 • Carson River Conference - Integrated Watershed Planning Implemented 1999 • Churchill County Joins 2001 • Alpine County California becomes a CWSD Member Structure of CWSD 14 Board Members • 6 counties / 2 states Funding • Property Tax • Grants (State, Fed., & others) Staffing • 2 Full-Time • 3 Part-Time What We Do Balancing Water Supplies Environmental Agricultural Domestic Watershed’s Current Water Supply Situation • Fully appropriated • 95 %+ for Agricultural Use • Groundwater basins - over appropriated • Actual GW pumping < Appropriated • Limited Upstream storage • Water quality problems • Runoff Pattern Changes Water Issues • Perennial Yield vs. System Yield • Wet Water vs. Paper Water • Surface vs. Groundwater • Interbasin Transfers • Water Quality • Use of Reclaimed Water • Critical Management Area • Climate Change Perennial Yield versus System Yield • What is Perennial Yield • Limitation Regarding Perennial Yield • System Yield • Examples – • Carson City – Eagle Valley • Perennial Yield – 4,900 AF • System Yield – 9,000 AF Wet Water versus Paper Water Churchill Valley Groundwater Basin Pumpage Inventory 20132013 Actual Committed Ground Pumpage Category Water Resource (AF) (AF) Irrigation 3,938 581 Commercial/ Stock/ Industial 446 54 Quasi- Municipal 6,461 530 Domestic Wells N/A 1,405 Total 10,845 2,570 Perennial Yield = 1,600 AF System Yield = ? Surface Water versus Groundwater • Groundwater Pumping impacts river flows but there’s more to the story.
    [Show full text]
  • Political History of Nevada: Chapter 3
    Political History of Nevada Chapter 3 Historical and Political Data 91 CHAPTER 3: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL DATA Historical and Political Data: Territorial Governments Through Statehood Reviewed and Updated by ART PALMER Former Research Director of the Legislative Counsel Bureau (LCB) and Former Director of the LCB GUY ROCHA Former Nevada State Archivist ROBERT E. ERICKSON Former Research Director of the LCB In the beginning, the region now occupied by the State of Nevada was held by Data Historical the Goshute, Mojave, Paiute, Shoshone and Washoe Indians and claimed by the Spanish Empire until the early 1800s. Th e northern extent of the Spanish claim was defi ned as the 42nd parallel in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain. Th is north latitude line serves currently as Nevada’s northern boundary with Oregon and Idaho. Spanish explorations into this region have never been documented clearly enough to establish any European party constituting the earliest expedition into Nevada. If in fact there was some penetration, it must have been by the Spanish in the southernmost portion of our state, possibly as early as 1776. In 1821 Mexico won its war of independence from Spain and gained control over all the former Spanish territory in the area of what is now our “South-West.” Spain had done nothing to occupy or control what is now Nevada, a vast region virtually “terra incognita,” having no permanent non-Indian population and considered barren, arid and inhospitable. Quite understandably, the Spanish concentrated on settlements and nominal control in the more accessible and better-known coastal regions of the Californias and New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • An Interveiw with Buck Hollinger
    AN INTERVEIW WITH BUCK HOLLINGER An Oral History conducted and edited by Robert D. McCracken LINCOLN COUNTY TOWN HISTORY PROJECT LINCOLN COUNTY, NEVADA CONTENTS Preface...........................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................1 On Buck's parents and siblings, and the Hollingers' ranch in Eagle Valley; the beginning's of Buck's Spring Valley ranch; the climate in Spring Valley; the growth of Buck's ranch; on good range management, types of feed on the range and good range cattle; on Buck's wife and their daughters; remembering Eagle Valley neighbors. CHAPTER TWO ...........................................................................................................................................8 Children's ranch chores in Eagle Valley in the early 1900s; on residents of Eagle and neighboring valleys; selling cattle in Modena and shopping in Modena and Pioche; on childhood and school in Eagle Valley; the loss of Buck's wife; Buck's ranch becomes a state park; on grazing practices of the Park Service; living without electricity in rural Nevada; reflections on the Taylor Grazing Act; a discussion of cattle on the range; what makes
    [Show full text]
  • Eagle Valley Trail Committee Community Trail Inventory, Review, Evaluation and User Needs Assessment Report
    Eagle Valley Trail Committee Community Trail Inventory, Review, Evaluation and User Needs Assessment Report February 2017 rev 2017-12 Acknowledgements Eagle Valley Trail Committee gratefully thanks our sponsors and contributors. Additional details are provided in Appendix A. Friends of Silver Saddle Ranch High Desert Horsemen Muscle Powered Ascent Runs Nevada All-State Trail Riders Inc. Sierra Front Recreation Coalition Carson City Visitors Bureau Back Country Horsemen – Carson Valley Chapter WashoZephyr Consulting Resource Concepts Inc. Tangerine Design Eric Ingbar with Gnomon, Inc. Carson City Parks and Recreation and Joel Dunn Open Space Department Jeff Potter Lynn Zonge Oliver Lieder Juan Guzman Toby Welborn Mark Kimbrough Donna Inversin Michael Bish Michaele Tristam Brett Long Craig Swope Kathy Silvia Agency Partners February 2017 rev 2017-12 EAGLE VALLEY TRAIL COMMITTEE REPORT Executive Summary This document describes the existing non-motorized trails in Eagle Valley and was prepared by the Eagle Valley Trail Committee (EVTC) volunteers. The EVTC goal is to work with various land management agencies and develop a trail inventory and a comprehensive geospatial data set of non-motorized trails that can be used by the public. The EVTC trail inventory shows that many of the existing single-track trails in Eagle Valley are desirable although may have challenges as they may not be sustainable, do not meet national trail standards or are on private property. The EVTC developed an online survey and conducted three public workshops to gather input regarding the trail inventory maps. The EVTC provided workshop participants with the opportunity to note their personal requests for new trails in the project area.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 References
    CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES 7Q10. 2010. Vulcan Power Salt Wells Baseline Data Collection Program. Prepared for Vulcan Power. March 2010. Anadarko Petroleum Corporation. 1995a. Salt Wells Geothermal Prospect: Prognosis for Abandonment of Temperature Gradient Observation Wells. [Unpublished data]. _____. 1995b. Salt Wells Geothermal Prospect, Churchill County, Nevada: 1995 Plugging and Abandonment Operations, Observation Well 84-26. [unpublished reports and data]. Anadarko Production Company. 1984. Unpublished Geothermal Gradient Exploration Borehole Drilling Histories, Lithologic and Completion Logs, and Temperature Gradient Data. Audubon. 2010. Lahontan Valley Wetlands. Internet web site: http://iba.audubon.org/iba/profileReport.do?siteId=973&navSite=search&pagerOffset=0&page=1 Avian Power Line Interaction Committee (APLIC). 1994. Mitigating bird collisions with power lines: the state of the art in 1994. Edison Electric Institute, Washington, D.C. _____. 2006. Suggested practices for avian protection on power lines: the state of the art in 2006. Edison Electric Institute, APLIC, and the California Energy Commission. Washington, DC and Sacramento, CA. Barber, J.R., K.M. Fristrup, C.L. Brown, A.R. Hardy, L.M. Angeloni, and K.R. Crooks. 2009a. Conserving the wild life therein – Protecting park fauna from anthropogenic noise. Park Science 26 (3), Winter 2009-2010. _____. 2009b. The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25 (3): 180-189. Barker, J.P. 1990. Cultural Resources Inventory General Guidelines, 4th ed. (revised). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, Reno. Beck, C. 1995. Functional Analysis and the Differential Persistence of Great Basin Dart Forms. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 17(2):222-241.
    [Show full text]
  • Staff Report
    STAFF REPORT Report To: Board of Supervisors Meeting Date: March 1, 2018 Staff Contact: Jennifer Budge, CPRP, Parks and Recreation Director Agenda Title: For Possible Action: To approve a License Agreement between Carson City and Duncan Golf Management DBA TDS Golf at Eagle Valley LLC for operation, management, and maintenance of Eagle Valley Golf Course. (Jennifer Budge; [email protected]). Staff Summary: Carson City owns Eagle Valley Golf Course. In December, 2017, the Board of Supervisors (Board) selected Duncan Golf Management DBA TDS Golf at Eagle Valley LLC (Duncan) as the most responsive and responsible bidder as the result of a Request For Proposal (RFP) process, and authorized a temporary operating agreement with Duncan for Eagle Valley Golf Course . This item, if approved, would authorize approval of a 5-year License Agreement with terms consistent with Duncan's proposal previously accepted by the Board. Agenda Action: Formal Action/Motion Time Requested: 20 minutes Proposed Motion "I move to approve a License agreement between Carson City and Duncan Golf Management DBA TDS Golf at Eagle Valley LLC. for operation, management, and maintenance of Eagle Valley Golf Course." Board’s Strategic Goal Efficient Government Previous Action December 7, 2017: The Board of Supervisors selected Duncan Golf Management DBA TDS Golf at Eagle Valley LLC as the most responsive and responsible bidder as a result of Request For Proposal No. 1718-096 for operation, maintenance and management of Eagle Valley Golf Course; and authorized the City Manager to sign on behalf of the City a Temporary Right of Entry Agreement; and directed staff to draft a 5-year license agreement with terms consistent with RFP No.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Computations and Estimates of Streamflows Tributary to Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California, 1990–2002
    Updated Computations and Estimates of Streamflows Tributary to Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California, 1990–2002 Scientific Investigations Report 2004–5179 Prepared in cooperation with DOUGLAS COUNTY U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey (Back of Cover) Updated Computations and Estimates of Streamflows Tributary to Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California, 1990–2002 by Douglas K. Maurer, Sharon A. Watkins, and Robert L. Burrows U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5179 Prepared in cooperation with DOUGLAS COUNTY Carson City, Nevada 2004 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government ____________________________________________________________________________________ For additional information Copies of this report can be contact: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 333 West Nye Lane, Room 203 Building 810 Carson City, NV 89706–0866 Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225–0286 email: [email protected] http://nevada.usgs.gov iii CONTENTS Abstract. 1 Introduction . 1 Purpose and Scope . 1 Acknowledgments. 4 Geographic Setting of Carson Valley. 4 Hydrologic Setting of Carson Valley . 4 Previous Investigations. 6 Methods Used . 6 Updated Computations and Estimates of Streamflows Tributary to Carson Valley . 15 Uncertainty of Estimates . 17 Summary and Conclusions . 18 References Cited. 19 Appendix: Graphs showing computed and estimated mean monthly flow for gaged and ungaged perennial streams tributary to Carson Valley, 1990–2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Framework and Hydrogeology of the Middle Carson River Basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, West-Central Nevada
    Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation Geologic Framework and Hydrogeology of the Middle Carson River Basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, West-Central Nevada Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5055 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Photograph of groundwater seepage east of Silver Springs, Nevada, filling the thalweg of the Carson River channel on the floor of Lahontan Reservoir, looking west with Churchill Butte in the background (Photograph taken by Douglas K. Maurer, U.S. Geological Survey, October 29–November 4, 2008. Geologic Framework and Hydrogeology of the Middle Carson River Basin, Eagle, Dayton, and Churchill Valleys, West-Central Nevada By Douglas K. Maurer Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation Scienific Investigations Report 2011–5055 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.
    [Show full text]