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Masteroppgave MASTEROPPGAVE Idrett i solkorsets tegn – En undersøkelse av Nasjonal Samlings syn på idretten Sports under the solar cross – A study on Nasjonal Samlings view on sports Kandidatnummer: 204 Master i samfunnsfagdidaktikk Fakultet for lærerutdanning, kultur og idrett Institutt for pedagogikk, religion og samfunnsfag Veileder: Morten Hammerborg 01. juni 2021 Jeg bekrefter at arbeidet er selvstendig utarbeidet, og at referanser/kildehenvisninger til alle kilder som er brukt i arbeidet er oppgitt, jf. Forskrift om studium og eksamen ved Høgskulen på Vestlandet, § 12-1. Sammendrag 25. september 1940 avsatte den tyske okkupasjonsmakten alle norske politiske partier, med unntak av Nasjonal Samling som skulle styre på okkupasjonsmaktens premisser. Nyordningen innebar at samfunnet skulle nazifiseres og førerprinsippet innføres. I likhet med andre samfunnsområder ble også idretten nyordnet. Idrettsbevegelsen reagerte på at staten gjorde inngrep i det som var en selvstyrt organisasjon, og brøt med styresmaktene. Bruddet resulterte i at staten oppløste idrettsforbundet, og stiftet et eget nazistisk idrettsforbund. Dette førte til større motstand og idrettsfolk over hele landet la ned aktiviteten og innledet en idrettsstreik som ville vare ut krigen. Til tross for at myndighetene møtte stor motstand blant idrettsbevegelsen forsøkte Nasjonal Samling å gjøre idretten til et lydig redskap i en nasjonalsosialistisk stat. Denne avhandlingen søker å finne svar på hvorfor idretten var så viktig for Nasjonal Samling at de valgte å konfrontere idrettsbevegelsen for å få statlig kontroll over den. Avhandlingen skal videre undersøke hvordan partiet jobbet med idretten for å styrke prosjektet sitt. Abstract The 25th of September 1940 the german occupiers abolished all Norwegian political parties except for the fascist party, Nasjonal Samling who were set to rule on behalf of the german regime. This new arrangement meant that the Norwegian society would adapt to german political structures. Among other organizations, the Norwegian sports organization would become affected by this. The sports organization had always been a self-governing body, and the sports movement reacted to the governments intervention by breaking contact with the new regime. The governing authorities responded by dissolving the sports organization and creating a new nazi-friendly sports organization. This caused the separated sports movement to initiate a sports strike, and putting a stop to all sporting competitions. Despite facing the opposition of the separated sports movement, Nasjonal Samling tried to convince Norwegian athletes to join the national socialist movement. This master dissertation will study why Nasjonal Samling put so much effort into politicizing the Norwegian sports organization, despite having to confront the opposing sport movement to gain control over it. Further on the dissertation will study how the political party wanted to use sports as a means to benefit their project. Forord Det har vært interessant og lærerikt å arbeide med masteroppgaven. Norsk idrett under krigen var lenge et ubeskrevet tema for meg, men det har vist seg å være et omfattende og spennende et. Breddeopprøret som er aktuelt i det norske idrettsbildet for tiden viser hva idrett betyr for folk, og hvor mange som lengter etter å drive med det igjen. At flere nordmenn holdt idrettskarrieren på vent i fem år for å hindre nazistenes idrettsarbeid under okkupasjonen, er dermed svært imponerende. Denne masteroppgaven hadde ikke blitt til uten støtten fra venner og familie. Mange har bidratt og jeg vil særlig trekke frem to. Tusen takk til pappa som har bidratt med korrekturlesing og gode råd i arbeidet med oppgaven. Jeg vil også takke forloveden min Ida. Du har støttet og motivert meg hele veien. Det har vært gull verdt! Til sist vil jeg takke veilederen min Morten. Takk for gode samtaler og uvurderlig hjelp i prosessen med å skrive masteroppgaven. Det har vært en fryd å samarbeide med deg! Innholdsfortegnelse Innledning ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Avgrensing og problemstilling ............................................................................................................................ 2 Problemstilling ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Kilder og metode ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Aviser som kilder ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Propaganda .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pressen i Norge frem mot okkupasjon ........................................................................................................... 4 Avisenes stilling til nazismen ......................................................................................................................... 5 Pressen i det tyskokkuperte Norge ................................................................................................................ 5 Utvalg av aviser .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Analyse av papiravis og filmavis ......................................................................................................................... 8 Kildekritiske utfordringer .................................................................................................................................. 10 Avgrensning ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Historieforskningens begrensing ...................................................................................................................... 12 Kapittel 1. Idretten i Norge frem til 2. verdenskrig ........................................................................................ 13 Unionskrise ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Centralforeningen for Udbredelse af Legemsøvelser og Vaabenbrug .............................................................. 14 Organisert idrett ............................................................................................................................................... 15 Den britiske sporten .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Norges Riksforbund for idræt ........................................................................................................................... 17 Organiseringsstrid ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Folkeidrett ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Arbeidernes Idrettsforbund .............................................................................................................................. 19 Idretten – et massemediefenomen ................................................................................................................... 21 Idrettsforliket .................................................................................................................................................... 22 Så kom krigen ................................................................................................................................................... 23 Kapittel 2. Nasjonal Samlings syn på idrett før okkupasjonen ....................................................................... 24 Fascismen og nazismen .................................................................................................................................... 24 Fascismens syn på marxismen ..................................................................................................................... 25 Internasjonal fascisme og idrett ....................................................................................................................... 25 Idrett i det fascistiske Italia ............................................................................................................................... 26 Kroppsøvingsreformen ................................................................................................................................ 26 Konkurranseidrett ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Idrett i Nazi-Tyskland ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Eliteidrett ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 Kvinneidrett ................................................................................................................................................
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