Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS A IMPORTÂNCIA DA PETROBRAS NAS RELAÇÕES BOLÍVIA-BRASIL (1996-2007) Marcos Carra Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da UFRGS como pré-requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marco Aurélio Chaves Cepik Porto Alegre Fevereiro de 2008 2 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS............................................................................................................. 7 APRESENTAÇÃO................................................................................................................... 8 GLOSSÁRIO............................................................................................................................ 9 INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................................... 11 1. O ESTADO E A EMPRESA MULTINACIONAL......................................................... 17 1.1. O Fim de Bretton Woods e Suas Conseqüências.............................................. 17 1.2. A Importância da Empresa Multinacional....................................................... 31 1.2.1. Conceitos Relativos às Empresas Multinacionais......................................... 31 1.2.2. A Expansão das Empresas Multinacionais.................................................... 33 1.3. As Concepções Teóricas de Robert Gilpin........................................................ 36 2. CARACTERÍSTICAS DO SETOR DE HIDROCARBONETOS................................ 41 2.1. O Setor de Infra-Estrutura................................................................................. 41 2.1.1. Definições e Distinções..................................................................................... 42 2.1.2. Características do Setor de Infra-Estrutura.................................................. 43 2.1.3. A Função do Estado......................................................................................... 46 2.2. A Indústria Petrolífera........................................................................................ 48 2.2.1. A Evolução da Indústria Petrolífera............................................................... 48 2.2.2. A Estrutura da Indústria Petrolífera............................................................. 58 2.2.3. A Flexibilização da Indústria Petrolífera....................................................... 64 2.2.4. As Alterações Institucionais da Indústria Petrolífera................................... 65 2.2.5. Em Busca de Novas Fontes de Energia.......................................................... 67 2.3. A Indústria do Gás Natural................................................................................ 69 2.3.1. A Evolução da Indústria do Gás Natural....................................................... 69 2.3.2. A Estrutura da Indústria do Gás Natural...................................................... 71 2.4. As Indústrias Escopo do Petróleo e do Gás Natural........................................ 75 2.4.1. A Indústria Petroquímica................................................................................ 76 3 2.4.1.1 A Evolução da Indústria Petroquímica........................................................ 76 2.4.1.2. A Estrutura da Indústria Petroquímica...................................................... 77 2.4.2. O Gás Natural e a Geração de Energia Elétrica........................................... 80 2.4.2.1. A Evolução das Termelétricas a Gás Natural............................................. 81 2.4.2.2. As Vantagens das Termelétricas a Gás Natural......................................... 82 3. A PETROBRAS COMO ATOR ESTRATÉGICO......................................................... 85 3.1. O Difícil Nascimento da Petrobras.................................................................... 85 3.2. A Crise do Setor Estatal e a Lei 9.478/97.......................................................... 87 3.3. A Petrobras Após a Lei 9.478/97........................................................................ 92 3.3.1. A Ampliação da Participação do Capital Privado na Petrobras................. 92 3.3.2. A Adoção de um Novo Modelo de Gestão...................................................... 94 3.3.3. O Redirecionamento Estratégico da Petrobras............................................. 98 3.3.4. A Reestruturação da Organização da Petrobras.......................................... 99 3.3.5. A Nova Postura em Segurança, Meio Ambiente e Saúde........................... 102 3.3.6. A Adequação das Competências-Chaves da Petrobras.............................. 102 3.4. Os Resultados da Reestruturação da Petrobras............................................. 102 3.4.1. As Dimensões da Petrobras........................................................................... 103 3.4.2. A Petrobras e a Ingerência do Estado.......................................................... 104 3.5. Um Diferencial Importante: O Cenpes........................................................... 108 3.6. O Sistema Petrobras.......................................................................................... 111 3.6.1. A Construção do Sistema Petrobras............................................................. 111 3.6.2. A Lei 9.478/97 e o Sistema Petrobras........................................................... 113 3.7. O Lugar da América do Sul nos Planos Estratégicos da Petrobras............. 115 3.7.1. Área de Negócios Exploração e Produção.................................................... 116 3.7.2. Área de Negócios Abastecimento.................................................................. 119 3.7.3. Área de Negócios Gás e Energia................................................................... 120 3.7.4. Área de Negócios Internacional.................................................................... 121 4. OS HIDROCARBONETOS E AS RELAÇÕES BOLÍVIA-BRASIL ATÉ 1985...... 124 4.1. A Bolívia: Um Pouco de História..................................................................... 124 4.2. Bolívia e Brasil: Diplomacia e Geopolítica Antes dos Hidrocarbonetos...... 126 4.3. As Primeiras Disputas Pelos Hidrocarbonetos Bolivianos............................ 130 4 4.3.1. Os Hidrocarbonetos na Bolívia Até o Final da Guerra do Chaco............. 130 4.3.2. A Argentina Firma Posição........................................................................... 135 4.4. A Bolívia e o Brasil nos Anos de Interlúdio (1938 a 1985)............................. 137 4.4.1. Sob o Tratado de Roboré (1938 a 1958)....................................................... 137 4.4.2. Das Notas Reversais ao Golpe (1958 a 1964)............................................... 141 4.4.3. Durante o Regime Militar (1964 a 1985)...................................................... 143 5. A CONVERGÊNCIA DAS RELAÇÕES BOLÍVIA-BRASIL NOS ANOS 90.......... 149 5.1. O Neoliberalismo Brasileiro............................................................................. 149 5.1.1. A Crise do Nacional Desenvolvimentismo Brasileiro.................................. 149 5.1.2. A Diplomacia Brasileira Sob a Nova República.......................................... 151 5.1.3. O Brasil e a América Latina.......................................................................... 153 5.1.4. As Diretrizes da Era FHC............................................................................. 156 5.1.5. A Opção Pelo Gás Natural Boliviano........................................................... 161 5.2. O Neoliberalismo Boliviano.............................................................................. 168 5.2.1. As Reformas Neoliberais de Primeira Geração (1985/89).......................... 168 5.2.2. As Reformas Neoliberais de Segunda Geração (1993/01)........................... 171 5.2.3. As Reformas no Setor de Hidrocarbonetos Boliviano................................ 173 5.2.4. A Opção pelo Mercado Brasileiro................................................................ 178 6. A PETROBRAS E AS RELAÇÕES BOLÍVIA-BRASIL............................................ 182 6.1. A Unidade de Negócios Bolívia da Petrobras................................................. 182 6.2. O Processo de Expansão da Petrobras na Bolívia.......................................... 183 6.3. A Instabilidade Social e a Ascensão de Evo Morales..................................... 189 6.4. A Nacionalização dos Hidrocarbonetos........................................................... 192 6.5. A Petrobras e os Interesses da Bolívia............................................................. 194 6.5.1. Os Interesses Econômicos.............................................................................. 195 6.5.2. Os Interesses Políticos.................................................................................... 205 6.6. A Petrobras na Bolívia e os Interesses do Brasil............................................ 206 6.6.1. Os Interesses Econômicos.............................................................................. 208 6.6.2. Os Interesses Políticos.................................................................................... 217 5 CONCLUSÃO...................................................................................................................... 231 TABELAS Tabela 3.1. Composição Societária
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