Liberia: Flight from Terror
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Ghana), 1922-1974
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN EWEDOME, BRITISH TRUST TERRITORY OF TOGOLAND (GHANA), 1922-1974 BY WILSON KWAME YAYOH THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY APRIL 2010 ProQuest Number: 11010523 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010523 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 DECLARATION I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for Students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or part by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. SIGNATURE OF CANDIDATE S O A S lTb r a r y ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the development of local government in the Ewedome region of present-day Ghana and explores the transition from the Native Authority system to a ‘modem’ system of local government within the context of colonization and decolonization. -
Transversal Politics and West African Security
Transversal Politics and West African Security By Moya Collett A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social Sciences and International Studies University of New South Wales, 2008 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project's design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed Moya Collett…………….............. Date 08/08/08……………………….............. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). -
Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia
‘Listen, Politics is not for Children:’ Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Henryatta Louise Ballah Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Drs. Ousman Kobo, Advisor Antoinette Errante Ahmad Sikianga i Copyright by Henryatta Louise Ballah 2012 ii Abstract This dissertation explores the historical causes of the Liberian civil war (1989- 2003), with a keen attention to the history of Liberian youth, since the beginning of the Republic in 1847. I carefully analyzed youth engagements in social and political change throughout the country’s history, including the ways by which the civil war impacted the youth and inspired them to create new social and economic spaces for themselves. As will be demonstrated in various chapters, despite their marginalization by the state, the youth have played a crucial role in the quest for democratization in the country, especially since the 1960s. I place my analysis of the youth in deep societal structures related to Liberia’s colonial past and neo-colonial status, as well as the impact of external factors, such as the financial and military support the regime of Samuel Doe received from the United States during the cold war and the influence of other African nations. I emphasize that the socio-economic and political policies implemented by the Americo- Liberians (freed slaves from the U.S.) who settled in the country beginning in 1822, helped lay the foundation for the civil war. -
Labor Migration and Rural Agriculture Among The
LABOR MIGRATION AND RURAL AGRICULTURE AMONG THE GBANNAH MANO OF LIBERIA by JAMES COLEMAN RIDDELL A THESIS Presented to the Department of Anthropology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 1970 APPROVED: f V FOREWORD To the anthropologist who is preparing to do research among the Mano of Liberia the descriptions by Harley of the blood-filled Poro ceremonies and the early maps that indicate territory inhabited by cannibals are enough to engender some second thoughts. There is, however, no relationship whatsoever between the reputation the Mano have in the literature and the way they treat visiting anthropologists. Not only did Paramount Chief Dahn and Clan Chief Blah understand the nature of anthropology, but they so enthusiastically supported the research that the towns vied with each other to be included in the sample. This study owes so much to the help given by several residents of Gbannah. My field assistant, Tom B. Sonkarley, approached the research with such vigor that he made it a pleasure to walk five or ten miles in the tropical heat to complete an interview or to witness a ceremony. Also, Tom and I were advised and helped continuously by S. Yini, N. Biin and N. Kokwei, three elders who personally checked any data they thought had been erroniously reported, and alerted us to all pending activities. The citizens of the town of Gipo, who were our hosts for four teen months, deserve a special note of appreciation. Their patience in the face of the constant jntm•ruptions causecl IJy my int<-,rvjewin1r, was truly remarkable. -
TRC of Liberia Final Report Volum Ii
REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME II: CONSOLIDATED FINAL REPORT This volume constitutes the final and complete report of the TRC of Liberia containing findings, determinations and recommendations to the government and people of Liberia Volume II: Consolidated Final Report Table of Contents List of Abbreviations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............. i Acknowledgements <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... iii Final Statement from the Commission <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<............... v Quotations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 1 1.0 Executive Summary <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.1 Mandate of the TRC <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 2 1.2 Background of the Founding of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 3 1.3 History of the Conflict <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<................ 4 1.4 Findings and Determinations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 6 1.5 Recommendations <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... 12 1.5.1 To the People of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 12 1.5.2 To the Government of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<. <<<<<<. 12 1.5.3 To the International Community <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 13 2.0 Introduction <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 14 2.1 The Beginning <<................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Profile of Commissioners of the TRC of Liberia <<<<<<<<<<<<.. 14 2.3 Profile of International Technical Advisory Committee <<<<<<<<<. 18 2.4 Secretariat and Specialized Staff <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 20 2.5 Commissioners, Specialists, Senior Staff, and Administration <<<<<<.. 21 2.5.1 Commissioners <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<. 22 2.5.2 International Technical Advisory -
Shadow Colony: Refugees and the Pursuit of the Liberian
© COPYRIGHT by Micah M. Trapp 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SHADOW COLONY: REFUGEES AND THE PURSUIT OF THE LIBERIAN- AMERICAN DREAM BY Micah M. Trapp ABSTRACT This dissertation is about the people living at the Buduburam Liberian refugee camp in Ghana and how they navigate their position within a social hierarchy that is negotiated on a global terrain. The lives of refugees living in Ghana are constituted through vast and complex social relations that span across the camp, Ghana, West Africa and nations further afield such as the United States, Canada and Australia. The conditions under which these relations have developed and continue to unfold are mediated by structural forces of nation-state policies, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the international governing body for refugees, and the global political economy. Situated within the broader politics of protracted refugee situations and the question of why people stay in long-term camps, this research is a case study of one refugee camp and how its people access resources, build livelihoods and struggle with power. In particular, this dissertation uses concepts of the Liberian-American dream and the shadow colony to explore the historic and contemporary terms and circumstances ii through which Liberian refugees experience and evaluate migratory prospects and restrictions. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The production of this dissertation has been an outcome of many places and people. In Washington, DC my committee members, Dolores Koenig, Geoffry Burkhart, and David Vine have provided patient support and provocative feedback throughout the entire process. Thank you for asking the right questions and reading so many pages. -
Conflict, the Rise of Nations, and the Decay of States: The
Ethnopolitical Violence in the Liberian Civil War by Earl Conteh-Morgan and Shireen Kadivar Earl Conteh-Morgan is Associate Professor in the Department of Government and International Affairs, University of South Florida. Shireen E. Kadivar is a Ph.D. candidate at the Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University. INTRODUCTION Ethnic division is a source of both conflict and cooperation in all societies. Conflicts erupt and escalate when sparked by political power struggles and are underpinned by complicated political alliances in which ethnic identity and affili- ations are key variables. The post-Cold War international system is experiencing an increase in the scope and intensity of conflicts underlined by violent and internecine ethnic rivalries. The former Yugoslavia, Somalia, South Africa, and Liberia are the more recent and notable cases. To a greater or lesser extent, many of the interethnic conflict situations that have either subsided or are ongoing have antecedents involving colonial rule or a foreign group.1 While this historical legacy perhaps is a major contributory factor to many of the varied internal political, economic, and social issues, the roots of ongoing conflicts are often actions and policies established during colonial rule, even though the colonial power may no longer be directly involved in the conflict. Examples are power left in the hands of favored minorities; the divide and rule tactics of colonial administrators; and artificial borders that permanently separated members of the same ethnic group. Moreover, the "we- feeling" or communauté de conscience associated with each ethnic group, in times of crisis become further polarized and come into direct confrontation with that of other ethnic groups. -
Wartime Mobilities in the Burkina Faso-Côte D'ivoire Transnational Space
Diaspora at Home? ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology no 53 Jesper Bjarnesen Diaspora at Home? Wartime Mobilities in the Burkina Faso- Côte d’Ivoire Transnational Space Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Engelska parken, Thunbergsvägen 3H, Hus 3, Våning 1, Uppsala, Wednesday, June 5, 2013 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Bjarnesen, J. 2013. Diaspora at Home? Wartime Mobilities in the Burkina Faso-Côte d’Ivoire Transnational Space. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology 53. 279 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-8666-2. In the period 1999-2007, more than half a million Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso due to the persecution of immigrant labourers in neighbouring Côte d’Ivoire. Ultranationalist debates about the criteria for Ivorian citizenship had intensified during the 1990s and led to the scapegoating of immigrants in a political rhetoric centred on notions of autochthony and xenophobia. Having been actively encouraged to immigrate by the Ivorian state for genera- tions, Burkinabe migrant labourers were now forced to leave their homes and livelihoods behind and return to a country they had left in their youth or, as second-generation immi- grants in Côte d’Ivoire, had never seen. Based on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire, the thesis explores the narratives and everyday practices of returning labour migrants in Bobo- Dioulasso, Burkina Faso’s second-largest city, in order to understand the subjective experi- ences of displacement that the forced return to Burkina Faso engendered. -
Liberia: a Human Rights Disaster
October 26, 1990 Liberia: A Human Rights Disaster Violations of the Laws of War by All Parties to the Conflict TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND TO THE CONFLICT III. VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICT • Violations of the Laws of Armed Conflict by the Insurgents A. Killings of Civilians B. Executions Committed by Prince Johnson C. Torture, Ill-treatment, and Executions of Detainees D. Conscription of Children E. The Taking of Hostages F. Rebel Killings of Fleeing Soldiers • Violations by the Liberian Army A. Killings of Civilians B. Torture, Inhumane Treatment, and Execution of Detainees C. Looting, Pillaging, and Abuse IV. THE HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OF THE REFUGEES A. Harassment of the Refugees B. Medical Care V. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS WITHIN LIBERIA VI. U.S. POLICY . Relief Assistance A. Liberian Refugees in the U.S. B. Travel Documents For Liberian Refugees in West Africa C. Increased Refugee Slots for Liberians D. Screening of Human Rights Abusers E. U.S. Pressure on Human Rights VII. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY INTRODUCTION In the course of less than a year, Liberia has become a human rights disaster. Over half its population has been displaced from their homes, including over 500,000 who are refugees in West Africa. All parties to the conflict have committed grave abuses of human rights against civilians, violating the humanitarian standards governing non- international armed conflict. During a visit to the Côte d'Ivoire from September 11-19, Holly Burkhalter, Washington Director of Human Rights Watch, interviewed newly-arrived refugees in several Ivorian villages in the area of Tabou, as well as refugees who fled in July to the Ivorian department of Guiglo.1 The following report describes abuses by the Liberian Army, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), and the Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL) as reported by the eyewitnesses. -
AFRREV IJAH, Vol.1 (3) August, 2012
AFRREV IJAH, Vol.1 (3) August, 2012 AFRREV IJAH An International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Vol. 1 (3), August, 2012:187-200 ISSN: 2225-8590 (Print) ISSN 2227-5452 (Online) An Exploration of the Historical and the Political Backgrounds of Liberia Ojo, Emmanuel Olatunde Department of History Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria [email protected] Agbude, Godwyns Ade’ College of Development Studies Department of Political Science and International Relations Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Many socio-political and historical scholars have written on the emergence of the present Liberian State with divergent theories and postulations 187 Copyright © IAARR 2012: www.afrrevjo.net AFRREV IJAH, Vol.1 (3) August, 2012 (findings). This paper presents a brief political history of Liberia. The intention is to bring to the fore the political and economic inequality that existed between the indigenous Liberians and the Americo-Liberians right from the foundation of Liberia. One would appreciate the fact that the mass internal displacement witnessed in Liberia between 1989 and 1996 was a direct impact of this unequal distribution of wealth and political offices. The situation only got to the climax during the tenure of President Samuel Doe in whose time the civil war broke out. Key Words: Internal displacement, Liberia, Politics, civil war and cold war Introduction One major contributing factor to internal conflicts in Africa in the post-Cold War era has been the ending of the Cold War itself. The end of the Cold War removed the global tapestry capable of suppressing, containing and managing the under-currents of conflicts in the respective spheres of the super powers; it left Africa marginalized and made available mercenaries and weapons of destruction (Adejumobi, 2001). -
Liberia 2040: a Development Roadmap ______
LIBERIA 2040: A DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP ________________________________________________________________________ Task Force Report Fall 2017 Authored By: Estephanie Aquino Julia Decerega Allyssa Dobkins Else Drooff James Fair Oscar Guerra Connie Lee Ray Lu Anthony Marquez Savannah Moss Hannah Pruitt Garrison Roe PBPL 85: Topics in Global Policy Leadership Professor Charles Wheelan Rockefeller Center for Public Policy Dartmouth College Contact: Nelson A. Rockefeller Center, 6082 Rockefeller Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 http://rockefeller.dartmouth.edu/shop/ • Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 METHODS 1 HISTORY 2 ECONOMY 3 GOVERNANCE 3 INFRASTRUCTURE 4 EDUCATION 4 HEALTH 5 CONCLUSION 6 INTRODUCTION 7 DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP 8 THEME 1: BOLSTER HUMAN CAPITAL CAPACITY 8 THEME 2: DEVELOP ROAD NETWORK 9 THEME 3: INCREASE ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY 9 THEME 4: EXPAND DOMESTIC PRODUCTION 10 THEME 5: REDUCE CORRUPTION AND REFORM GOVERNMENT PRACTICES 11 HISTORY 11 LIBERIA’S FOUNDING STORY 11 A SEPARATIST STATE 12 THE CIVIL WAR 14 AID 16 CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM 18 WHY SHOULD DEVELOPED NATIONS CARE? 19 ECONOMY 20 INTERNATIONAL TRADE 20 INDUSTRIAL COMPOSITION 21 Natural Resources 21 Agriculture 23 Manufacturing 25 Fishing 26 Banking and Private Sector Financing 28 REGIONAL OPPORTUNITIES 30 TAX REVENUE CLIMATE 31 Current Tax Structure 31 International Benchmarking 32 Import Tariffs 33 Corporate Income Taxes 34 Personal Income Tax Base 35 GOVERNANCE 37 INTRODUCTION 37 IMPLEMENT THE NATIONAL BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION -
Mandé Language Family of West Africa: Location and Genetic Classification
DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2000-003 Mandé Language Family of West Africa: Location and Genetic Classification Valentin Vydrin and T. G. Bergman Cartographer: Matthew Benjamin 3 Mandé Language Family of West Africa: Location and Genetic Classification Valentin Vydrin and T. G. Bergman Cartographer: Matthew Benjamin There are considerable amounts of data and studies available in the literature concerning the Mandé languages. The purpose of this presentation is to give a detailed set of maps showing the location of the home territory where each variety is spoken and the linguistic relationship of one to the other, according to the present state of our knowledge. Any work of this nature is necessarily built on the work of many others, both the language location information and the linguistic classification. This is really more an edited summary than original material.1 The map on the following page spread shows the extent of the Mandé languages in West Africa Index to Mande languages See a language or section in more detail beginning on page 12 of this report. NOTE: Only the following sections are now posted: West, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jogo, Jogo (Ligbi) West, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Jogo-Jeri, Jeri-Jalkuna, Jeli and Jalkuna (Ble) West, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Vai-Kono West, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding West, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole,