Sample File Sample File Sample File Sample File Credits

Sample file Sample file Sample file Sample file Credits

Written by Graeme Davis Edited by Sean Carrol Art Direction, Graphic Design & Layout by Richard Iorio II Cartography by Gabriel Brouillard & Je! Preston Art by Doug Kovacs. Clipart courtesy of FCIT (Florida Educational Technology Clearinghouse) "#$#%&'$ (#)*&+: (',-))--. all contents is © /010, /012 by Rogue Games Inc. No part of this book may be reproduced without permission except small parts for review or scholarly criticism. ISBN 345-0-3436261-4-/ Published by 7#89- (':-;, <%+. 1/° created by Richard Iorio II & James Maliszewski Visit Rogue Games on the web: www.rogue-games.net

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"#$#%&'$ (#)*&+ (',-))--. all contents © /004-/012 by 7#89- (':-; <%+. No part of this book may be reproduced without permission except small parts for review or scholarly criticism. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. 7#89- (':-;, 7#89- (':-; logo, 1/°, 1/° logo, "#$#%&'$ (#)*&+ & "#$#%&'$ (#)*&+ logo are TM and © /004-/012 by 7#89- (':-;, <%+. If you have purchased the PDF version of this game, you do have permission to print one copy of it for your use. ,-./0 12 31450456

INTRODUCTION 9 Society & Politics $& How to Use this Book ! Locations $& Early English & Dutch Colonization "" Boston $& #e Virginia Companies of London & Plym- Harvard College $& outh "" Salem $& CHAPTER 1 11 Mysteries $( History !! #e Sea Witch of Billingsgate $( Colonial Expansion "$ Dogtown $( New England "$ Dungeon Rock $( #e Middle Colonies "$ Dighton Rock $( #e Southern Colonies "$ History $) Local Con%icts "& CHAPTER 4 25 External Wars "& Rhode Island #$ #e English Civil War, "'("-"')" "& Geography $' #e Anglo-Dutch Wars, "')$-"'*( "& Society & Politics $* #e Glorious Revolution, "'++ "( Locations $* #e French and Indian War, "*)(-"*'& "( Providence $* Deteriorating Relations "( Mysteries $+ #e Stamp Act, "*') "( Block Island $+ #e Quartering Act, "*') ") Newport Tower $+ #e Townshend Acts, "*'*-"*'+ Sample") fileHistory $! #e Tea Act, "**& ") CHAPTER 5 29 #e Intolerable Acts ") Connecticut #% History "* Geography &" CHAPTER 2 17 Society & Politics &" New Hampshire !" Locations &" Geography "+ Hartford &" Society & Politics "+ New Haven &" Locations "+ Mysteries &$ Exeter "+ Charles Island &$ Portsmouth "+ #e Sleeping Giant &$ Mysteries "! #e Moodus Noises &$ Mystery Hill "! Gungywamp &$ Great Boar’s Head, Hampton "! Dudleytown &$ New Castle "! History &) Lake Winnepesaukee "! CHAPTER 6 35 Rye "! New York &$ History $" Geography &* CHAPTER 3 21 Society & Politics &* Massachusetts & the Province of Maine #! Locations &* Geography $& New York City &* Fort Ticonderoga !" Baltimore (" Mysteries !" Port Tobacco (" Catskill Mountains !" Mysteries (' Lake Champlain !" %e Goatman (' History #$ Gibson Island (' CHAPTER 7 41 Chesapeake Bay (' New Jersey !" Frederick County (' Geography #! %e Blue Dog (' Society & Politics #! %e Cumberland Bone Cave (' Locations #! %e Yaocomico (' Trenton #! History *$ Princeton #! CHAPTER 11 61 Queen’s College, New Brunswick ## Virginia &" Mysteries ## Geography *+ %e Jersey Devil ## Society & Politics *+ Washington Rock ## Locations *! %e White Stag of Shamong ## Williamsburg *! Captain Kidd’s Treasures ## Secrets *! History #& %e Mothman *! CHAPTER 8 47 %e Appalachian Black Panther *! Pennsylvania !# History *( Geography #" CHAPTER 12 65 Society & Politics #" North Carolina &$ Locations #" Geography ** Philadelphia #" Society & Politics ** Pittsborough #' Locations ** Mysteries #' New Bern ** Bloody Mary #' Hillsborough ** %e Goblin of Easton () Mysteries *& Presque Isle () Ocracoke Island *& Sweden Township () %e Roanoke Colony *& New Hope () %e Great Dismal Swamp *& History Sample(! fileNew Bern *& CHAPTER 9 53 %e Devil’s Tramping Ground *& Delaware $% History *' Geography (# CHAPTER 13 69 Society & Politics (# South Carolina &' Locations (# Geography &) Wilmington (# Society & Politics &) New Castle (# Locations &) Mysteries (( Charles Town &) Brandywine River (( Port Royal &+ Cape Henlopen (( Secrets &+ Milford Neck (( %e Boo Hag &+ %e Creature of Cypress Swamp (( Singleton’s Crossroads &+ %e Ghostly Fiddler of Rabbit’s Ferry (( History &! History (& CHAPTER 14 73 CHAPTER 10 57 Georgia #% Maryland $# Geography &# Geography (" Society & Politics &# Society & Politics (" Locations &# Locations (" Savannah &# Annapolis (" Fort Frederica &# Mysteries !" O+cers’ Quarters $% Altamaha River !" Gateway $% #e Skunk Ape !" Running the Adventure %, Frogtown !" Ending the Adventure %, #e Mound Builders !" APPENDIX 1 95 #e Lost Mission !" Glossary $# Algonquian Peoples !! Books %! Culture !! APPENDIX 2 97 CHAPTER 15 77 Bibliography $! Native Americans !! Game Sourcebooks %$ History !$ Online Resources %$ Abenaki !$ Lenape !$ Mahican !$ Massachusett !% Mohegan !% Nanticoke !% Narragansett !% -./0 12 345/ Niantic !% Nipmuc $& Map of the '( Colonies in '!!* '& Pennacook $& New England '* Pequot $& District of Maine ,& Powhatan $& New York () Shawnee $& New Jersey & Pennsylvania )& Wabanaki $' Philadelphia "' Wampanoag $' Maryland, Delaware & Virgina ", Iroquoian Peoples $' North Carolina *) Culture $' South Carolina & George *$ History $( Cherokee $( Susquehannock $( Tuscarora $) Creek Sample$) file Yamasee $) Introduction $" GM’s Introduction $" Players’ Introduction $" CHAPTER 16 85 A Surprise for General Gage "# A Postal Delay $* #e Journey to Boston $* An Interview with General Ward $! Castle William $! Approaching the Fort $! #e Drain $$ #e Chapel $$ #e Walls $$ #e Storehouse $$ #e Smithy $% #e Bakery $% Barracks $% Mess Hall $% Commander’s Quarters $% Sample file Introduction

!is book presents expanded information on the !irteen Colonies as they were in the middle of "##$, with trouble brewing in Boston. Chapter " gives a brief overview of the history of the North American colonies, from "%th-century exploration, through the founding of the &rst colonies in the "#th century, to the tensions that grew throughout the "'th century. Chapters (-") cover each colony in turn, giving: • A timeline of events; • A list of major towns, economic activities, and governors in o*ce in "##$; • Notes on geography, society, and politics; • Brief descriptions of major towns and other locations of interests; • Local mysteries to inspire +,-,./0- 1,23/4 adventures; • Maps of select locations. • Chapter "$ gives brief information on the Native American peoples of the eastern seaboard and the e5ects colonization has had on them. • Chapter "% is a ready-to-play adventure set during the siege of Boston in "##$. • Appendix I is a glossary ofSample terms, including file Native American words, colonial slang, and other words that may be unfamiliar to the modern reader. • Appendix II is a short bibliography listing sources of more detailed information. How to Use this Book !is book is designed as a starting-point for the GM who wants to know more about the !irteen Colonies in general, or any of them in particular. !e information it presents covers the basics but is necessarily brief for reasons of space, and the bibliography provides leads to more detailed information. !e adventure A Surprise for General Gage includes maps of the siege of Boston and of a typical British fort of the period. It also provides a start for the 6-0789 ,: 6;88<,7 campaign, which will be continued in future volumes from =,>?8 10789. !ese and other titles will provide more detailed maps and other information on key cities and other locations. Sample file Chapter 1

History

his chapter gives a brief overview of the history of the Thirteen Colonies up to 1775. Readers who want more detailed information should refer to Tthe bibliography. Early English & Dutch Colonization After false starts at Roanoke and Popham, settlers established the Virginia colony Jamestown in !"#$ and the Massachusetts Bay colony at Plymouth in !"%#. Meanwhile, the Dutch established a series of trading posts on the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, forming the basis of the New Netherland colony. The Virginia CompaniesSample of fileLondon & Plymouth When King James I founded the Virginia Companies in !"#", he granted them overlapping territories. &e London company was chartered to establish colonies between the '(th and (!st parallels (roughly from Cape Fear to Long Island sound), !"#$"%"& ' ()* +%$,&%- while the Plymouth company was allotted &e name Virginia initially applied to all English colonies in North America. It may the territory between the ')th and (*th par- have been suggested by Sir Walter Raleigh allels (roughly from the northern part of the or by Elizabeth I herself, referring to her Chesapeake Bay to the current US-Canada (historically questionable) status as the Vir- border). gin Queen, although it has been suggested that the name derives from a native phrase, &e failed Roanoke colony had been “Wingandacoa,” or name, “Wingina.” a private venture by Sir Walter Raleigh. New England was coined by John Smith &e +rst settlement that thrived in Virgina (formerly of the Jamestown colony), who ex- was the Jamestown settlement, founded by plored the coasts of Massachusetts Bay and the London Company in !"#$. &e same Maine in !"!(. year, the Plymouth Company founded the Popham colony in present-day Maine, but it was abandoned in !"#). In !"%#, the passengers of the May,ower founded the Plymouth colony. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer Colonial Expansion New England !e Massachusetts Bay colony grew rapidly. Within a few years, Massachusetts included the Province of Maine (which it held until "#$%). English settlers were soon established in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Vermont was a frontier territory between British and French colonies, but it was never a colony in its own right. The Dominion of New England, 1686-1689

!e Dominion of New England in America was established by James II to help co-ordinate defense against French and native enemies. It incorporated the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, the Province of Maine, the Connecticut Colo- ny, Rhode Island, New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey. !e capital was in Boston, but New York and New Jersey were under a lieutenant governor in New York City. When James II was deposed by William I (see !e Glorious Revolution below), the Dominion splintered. The Middle Colonies New Sweden, 1638-1655

New Sweden sought to exploit the fur trade along the Delaware river. It was incorporated into New Netherland in "&'', but the Swedes, Finns, and Germans of the colony enjoyed a degree of local autonomy until the area was included in William Penn’s charter for Pennsylvania in "&#$. New Netherland

New Netherland’s population grew rapidly, and was focused on trade (especially the fur trade). In "&(), New Netherland was ceded to Britain and became New York, New Jersey, and parts of Delaware and Connecticut. Pennsylvania & Delaware

Founded by English Quaker WilliamSample Penn in "&#" , filePennsylvania started as a grant of land from King Charles II in repayment of a debt. Penn leased the three “lower counties on the Delaware” to give Pennsylvania access to the sea, but Delaware became a colony in its own right in "(%). The Southern Colonies Maryland

Maryland was founded in "&*) by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for Catholics, who were outlawed or persecuted in most of the colonies. After disputes with Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, Maryland’s borders were established by the Mason-Dixon line, laid out between "(&* and "(&(. The Carolinas

Founded in "&&*, the Carolinas were originally a single colony. However, distance and geo- graphical di+erences led to the two halves of Carolina operating independently of one another, and South Carolina was o,cially established in "($-. Georgia

King George established Georgia in "(*$ out of lands previously claimed by South Carolina. It was intended to form a bu+er against Spanish Florida and French Louisiana to the south and west. 12 History

Local Conflicts !"#$% &.&: '"() *+),$(-./ +, .0% *+$+)(%/ Con!ict with the native popu- 3#4&5 6#7& 89:#4;9< lation had its roots in land disputes, '+.= – '+'2 First Anglo–Powhatan War Virginia attempts at religious conversion, and '+// Jamestown Massacre Virginia the series of smallpox outbreaks that '+20-'+2- Pequot War New England decimated the native population of '+02 – '+0, Kieft’s War New Netherland the northeast following the colonists’ '+00 – '+0+ Second Anglo–Powhatan War Virginia arrival. "#$%& '.' summarizes the main con!icts of the colonial era. '+,= – '++. First Esopus War New Netherland '++2 Second Esopus War New Netherland External Wars '+1, – '+1+ King Philip’s War New England During the colonial period the '1'' – '1', Tuscarora War North Carolina nations of Europe were at war more '1', – '1'1 Yamasee War South Carolina often than they were at peace, and the '1// – '1/1 Dummer’s War Maine North American colonies were inevi- '1,- – '1+' Cherokee War Georgia tably dragged into these con!icts. (e '1+2 Pontiac’s Rebellion Great Lakes region following is a brief description of the '112 – '110 Lord Dunmore’s War Ohio Territory e)ects these distant wars had on the (irteen Colonies. The English Civil War, 1641-1651 (e English Civil War split the country was between the Royalists (also known as Cavaliers), who were loyal to King Charles I, and the Parliamentarians, (also known as Roundheads) led by the Puritan Oliver Cromwell. (ere was also a religious dimension to the con!ict. As a Puritan protestant, Cromwell alarmed (and oppressed) Catholics in Ireland and elsewhere. (e Puritans, nonconformists, and various other protestant sects also opposed the monarch’s status as head of the Anglican church, and his sympathy to Catholics (including his French wife, Queen Henrietta Maria). Charles I was executed, and the monarchySample was replaced file by a republican government called “the Commonwealth of England” headed by Cromwell in the o*ce of Lord Protector (e)ectively a military dictator) until his death in '+,-. (e Commonwealth lasted until '++., when Charles II returned from exile and was crowned king of a restored monarchy. A few skirmishes were fought in Maryland as Catholics and loyalists struggled with Puri- tans and other dissenters. In New England, immigration slowed as nonconformists remained in England to support the Parliamentary faction. Indeed, some colonists returned to England to take part in the war. The Anglo-Dutch Wars, 1652-1674 (is series of wars broke out over control of trade. (e First Anglo-Dutch War, which began in '+,/, was fought entirely at sea. After two years, the Netherlands were forced to accept an English monopoly on sea trade with English colonies. (e Second Anglo-Dutch War in '++0 saw the British conquer New Netherland and rename it New York, giving parts of its territory to New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut. (e Dutch recaptured New York in the (ird Anglo-Dutch War ('+12 – '+10), but returned it after the war. Dutch power in the Americas was destroyed, and Britain controlled the whole eastern seaboard between Quebec and Florida.

13 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer The Glorious Revolution, 1688 Charles II died childless and his brother the Catholic James II, succeeded him. After rising tensions between King James II and England’s protestant Parliament, Prince William of Orange, the Dutch husband of James’ daughter Mary, was invited to Great Britain. He and his wife would reign as the joint sovereigns William III and Queen Mary II. William landed in England unop- posed, but there was !ghting in Scotland and Ireland—most notably at the Battle of the Boyne in "#$%. Stuart supporters in Scotland, known as Jacobites, mounted uprisings in "&"' and "&"$ under James Stuart, son of James II and known as “the Old Pretender” and in "&(' under his son Charles Stewart, known as “the Young Pretender” or Bonnie Prince Charlie. )ere were rebellions in New York and New England ("#*$-"#$") and in Maryland ("#*$-"#$+), and the Dominion of New England collapsed. King William’s War ("#*$-"#$&) was a series of cross-border con,icts between New England and the French colonies to the north. The French and Indian War, 1754-1763 )e French and Indian War (known in Canada as the War of the Conquest) was the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War. In Europe, Britain, Prussia, and a coalition of smaller German states fought against France, Austria, Russia, and others. In North America, the war was a struggle for territory between Britain and France and their native allies. )is would mark the fourth time !ghting had broken out between the French and British colonies while their motherlands were at war. Previously only colonial militias were involved, but this time the British sent regular troops. At the end of the war, Britain had possession of French Canada, save for a few small islands. Deteriorating Relations After the end of the Seven Years’ War, Britain was deeply in debt and decided to raise money by taxing the colonies. Because the colonies had no representation in Parliament—just just appointed Governors who were under Parliamentary control—the legality of taxation without representation was called into question.Sample file The Stamp Act, 1765 )e Stamp Act was intended to help pay for the presence of British troops in the colonies. It was a tax on many kinds of printed matter, which had to carry a stamp as proof the tax had been paid. )e Stamp Act Congress in New York raised the question of whether the American colonists could legally be taxed without their consent. Local protest groups banded together, demonstrations organized by a group calling themselves the Sons of Liberty often turned violent, and many stamp commissioners were intimidated into resigning their posts. )e tax was never e-ectively collected.

14 History The Quartering Act, 1765 !e colonies were reluctant to continue paying for the quartering and provisioning of British troops in peacetime. !e Quartering Act required the colonies to provide supplies and accommo- dation for British troops: if enough barracks could not be found, troops were to be quartered in taverns and inns—even in private houses, if necessary. In "#$$, the New York Provincial Assembly refused to supply billets for ",%&& British troops, who were forced to remain on their ships. Parliament suspended New York’s Governor and legislature in "#$# and "#$'. In "##", the New York Assembly allocated funds for the quartering of the British troops. Elsewhere, except in Pennsylvania, ways around the Act were found. The Townshend Acts, 1767-1768 Named for Chancellor of the Exchequer ((nance minister) Charles Townshend, this series of Acts taxed various commodities. Many of the colonies appealed to the King to repeal these acts. Some merchants boycotted British imports. !e Governor of Virginia dissolved the House of Burgesses when it passed a resolution that Parliament had no right to tax Virginians. In Boston, the newly-created American Customs Board requested naval and military assistance to enforce the taxes and arrest evaders for smuggling. Riots broke out when the Liberty, owned by local merchant John Hancock, was seized. Represented in the Admiralty Court by lawyer John Adams, Hancock saw the charges against him dropped. Parliament was nervous enough to send extra troops to the colonies, the (rst of which disembarked in Boston on October "st, "#$). Tensions grew, and during riots on March %th, "##&, (ve civilians were killed by British troops in what came to be known as the Boston Massacre. The Tea Act, 1773 !is act was largely intended to revive the *agging fortunes of the East India Company by cracking down on tea smugglers. Faced with yet another tax, the colonists resisted. Protests took place throughout most of the colonies, including the famous Boston Tea Party, on December "$, "##+Sample. file The Intolerable Acts Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party with a series of measures that became known in the colonies as the Intolera- ble Acts (also as the Coercive Acts). Many colonists viewed the acts as an arbitrary violation of their rights, and in "##,, the colonists organized the First Continental Congress to coordinate a protest. !e Acts are listed below. !e Boston Port Act: Closed the port of Boston until the East India Company should be repaid for the tea thrown into the harbor during the Boston Tea Party. !e Massachusetts Government Act: Gave rulership of Massachusetts to Parliament and limited the rights of colonists to engage in political activity. !e Administration of Justice Act: Allowed accused o-cials to be tried outside Massachusetts— even in England, where few colonists could travel to give evidence—at the Governor’s whim. !e Quartering Act: Applied to all the colonies, and permitted governors to quarter British troops in private houses if suitable alternative quarters were not available. !e Quebec Act: Gave the Province of Quebec some western lands claimed by the New England colonies.

15 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

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16 Chapter 2

New Hampshire

History

!"#$: !e "rst settlers colonize Rye in what would become New Hampshire. !"#%: A land grant from the Council for New England establishes New Hampshire. !"$%: !e towns of New Hampshire agree to unite, but Massachusetts claims sovereignty over the area. !e Exeter Combination, written by Reverend Wheelwright, establishes the government of Exeter.

!"&%: !e "rst public school in New Hampshire First Settlement: Hilton’s Point (later Dover), $+(#. opened in Hampton on May #$. It is supported by taxation, and the sole quali"cation for pupils of Capital: Exeter either sex is that they be “capable of learning.” Economy: Fishing, agriculture, timber, shipping. !"'(-": King Philip’s War. More than half of New Native Tribes: Pennacook, Wabanaki England’s %& towns are attacked by the Wampanoag Confederacy. !""# Governor: John Wentworth !"'%: Portsmouth becomes the colonial capital. Sep- arated from Massachusetts and named “the Royal Province,” New Hampshire becomesSample a refuge for exiles fromfile Puritan Massachusetts. $")"-!")%: King James II creates the Dominion of New England, which includes New Hampshire. !")%: !e Cochecho Massacre in Dover. Abenaki warriors capture or kill '( colonists (around (' percent of Dover’s population) in revenge for an incident $( years earlier when around (&& natives were captured and enslaved by trickery. !"%&: On July $), a force of about ('& Indians under command of the French o*cer de Villies attacks settlements on both sides of the Oyster River, killing or capturing approximately $&& settlers, destroying "ve garrison houses and numerous dwellings. It is the most devastating French and Indian raid in New Hampshire during King William’s War. !"%": In the pre-dawn hours of June (+, natives attack Portsmouth. Fourteen people are killed and others taken captive. Five houses and nine barns are destroyed. !"%): New Hampshire comes under the administration of Massachusetts. !'$&: Mast-Tree Riot in Exeter. Local timbermen illegally cut “mast trees” reserved for the Royal Navy. When David Dunbar, Surveyor General, visits Copyhold Mill to inspect the fallen lumber, local citizens assemble and force Dunbar to leave. Returning with ten men, Dunbar is attacked at a local tavern by citizens disguised as “Indians.” !'&!: New Hampshire is separated from Massachusetts for the last time. !'(&: Riot against the surveyor of the woods in Exeter. !'(': Riot against the recruitment of troops in Brentwoods. !'(': Seizure of longboat of HMS Enterprise by a mob in Portsmouth. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

!"#$: Dartmouth College is established in Hanover in western New Hampshire, to train Native Americans as Puritan missionaries. !""%-!""&: Riots in !e New Hampshire Grants (which would later be part of Vermont) over land grants west of the Connecticut River made by the late New Hampshire Gover- nor Benning Wentworth. New York claims the same land and charges New Hampshire grant holders a “validation fee,” worth almost as much as the initial grant. Connecticut lawyer Ethan Allen unsuccessfully defends the grant holders in New York’s Supreme Court. Allen and others found the Green Mountain Boys as an unauthorized militia to defend grant holders from New Hampshire. !ey stop sheri"s from enforcing New York laws and terrorize settlers with New York grants. !""&: !e Provincial Congress for New Hampshire begins to meet in the Exeter Town Hall, fearing Portsmouth is too vulnerable to British attack. On December #$, Paul Revere makes his famous ride, warning that British troops are sailing from Boston. Over the next two nights, several hundred men overpower the six-man British garrison at Fort William and Mary (now Fort Constitution, New Castle) and remove gunpowder, cannon, and small arms. !ese raids are among the %rst overt acts of the American Revolution. Geography New Hampshire is bounded by Massachusetts to the south and the Province of Maine (admin- istered by Massachusetts) to the northeast. To the west, the White Mountains form a boundary, and the land beyond is claimed both by New Hampshire and New York. !e north-central part of New Hampshire is hilly and even mountainous in places, but the southwestern part is &atter. !e terrain is heavily forested for the most part, and south of the White Mountains it is dotted with lakes—the largest being Lake Winnepesaukee at '( miles long and # to ( miles wide. Society & Politics !e people of New Hampshire are self-su)cient and independent. In particular, they dis- like what they see as the expansionist ambitions of Massachusetts, which has tried to bring New Hampshire under its control more than once. SampleLocations file Exeter !e current capital of New Hampshire is a busy port and industrial town situated at the point where the Exeter River meets the tidal Squamscott River. !e Provincial Congress meets at the Town Hall, having moved away from Portsmouth for safety from both British attack and the scru- tiny of Governor John Wentworth. Portsmouth As far as the British are concerned, Portsmouth is still the capital of New Hampshire. It is the seat of the governor and a busy port with a %ne harbor, situated at the northern edge of New Hampshire’s coastline and bene%ting from coastal trade from Canada to the Carolinas, as well as transatlantic trade coming down from Newfoundland. !e harbor is (or rather, was) protected by Fort William and Mary on New Castle Island. In #**+, this impressive structure’s six-man garrison was easily overpowered and the fort stripped of arms and ammunition which, according to rumor, will shortly be on their way to Boston. Dartmouth College

!e college was founded in #*,( by a Puritan minister from Connecticut who rejoiced in the unlikely name of Eleazar Wheelock as a school to convert and train Native Americans as Chris- 18 New Hampshire tian missionaries. Initially known as Moor’s Charity School, it was renamed after the Earl of Dartmouth, one of the cause’s patrons, and opened its doors to white (paying) students as well. Its charter created the college “for the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land ... and also of English Youth and any others.” !e charity side of the college is meeting with little success, however, and the focus of the institution is shifting toward providing a more general education to the sons of colonists. Mysteries Mystery Hill Mystery Hill is crowned by megalithic remains in astronomical alignments that have earned it the nickname “America’s Stonehenge.” It is not known how old the stones are, but they have given rise to local stories of Druids or Vikings visiting the area in pre-Colonial times, and rumors of magical powers for those who know how to harness the site’s mystical energy. It could be the ruins of a Cahokian or Mandoag temple, still protected in "##$ by curses, monsters, and worse. Great Boar’s Head, Hampton Near Hampton, New Hampshire, a rock bears a runic inscription which has been interpreted as referring to Torvald Erikson, a brother of Leif Erikson who was killed by natives on an expedition to Vinland. !e sagas tell that before the attack that killed him, Torvald heard a disembodied voice warning him to get his men on their boat. Without that warning, they would surely have been killed in their camp. New Castle !e New Castle Lithobolia, or stone-throwing devil, was an invisible, poltergeist-like spirit (or a very stealthy mischief-maker) that troubled a tavern in the settlement in "%&' for three months. As many as a hundred stones rained down upon the building in a single attack, ranging from tiny pebbles to stones as large as a man’s head. !e incident was said to be the result of a curse from Goody Cole, a local witch, against innkeeper George Walton in a dispute over the use of a (eld. By "##$, all has been quiet there for a few generations,Sample but thefile incident is still remembered and talked about. Walton had been accused of wizardry himself, but never convicted. !e Lithobolia may be hidden somewhere around the inn, trapped by Walton in a bottle or other container and ready to cause all kinds of trouble if it can only escape. Lake Winnepesaukee !e Lake Winnepesaukee Mystery Stone was not dragged out of the mud until "&#', but its odd inscriptions—which Europeans could only make with steel tools—are regarded by some as evidence that a technologically advanced people lived in the area at some time in the past. It might be a relic of the Mandoag or the Cahokians, and the lake itself might have been created during one of their magical con)icts. In "##$, the stone rests in a lump of clay at the fringes of the lake, and it might be the Heroes (or someone they encounter) who discover the stone. Who knows what magical powers it might possess? Rye !e remains of a sunken forest may be seen at low tide. '"st-century scientists believe that the forest was drowned in the sea level rise that accompanied the end of the last Ice Age around "*,*** years ago, but in Colonial Gothic the cause could be more sinister—and who knows what else may be found submerged o+ Rye?

19 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

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20 Chapter 3

Massachusetts & the Province of Maine

History

!"#$: !e Popham Colony (also called the Sagadhoc Colony) is established in present-day Maine, with "#$ settlers. It fails after one year. !"#%: !e Virginia Companies of London and Plymouth are founded. !"!&: John Smith reconnoiters the coast of Maine and Massachusetts Bay, naming the area New England. !"!"-!"!': A deadly epidemic (possibly smallpox) nearly exterminates the Massachusett and other Algonquian tribes, including Sample file the Wampanoag, Pawtucket, and Abenaki. According to First Settlement: Massachusetts: Plymouth, "%#$ Maine: Popham, "%$) some historians the native Capital: Boston population is reduced to " percent of its original size. Economy: Agriculture, shipping, trade, 'shing !"(#: !e Plymouth Colony is Native Tribes: Abenaki, Massachusett, Nipmuk, Pennacook, Wampanoag established by a group of Pu- !""# Governor: !omas Gage ritans known as the Pilgrims. !"(": Settlers from the Plym- outh Colony found a town in the native settlement of Naumkeag; it is renamed Salem in "%#&. !"%#-!"&#: An estimated #$$,$$$ Puritans come to New England. !"%%: Settlers from Massachusetts are the 'rst English colonists on the Delaware. !"%%-&: New England is struck by a second epidemic, possibly of smallpox. !"%&-!"%): !e Pequot War. Backed by Narragansett and Mohegan allies, the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonists attack and e(ectively destroy the Pequot tribe in retaliation for attacks on English traders by the Pequot and their allies. !"&!: Start of the English Civil War. Puritan immigration slows and some settlers return to support Parliament, which is led by the Puritan Oliver Cromwell. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

!"#$: Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut colonies form the New England Confederation, with the goal of uniting Puritan colonists against native attacks and against New England’s colonial rivals such as New Netherland to the south and Quebec to the north. !"#%: Smallpox outbreak in Boston. !"&'-": King Philip’s War. More than half of New England’s !" towns are attacked by the Wampanoag Confederacy. !""": Smallpox outbreak in Boston. !"&(: Smallpox outbreak in Boston. !"("-!"(%: #e Dominion of New England includes the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony. #e capital is in Boston. !"#$: Smallpox outbreak in Boston. !"$%: #e Salem witch trials are held. !&)*: Smallpox outbreak in Boston. !&)*-!&!$: Queen Anne’s War. French-backed natives and a few Canadians attack Maine and northern Massachusetts in $%"&. In $%"& Deer'eld is destroyed, and all () colonists are killed. From $%"*-$%$", the French and British struggle for control of mainland Acadia, which is 'nally taken by Britain and renamed Nova Scotia (New Scotland). !&!): Food riot in Boston. !&!!: #e Boston Town House, the First Church Meeting House, and $"" other buildings are destroyed by 're on October +nd. !&!$: Food riot in Boston. !&!%: #e Aurora Borealis is seen from Boston on the night of May $(, causing a minor panic. !&*!: Smallpox outbreak in Boston infects ),""" of the population of $$,""", killing *,,. !&*!-!&*': Dummer’s War (also known as Lovewell’s War, Father Rale’s War, Greylock’s War, #ree Years War, or the Fourth Indian War) is a series of skirmishes in Maine. When the English settle along the Kennebec, the French ally with the Abenaki to launch raids against them. #e English build Fort Dummer (named after Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor William Dummer) in $%+*. On August +&, in response to an Abenaki attack, Captain Jeremiah Moultan attacks the French and Abenaki village of Norridgewock with eighty men of the Massachusetts Bay militia and some Mohawk allies. #ey capture the village and kill seven Abenaki chiefs and a French missionary, for the loss of two militiamen and one Mohawk. Colonial authorities o-er .$"" per native scalp. !&*&: An earthquake strikes Boston in the late evening of November !, with aftershocks lasting through the night. !&$): Smallpox outbreak in Boston. Sample file !&$&: Anti-prostitution riot in Boston. Bordellos are attacked. !&#': November (, Pope Day riot in Boston. Religious violence on the anniversary of the thwarting of the Catholic Gunpowder Plot in England. !&#&: November (, Pope Day riot in Boston. November $)-+$, riots in Boston against impressments (press-ganging citizens into military service). !&'*: Smallpox outbreak in Boston. !&'': November (, Pope Day riot in Boston. !&"*: November (, Pope Day riot in Boston. !&"#: Smallpox outbreak in Boston. November (, Pope Day riot in Boston. Anti-customs riot in Dighton. !&"": Anti-customs riot in Falmouth, Maine.

22 Massachusettes & the Province of Maine

!"#$: On April !, two customs employees (called tidesmen) board John Hancock’s brig Lydia in Boston Harbor. Since they did not have a writ of assistance (a general search warrant), Hancock does not allow them below deck. One of them gets into the hold but is forced out by Hancock’s men. Customs o"cials want to #le charges, but the case is dropped when Massachusetts Attorney General Jonathan Sewell rules that Hancock had broken no laws. !"#$: John Hancock’s ship Liberty is seized by customs o"cials and he is charged with smuggling. $ere are riots in Boston, and charges are dropped without explanation after a #ve-month trial. More British troops are sent to Boston, and tensions mount. !""%: $e Boston Massacre: British troops open #re on rioters, killing #ve civilians. !""!: Anti-prostitution riot in Boston. !""&: Boston Tea Party. Bostonians dressed as natives board three ships and throw their cargoes of tea into Boston Harbor as a protest against the Tea Act. !""': In October, Governor $omas Gage cancels the scheduled meeting of the Massachusetts General Court because of political turmoil following the Government Act (see $e Intolerable Acts, p. XX). $e members adjourn to Concord and organize themselves as a Provincial Congress, with John Hancock as its president. Hancock sends Paul Revere to the First Continental Congress with the news that Massachusetts has established the #rst autonomous government of the $irteen Colonies. !""(: Silversmith and sometime dentist Paul Revere rides from Boston to Concord on the night of April %&-%!, to warn of British troops on their way to seize weapons stores there. Geography Massachusetts includes the Province of Maine. Both parts of the colony are rocky hills. Massa- chusetts becomes higher in the west, with wooded hills sloping down toward the sandy coastline, broken by the Pioneer Valley of the Connecticut River. Maine has a rugged, rocky coast and rises toward the Appalachians in the west; its rivers feed a number of lakes. Society & Politics Massachusetts was founded by Puritans, and although Boston is more diverse, Congregation- alism is still the predominant religion. New Hampshire was part of Massachusetts from %'(! to %')!, and relations between the two territories remain cool. Currently, politics center around the revolutionary movement. With the passingSample of the Intolerable file Acts and the increased presence of British troops in the port, it takes very little to spark a riot. Locations Boston Boston sits on a peninsula connected to the mainland by a narrow neck and is dominated by three hills. It is one of the world’s wealthiest trading ports, and, since %')(, it has been connected to New York by the Boston Post Road. Harvard College Founded in %'(' as the New College, Harvard adopted its current name in %'(! from a local minister who bequeathed his library and half his estate to the school. In %)*&, the college elected John Leverett as President, the #rst non-clergyman to hold this o"ce, and its #eld of study began to broaden out from theology and, in particular, Puritanism. Salem $is town in northeastern Massachusetts was torn apart by a series of witch trials in %'!+-(. For a detailed treatment of the Salem witch hysteria, see the Colonial Gothic title Witchcraft. In %)),, Salem is renowned more for privateers than for witches. 23 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer Mysteries The Sea Witch of Billingsgate !is oyster-bed town on Cape Cod (later known as Well"eet) is haunted by a beautiful woman who walks the shore and has been known to venture into town to lure sailors to their doom. Ac- cording to some accounts, she often has a black cat with her. Dogtown Dogtown is a wooded, rocky plateau overlooking Gloucester, Rockport, and Ipswich Bay. !e place is home to around #$$ families, and it has a reputation for witchcraft. Many of its inhabitants are old women, widows of soldiers or %shermen, and some are self-described witches. !e settlement gets its name from its many free-running dogs, which can pose a threat to outsiders. Wheth- er because of the dogs or not, it is whispered that some of the Dogtown witches are werewolves, or at least capable of turning into dogs. Dungeon Rock A cave in Lynn, near Boston, is said to contain a pirate treasure from #&'(—along with the pirate who buried it, killed in a rock fall. !e treasure has never been found. For more on Dungeon Rock, see the Colonial Gothic adventure !e Landlord’s Daughter. Dighton Rock !is rock sits at the junction of the Taunton River at Assonet Neck. It is partly covered at high tide, and has one vertical face carved with strange symbols. It was discovered in #&)$, and since then various attempts have been made to decipher them, all without success.

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24 Chapter 4

Rhode Island

History

!"#$: Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazano, employed by France, discovers the area later known as Rhode Island. !%&': Henry Hudson explores the area on behalf of the Dutch. !%!$: Dutch explorer Adriaen Block changes the name of Aquidneck to “the Isle of Rhodes, or Rhode Island.” !%(%: Roger Williams moves out of the Massachusetts colony and establishes the Providence Plantation. !%$$: !e Rhode Island colony receives a charter from Parliament. !%"!: William Coddington obtains a separate charter from England making him life governor of the islands of Rhode Island and Connecticut in a federation with Connecticut Colony and Massa- chusetts Bay Colony. Protest, open Samplerebel- file lion, and a petition to Oliver Cromwell in London lead, in "#$%, to the reinstatement First Settlement: Providence, "#%# of the original charter. Capital: Providence !%"#: Laws are passed banning slavery in Economy: Agriculture, dairy farming, *shing, shipbuilding the colony. Native Tribes: Narragansett, Niantic !%%(: With the restoration of the monarchy in England, Rhode Island receives !""# Governor: Joseph Wanton a royal charter replacing that granted by Parliament in "#&&. !e colony is permitted an elected governor and legislature. In the following years, many persecuted groups settle in the colony, notably Quakers and Jews. !%)"-%: King Philip’s War. More than half of New England’s '( towns are attacked by the Wampanoag Confederacy. On December "#, "#)$, the main Narragansett fort near modern South Kingstown, Rhode Island, is attacked by colonial militia from Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony in “the Great Swamp Fight.” !e massive fort, covering about $ acres of land and home to over a thousand people, is burned and most of the tribe’s winter stores are destroyed. About %(( Narragansett are killed. !e survivors escape into the frozen swamp around the fort. !e surviving Narragansett give up their quasi-neutrality and join the *ght alongside Philip. !e colonists lose many of their o+cers in this battle; about )( of their men are killed and nearly "$( more wounded. !%*%-!%*': !e Dominion of New England includes Rhode Island. !)!': Anti-customs riot in Newport. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

!"#$: Riots against impressment and customs in Newport. !e College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is founded in Newport. Unique among colonial colleges at the time, the college’s charter allows for complete religious freedom in admissions and teaching. !"#%: Stamp Act riots in Boston, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and Maryland. Anti-impressment riot in Newport. Sample file !"#&: Anti-customs riot in Newport. !""': !e College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations moves to Providence. It will be renamed Brown University in "#$%. !""!: Riot against a tidesman (customs agent) in Providence. !""(: A band of Providence residents attacks and burns the grounded revenue ship HMS Gaspée. !""$: Anti-customs riot in Newport. Riot over licensing issues in Providence. Anti-Tory riot in East Greenwich. !e Providence Town Meeting becomes the &rst assembly to call for a Continental Congress in response to the Intolera- ble Acts. !""%: A “tea party” is held in Providence. Geography !e Rhode Island Colony includes Narragansett Bay and the islands within it. It’s bordered on the north and east by Massachusetts and to the west by Connecticut. !e land around the bay is mostly 'at, becoming hillier further west towards Connecticut. !ere are more than ($ islands in the bay, the largest being Aquidneck, where Newport is situated. Within the bay (which is actu- ally an estuary) only Aquidneck, Coanicut, and Prudence Island are of any signi&cant size; Block Island, about "$ miles o)shore, is of similar size, at about &ve miles long and three wide.

26 Rhode Island Society & Politics Rhode Island is arguably the most progressive of the colonies. It has passed laws abolishing witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt, most capital punishment, and chattel slavery of both blacks and whites. Most religious groups are welcomed, with only some restrictions on Catholi- cism. !ere is a long-established Jewish presence, in addition of course to many forms of Protes- tantism. After "#$$, slaves are introduced to the colony, though there is no record of any repeal of the anti-slavery laws. Ironically, the colony prospered from the slave trade by distilling rum to sell in Africa as part of a pro%table triangular trade in slaves and sugar with the Caribbean. Rhode Island’s politics are a two-party a&air, based largely on the rivalry between Providence and Newport. !e merchants and farmers of north and south vie with each other for control of the legislature, but put aside their di&erences to speak out against the recent Acts of Parliament. !ere are moves afoot to assemble a ",'((-man “army of observation” under the command of assembly member Nathanael Greene. !e colony’s tradition of independence and plain speaking has lent itself to revolutionary sentiment, and the Gaspée A&air has shown that the colonists are not averse to taking direct action. However, Newport remains in the hands of the Tories, primarily because of the wealth that comes into the city from British trade. Locations Providence Providence has grown up around Williams’ original Providence Plantation. Providence was destroyed in "#)# during King Philip’s War, and rebuilt. Since rebuilding, Providence has gone from a largely farming and %shing community to a growing industrial and commercial town whose activities include trading in rum and slaves. The College in the English Colony of Rhode Island & Providence Plantations Sample file Unlike many other colonial colleges, this institution was not founded to train clergymen for a particular church; on the contrary, its charter states that “into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience.” !e word catholic is used in its non-religious sense, meaning “broad-minded.” Its stated mission is to prepare students “for dis- charging the O*ces of Life with usefulness & reputation” by providing instruction “in the Vernac- ular and Learned Languages, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences.” !is is a radical notion, and one regarded with suspicion in some quarters. !e Chancellor of the college is former governor Stephen Hopkins, an outspoken Patriot and the author of a pamphlet entitled “!e Rights of the Colonies Examined.” Newport

Once a haven for Baptists who had been expelled from the Massachusetts Bay colony, Newport quickly became more diverse. It boasts the second oldest synagogue in the North America and a Quaker meeting house dating to "#++. In "),-, James Franklin (brother of Benjamin) published Newport’s %rst newspaper, the Rhode Island Gazette. !e furniture of cabinet makers Goddard and Townsend is renowned throughout New England. Newport was also a notorious pirate haunt, but, after complaints from the British government, the authorities cracked down in the ")-(s. Many pirates were arrested and hanged, and their

27 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer bodies are buried on Goat Island in Narragansett Bay. Goat Island is also notable for Fort Liberty (formerly Fort George). In !""#, the assembly voted to remove all cannon from Fort George except for two $#-pounders and one %-pounder. &e other guns ('' cannon of various sizes) were sent to Providence, both to protect that town and to preserve Fort George’s arsenal for the colonists. Moves are now afoot to re-arm the fort against a possible British attack. Mysteries Block Island &e morning after Christmas of !"'(, the Princess Augusta ran aground and burned on Sandy Point, the northern tip of Block Island. She carried about !)* passengers, the survivors of '#* German Palatines seeking a new life of religious freedom in Philadelphia. One version of the tale claims that the mate (who was acting captain after a series of deaths on board) was responsible, aiming to conceal the crew’s plunder and mistreatment of the passengers; another accuses the people of Block Island of luring the ship onto the shoals with a false light, murdering the passengers, then burning the ship and setting it adrift to conceal their crime. &e ghost ship is said to reappear, wreathed in +ame, on the anniversary of the wreck. Newport Tower Overlooking the sea at the top of Mill Street in Newport is a squat, roo+ess stone tower raised up on eight columns. It is built of rubble and mortar, and is roughly circular. At one time the walls were coated with white plaster. &ere is evidence that there was once a +oor, but that has vanished. &e structure is generally supposed to have been the base of a windmill built for !"th-century governor Ben- Sample file edict Arnold, whose grandson bears the same name in !""). However, there are local stories that suggest it may be much older, linking it to the inscribed rock at nearby Dighton, Massachu- setts, that was described in !%,* by the Rev. Cotton Mather. Some believe it to be of Viking construction, while others suggest that its oddly-spaced win- dows have astronomical alignments that suggest it was intended as an observatory. Others still believe that it was built by the Knights Templar, who are claimed to have visited the area in !',(.

28 Chapter 5

Connecticut

History

!"!#: Dutch fur trader Adriaen Block explores the Connecticut River. !"$%: !e Dutch build a fort at Huys de Goede Hoop (House of Good Hope) near present-day Hartford. !"%%: Settlers from the Plymouth Colony establish Windsor, a few miles north of the Dutch trading post. !"%#-!"%&: Pequot War. Fort Saybrook is e"ectively besieged throughout the winter of #$%$-#$%&. In the spring, Pequot raids on other settlements increase. Windsor, Hartford, and Wethers'eld set up a collective government to 'ght the Pequots. !"%': !e Saybrook Colony is established by settlers from Massachusetts. !"%": English settlers on the Delaware break with Massachusetts and establish the Connecticut colony. Its independence is not rec-Sample file ognized by the Crown until #$((. First Settlement: Huys de Goede Hoop/House of Good Hope, #$+% !"%(: !e Mystic Massacre. English settlers set 're to a Pequot fort on Capital: Hartford & New Haven the Mystic River, killing anyone who Economy: Agriculture, 'shing, shipping, trade. attempts to escape. An estimated )**-&** Pequots die, mostly women Native Tribes: Lenape, Mohegan, Pequot and children. !e Pequots are broken !""# Governor: Jonathan Trumbull and seek shelter among neighboring tribes. !"%&: !e New Haven Colony is founded by Puritans from England. !"#%: Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut colonies form the New England Confederation with the goal of uniting Puritan colonists against native attacks and against New England’s colonial rivals, such as New Netherland to the south and Quebec to the north. !"##: !e Saybrook Colony merges with the Hartford-based Connecticut Colony. !"'#: !e Dutch withdraw from Connecticut. !""$: Connecticut receives a Royal Charter con'rming its right to self-government. !""#: New Netherland is captured by England, and some of its eastern territories are split o" to create New Jersey, western Connecticut, and Delaware. !""': !e New Haven Colony merges with the Connecticut Colony. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

!"#$-": King Philip’s War. More than half of New England’s !" towns are attacked by the Wampanoag Confederacy. !"%"-!"%&: #e Dominion of New England includes Connecticut. Royal Governor Sir Edmund Andros maintains that his commission supersedes Connecticut’sSample $%%& Charter. In late file October, $%'(, Andros arrives with troops and naval support and demands the assembly turn the $%%& charter over to him. As the charter is placed on the table, those present blow all the candles out. When the light is restored, the charter is missing. According to legend, it was hidden in the Charter Oak. !"%%: #e Connecticut colony receives a royal charter, formally separating it from Massachusetts. !#'!: #e Collegiate School of Connecticut is chartered in Old Saybrook. New Haven is made co-capital of Connecticut. !#!$: #e Collegiate School of Connecticut moves to New Haven. !#!%: #e Collegiate School of Connecticut is renamed after benefactor Elihu Yale. !#((: Jailbreak riot in Hartford. !#)*: Riot against ship seizure in Hartford County. !#"$: Stamp Act riots in Boston, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and Maryland. !#"": Anti-customs riots in New Haven. !#"": Riot in New London against the Rogerenes, a Quaker-in)uenced religious movement. !#"&: Anti-customs riots in New Haven and New London. !#"& – !##!: First Pennamite War between settlers from Connecticut and Pennsylvania in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. !##$: Anti-Loyalist riot at East Haddam. On April &*, the Second Company, Governor’s Foot Guard, under Captain Benedict Arnold, break into the New Haven powder house to arm themselves and begin a three-day march to Cam- bridge, Massachusetts. 30 Connecticut Geography Connecticut is cut in two by the Connecticut River, and the Long Island Sound forms its southern border. Most settlements are along the coast or in the river valley, which has good alluvial soil. !e land on either side is mostly forested hills. Northern Connecticut is on the fringe of the Taconic Mountains, part of the Appalachian mountain chain. !e highest point in Connecticut is Bear Mountain (",#$% feet) in the northwest corner of the colony. Society & Politics Connecticut has long been used to governing itself, thanks to its charter. !e Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, rati&ed in '(#%, invests the people with the authority to govern. With many colonists from Massachusetts, Connecticut has always leaned toward Puritanism, but tolerates Anglicans, Baptists, and other “sober dissenters.” However, tensions are growing over the Loyalist tendencies of Connecticut Anglicans, who are mainly concentrated in Fair&eld County. Locations Hartford Hartford stands on the Connecticut River. It was founded as a mainly farming community, but has grown into a commercial and administrative center. !e leading founder, !omas Hooker, was a Cambridge-educated Puritan who maintained that “!e foundation of authority is laid, &rstly, in the free consent of the people.” !is philosophy is a direct challenge to the concept of the Divine Right of Kings, which underpins the British monarchy. !e Connecticut Colony, based at Hart- ford, had one of the world’s &rst written constitutions and went on to absorb the Saybrook and New Haven Colonies, facts of which the people of Hertford are still proud. !e town square—marked with a monuments at each corner—contains the Meeting House, House of Correction, stocks, and a pillory. It is the center of the community, both for punishment and celebration. Hartford also boasts a Samplepublic library, founded file in '$$) under the name of !e Librarian Company, and the residents are only too happy to point out the Charter Oak and tell its story to visitors. New Haven Located on a broad inlet New Haven is a working port, but has been eclipsed by the rise of Boston and New York. New haven was laid out over a century ago according to a nine-square grid plan which can still be seen at the center of the town. Founded by Puritans, New Haven was a much stricter community than Hartford to the north, but after the two colonies were merged, some members of the New Haven Colony left to found Newark in New Jersey. New Haven is bracing itself for war since the militia emptied the powder house and set o* for Cambridge. Yale College

Founded in '$+' as a Collegiate School for the training of Congregational (Puritan) ministers, the college moved to New Haven in '$'( and was renamed in '$', after receiving a substantial gift from Elihu Yale. Yale College (as it is known in '$$-) focuses on the study of theology and Biblical languages. It is home to two literary and debating societies, Brothers in Unity and the Linonian Society. An earlier society, Crotonia, is little known and ceased to exist before '$((. All freshmen join one society or the other, and each maintains its own library.

31 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

Ostensibly founded to expose students to contemporary writing and allow them to sharpen their debating skills, society members may delve into secrets that Yale’s faculty would sooner they avoided. Who knows what might be found in their private libraries? Students might also investigate what happened to the Crotonia Society, whose name recalls the key word of the Roanoke mystery: “Croatoan.” The Turtle

David Bushnell of Saybrook, a student at Yale in !""#, has a revolutionary design for a subma- rine, which can approach a ship (say, a blockading British warship) unseen and attach a !$%-pound keg of gunpowder to its hull, detonated by a time fuse. Bushnell is a good patriot, but either side would pay well for his designs, which include barrages of &oating mines. Mysteries Charles Island Also known as 'rice-Cursed Island, Charles Island is just o( the coast of Milford. It was sacred to the Paugussett, who cursed the island after they lost it to settlers. Captain Kidd is said to have buried a treasure there, and cursed anyone who looked for it—as did other unnamed !)th-century sailors. 'e island is said to be haunted. The Sleeping Giant 'is hill near Hamden is said by the Quinnipac to be the body of a troublesome giant named Hobbomock, cast into an eternal sleep by Keihtan the creator god. Native Americans or apocalyp- tic cultists could cause enormous destruction by waking him. The Moodus Noises Since pre-colonial times, the area around Moodus, near Hartford, has been noted for the strange rumbling and crashing noises that *ll the air. Native Americans and Puritans both attri- bute the noises to a demonic origin. Gungywamp Sample file Just across the river from New London, this prehistoric stone complex includes stone circles, standing stones, multiple stone chambers with astronomical alignments, and a blu( called “'e Cli( of Tears” which causes inexplicable bouts of sadness and depression in those who stand near it. 'e site is at least +,%%% years old and may have been a temple. Dudleytown Dudleytown was founded in !",% in the far north-west of Connecticut. It is still inhabited in !""-, but the e(ects of its curse—which came with the Dudley family from England—are evident in the large number of abandoned houses and the generally grim atmosphere. Demonic manifesta- tions sometimes occur, usually linked to some member of the Dudley family.

32 Connecticut

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33 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

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34 Chapter 6

New York

History

!"#$: Henry Hudson explores the east coast of North America for the Dutch East India Company. !"!%: !e New Netherland Company is founded in Amsterdam. !"&': Fort Amsterdam is founded on Manhattan Island. !"%(-!"%': Kieft’s War. Willem Kieft, the Director-General of New Netherland, taxes the local Lenape people, and rising tensions culminate in the death of a Dutch settler. Kieft attacks Pavonia (today’s Jersey City) where "#$ Dutch soldiers kill "#% natives including women and children. In the autumn ",&%% natives invade New Netherland, raiding for the next two years but too dispersed to either attack larger settlements or be brought to a decisive battle. Many Dutch settlers return to Europe, shaking con'dence in the Dutch West India Company’s ability to secure New Netherland. A truce is agreed in August "()&. Kieft is recalled to the Netherlands in "()*. More than ",(%% natives are killed in Kieft’s War. !e European population of New Amsterdam at the time is only #&%. !"'': !e Peach Tree War. A native Samplewoman is shot for file stealing peaches from the orchard of a Dutch farmer on First Settlement: Fort Amsterdam, "(#& Manhattan. Her family goes house to house looking for the perpetrator, without violence. !ey are attacked and +ee Capital: New York City across the Hudson River by canoe. In the following days, Economy: Slaves, shipping settlements at Pavonia and Staten Island are raided. About "&% settlers are held at Paulus Hook; when ransomed most Native Tribes: Lenape, Mahican go to New Amsterdam, leaving the countryside depopulated. !""# Governor: William Tryon !"'': Director-General Peter Stuyvesant and his troops reclaim territory from New Sweden. !"'$–!""#: First Esopus War. !e Esopus are a Lenape tribe living around the Hudson valley. In "(&$, a native 'res a musket after he and others are paid (in brandy) for work on a settler’s farm. Soldiers investigate and 'nd no cause for concern, but a mob attacks the natives. Most escape, returning with reinforcements who slaughter livestock and burn crops and buildings until troops arrive from New Amsterdam. In July "((% the Esopus trade peace for land and food. !""(: Second Esopus War. Dutch emissaries request a meeting with Esopus leaders to discuss a treaty. Natives come into the town of Wiltwijk in great numbers, and attack when news arrives of the slaughter of a neighboring Dutch settlement. !e colonists drive them out with some losses, and spend the next two months burning their crops and villages. !""%: New Netherland is captured by England, and some of its eastern territories are split o, to create New Jersey, western Connecticut, and Delaware. !")(: !e Dutch recapture what is left of New Netherland. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

!"#$: New Netherland is ceded to England by treaty and renamed New York. !"%"-!"%&: !e Dominion of New England includes New York. !"%&-!"&!: Leisler’s Rebellion. Militia captain Jacob Leisler seizes control of lower New York in protest against the policies of King James II. !"&': !e Schenectady Massacre. Over "## Sault, Algonquin, and French raiders attack in retaliation for Iroquois raids made with British weapons and ammunition. !e night attack kills $# people and the raiders take "% prisoners and &# horses. Sample file !"&!: New York’s charter is re-enacted by King William III. New York City becomes a supply port for pirates and the largest importer of African slaves in the New World. It also bene'ts from the fur trade and is a major supplier to the Royal Navy. [INSERT IMAGE: &&("%_fort_george.tif] !#'!-!#"(: !e New York-New Jersey Line War. Skirmishes and raids take place sporadically at the disputed boundary shared by the two colonies. !#'&-!!: New York militias take part in attacks on Quebec. !#!': Queen Anne settles ",)## German Palatine immigrants in New York, increasing the population of Manhattan by almost &#*. !#!): Slave revolt in New York. !#$!: Slave revolt in New York. !#$(: On November "), the French and their native allies destroy Saratoga, killing and capturing more than +## people. All the English settlements north of Albany are abandoned. !#$": In July, an Iroquois and intercolonial force assembles in northern New York for an attack against Canada. British regulars fail to arrive and the attack is called o,. !e colonial troops winter at Albany. !#$%: Native allies of the French attack Schenectady. !#("-!#(#: Forty New York ships are commissioned as privateers. !e value of French prizes brought into New York City is estimated at two hundred thousand pounds.

36 New York

!"#": Nearly !"" people are press-ganged when around #,""" British troops cordon o$ New York City. !"$%: Two Anti-impressment riots in New York City. !"$&: Anti-impressment riot in New York City. !"$#: Pontiac signs the treaty to end his rebellion at Fort Ontario. !"$#: On October %&th, delegates from nine of the thirteen colonies meet in New York to discuss the Stamp Act, and draft the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. !"$$: Rent riots along the Hudson River. !"$': 'e treaty of Fort Stanwix establishes the borders between colonial and Iroquois lands. !""%: 'e Battle of Golden Hill. A riot breaks out when British soldiers post pro-British handbills in New York City, leading to one death and several bayonet wounds. !""(: Two to three thousand colonists refuse to allow a tea ship to land in New York on Dec (. Geography 'e Adirondack Mountains and their foothills dominate much of New York, cut through by the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers. Much of the colony consists of wooded hills, with farmsteads along the valleys and in )atter bottomlands. Society & Politics New York is divided into two regions: the mouth of the Hudson river, where most colonial settlement has taken place, and the back country, which is dotted with trading posts but still largely controlled by the Iroquois. New York City is a polyglot place, with English, Dutch, German, Jewish, and other inhabitants alongside African artisans, servants, and slaves (of which New York is a major importer). 'e central Mohawk valley has been settled by German immigrants, who intended as a bu$er against the Iroquois. Locations New York City Sample file New York City has grown under British rule, but is used to conducting its own a$airs. 'e Sons of Liberty are engaged in a running battle with the British authorities, raising “liberty poles” under which colonists can assemble to air their grievances. Some traders are afraid of losing income by boycotting British trade or breaking with Britain altogether, but the revolutionaries have widespread support among the other citizens. King’s College

King’s College (later to be renamed Columbia University) was founded in response to New Jersey’s Princeton and is one of the wealthiest educational institutions in the colonies, but it is thoroughly Anglican in outlook, and its governing body is dominated by Crown o*cials. It is viewed with suspicion by some colonists, who fear it may be used to spread Anglicanism and pro-British propaganda under the cover of academic debate. It is currently a bastion of Tory sentiment.

37 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer Fort Ticonderoga Fort Ticonderoga is situated near the southern end of Lake Champlain. It was built by the French and captured by the British in the French and Indian War. !e fort commands the access from Lake Champlain to Lake George. It is almost impregnable to direct assault, and has its own bakery and large underground powder stores that enable it to wait out a siege. Its only strategic weakness is that it is overlooked by several nearby hills; the British used this weakness to drive out the French garrison. Mysteries Catskill Mountains In "#"$, somewhere between New York and Albany, Henry Hudson is said to have encoun- tered a race of metalworking dwarves or gnomes with large heads, bushy beads and eyes like pigs. !ey appear at night in the month of September, every %$ years or so when they sing, dance, and play ninepins in the &relight. !ey and love to entertain visitors, but their hospitality has a sinister side—drinking more than a single glass of their liquor will turn a human into one of them. Hud- son escaped this fate, though several of his crew did not, and it is said that his ghost can still be seen visiting with these little people on a September night. A Dutch variant of the story says that those who drink with them will sleep until the little folk reappear twenty years later. Lake Champlain !is lake runs along the present-day border of New York and Vermont, and extends just a little north of the Canadian border. Since the earliest times, a plesiosaur-like creature similar to the monster of Loch Ness in Scotland has been spotted swimming in the lake. Named Tatoskok by the Abenaki, the creature was sighted by Samuel de Champlain in "#$'. It has not yet caused any recorded damage or loss of life, but could be a danger to small boats on the lake.

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40 Chapter 7

New Jersey

History

!"!#: !e New Netherland Company is founded in Amsterdam to promote North American colonization. !""#: New Netherland is captured by England, and some of its eastern territories are split o" to become New Jersey. Elizabethtown is founded by English settlers and named for the wife of Sir George Carteret (not Queen Elizabeth I, as many assume). It is the #rst English-speaking community in the colony. !""$: To attract more settlers to New Jersey, the Concession and Agreement guarantees religious freedom in exchange for quit-rents. !""": Newark is founded by Connecticut Puritans and named “New Ark” or “New Work.” !"%&: Quakers establish a settlement on the falls of the Delaware. !"'"-!"'&: !e Dominion of New EnglandSample in file America incorporates East Jersey and West Jersey. First Settlement: Fort Nassau (later Gloucester City), $%&% !%(): !e proprietary colonies of East and West Jersey become the royal colony of New Jersey. Capital: Elizabeth !%(': Governor Lord Cornbury is recalled to En- Economy: Farming gland after accusations of corruption. New Jersey is Native Tribes: Lenape again ruled by the governors of New York, leading to protests. !""# Governor: William Franklin !%!&: !e Quaker settlement on the Delaware is named “Trent-towne” after local landowner William Trent. !%**: Josiah Ogden harvests wheat on a Sunday following a lengthy rainstorm and is disciplined by the Puritans of Newark for “Sabbath breaking.” He leaves the Congregational church and begins to correspond with Episcopalian missionaries. !%*': Judge Lewis Morris, having campaigned for New Jersey to have its own governor, is appointed governor by King George II. !%#": !e College of New Jersey is founded in Elizabethtown. Episcopalian missionaries arrive in Newark to build a church and challenge the Puritan theocracy there. New Jersey Tenant Riots. !%$": !e College of New Jersey moves to Princeton. Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

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42 New Jersey

!"##: Queen’s College (now Rutgers University) is founded in New Brunswick, named after Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III. !"#$-!""%: Anti-lawyer riot in Monmouth County. !""&: On December !! a group of "# colonists enters the cellar of Greenwich Township loyalist Dan Bowen, stealing and burning chests of tea. Princeton students burn tea on campus. Geography New Jersey lies between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, and its northern and southern edges consist mostly of good farming land. $e northwest of the colony is made up of wooded hills in the Hudson Highlands, and the Pine Barrens of the southwest have sandy soils too poor to support anything other than mixed pine and oak forest. $e Atlantic shore of New Jersey consists of dunes and sandy beaches. Society & Politics New Jersey is largely a farming society, consisting of small farmers, sometimes with indentured servants and slaves. It is one of the most diverse of the colonies; New England Congregational- ists have settled alongside Scottish Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants from New York. While the majority of residents live in towns with individual landholdings of %## acres, a few rich proprietors (mostly English Quakers and Anglicans) own vast estates. $e current governor of New Jersey is an illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, but he does not share his father’s Patriot views. William Franklin is a staunch Loyalist and a former o&cer in the British Army. However, his in'uence has not been enough to quell furious protects against the Sugar, Stamp, and Tea Acts. Locations Trenton Trenton is an important Delaware River port, and a hub for shipping grain and other goods between Philadelphia and New York City.Sample Trenton is also file a stop on the stagecoach line between the two cities. A ferry, chartered in %(!(, connects Trenton with Philadelphia. In %()#, the city’s *rst chief burgess, Dr. $omas Cadwalader, inoculated the population against smallpox. He later donat- ed )# pounds toward the founding of the colony’s *rst public library. At the present, Trenton is a town of about a hundred homes, with mixed sentiments about the impending war. Princeton $e College of New Jersey was founded at Elizabethtown and moved to Princeton ten years later. $e town of Princeton is small, and dominated by the college. $e College’s founders were “New Light” Presbyterians and the original purpose of the college was to train Presbyterian ministers. $e college’s charter was unique in the colonies, stating that “any Person of any religious Denomination whatsoever” might attend. In addition to divinity, courses are taught in rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy. Built in %()", Nassau Hall is one of the largest buildings in the colonies, housing classrooms, dormitories, library, chapel, dining room, and kitchen. Since %(+,, the president of the college has been John Witherspoon, a Presbyterian minister from Scotland who came to America to take up the post. As a native Scot, Witherspoon has no love for the English and is an active member of the local Committees of Correspondence and Safety.

43 Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer Queen’s College, New Brunswick Queen’s College was founded by ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church, in part to counter the Presbyterian in!uence that was spreading out of Princeton. At the time, potential ministers had to make the long and hazardous journey back to the Netherlands to be trained and ordained. In addition to divinity, classes are taught in arts, sciences, and languages. Perhaps strangely given its focus on divinity, the college holds classes at a New Brunswick tavern known as "e Sign of the Red Lion. However, the British have come to regard all taverns as hotbeds of rebellion, and it may soon become necessary for classes to transfer to the homes of the professors and other private houses. Mysteries The Jersey Devil "e Lenni Lenape called the area around the Pine Barrens of southern New Jersey Popuess- ing, meaning “place of the dragon.” Swedish explorers named it Drake Kill, or “dragon river.” It is possible, then that the Jersey Devil may have been around before European settlers arrived. However, the most common story tells that it was born in #$%&, the thirteenth child of a witch named Deborah Leeds, and fathered by the Devil himself. "e newborn transformed itself into a creature with hooves, a horse’s head, bat wings, and a forked tail, and then killed the midwife before !ying up the chimney. Most recorded encounters have been sightings of the creature on the wing, although it has been blamed for livestock killings. In #$'(, a clergyman exorcised the demon for #(( years and has not been seen since. However, it could be waiting for an opportunity to return. Washington Rock "e road over this mountain overlooking New York City is said to be haunted by a (or the) devil, who waits by the roadside to prey on benighted travelers. "e spirit takes the form of a tall blond man with malevolent, glaring eyes that strike fear into all that see them. "e spirit is capable of magically disabling a cart or other vehicleSample by causing file the wheels to jam, and it can frighten horses into throwing their riders. Its victims are never seen or heard from again. The White Stag of Shamong Quaker Bridge in Shamong was built in #$$) and named after the Quakers who would cross the Batso River on their way to monthly meetings at Tuckerton. One stormy evening, a stagecoach was making for the Quaker Bridge Inn through torrential rain when a huge white stag appeared in the road. When the driver dismounted to drive it o*, the stag mysteriously disappeared. It was only then that the driver noticed that the bridge had collapsed. What it is, and why it appeared, remain unknown. Captain Kidd’s Treasures Many of the colonies have a legend of treasure buried by this famous pirate, but New Jersey has several. In the +rst, Kidd came in #,-. to Brigantine, an island o* the Jersey shore, and buried a treasure chest in a dune. Later he returned with his +rst mate Timothy Jones. "ey dug up the treasure, but Jones and Kidd fought. Kidd killed Jones and reburied the treasure, along with his body. Kidd is said to have buried another treasure at Cape May Point and a third at Sandy Hook. Kidd and his crew—now all reduced to skeletons—have since been seen arriving in a ship made of shadows and holding a rowdy party on the sand, unearthing chests of treasure and throwing pearls and pieces of gold around. When dawn approaches, they leave. 44 New Jersey

Finally, while at Bargenet for repairs to his ship, Kidd fell in love with a woman named Aman- da, and decided he wanted to settle down. Needing money to start a new life, Kidd stole treasure from his crew and buried it near Oyster Creek. When the crew found out, they went to New York and told the authorities where to !nd Captain Kidd. He somehow escaped from three British vessels near the mouth of the Little Egg Harbor River.

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46 Chapter 8

Pennsylvania

History

!"#!: King Charles II makes a grant of land to a Quaker named William Penn, to pay o! a debt the Crown owed Penn’s father. Penn names the land Pennsylvania. !"#$: William Penn leases “the lower counties on the Delaware” to give Pennsylvania access to the sea. !"%&: "e #rst Rosicrucian society in the United States is founded in Pennsylvania. !"%%: Yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia. !'(&: Delaware becomes separate from Pennsylvania. !')(: "e slave population of the colony grows to around $,%%%, in spite of Quaker opposition to slavery. !')': Using a deed that may have been forged, colonists purchase &.' million acres from the Lenape, who #ght for the next &( years to get the treaty annulled. !'&!: Yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia.Sample file !'&$: "e Bethlehem Female Seminary is founded in German- town, Pennsylvania as the #rst school for young women in the colonies. First Settlement: Philadelphia, &*+' !'*!: Founding of Pennsylvania Hospital, the #rst hospital in Capital: Philadelphia British America, and the Academy and College of Philadelphia. Economy: Farming !'&': Yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia. Native Tribes: Lenape, Susquehannock !'"$: Yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia. !""# Governor: John Penn !'"): A Royal Proclamation bans colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. "is measure, intended to defuse Pontiac’s rebellion in the Great Lakes, Illinois, and Ohio country and to give British forces time to recover from losses incurred during the "irty Years’ War, limits expansion and proves unpopular. !'"): Pontiac’s Rebellion: Several tribes in the Great Lakes region, including the Ottawa led by Pontiac, attack British settlements after being treated as conquered peoples in the wake of the French and Indian War. Fort Pitt is besieged, and atrocities are committed by both sides. "e best- known is the distribution of smallpox-infected blankets to the natives by o)cers at Fort Pitt. Baron Amherst, the Governor-General of British North America, approves this and any “other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race.” !'")-!'"&: "e Paxton Boys, a vigilante group from among the Scots-Irish frontiersmen of central Pennsylvania, alarmed by Pontiac’s rebellion in the Great Lakes region, march on a peaceful Conestoga village near Millersville, murder six people, and burn their cabins. After the massacre, Colonial Gothic: Gazetteer

colonialists !nd the Conestogas’ "#$" treaty signed by William Penn, which pledged that the colonists and the Indians “shall forever hereafter be as one Head & One Heart, & live in true Friendship & Amity as one People,” in a bag in the ashes of the cabin. When natives from eastern Pennsylvania %ee to Philadelphia for protection in January,"#&', the Paxton Boys march on the city with about ()$ men. Benjamin Franklin raises the local militia and negotiates with the Paxton leaders to end the siege. A third of the Native American refugees die of smallpox contracted in the crowded barracks where they have been given refuge. !"#$: Rangers riot against native traders in Cumberland County. !"#%: Anti-customs riot in Philadelphia. !""&: Anti-customs riot in Philadelphia. !""': Justice Arthur St. Clair orders the arrest of the o*cer leading Virginian troops in confrontations with armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania. !""': Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies attend the !rst Continental Congress in Philadelphia. +e delegates organize an economic boycott of Great Britain in protest at the Intolerable Acts and petition the king to redress their grievances. !""$: Anti-Loyalist riot in Philadelphia. +e second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia on May "$. Al- though !ghting has already begun, some still hope that war can be averted. However, the independence movement is gaining ground. In June, the congress establishes the Continental Army. Geography From the Mason-Dixon line in the south and east, the Province of Pennsylvania extends to the shores of Lake Erie, across land that is also claimed by Virginia, New York, and Connecticut. East of the Appalachians, Pennsylvania is mostly farmland; the mountains and the western part of the province are wild frontier country. +e largest settlement in the west is Fort Pitt, named after British Secretary of State William Pitt the Elder. +e surrounding settlement is variously called Pittsborough or Pittsburgh. Society & Politics Among the principles on which Pennsylvania was founded are religious freedom and fair dealings with the Native Americans. +is meant that Pennsylvania has had relatively few of the con%icts that have plagued other colonies.Sample file Pennsylvania’s principles of toleration have attracted religious and political refugees from many countries, including German Mennonites and Amish (“Pennsylvania Dutch” derives from a mis- pronunciation of Deutsch). Quakers are now a minority, although they are still politically powerful. Pennsylvania remains largely in favor of severing ties with Britain, and the prestige of Philadel- phia gives the colony a leading role in determining the course of the future—re%ected in the fact that it has been chosen to host the Continental Congress. Locations Philadelphia Shaking o, a grimy and disorderly past, Philadelphia today is a model of the modern city. Streets are paved and illuminated by gas, and the city boasts multiple newspapers, a !re company, a college, and the !rst hospital in British America among its many amenities. Distinguished citizens like Benjamin Franklin and the newly-arrived +omas Paine add luster to the city’s growing reputation.

48 Pennsylvania Pittsborough Named for British Secretary of State William Pitt the Elder, Fort Pitt was built during the French and Indian War close to the ruins of the French Fort Duquesne, in the fork where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio. !e town that grew up around the fort in the "#$%s became known as Pittsborough. Fort Pitt was besieged for two months during Pontiac’s Rebellion. Afterward, as it was no longer necessary to the British Crown, it was abandoned to the locals, in "##&. !e fort served as a staging ground in Dunmore’s War of "##'. Today, Pittsborough is home to about ",%%% people, and it is a center of trade with the interior and for the frontiersmen and homesteaders of western Pennsylvania. Mysteries Bloody Mary A Pennsylvanian variant on this common legend tells that Bloody Mary was a witch who kept her youth by murdering young girls. She would cast a spell that caused her victims to rise from sleep in a zombie-like state and stagger o( to their doom. Mary was captured and burned at the stake, and as she died, she screamed the curse that she would appear and kill anyone who had the audacity to speak her name before a mirror. !e legend is short on details (such as date and location), but maintains that she will rip apart those who summon her and drag their souls down to Hell.

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